Military History

The subject of this paper is the military routes proposed by the humanist Martin Segon in his anti-Ottoman crusading treatise Quos terrarum limites (1480/81). The study examines Segon’s methods of crusade planning, particularly regarding his use of knowledge about the road networks and terrain of Southeastern Europe. It provides a classification of Segon’s crusading routes based on their strategic importance. Furthermore, the extent to which Segon’s descriptions were based on personal insight versus reliance on other sources is evaluated. The paper also discusses the matter of continuity and discontinuity in the use of certain war routes.

Tematyka pozornie znana i oczywista -w praktyce niemal brak badań. Dla Francuzów epizod -w dodatku mało chwalebny, dla Anglosasów -także epizod, i to w dodatku nie ich własny, ale francuski. Dla Polaków część bardzo nośnego mitu o "zdradzie Zachodu". Mit ten na emigracji pomagał koić poklęskową traumę, w okresie PRL stanowił jeden jeszcze dowód, że Zachód jest zły, niemoralny -i zgoła niemądry, a prawdziwych przyjaciół szukać należy gdzie indziej. Dziś ta ostatnia teza jest oczywiście niezbyt aktualna (nawet jeśli tych "prawdziwych przyjaciół" wielu szuka nadal) -cała reszta jednak ma się całkiem dobrze. Dlaczego -tu już każdy z państwa szukać może odpowiedzi na własną rękę.

Die Kriege des Britischen Empire umspannten die Welt und veränderten die historische Entwicklung zahlreicher Länder und Menschen. Für Ruhm und Ehre des Empire spielten in diesen Kriegen jedoch auch unzählige Tiere eine bedeutende Rolle, wie in der vorliegenden Studie anhand einiger Fallstudien eingehender betrachtet und evaluiert wird. Frank Jacob zeigt auf, wie wichtig der Einsatz von Tieren in den Kriegen des Britischen Weltreichs war und inwieweit der Ausgang dieser Kriege vom Zugang zu »tierischen Ressourcen« abhing. Im Zuge dessen stellt Jacob eine dem Anthropozentrismus entgegengesetzte Geschichte der Kriege des britischen Kolonialreichs vor.

Pittura e miti nelle domus di Cremona, Irene Bragantini I temi egittizzanti nelle Domus del Ninfeo e dei Candelabri dorati, Irene Bragantini Pictores: la figura del pittore nel mondo greco e romano, Mario Grimaldi La domus romana, spazio pubblico e privato, Amedeo De Lisi Le domus di Cremona, Marina Volonté La Domus del Ninfeo: lusso e potere, Lynn Arslan Pitcher Le decorazioni dipinte del Cubiculum di Arianna, Elena Mariani Un gesto per il sonno ebbro. Un'iconografia per Dioniso, Arianna e altri ebbri Dei Marco Brunetti Rinnovamento e gusto per l'antico: la Domus dei Candelabri dorati di via Colletta Nicoletta Cecchini Gli affreschi dalla Domus dei Candelabri dorati, Elena Mariani Il "larario" della Domus dei Candelabri dorati, Federica Giacobello Appendice RisonAnze del mito …e dalla beltà di essa acceso l'elesse sua sposa… Arianna e Dioniso nelle arti figurative fra Cinquecento e Settecento, Gabriele Barucca Parla con lei: il sogno che si discioglie nell'acqua a Villa d'Este, Andrea Bruciati i RestAuRi L'intervento conservativo e il riassemblaggio di alcuni frammenti pittorici dalla Domus dei Candelabri dorati, Marie-Claire Canepa Il restauro del Cubiculum di Arianna, Maria Chiara Ceriotti Le pitture murali delle domus romane di Cremona: lo studio dei pigmenti,

The Archontological Data Bank of the Szabolcsian Haiduck Towns 1703–1711

The studies about the historical role of the seven Szabolcsian Haiduck towns
(Böszörmény, Nánás, Dorog, Szoboszló, Hadház, Vámospércs, Polgár) are mostly concentrated around the 17th century. Therefore, the Rákóczi War of Independence period still has a number of open questions in store for the researchers. The archontological data bank covers the eight years of the War of Independence, laying the foundation of the urban elite’s identification. While collecting the names of the officers, we used the current literature data in addition to city documents, but the creation of the comprehensive
list – due to resource facility – still awaits and requires further studies. The
Haiduck towns elected their officials on an annual basis. They served the settlements from St. George’s Day (24th April) to St. George’s Day. The lieutenant was the leader of the city, and his work was helped by the minimum 12-member council, the town clerk, the street lieutenant and various supervisors. The current data bank is a good basis for further studies to present the urban elite.

Hajdús in white. The Hajdú towns of Szabolcs and the blockade of Várad 1703–1708

In our study, we seek the answer to the question of how the Szabolcs towns belonging to the central area ruled by the Kurucs participated in the siege around Nagyvárad during the Rákóczi War of Independence. We cannot, and cannot, undertake to, provide a complete presentation of the battles around Várad within the framework of this study. In our paper, we only wish to cover two important aspects: the military services provided by the towns between 1703 and 1708, which were related to the Várad blockade, and the military activities of the Hajdúváros cavalry regiment during the same period, focusing mainly on the Partium region.

