Military History

The 19th century began as a period of constantly increasing political tension in the Balkans, also known as Ottoman Europe. The struggle for independence among the Balkan nations grew stronger in inverse proportion to the weakening of Ottoman power in the region. Bulgaria’s occupation of the Eastern Rumelia Province caused the Macedonian Problem to enter a new stage. The Ottoman government’s failure to intervene in this occupation led to the 1885 Serbian-Bulgarian War. As a
result of the war, Eastern Rumelia was ceded to Bulgaria, while Ottoman power in Rumelia was seriously weakened. Kazım Karabekir, a young Ottoman staff officer, evaluated the war in accordance with the trends of the period. He analyzed the causes, development, and consequences of the war in detail during a conference he gave to his colleagues. Th is conference aimed to draw lessons for Ottoman officers from the 1885 Serbian-Bulgarian War and was later published under the same name.

A biographical tour is offered through the figure of Juan López Campillo, one of the most prominent leaders of the Peninsular War in Cantabria. This paper is structured chronologically, showing its passage through the different periods of the reign of Ferdinand VII until his escape and death in France. Have been consulted bibliographic and primary sources, some unpublished or very little known.

Mainland China has a robust body of work offering deeper commentary on Sun Tzu's Art of War including details on the linguistic, textual, and historical context necessary to better understand and analyzed the text. Unfortunately, almost none of this has been translated into English. As part as my own "Sun Tzu Commentary" I have been researching these texts and here is a sample of some of the various commentaries for verses from Chapter 1 of the Sunzi Bingfa. Chinese scholars include Guo Huaruo, Li Ling, Chen Xi, Ren Li, and Ma Jun.

Este artigo oferece uma análise da relação entre o serviço militar e a concessão de perdões reais na Inglaterra durante o reinado de Ricardo II (1377-1399). Através de uma investigação aprofundada de fontes primárias, o estudo explora como o serviço militar se tornou um fator determinante na prática régia de concessão de perdões a criminosos neste período da Guerra dos Cem Anos. Este estudo não só examina a tipologia dos crimes cometidos por indivíduos que participaram no serviço militar, mas também discute a atribuição do perdão régio a criminosos que serviriam como recrutas em operações bélicas. Ao revelar os contextos políticos, sociais e jurídicos que envolvem essa prática, o estudo ilumina a complexidade da política de perdões, mostrando como ela refletia as necessidades estratégicas do reino e influenciava as dinâmicas de poder e justiça na Inglaterra medieval.

A pesar del indudable interés de su extensa trayectoria, Juan Courten es un oficial poco conocido en comparación con otros personajes de su tiempo. Miembro de la destacada saga familiar de los Courten, con varias generaciones al servicio de los Borbones españoles, Juan estuvo presente en algunos de los principales hechos de armas de la Guerra de la Independencia. Durante el asedio de Cádiz dirigió a sus superiores un documento que ofrece cuantiosa información: su solicitud o memorial de ascenso a mariscal de campo fechada el 3 de noviembre de 1810. La misma permite reconstruir su trayectoria y los elementos principales de la de sus antepasados, pero también nos habla de las mentalidades de la época y de la defensa de los derechos personales y familiares en un contexto de resistencia nacional ante una invasión extranjera.

Ethiopia's latest advancements in defense manufacturing, particularly the launch of SkyWin Aeronautics Industries, mark a transformative shift in its military and strategic landscape. Beyond technological achievement, this development is a bold assertion of Ethiopia's commitment to self-sufficiency, deterrence, and strategic autonomy. In a region historically shaped by external militarization, foreign interventions, and shifting alliances, the ability to design and produce advanced defense systems signals Ethiopia's intent to secure its national interests on its own terms.

The island of Siquijor is known for its rich historical and cultural
heritage, exemplified by Spanish-era churches in its five municipalities.
Despite the presence of numerous historical landmarks, little has
been written about the island during the Spanish and Japanese eras.
Therefore, to further enrich Siquijor’s historical and cultural heritage,
this study was initiated This study investigated local resistance on
the island of Siquijor, Philippines, during the Japanese occupation
from 1942 to 1944. Since most documented research from this era
focuses on Luzon, this study aimed to f ill the gap in literature by
uncovering Siquijor’s wartime events. The research employed a
qualitative – historical method design, utilizing archival sources,
written sources and oral sources through semi-structured interviews
with surviving witnesses to gather firsthand accounts of resistance
activities, leadership roles, and the impact of Japanese occupation
on the Siquijodnons. By analyzing oral histories and other sources,
the study sought to explore the contributions of Siquijodnons to
the broader liberation efforts in the Philippines. The findings aim
to enrich historical scholarship, preserve local heritage, empower
the community, and evaluate the value of oral histories as primary
sources