La propuesta historiográfica que contiene este libro culmina -sin ambiciones determinantes- el recorrido intelectual que inicié en 2018 con mi libro Pensamiento Militar en el Ejército Argentino (1920-1930). La Profesionalización, causas y consecuencias, al que le siguió en 2021 Ejército y Pensamiento Militar en el Siglo XX. Del Auftragstaktik a la Guerra Contrarrevolucionaria.
Cien años comprendidos en tres textos representan un esfuerzo de síntesis que sólo puede ser alcanzado si se enfocan los puntos de inflexión que jalonaron el derrotero de un pensamiento militar por momentos riguroso, pero mayormente errático ante la falta de definiciones del poder político respecto de la Defensa Nacional.
Las páginas que siguen analizan las postrimerías del siglo XX  y la primera década del XXI, en procura de identificar continuidades y rupturas de cómo el Ejército Argentino visualizó los conflictos y elaboró formas aptas para enfrentar su mutación en términos bélicos. Esto no siempre fue conseguido con eficacia, aunque tampoco estuvo desprovisto de la preocupación militar en torno al futuro de la República Argentina. En esta línea argumental cobra sentido la imagen de Palas Athenea que ilustra la portada y brinda su Espíritu para objetivar el título. De alguna manera, los atributos de la diosa griega en torno de la combinación virtuosa entre sabiduría, estrategia, guerra y política, subyacieron en el estudio del escenario vigesimónico y dieron lugar al diseño -por cierto imperfecto- de modos de acción y posturas institucionales que le permitieron al Ejército enfrentar la situación.
Luces y sombras encuadran el desarrollo de los hechos desde una mirada crítica que, sin prescindir de la inmanente subjetividad que impregna al ser humano, procura colocar equilibrio, y para ello recurro a identificar las causas que consigan explicar los efectos, considerando que en esto reside la interpretación verosímil del pasado.

After World War I, there were smaller textile companies operating in the territory of the Zemun municipality, which barely exceeded the framework of craft production. Various privileges that the municipality granted to industrialists, along with the introduction of protective tariff s in 1925, signifi cantly contributed to the development of the textile industry, which would become the most important industrial branch in the interwar period. The Devald family was one of the more well-known families in Zemun and had a tradition of textile production. Brothers Anton and Nikola Devald founded the company "Brać a Devald" in 1918, later continuing with independent operations. The work presents data related to the establishment of the "Drina" knitting factory, owned by Anton Devald, and the "Dunav" knitting factory, owned by Nikola Devald, and their operations during the interwar period.

Efforts for privileges. The relationship between the hajdú towns of Szabolcs and Ferenc II Rákóczi.

In our brief overview, we wanted to collect the small fragments that characterize the struggle for the preservation of the privileges of the Hajdú towns of Szabolcs. Based on the sources, the relationship between the towns and the prince, the Kuruc top leadership, can be clearly outlined, which, after the initial permissiveness, has increasingly transformed into a situation that does not tolerate contradiction. The privileges of the Hajdú towns did not, and could not, save their holders from taking part in the freedom struggle in many cases beyond their power, even if they tried to continuously dampen this. The eight-year war of independence only postponed the inevitable transformation: this period definitively laid the foundation for the establishment of the Hajdú District.

Trong trận thủy chiến Bạch Đằng năm 1288, chiến thuật phục kích và tấn công, cùng với diễn biến của trận chiến, đã được phân tích từ góc nhìn địa quân sự. Các yếu tố địa quân sự được xem xét bao gồm địa hình (núi đồi, sông lạch, bờ bãi và rừng ngập mặn, v.v.), thời tiết (hướng và tốc độ gió, khả năng mưa, v.v.) và thủy văn (thủy triều, mực nước, dòng chảy). Quân Đại Việt mai phục hai phía bờ sông, trọng yếu là thủy quân ở khu sông lạch Điền Công và bộ binh tại khu núi đá vôi Tràng Kênh. Cuộc tấn công được phối hợp giữa ba cánh thủy quân chính: một cánh đánh từ phía trên sông, một cánh đánh chặn đường rút của quân Nguyên ra biển và cánh thứ ba là quân tiếp viện đánh từ sông Gía. Để chặn thủy quân Nguyên rút lui ra biển, các bãi cọc và xích đã được bố trí trên sông Bạch Đằng và các nhánh sông phía tả ngạn. Thuyền, bè lửa cũng được triển khai, chủ yếu dọc theo tả ngạn. Thủy quân Đại Việt dùng chiến thuật khiêu khích, giả vờ thua để dụ quân Nguyên truy đuổi ngược dòng, vào lúc thủy triều lên cao vào sáng sớm ngày 9 tháng 4 năm 1288. Vào khoảng 5-6 giờ sáng, khi thủy triều bắt đầu rút khá mạnh, quân Đại Việt mở cuộc phản công. Đến 9-10 giờ sáng, các chiến thuyền Nguyên bắt đầu bị mắc vào cọc và xích và bị các thuyền, bè lửa thiêu cháy, khi thủy triều xuống gần đến mực thấp nhất và dòng chảy còn khá mạnh. Vào khoảng trưa và đầu chiều, hạm đội Nguyên đã bị bao vây và bị tiêu diệt phần lớn, khi thủy triều ở mức thấp nhất và dòng chảy đã dừng. Trận chiến kết thúc vào khoảng 5-7 giờ chiều với đại thắng của quân Đại Việt, khi thủy triều dâng khá mạnh. Khoảng 400 tàu chiến Nguyên đã bị bắt và lực lượng còn lại chạy trốn đến đảo Hà Nam đã bị tiêu diệt………………………………….
In the Bach Dang naval battle in 1288, the ambush and attack tactics, along with the overall progress of the battle, were analysed from the perspective of military geoscience. The geo-military factors considered included topography (mountains-hills, rivers-channels, banks, tidal flats and mangrove forests, etc.), weather (wind direction and speed and possibility of rain, etc), and hydrology (tides, water levels and currents). The Dai Viet army ambushed on both banks of the Bach Dang River, mainly targeting the navy in the Dien Cong River area and the infantry in the Trang Kenh limestone mountain area. The attack was coordinated between three main naval forces: one attacked from upstream, another blocked the Yuan army’s retreat to the sea, and the third was reinforcements attacking from the Gia River. To prevent Yuan ships from retreating to sea, stake and chain traps were placed on the Bach Dang River and its tributaries along the left bank. The incendiary boats and rafts were also deployed, mainly along the left bank. The Dai Viet navy used a provocation tactic, pretending to lose to lure the Yuan forces into pursuit upriver, at high tide in the early morning of April 9, 1288. At around 5-6 a.m., when the tide began to fall rather strongly, the Dai Viet forces launched a counterattack. By 9-10 a.m., while the tide was near its lowest level of the day and the current was still relatively strong, Yuan naval ships began to become trapped on stakes and chains and burned by incendiary boats and rafts. By midday and early afternoon, the Yuan fleet was surrounded and largely destroyed, when the tide was at its lowest and the current had stopped. The battle ended around 5-7 pm with a great victory for the Dai Viet army, when the tide rose significantly. About 400 Yuan warships were captured and the remaining force that fled to Ha Nam island was destroyed.