A bygone era, distinct from Antiquity, served as a rich reservoir of models for the French captains who fought during the Wars of Religion, helping them assert their social roles during a turbulent time.
These professional soldiers, like Pierre de Brantôme (c. 1540-1614) and Jean de Saulx-Tavannes (1555-1629), used writing to preserve their privileges, reform the army, and legitimize military nobility. They drew examples from the "time of our ancestors," characterized in their writings by different military practices and social roles from those of the late 16th century.

How did these rough combatants, who struggled to grasp the full expanse of time separating them from figures like Froissart or Monstrelet, use their professional expertise and readings to uncover an intermediate age? How did they conceive their roles in the kingdom through this past, sometimes revered and sometimes reviled?

This study defines a unique noble and military Middle Ages for French captains—a period neither ancient nor contemporary, serving as both a reservoir and a repellent for understanding and acting in the present.

О причинах массовых протестов в Иране и об отношении иранцев к России и Израилю

Иран и  "Исламский Советский Союз". Это действительно очень похоже: идеологический режим, который сейчас полностью разложился.

Все авторитарные режимы обвиняют внешние силы. Но никакие внешние силы не способны вывести тысячи людей на улицы под пули, под дубинки, если сами люди не будут этого хотеть. Кроме того, в Иране существуют достаточно мощные национальные противоречия. Там действуют как минимум три национально-освободительных движения – курдов, белуджей и арабов в провинции Хузистан, они тоже активизировались. Что касается отношений с Израилем, то по объективным международным оценкам, рейтингу антисемитизма, который публикуется каждый год, в Иране самый низкий уровень антисемитизма среди населения на Ближнем Востоке.

nuestro parecer, en lo que tendría que centrarse cualquier trabajo de Historia Militar sobre la Primera Guerra Carlista 43 . alfonso bullón de mendoza y gómez de Valugera pero, afortunadamente, sí transcribe, a manera de ejemplo, el correspondiente a las fuerzas de infantería, tanto de línea como ligera, realizado por la Inspección General de dicha arma. En dicho cuadro aparecen, regimiento por regimiento, no solo los muertos, sino también los licenciados por cumplidos y por inútiles, los confinados a presidio, los pasados a otras armas, los desertores, los prisioneros que no se habían vuelto a incorporar a filas, los promovidos a oficiales. Es, en suma, una información enormemente minuciosa, cuya veracidad no hay motivo para poner en duda, y que abona la del resto de los datos ya mencionados, que Chamorro no trascribe con tanta minuciosidad "por no fatigar la atención de nuestros lectores". Según el general Ramón SALAS LARRAZABAL,

Nathan Bedford Forrest made numerous requests to enter Georgia and attack the supply lines of Union General William T. Sherman on his “March to the Sea”. Why then was Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest not allowed to enter Georgia? If Forrest had been allowed to attack General Sherman, would it have made a difference in the overall outcome of the Civil War?

Рад представља покушај да се реконструише успостављање и рад судске власти у Крушевачкој нахији/округу тридесетих година 19. века, у контексту борбе за присаједињење отргнутих нахија, којима је припадала и Крушевачка, а након припајања Кнежевини Србији. Кнез Милош је организовао политичко и војно деловање у нахијама које нису биле ослобођене. Најпоузданији повереник за Крушевац био је Милосав Браљинац. Постоје подаци да је "Суд крушевачки" тајно основан још 1830. године и да је био у честој преписци са кнезом Милошем. Кроз развој судске власти у Крушевачкој нахији/округу може се добити слика интеграције нових територија у српску државу и појаве које су је пратиле. Пошто пре Устава из 1838. године није била јасно одвојена судска од извршне власти, кроз рад судова тридесетих година 19. века може се реконструисати функционисање српске државе на локалном нивоу, у овом случају, у поново припојеној Крушевачкој нахији/округу.