Török Péter: The Role of the Heyduck Towns in Rákóczi’s War of Independence.

Generations of historians studied the role and history of the Heyduck settled down in Szabolcs and Bihar Counties resulted a library of works related to that topic. Regarding the 16th – 18th century history only the milestones of the history and activity of the Heyducks, the factors had impact on the consolidation of that group are reviewed in the dissertation. The actual military force of the Bocskai István’s rebellion was given by armed groups called Heyducks.
The resettlement initiated by Bocskai, a landlord who was elected prince stretched through the whole 17th century up till the unfortunate military campaign of Rákóczi György II in Poland which was followed by the punitive expedition of the Ottomans. That shocked the region of the Heyducks of Szabolcs and Bihar Counties in its foundations. Although the towns relying on their noble past managed to remain notable, but it can be proved that due to the considerable loss of their military reputation the privileges once believed to be rock solid turned to be jeopardized and questioned by the new administrational system which was after the reconquest.

The Rákóczi’s War of Independence broke out in 1703, in a period when the seven Heyduck townships of Szabolcs County together with Kálló and for a short time with Téglás and Balmazújváros lost their military potential and struggled for the protection and maintenance of their privileges. The new administration that followed the reconquest aimed to clarify the legal status of the privileged territories which threatened the Heyduck towns of Szabolcs County with total incorporation as it happened to the settlements of Bihar. The conflict reached its zenith in 1702 consolidated a bit and that meant an opportunity for the towns which increased the pace of self-organisation. The news of outbreak of Rákóczi’s rebellion and his calling reached the towns in that insecure circumstances.
The towns were reluctant for a while, but the expanding rebellion did not leave them much time to think and the kuruc troops appeared all around pushed the descendants of the Heyducks into the direction of joining the rebels. The townships of Szabolcs County could undertake the formation and supplement of one loosely disciplined cavalry regiment. Apart from that, in later periods of the war the increase of requests and demands went far beyond the original burdens.
The settlements sought to meet with the issued tasks and the so called quantums according to their means. In that case they were not left behind by the undertakings of the neighbouring counties. They managed to have a good relationship with Buday István among the general captains appointed to lead the townships, while Szemere László was regarded as a “newcomer” till the end of Rákóci’s War of Independence who was not capable to understand the Heyducks. The towns had been serving through eight years of the war became totally exhausted by 1710 and the approaching imperial troops did not give them chance, thus the settlements had to surrender and accept the downfall of the war of independence.

Péter Török: THE HAJDÚ TOWNS OF SZABOLCS DURING THE RÁKÓCZI WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

Due to Ottoman devastations, by the last third of the 17th century the seven Hajdú towns had lost the military potential and the capacity to influence politics they still possessed at the beginning of the century. The weakening of the community enjoying collective nobility revealed those conflicts which it had previously been able to control thanks to its formidable military might. The strained relations with the neighbours were settled with varying degrees of success in the shadow of the War of Reconquest, which brought
a completely new order to the whole area east of the Tisza. The seven Hajdú towns managed to retain their independence from Szabolcs county, and were consequently spared the fate of the Hajdús of Bihar, who were subjected to lordly authority. The war led by Ferenc Rákóczi II, which erupted in 1703 and lasted for eight years, fully exhausted the region east of the Tisza and the seven Hajdú towns, for the Prince expected them to perform beyond their means in terms of both manpower supply and military service. As
a result, at the end of the war they submitted without resistance to the imperial troops, thereby closing a century of intermittent wars.

Osmanlıların 16.yüzyıl sonuna kadar tercih ettikleri gemi tiplerinin tamamına yakını küreklilerden oluşuyordu. Bu gemilerin yelkenleri de olmasına rağmen her daim hazır bulundurulan ve sayısal olarak mürettebat ve savaşçılardan daha fazla olan esir kürekçiler, geminin asli itici gücünü teşkil ediyordu. Doğal olarak yüksek efor gerektiren bu iş aşırı su tüketimine de sebep oluyor, ağır su yükü geminin seyir kabiliyetini bozuyor,  depolama alanlarının yetersizliği de belli aralıklarla su ikmalini zorunlu kılıyordu. Doğal olarak bu tarz gemilerin rotaları her zaman kıyıya bağımlı olmak, açık denize uzanacak operasyonları da birkaç günle sınırlı tutulmak zorundaydı. Bu bağlamda her gemi reisi veya filo komutanının yeri geldiğinde “içme suyunu mumla aramak” zorunda kalabileceğinden su tedarik edilecek en gizli yerlere varıncaya değin bilmesi kritik önemdeydi. Nihayetinde Sisam Adası yakınındaki Bulamaç Adasında içme suyu gerektiğinde suyu mum yakarak aramak deyim değil fiiliyattan kaynaklanıyordu. Bu husus Kitab-ı Bahriye’de şu şekilde yazılmıştır; “Sisam yakınındaki Keçi Adasında su vardır fakat Bulamaç Adası’nda içme suyu lazım olunca, sorok (bozuk) burnunda, bir palamar (yaklaşık 80 kulaç) uzunluğu içerde, karada, sakızlık çalısının içinde bir kaya kovuğu vardır. Karanlık olduğu için o yarık kayaya mum ile girip su alırlar”
Bu şartlardan dolayı Piri Reis, bir kılavuz olarak hazırladığı Kitab-ı Bahriye’de su temin noktalarını her fasıla için özellikle belirtmiştir. Esasen Kitab-ı Bahriye’de en sık ele alınan konuların başında demirleme alanları, ikinci sırada da su ikmal noktaları gelir. Su ikmal edilecek yerler topluca incelendiği zaman, dönem içinde su tedarik edilen yerlerin ve yöntemlerin bir tasnife izin verecek şekilde gruplanabileceği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca eserde suyun vasfı ile bazı ek bilgilere de ulaşılabilmektedir.
The types of ships preferred by the Ottomans until the end of the 16th century were almost entirely rowed. Although these ships had sails, the captive rowers who were always ready and outnumbered the crew and warriors constituted the main driving force of the ship. Naturally, this work, which required high effort, also caused excessive water consumption, the heavy water load impaired the ship's navigation ability, and the inadequacy of storage areas necessitated the supply of water at certain intervals. Naturally, the routes of such ships always had to be dependent on the shore, and operations extending to the open sea had to be limited to a few days. In this context, it was of critical importance for every ship captain or fleet commander to know down to the most secret places where water could be supplied, as they might have to "search for drinking water with a candle" when the time came. After all, on the Bulamaç Island near the island of Samos, searching for drinking water by lighting a candle was not an idiom but a practice. This issue is written in Kitab-ı Bahriye as follows; “There is water on Keçi Island near Samos, but when drinking water is needed on Bulamaç Island, there is a rock cavity in the mastic bush on the Sorok (broken) cape, a mooring (about 80 fathoms) inland. Since it is dark, they enter that cleft rock with a candle and get water.”

Due to these conditions, Piri Reis specifically indicated the water supply points for each section in Kitab-ı Bahriye, which he prepared as a guide. In fact, the most frequently discussed topics in Kitab-ı Bahriye are anchoring areas, followed by water supply points. When the places to supply water are examined collectively, it becomes clear that the places and methods of water supply during the period can be grouped in a way that allows a classification. In addition, some additional information can be obtained about the characteristics of water in the work.

Стеван Петровић – потоњи архимандрит светоро-мански Сава рођен је 1793. у Ђунису. Рукоположен је за свештеника, 22. јуна 1815. у Нишу. Живео је у Трубареву и опслуживао парохију. Митрополит нишки Јосиф га је 21. новембра 1829. замонашио, дао му име Сава и поверио му Манастир Светог Романа. Сава је једна од кључних личности у ослобођењу Крушевца од Турака 1832. а подржао је долазак Карађорђевог сина Александра на престо у Србији. Умро је 1861. у Београду и сахрањен у Манастиру Раковица.

Maritime security threats have risen in recent years, with some of the most prominent cases occurring in the South China Sea. These developments have raised pressing questions about how best to respond to such challenges, particularly as great-power competition intensifies-primarily between China, the United States, and regional adversaries in Southeast Asia. GREY ZONE OPERATIONS Responding to the escalating threats to maritime security The File

18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Batı'nın gelişmiş ülkeleri karşısında askerî, ekonomik ve teknolojik olarak devletin geri kaldığını gören Osmanlı devlet adamları bu durumdan çıkışın yapılacak köklü reformlara bağlı olduğu kanaatindeydiler. Nitekim bu düşünceden hareketle Batı teknolojisinin transferi gündeme geldi. Aynı zamanda sivil ve askerî kurumlarda bazı reform hareketleri başlatıldı. Reformların prensipler ve kurumlar üzerinden yapılmasının önemi kavrandığından öncelikle bunun icrası ve kontrolü amacıyla komisyon ve meclisler teşkil edildi. Bürokraside ve toplumsal hayatta köklü değişimlerin ortaya çıkmasını da sağlayan bu durum devlet organlarında müzakere odaklı katılımcı bir anlayışın yerleşmesine zemin hazırladı. Merkez ve taşra organizasyonundaki bu çalışmalar içerisinde merkezde nezaretlerin teşkili ve bunların bünyesinde müzakere ve karar alma meclislerinin oluşturulması askerî kurumlar için de söz konusu oldu. Bu araştırmada devletin askerî teşkilatının önemli bir unsuru olan deniz kuvvetleri (Kaptan-ı Deryâlık/Bahriye Nezareti) bünyesinde teşkil edilen meclis üzerinde duruldu. 1840 yılında Meclis-i Bahriye olarak teşkil edilen bu müessesenin adı 1877 yılında Şûrâ-yı Bahriye olarak değiştirildi. II. Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra ise adı Şûrâ-yı Âlî-i Bahrî oldu. Zamanla isim değişikliğine uğrasa da aynı fonksiyonla görevini icra eden bahriyenin bu en önemli müzakere ve karar alma organının Meclis-i Bahriye adıyla faaliyet gösterdiği döneme dair çalışmalar mevcut olmakla birlikte Şûrâ-yı Bahriye adını aldığı dönemden lağvedildiği. 1914 yılına kadar olan süreçteki kurumsal yapısı, çalışma usulü ve faaliyetlerine dair bir araştırma mevcut değildir. Bu makalede söz konusu tarih aralığında Şûrâ-yı Bahriye'nin karar alma ve uygulama süreçlerine etkisi ve zamanla bunun nasıl bir değişime uğradığı sorularına cevap aranacaktır.