La conversión de las milicias medievales y de su evolución en unas fuerzas voluntarias y mercenarias, a un verdadero ejército de leva -formado por todos los ciudadanos del Estado-se produjo, en resumidas cuentas, a partir de la Revolución Francesa y quedó consolidado en el ejército nacional prusiano durante la unificación alemana. Así, la construcción del Estado nacional -como nos señala Hagen SCHULZE ( 35 )-tuvo mucho que ver en la imbricación conocida de los conceptos y realidades de patria, nación y Estado con los ejércitos que las defienden, conforman y, en cierto modo, representan. Este modelo contemporáneo, surgido en el siglo XIX, supuso el control, con mayores o menores dificultades, de la fuerza militar por el Parlamento y, por ello, con la voluntad soberana del pueblo y de sus gobiernos representativos, imitando el modelo británico.

Artykuł dotyczy działalności koadiutora wileńskiego Józefa Stanisława Sapiehy na sejmikach wileńskim, smoleńskim i starodubowskim za panowania Augusta III. Ujawniono kluczowe znaczenie Józefa Stanisława Sapiehy na tych sejmikach w Wilnie. Artykuł pokazuje, że udział koadiutora wileńskiego na sejmikach wileńskim, smoleńskim i starodubowskim przybierał różne formy: bezpośredniego udziału, przygotowywania wyborów lub zakończenia sejmiku, łączenia rywali w celu wyboru posła lub posła, zadowalania protestującej szlachty i formułowania instrukcji sejmowych. Józef Stanisław Sapieha nie zawsze wygrywał na tych trzech sejmikach w Wilnie, ale każdy musiał liczyć na jego wpływy. Przeciwnikami Sapiehy na tych sejmikach byli po prostu zwolennicy rodu Radziwiłłów: rodziny Żabów i Abramowiczów, a także Mikołaj Petrusiewicz, Hrehory Gimbut, Stanisław Łopot i Franciszek Tyzenhauz. Często sprawowali urzędy na zamku wileńskim pod wojewodami, którzy byli liderami stronnictwa magnackiego Radziwiłłów. Podczas współpracy koadiutora wileńskiego z rodziną Radziwiłłów, w sojuszu ze swoimi zwolennikami, sejmiki odbywały się w Wilnie pokojowo.

 The opinions and views expressed in this journal do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Ministry of Defence. The Editorial Board reserves the right to edit and publish selected articles according to its editorial requirements. Copyright© 2016 by the Government of the Republic of Singapore. All rights reserved. The articles in this journal are not to be reproduced in part or in whole without the consent of the Ministry of Defence.

El  objeto  de  estudio  es  la  fuerza  especial kamikazes, durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que se debió a una combinación de distintos factores, incluyendo la creciente desesperación de Japón ante las derrotas militares y la presión de mantener su posición. La falta de recursos y la creencia en el honor y el deber, contribuyó a la aceptación de tácticas suicidas como una forma de resistencia extrema para la salvación de su gran imperio.

Despite Malta’s deep connection with the sea and the critical part it has played in the trade of the Mediterranean, all the studies on weapons have concentrated on those used on Maltese soil rather than at sea. The use of edged weapons for maritime contexts is just one piece of this array, which deserves attention as any other. This paper endeavours to correct that by looking at the maritime weapons used in the period up to the French occupation in 1798; a second paper will look at those subsequent to 1798.

A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower: Forward, Engaged, Ready" (CS21R) appeared in March 2015. 1 It aims to "refresh" the strategy with the same primary title that first appeared back in 2007 and that has to a significant extent guided U.S. maritime policy over the past eight years. 2 Navies both reflect and help shape the international context. They matter. So, when the world's most powerful navy looks at its strategy and decides on a change, the rest of the world should pay attention, since the change will reveal at least some of America's strategic preoccupations and help set the agenda, for a few years at least, for diplomats and other navies around the world. Most especially this will of course apply in regions as maritime as the Asia-Pacific. How navies or nations react will depend first on what they think has changed and why, and, second, on who and where they are. A number of questions immediately arise: What is this new "strategy," whom is it for, and what's changed? The first of these is relatively simple to answer. It's what most people would call a statement of doctrine, something intended to provide guidance for those serving in today's U.S. Navy, especially its planners. Unlike grand statements of strategy as produced by the likes of Carl von Clausewitz, Alfred