Las Guerras Astur Cántabras representan uno de los últimos episodios de resistencia indigena frente a la expansión del Imperio Romano en la Península Ibérica.
Estas campañas, lideradas en un primer momento por el emperador Augusto, no solo constituyen un hito militar en la consolidación del dominio romano en Hispania, sino que también reflejan la complejidad de los conflictos entre las legiones romanas y las tribus cántabras y astures, cuyas estrategias guerrilleras y profundo conocimiento del territorio dificultaron la rápida victoria romana. El análisis de estas guerras permite com-prender mejor la transición política, económica y
militar en el noroeste de la península.

Marija Jurić Zagorka spisateljica je čiji su se povijesni romani uglavnom smatrali trivijalnim uratcima za neuki puk. Do promjene u kritičkoj recepciji Zagorkinih romana dolazi posljednjih nekoliko godina refl eksija čega je i ovaj rad koji pokušava iščitati njezinu Tajnu Krvavog mosta iz perspektive gotičke književnosti. Smjestivši Tajnu Krvavog mosta u kontekst svjetske i hrvatske gotičke književnosti, rad dokazuje pripadnost ovog Zagorkina romana gotičkom kanonu analizom njegovih naslova i teme, te gotičkih (progonjena protagonistica, muški likovi kao junaci ili demonski ljubavnici, elementi natprirodnog, gotička arhitektura) motiva prisutnih u narativnom prostoru romana.

The appearance of this book was predictable, given the concerns and publications of Cătălin Borangic from the last decade. The combination of several studies and articles of the author in this volume, otherwise scattered through various publications, some difficult to obtain, has several advantages. On one hand, we were able to logically arrange and analyze the multitude of aspects regarding the various categories of curved weapons and, on the other hand, in the meantime, a lot of other information was accumulated, and his experience increased, so that it was possible to highlight new sides of the problematic or nuance others already addressed.
I agreed to make this brief presentation of the book for several reasons. First of all because some aspects of the phenomenon have worried me over time, then because the author is my doctoral student with a topic that includes many problems in this volume and, finally, because we collaborate in highlighting and analyzing the characteristics of some types of Dacian curved weapons or the publication of older discoveries, which are still unknown. 
The purpose of the book is clearly expressed by the author: “The present work aims to gather at a maximum of historical, artistic and archaeological information regarding the curved weapons used by the Dacians, to clarify, where appropriate, the terminology, the origin, the spread, the ethno-cultural footprint and, finally, to be constituted in a database from which to be able to continue the research, being aware that this study is only a stage of the project to reconstruct theDacian military phenomenon ” (p. 4).
According to the stated purpose, the summary highlights both the multitude of categories of information used, as well as the various aspects approached by the author: from those regarding the origin, typology, chronology and area of spread of curved weapons used by Thracians, to those of social and psychological interpretation or of experimental archeology. The author has used, practically, all the categories of existing information, from the archaeological discoveries to the written sources or the iconographic representations, including from the coins, taken from publications or from the Internet.
Given the multitude of issues he set out to address, some topics inevitably were less well documented and analyzed (for example, those regarding the origin of curved weapons and their significance, the weapon-weapon ambivalence of parts or frames or the cultural-archaeological and historical events in the south of the Danube).
In contrast, the wide-ranging analysis of curved weapons, from the southern Balkans to Transcarpathia, and over a long period of more than half a millennium to highlight some interesting aspects of these categories of weapons used by the Thracians.
The difficulties encountered were many. A lot of archaeological discoveries lack context, so the possibilities of precise dating or more detailed interpretations are greatly reduced. The written sources are extremely few and ambiguous, for some chronological intervals the categories of information are out of phase, so they cannot be corroborated. For example, from sec. VII-VI B.C., we have only weapons of a certain type, especially from the north of the Danube. The archaeological discoveries are more numerous for the century II-I B.C., but other categories of information are missing. The vast majority of iconographic representations come from the century II-III A.D.. Most weapons are from tombs, but for the sec. I B.C. tombs are missing, as weapons discoveries in cities, temples or places of worship are rather scarce. Due to these reasons, often conclusions with general validity or detailed observations could not be issued. Cătălin Borangic tried to fill these gaps in documentation by using historical logic and analogies in other areas, duplicated by experiments.
The essential observation of Cătălin Borangic is the appetite of the entire Thracian lineage for curved weapons, of various sizes and shapes, from the southern Balkans to the northern Carpathians, and this consequence for a period of over half a millennium must have had profound motivations. It is evident that this option had both objective causes, namely their effectiveness, but also some psychological ones, which proved to be the most suitable for the psychology and the way of fighting the Thracians.
"Whether the curved weapons have changed the psychological structure of their users, or, more likely, the Thracian warrior mentality has found in the curved arms the right extension of their martial inclinations, it is certain that a human-weapon link has succeeded in shaping the trajectory”. Thracians through history ”.
This close connection between the Thracian nation and their curved weapons has become a commonplace in antiquity, a way of ethnic identification is a phenomenon well argumented by the author. It cannot be by chance that on two of the most famous monuments erected by the Romans - the Trajan's Column in Rome and the Triumphal Monument at Adamclisi - the Dacians often appear in battle scenes with different types of curved weapons or they are depicted as trophies.
The various categories of curved weapons known in the area of the Thracians from the huge rhomphaea and mahaire characteristic of the southern Balkans, to the Dacian falx or the sica daggers typical of the Dacians or the knives and sickles benefit from thorough analyzes, in which the technical and typological characteristics are highlighted, as well as their modalities of use in combat, including the consequences on the enemies.
Cătălin Borangic often went through the analysis of the physical characteristics of the curved weapons, referring to their handlers - from a military, social, religious, psychologic and identity point of view - sometimes with remarkable results. Of course, these sensitive aspects are always arguable, but they must be addressed nevertheless, to understand the complexity of the phenomenon, as assessing the weapon without its user does not make any sense whatsoever.
Welcomed and clarifying are two other sections of the book, namely experimental archeology and how to use curved weapons in combat. The experiments not only provided useful information regarding techniques and workshops, but the ways of obtaining them allowed the necessary processing time and their likely costs to be estimated, resulting in some invaluable clues as to who could afford to procure them. Then, from the use of different types of curved weapons in battle, with enemies using the same types of weapons or with those used by the Roman army, a number of valuable information could have been obtained, both to understand their notoriety in antiquity and to fill in the gaps in the written sources.
Cătălin Borangic proves to be a good connoisseur of the technical and typological aspects of weapons or of their use in combat.
In our opinion, some formulations go beyond the data we have about the society and the general behavior of the Thracian people, so the expressions should have been more nuanced. Among them we mention: "the Thracians were well-known warriors", "the Dacian warrior society, with a mind inclined towards heroism", "that detachment with which the Thracians regarded dying in general, but especially the Geto-Dacians", "the mysterious world of the Danube warriors" , a civilization with deep military accents ”etc. But perhaps in a book that addresses not only the specialists, but also the people of culture who want to know the history, as the author wishes, the "more accentuated" formulations could be justified.
The illustration of the book is varied and generally of good quality, so it well documents the author's analysis and appreciation.
Undoubtedly, the book is a success, and its author deserves to be congratulated both for the careful analysis of the different categories of curved weapons, as well as for trying to decipher the psychological springs that determined the Thracians to use them with a predilection or for highlighting magical meanings and their religious.