For its unfailing support o f my research, the History Department at the University o f N ew Hampshire deserves special recognition. Above all, I thank my adviser, Eliga H. Gould, for his encouragement and steady guidance as the project evolved. Much like its city streets, Boston's complex history can quickly disorient the unwary traveler, and I might still be lost somewhere in its intriguing back alleys i f Dr. Gould had not skillfully steered me back toward Faneuil Hall. In so doing, he often opened up new avenues o f inquiry for me to follow . I am indeed honored to have been his student. My thanks also go to the additional committee members-Jeffry Diefendorf, J. William Harris, Cynthia Van Zandt, and Brigitte Bailey-each o f whom graciously contributed his or her time and expertise toward improving the end product o f my efforts. Finally, I was fortunate enough to have David Waldstreicher from the University o f Notre Dame critique an early v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. version o f what would become the second chapter. To m yself alone I attribute any remaining errors in this dissertation. I am grateful to the staffs o f the follow ing institutions for assisting my research: the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Rare Books Department o f the Boston Public Library, the N ew England Historic Genealogical Society, the Bostonian Society, the Massachusetts Archives, the M ystic Seaport Museum, and the Inter-Library Loan Department at the University o f N ew Hampshire's Dimond Library. I am especially indebted to Ranger Matthew Greif o f the National Park Service Boston National Historical Park, who took an early interest in the project and generously shared his research on Faneuil Hall. My thanks also go to Jon Cote o f the Rhode Island Community Food Bank for some eleventh-hour technical support. Some debts extend beyond the confines o f these pages. Kim Jarvis and H olly Rine, friends and fellow doctoral candidates, were always w illing to lend an ear or offer words o f encouragement, for which I am extremely thankful. More distant friends, especially Jim Sexton, Nathaniel Hoffman, and Mike Meyer patiently endured unanswered e-mails and unretumed phone messages while I worked to complete the project. That I can still call them friends at its end is a testament to their character and my appreciation. And the antics o f three feline companions-A lly, M oxie, and Colbyoften enlivened an otherwise tedious writing process. But my deepest expression o f gratitude goes to my family, whose constant encouragement kept me motivated and focused. The strength o f my mother-in-law, Sandy Binder, through trying times was truly inspirational. My thanks also go out to Gerri Beagle and Skip French, who, having him self been through the dissertation process, vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. could always be counted on for sage advice. To my beloved parents, Kirsten French and Robert Beagle, I owe much more than my interest in history, not the least o f which is a life-long friend in my brother, Christopher. And finally, my wife Deborah has been a pillar o f patience and faith throughout this entire endeavor. As she has w illingly shared with me all o f the hopes and frustrations o f the graduate school experience, this dissertation is as much a tribute to her work as it is to mine. Its conclusion opens a new chapter in our lives together. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

336 Minnesota Journal of Int'l Law [Vol. 16:2 they gave 36 percent more speeches about terrorism than about Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld's signature theme (transformation of the military), 22 times more speeches about terrorism than about nuclear weapons, 43 times more ...

This paper will focus on changes in family structures related to enlisting in the military (as recruits) and leaving the military service (as invalids and veterans). During recruitment, nobility did not leave the initiative only to press-corp officers. Seigniorial officials sought to guarantee a steady influx of the population to the military service, especially by enlisting individuals from lower social strata whose future was uncertain. The aim of this research is to find out if different social classes (farmers, peasants, cottagers) needed to replace a recruit leaving their homestead by hired labour force. Not only invalids, but also other veterans argued about their poor health, frequent diseases and high age in requests for discharge. We will also devote attention to questions of geographical, spatial mobility and escape strategies (by deserters). These issues will be explored using archive materials including lists of subjects, parish registers, land registers and record materials. On the basis of the quantity and quality of extant sources and differences in settlement structure, two South Bohemian areas have been selected for the study: the estates of Protivin and Trebon.

El servicio de sanidad del Ejército y la producción de una `geografía médico militar´ de la Argentina en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX”. En: Natacha Bacolla, Federico Martocci, María José Ortiz Bergia y Melina Yagilevich (dirs). Historiar el Estado. Estudios en escala. Rio Cuarto. Unirio Editora/Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. 2025. pp.265-291. ISBN: 978-987-688-596-6

‘As the sun sees everything, so should the eye’: this was the guiding principle expounded in the 1588 Statutes of the Order of St John concerning management and control over its extensive urban and rural properties. In a similar way, this book seeks to provide its readers with the eyes through which to navigate a variegated Hospitaller landscape from Portugal to Italy and from Germany to Malta in the early modern period.

Priories, bailiwicks, foundations, and commanderies formed the power base of the institution, and the Order acted with local leaders and communities in a series of overlapping jurisdictions which led to both fruitful alliances and power struggles. The contributions in this book, by scholars from across diverse disciplinary and geographical borders, shed light on the archival sources and legal procedures, politics and diplomacy, social and financial aspects, as well as the landscape and architectural features of the Hospitaller network of properties. In so doing, they help to recompose a fragmented and often forgotten history forged in multicultural environments.

The Land and the Cross establishes a foundation for future scholarship and stimulates interdisciplinary collaboration to recover and protect a heritage that is today neglected, hidden, or abandoned. The book challenges readers in the field of Hospitaller studies and beyond to explore a wider world through the unique and original lens of the Order of St John.

Critics Review:
‘The Order of St. John has a deliciously complex history, its members ruling a tiny insular territory while managing a vast web of land holdings that extended over virtually every part of medieval and early modern Europe. This collection of essays does full justice to the order's rich and multi-faceted past, while at the same time showcasing the ongoing transformation of Hospitaller studies thanks to the troves of new documentary material now being made available by archivists’ - Giancarlo Casale, Professor of Early Modern History of the Mediterranean, European University Institute.

'This wide-ranging collection is a welcome addition to scholarship on the Order of St John (also known as the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights of Malta) in Europe during the early modern period. Focussing on the Knights’ landholdings and relations with Christian rulers, it reveals the Order as a vibrant institution even as its holy war and care for the sick became less significant to Europeans. Exploring extensive archival records -- including the Knights’ illustrated inventories of their lands and buildings – these articles illuminate details of the Knights' activities in landholding, politics and diplomacy, administration, and record-keeping' - Helen Nicholson, Emeritus Professor, Cardiff University.

‘This book is rich with new insights about the intricate administrative systems that held together the far-reaching network of properties of the Order of Saint John. The role played by individual actors leaps to life from the pages, in a vivid portrait of the tensions between the time-honoured traditions of a venerable institution, and the pragmatic realpolitik that needed to be exercised daily to safeguard the Order’s interests. The volume brings together fifteen contributions from a formidable array of scholars, to deliver an interdisciplinary tour-de-force’ - Reuben Grima, Associate Professor of Conservation and Built Heritage, University of Malta.

https://www.routledge.com/The-Land-and-the-Cross-Properties-of-the-Order-of-St-John-between-Centre-and-Periphery-16th-18th-centuries/Burgassi-Said-Zammit-Vanesio/p/book/9781032154527?srsltid=AfmBOoovK4aS9T8MF9nIXXZZx9r8qATLPFtxz0JNfBCkDF18WqcxFMe5

This paper gives the details of further research into a possible landing place and overland invasion route for Norman troops prior to the Battle of Hastings. It also details the subsequent history of Cooden Moat and Manor House now in Bexhill, East Sussex, England.

Se analizan un molde de fundición y una pieza de bronce en la que se hace alusión a las características del artefacto al que iba asociada. Ambas piezas llevan escritas en árabe la leyenda "en la senda de Dios". Ambas están relacionadas con suministros para la guerra.

Ovaj tekst predstavlja priređeni dokument nastao na saslušanju
Harija Štegemana u logoru Nojengame 16. jula 1947. godine. Prati ga širok
kontekstualni uvod, opšta geneza Specijalne akcije 1005 u Istočnoj Evropi, kao i rekonstrukcija do sada poznatih činjenica o uklanjanju ostataka nacističkih zločina u okupiranoj Srbiji. U tom smislu, u tekstu se analiziraju postojeći izvori o ovoj nacističkoj akciji, preispituju se stavovi u njima, načelno se porede sa rezultatima drugih istraživanja i povrh svega daje se naš zaključak. Zapisnik sa saslušanja Harija Štegemana objavljen je integralno, uz pravopisne ispravke i komentare autora.

Complicating the narrative of World War II
The black “Citizen Soldiers” who participated in the “Good War" also form part of the “Greatest Generation," yet they continue to be invisible in the general histories of World War II. Why have representations of World War II—books and films—overlooked the multitude of black experiences and voices? How can we “save the black privates” from obscurity? If we can agree that World War II was a watershed event that affected all Americans, then we must add in the narratives of the black Americans who served in the armed forces. I suspect one of the main reasons we overlook the history of black Americans during the war years is because the story is a complicated one—one filled with moments of glory as well as moments of shame—and many more moments of simple everyday life. It is a difficult job to include the story of a group of people who were excluded from American life. Still, World War II affected black Americans as deeply—perhaps more deeply—than white Americans. We need to complicate the narrative of World War II to include, not occlude, the black experience.