Tras la Primera Guerra Mundial, la evolución armamentística sufrió un avance considerable, pero el salto evolutivo de la aviación sobrepasó al del resto de armas. Y cómo no, la guerra de España fue uno de los mejores bancos de pruebas de los nuevos diseños surgidos en Europa y el resto del mundo.
Tanto los aliados de Franco como los de la República desplegaron en la “piel de toro” sus diseños, en especial, los aeronáuticos. Y por supuesto, no podía faltar el deseo irrefrenable de capturar cualquier aparato enemigo para estudiarlo a fondo y aprender de él.
La República pudo capturar novísimos aviones alemanes como un Junkers Ju 52, un Heinkel He 111 o incluso un Bf 109, e italianos como los Fiat CR.32 y un Savoia SM.81.
Estos aviones fueron estudiados en profundidad por franceses y rusos, y de este estudio resultaron diseños de aviones y motores que más tarde serían usados en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Y por supuesto, el Servicio de Recuperación de Material de Guerra nacional, se aprestó a la captura de aviones como los de origen ruso Polikarpov I-16 e I-15. Pero si entre estos aviones hubo uno que cautivó a los servicios de información de Franco, este fue el bombardero medio Tupolev SB-2 apodado "Katiuska" en territorio republicano, y "Sofía" en territorio nacional.

Between the end of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, almost the only thing that united the Spanish right-wing was their animosity towards the entire left. Apart from that, they had many differences. One of them was their conception of Spain’s Islamic past

Fieldwork consisting of archaeological excavations and architectural documentation were completed at a longrow plantation laborer house at the Virgin Islands National Guard Estate Bethlehem Military Compound from July 15 to July 31, 2019. This structure housed laborers from the Estate Lower Bethlehem Old Works sugar plantation which began operation in the mid-18th century, soon after Danish colonization of St. Croix began, and ended in 1966 with the closure of the Bethlehem Central Factory. This project occurred on behalf of the St. Croix Plantation Heritage Study Tour with nine students from St. Mary’s College of Maryland, in St. Mary's City, Maryland, who were directed by the author. A surface collection, 33 shovel test pits, and one 1-meter by 1-meter test unit were completed in the front, side, and back yards, recovering 1942 artifacts (5.5 kg). The structure itself consisted of six adjoining rooms, with larger housing units at each end, in a longrow measuring 43.0 m (141.1 ft) long by 4.7 m (15.4 ft) wide that is parallel to a row of detached kitchens to the north. This work has determined that the longrow house, along with the adjacent laborer house, and the archaeological remains of a ca. 1750-1825 and enslaved African cemetery are potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Hebrew Bible and other ancient Near Eastern texts describe Egyptian, Aramean, Assyrian, and Babylonian military campaigns to the Southern Levant during the 10th to sixth centuries BCE. Indeed, many destruction layers dated to this period have been unearthed in archaeological excavations. Several of these layers are securely linked to specific campaigns and are widely accepted as chronological anchors. However, the dating of many other destruction layers is often debated, challenging the ability to accurately reconstruct the different military campaigns and raising questions regarding the historicity of the biblical narrative. Here, we present a synchronization of the historically dated chronological anchors and other destruction layers and artifacts using the direction and/or intensity of the ancient geomagnetic field recorded in mud bricks from 20 burnt destruction layers and in two ceramic assemblages. During the period in question, the geomagnetic field in this region was ext...

The Hebrew Bible and other ancient Near Eastern texts describe Egyptian, Aramean, Assyrian, and Babylonian military campaigns to the Southern Levant during the 10th to sixth centuries BCE. Indeed, many destruction layers dated to this period have been unearthed in archaeological excavations. Several of these layers are securely linked to specific campaigns and are widely accepted as chronological anchors. However, the dating of many other destruction layers is often debated, challenging the ability to accurately reconstruct the different military campaigns and raising questions regarding the historicity of the biblical narrative. Here, we present a synchronization of the historically dated chronological anchors and other destruction layers and artifacts using the direction and/or intensity of the ancient geomagnetic field recorded in mud bricks from 20 burnt destruction layers and in two ceramic assemblages. During the period in question, the geomagnetic field in this region was ext...

Il saggio prende avvio dalla scoperta di un importante fondo pergamenaceo nell'archivio storico comunale di San Maurizio Canavese. Alcune pergamene gettano luce su alcune dinamiche relative alla comunità, in particolare il forte ascendente signorile sull'elezione della credenza della comunità nel 1296 e, successivamente,  sul forte ascendente che la credenza del Comune di Ciriè ha sulla nomina dei funzionari della credenza di San Maurizio. Attraverso poi un censimento a tappeto di ordinati dell'area considerata, e riflettendo sulla comparsa nella medesima area delle franchigie alle varie comunità,  considerando le complesse dinamiche politiche del primo decennio del XIV secolo che caratterizzarono l'area, parrebbe delinearsi anche il problema della tardività, in un contesto microregionale, di comparsa di istituzioni comunali.

A DESERÇÃO NO EXÉRCITO No dia 13 de Outubro de 1808, Beresford, então comandante da guarnição militar britânica de Lisboa, entregou ao Secretário dos Negócios Estrangeiros da Regência do reino, Cipriano Ribeiro Freire, um documento contendo «as simples regras elementares que julga serão necessárias observar-se na reorganização dos regimentos deste reino», ou seja, «os passos preparatórios para a reorganização e disciplina dos regimentos de linha deste país»1. Conforme está indicado no início do documento, este foi elaborado na sequência de conversações havidas entre ambos. Nas «Observações Gerais», segunda parte do documento, Beresford perspectivava com optimismo que os regimentos «se completem por homens que voluntariamente se ofereçam a servir, e que não haverá dificuldade sem dúvida em achar, animados com o aumento de soldo que agora certamente se lhes deve dar e participando eles do entusiasmo e zelo manifestado por todas as classes de homens na causa do seu país». 1 1 PT AHM-DIV-3-2-6-7. Documento original em inglês, acompanhado da tradução, utilizada nas citações. Regimentos/corpos ou exército de linha/1ª linha: o equivalente ao que hoje se designa por exército.

Anukul Gurung is a junior from the lovely Himalayan country of Nepal. He is a Computer Science major and Studio Art minor. Anukul enjoys photography, painting, sketching, and soccer. He is interested in going to graduate school for art and design, or computer science, or taking a completely different route and getting a degree in non-profit leadership so that he can return to his home country and do humanitarian work. Currently, he is doing an internship on campus at the Office of Web Communications and Electronic Media. He is also a Resident Assistant in Stine Hall.

This article examines the engagement of Ze'ev Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Zionists with the League of Nations during the interwar period, illuminating a paradox: the utilization of an international institution traditionally associated with liberal ideals by a right-wing nationalist leader. The study posits that the Revisionists perceived the League and its institutions as critical vehicles for advancing their agenda. It elucidates the complex dynamics of intra-Zionist rivalry in Geneva and investigates the challenges encountered by the Revisionists at the League. The article analyses the Revisionists' attempts to influence the League through petitions and press conferences, highlighting their limited efficacy. Their uncompromising stance and limited diplomatic acumen contrasted with the World Zionist Organization's established presence and cultivation of relationships.

testo, rivolto all'opinione pubblica israeliana, è stato pubblicato due settimane fa con un senso di urgenza: la guerra poteva riprendere in qualsiasi momento. È successo. Ma questa non è solo una continuazione della guerra: tutti i segnali indicano che i piani per l'espulsione di massa dei palestinesi fa Gaza non sono stati abbandonati.