Tar h boyunca İng ltere, Fransa ve Rusya'nın başlıca çıkar ve çatışma alanlarından b r de; İstanbul ve boğazlar olmuştur. Bölgey kontroller altına alab lmek ç n sürekl mücadele eden bu devletler, XIX. Yüzyıl'ın sonlarından t baren gerçekleşt rd kler anlaşmalarla İt lâf Devletler adı altında b rleşm şler, 1914' de başlayan I. Dünya Harb 'n de bu amaçlarını gerçekleşt rmek ç n b r fırsat olarak görmüşlerd r. N tek m harpten sonra Osmanlı Devlet le mza ett kler Mondros Mütarekes 'nde İstanbul'un şgal ed lmes n gerekt recek herhang b r hüküm olmamasına karşın; 13 Kasım 1918' de şehr f len şgal etm şlerd r. Bu hukuk dışı anlayış İt lâf Devletler 'n n İstanbul' dak bütün faal yetler ne de yansımıştır. Üstel k 13 Kasım 1918' de yaratılan bu f l şgal durumu, gel şecek b rtakım s yas ve asker olaylar net ces nde 16 Mart 1920' de resm b r hüv yet kazanmıştır. N tek m bu tar hten t baren şeh rdek çeş tl alanlar kontrol altına alınarak; asker ve mülk kurumlar ele geç r lm ş ve b rçok da tutuklama gerçekleşt r lm şt r.

Most readers, if they have ever heard of Baron George Alfred Charles Louis Théophile de Goumoëns (1820-1876) at all, probably encountered his name in E.G. Browne’s compilation of sources on Babism where a translation was given of ‘a letter written on August 29, 1852, by an Austrian officer, Captain von Goumoens, who was in the Sháh’s service.’  The letter in question had been published in ‘an article in German published on October 17, 1852, in No. 291 of some German or Austrian newspaper of which, unhappily, the name is not noted,’  which Browne had acquired ‘a good many years ago from the widow of the late Dr Polak,  an Austrian doctor, who was physician to Náṣiru’d-Din Sháh at the beginning of his reign.’ Thanks to the largescale digitization of nineteenth-century newspapers, the source of the article may be easily identified as the Allgemeine Zeitung.  The letter, in full and abbreviated form, was widely reprinted and excerpted in the latter half of October, 1852.  Although valued as an eyewitness to the events associated with the Bab, Goumoëns’ experiences and written observations ranged much more widely and constitute an important European perspective on the early reign of Naser al-Din Shah. Moreover, Goumoëns returned to Iran in 1857 as a member of the Schindlöcker mission, charged with the presentation of gifts from the Austrian emperor to the Shah and the purchase of broodmares and stallions for the imperial army’s stud farms. Finally, in July, 1873, Goumoëns again met Naser al-Din Shah when he visited briefly Switzerland during his first European tour.

Our goal is to present and analyze the data on the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti and Georgians outlined in the writings by Alexander son of Simeon Pishchevich (1764-1820). These data are mostly accumulated in Pishchevich’s memoirs (published by Nil Popov in 1885). Alexander’s father had been a Serb, who resettled in the Russian Empire; Alexander was already russified. The memoirs composed by the younger Pishchevich pay much attention to his “sex victories”, resembling Giacomo Casanova’s Histoire de ma vie. Hence we nicknamed Alexander Pishchevich a russifed “Casanova”. He spent several weeks in the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti in autumn 1784, and participated in the joint Georgian-Russian campaign against the Lezgis. Pishchevich also met some prominent Georgians in the Russian Empire. Therefore, his memoirs (and other works) contain a multitude of data relevant to Georgian Studies. They can be divided into several categories: 1) Cartographic legacy (has already been studied); 2) Information on the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti, based on Pishchevich’s personal impressions; probably the most significant part; 3) Information on Georgians active in the Russian Empire; 4) Information on the internal situation in the Russian Empire, when it became a centre of attraction for Georgian authorities; 5) Reflections of the russification process affecting Pishchevich, and presumably also other immigrants, including Georgians. We have analyzed the aforesaid data in some detail, as well as their reliability; the latter is compromised by author’s preoccupation with presenting his (actual or fictitious) sex victories, as well as egocentrism and flippancy; but endorsed by his candidness and straightforwardness. We concluded that Pishchevich’s data were trustworthy and remarkable.

Nota: Los párrafos que siguen son transcripciones o recortes de distintos libros, escritos por el Dr. Antonio V. Castiglione, presidente del Instituto Belgraniano de La Banda, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, en los que hace expresa referencia a la vinculación del "Padre de la Patria", con dicha provincia argentina. La escuela de Belgrano En noviembre de 1812, Santiago del Estero tuvo la suerte de que viniera destinado el fraile dominico Juan Grande. En octubre de 1813, el Teniente de Gobernador Mariano Sarassa, recibió la orden directa de Manuel Belgrano de abrir la escuela que él había donado a nuestra ciudad, orden que comunicó de inmediato al Cabildo. Pero las derrotas de Vilcapugio y Ayohuma retardaron la puesta en funcionamiento. El 5 de septiembre de 1822, el Cabildo tomó la decisión de cumplir con la creación de esa escuela, estableciendo su funcionamiento en una pieza del Convento de Santo Domingo, bajo la dirección del maestro don Pío Cabezón. El 3 de julio de 1823, debido a que el maestro Pío Cabezón no podía encargarse de la escuela por razones de salud, nombró a fray Juan Grande con la asignación de cien pesos anuales. Fray Juan Grande ya atendía la escuela del Convento de Santo Domingo. Fue así como se puso en marcha la escuela de Belgrano, que funcionó justo al lado del convento, en lo que es actualmente la calle Urquiza. Esta es la famosa escuela sobre la cual tanto se ha escrito. Lo más reciente que hemos leído es que el senador nacional Omar Vaquir pidió se sancionara una ley y se construyera una escuela, ya que jamás se había creado la que donara el Gral. Manuel Belgrano. La ley se sancionó y la escuela fue construida en Loreto. Nuestras investigaciones nos llevaron hasta la nota del Cabildo, de fecha 3/7/1823, firmada por Sebastián de Palacio y Pedro J. Alcorta, en la que, dirigida a fray Juan, le decían: "En recompensa de su servicio de maestro de escuela de la juventud de esta provincia, ha dispuesto esta corporación, asignarle de los fondos existentes en la de Buenos Aires de la escuela dotada por el Exmo. Sr. Cap. Gral. D. M. Belgrano, cien pesos anuales los que desde esta fecha deberá contar para recaudarlos; a su tpo. Y cuya recaudación la hará con libramiento de este Cabildo contra el apoderado D. Félix I. Frías: que ponemos en noticia de V.P. para su inteligencia. Dios Guarde a V.P., Sala Capitular de Sgo., Julio 3 de 1823". Una antigua tradición decía que en la vieja Escuela Normal, luego Escuela de Comercio (en las décadas 1950/80), luego Escuela de Música (2009), sita en calle 24 de Septiembre nº 150, esa aula que está allí era la que se construyó con los fondos que legara Belgrano. Gargaro dice que no es así y que debe rectificársela: enseña que el 9 de noviembre de 1859 se creó por decreto del gobernador Borges la escuela para niñas "9 de Julio". En 1872, el gobierno provincial, contando con recursos nacionales, creó una Escuela Superior de Niñas "9 de Julio", que más tarde-en 1875cambió de nombre por "Colegio de Belgrano". Sobre la base de esa escuela, durante la presidencia de Nicolás Avellaneda, el 25 de agosto de 1880 se creó la "Escuela Normal de Maestras", y en 1920 se le agregó el nombre de "Manuel Belgrano". Termina Gargaro diciendo que "no existe motivo de ninguna naturaleza para determinar que la escuela dotada por él, con un funcionamiento irregular, fuera en el correr del tiempo y de cierta evolución, la actual Escuela Normal "M. Belgrano". Fuente: (Castiglione, Antonio V.: "Historia de Sgo. del Estero (1810/2010)", 2010, págs. 12/13).

This paper deals with the high medieval development of the two important centers of Halberstadt and Lüneburg. Current archaeological research is used to show the similarities and differences in the high medieval development of the two towns. The natural topography, the archaeological evidence in the core areas of the settlements and the further development in the High Middle Ages are discussed.