У чланку се указује на законска и подзаконска акта која су увела војне науке у систем образовања ЈНА. На
почетку овог процеса сматрало се да нема научног основа за постојање свеобухватне војне науке, док је насу-
прот томе било оних који су сматрали да је неодрживо даље постојање неких војнонаучних дисциплина и да
њих треба проучавати у оквиру војних наука. Већина учесника првог Симпозијума о војним наукама из јуна
1970. била је сагласна са тим да је класична војна вештина еволуирала и постала војна наука. Значајан тренутак
био је организовање последипломских студија из војних наука у високим војним школама. Тај процес је правно
регулисан Законом о војним школама и научноистраживачким установама ЈНА из 1973. године. Магистарски и
специјалистички радови, као и докторати морали су имати теоријску и примењену вредност, односно да се у по-
требној мери могу применити и у пракси. На значај који су имале војне науке у ЈНА, указује и чињеница да је
први (почасни) докторат војних наука додељен 21. децембра 1976. године врховном команданту Јосипу Брозу.
На основу Правилника о поступку за стицање доктората војних наука у високим војним школама од 11. јула
1979. војне науке су ближе одређене. Упркос сталном наглашавању значаја војних наука за систем одбране, до
краја периода који је предмет нашег истраживања, војне науке нису препознате и сврстане у систем наука у
оквиру образовно-научних поља.

У чланку су наведена и анализирана најзначајнија
документа објављена у СФРЈ која се односе на нормативно регули-
сање научноистраживачке делатности. Неки други фактори који
значајно утичу на научноистраживачки рад, као што су форми-
рање и развој научних часописа или формирање војнодокумента-
ционих центара и библиотека, нису представљали предмет овог
истраживања. Чланак је писан на основу нормативних докумена-
та објављених у Службеном листу ФНРЈ/СФРЈ, Службеном војном
листу, као и на основу чланака из часописа Војно дело. Поред тога,
коришћена је релевантна литература, као и текстови објављени у
војној периодици.

This article traces the evolution of the well-known Legiones Cannenses from a citizen army into a professional force, possibly the first in the history of the Roman army. I shall focus on three main aspects
of this transformation. First, I shall deal with the split of the legionaries from civic life, in the wake of the battle of Cannae. The Roman senate in 215 BCE decided to strip the survivors of the battle of their civil
rights and sent them to garrison Sicily. The decision of the Senate created a mercenary force, different from the rest of the Roman army. Then, I shall examine the peculiar commitment of the soldiers to some of the most important warlords, such as Marcellus, Scipio, and Flamininus, who in turn were in command of the Legiones Cannenses during the Second Punic War and the Second Macedonian War. The last topic discussed in this part are the changes in the tactical composition of the Legiones Cannenses, evident in the African campaign. By then, the tactical composition of the Legiones Cannenses looked very much akin to that of the Late Republican legions. The cohors had taken the place of the manipulum as the main tactical unit.

The Zanzibar Naval Blockade was an international naval operation that took place between November 1888 and October 1889 off the eastern coast of Africa, involving the territory of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, including the islands and the coast of Tanzania. Although practically
ignored by our historiography, it was the largest interventions by the Portuguese Navy in that region. Promoted by the German Empire, the blockade was soon joined by the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Italy, extending the blockade to the coast of Mozambique, up to Pemba Bay.
The official mission of the international fleet was to put an end to the slave and arms trade that plagued this territory, which had become the last stronghold for traffickers after the successive abolition of slavery in African territories controlled by European powers. In addition to the official
humanitarian objectives, there were naturally territorial, strategic, and economic interests at play, as well as the control of various territories under their influence. This work aims to analyze the objectives, forces, and outcomes of this naval operation.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ilk yılında müttefik Almanya’nın Osmanlı’ya desteğinin görüldüğü alanlardan birisi de Çanakkale Cephesindeki havacılık faaliyetidir. İtilaf kuvvetlerinin Çanakkale Boğazını zorladıkları bir dönemde Osmanlı hava gücü bünyesinde önce kara uçakları için bir tayyare bölüğü teşkil edilmiş, ilerleyen aylarda Almanya’dan talep edilen deniz uçakları ve havacı personelin katılımıyla bir deniz tayyare bölüğü oluşturulmuştur. Pilot Yüzbaşı Ernst Liebmann’ın komutasını üstlendiği Deniz Tayyare Bölüğü Amiral Guido von Usedom’un başında bulunduğu Boğazlar Kumandanlığına bağlı olarak faaliyetini sürdürmüştür. Osmanlı hava gücünün genişletilmesi sürecinde Deniz Tayyare Bölüğü önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Pilot Yüzbaşı Ernst Liebmann’ın 1918 yılında yayınlanan Çanakkale Savaşı’nın hava cephesine dair anıları merkeze alınarak, Alman havacıları ile Deniz Tayyare Bölüğü’nün faaliyeti incelenecektir. Liebmann’ın anıları 1915 yılının Mayıs ayı ortalarında Türkiye’ye hareket etme emrini alışıyla başlamaktadır. Havacı personel, uçak ve uçak malzemelerinin Balkanlar üzerinden İstanbul’a ulaştırılması öncelikli bir gündem maddesidir. Liebmann anılarında, Çanakkale’de Deniz Tayyare Bölüğü ve istasyonunun kuruluş süreci ve karşılaştığı sorunlara dair birinci ağızdan detaylı bilgiler sunmaktadır. Çanakkale savunmasına katıldıktan sonraki ilk hedeflerini ise boğaz ve adalar üzerinde keşif uçuşu yapıp düşmanın harekâtını çözümlemek, tespit edilen kritik yerlere bombalı taarruzlarda bulunmak ve denizaltıların boğaza girişini mümkün mertebe engellemeye çalışmak şeklinde açıklamaktadır. 1915 yılı yazı ve sonbaharı boyunca yaşananlar ile İtilaf kuvvetlerinin yarımadayı tahliye sürecine dair Çanakkale Cephesine gökyüzünden farklı bir bakış sunan Liebmann’ın aktardığı bilgilerin Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Çanakkale Cephesi tarihine önemli katkılar sunacağı muhakkaktır.