War Studies

The history of painting can be viewed from multiple perspectives. These include changes in style from an art historical
perspective and studies of creativity from an artist's perspective. The discipline of art history attaches importance to the
stylistic features of paintings. Iconography and iconology studies, feminism, psychoanalysis, and visual culture studies in
cultural history and contemporary art history studies are examples of these. The lives of painters, biographical and
autobiographical notes, and the psychological dimension of artistic creativity are also research topics—all deal with how
paintings are created and, most importantly, their relationship. Considering the relationship between paintings as a change
in style and innovation in forms is meaningful for the narrative of painting. These studies' concept sets and theoretical
approaches continue to maintain their importance. This study includes two words other than the key concepts and theories
of painting, which has a long history, and the fields that conduct research on it. These words are 'deletion' and 'accumulation.'
These two words should first be considered in terms of their literal meanings. Accumulating is the conscious accumulation of
something, the accumulation of accumulations creating a pile, cluster, effect, tradition, rule, order, etc. The symbolic meaning
of the word indicates the stylistic acceptance of the art of painting and the possibility of the institution of taste and art to
determine the canonical in terms of taste and culture. Thus, accumulating points to a cultural world that includes the painter from his singular existence to an expanding painting universe. This is an expansion, a cultural order produced by repetition,
a state of taste and knowledge, at least specific to painting. Expansion gains its meaning in terms of the institution of art in
the context of painting. Accumulating is the keyword of a world of production and preservation that includes art schools,
museums, and areas that think about art. 'Deletion' is the equivalent of the painter erasing the form on the surface, erasing
the given rules, and experiencing a singular creation process in a way that erases it. 'Erasing' can be considered a provocative,
critical, innovative way for the painter to determine his position in the painting universe. As a matter of self, it can be
considered as a keyword of an ideological perspective. The act of 'deletion,' in its simplest sense, corresponds to the painter's
selective use of the accumulated culture of painting that has been preserved while creating his visual language and to the
reduction of the importance given to it for himself in the name of adjusting the power of some elements. In short, in terms
of the painter's act, erasing indicates the personal attitude towards a situation that can be called the universe of painting and
whose factual equivalent can be seen in museums, galleries, and literature.
The study considers changes in terms of cultural and intellectual history with the words of erasure and accumulation. It tries
to show the meaning of accumulation and erasure factually with the selected points of interest, extending from ancient
culture to modern and postmodern culture. Accordingly, the accumulation of classical art is evident with the necessity of the
powerful world of vision surrounding the painter. However, modern culture is the stage in which the painter consciously
begins to erase and displace what has been accumulated. Painters exhibit a critical position in transforming the painting style
at this stage. Modern painters bring out the personal, such as individual choices, experience, and expression, against illusion.
In the postmodern period, deletion is seen as a conscious exaggeration that selects the characteristics of the accumulated
style. The study examines the examples it selects within this theoretical scope. It is seen that there is a conscious relationship
and influence between Théodore Géricault and Eugéne Delacroix. This influence should be considered as the two painters
being in the same world of vision in the modern sense. It is seen that Êdouard Manet and the painter interpret the
accumulations of the style in the modern sense with erasures.
The two groups of examples have a common ground, with the museum space being a memory in the modern sense. Delacroix
used the images of Géricault that he saw in exhibitions in his painting. Manet also unbalanced the relationships between
forms with the appreciation of the classical works he saw in the museum space. It is seen that a continuity relationship can
be established between the Caravaggio and Gentileshi couple in classical painting. Gentileschi had to act in the same world
of vision as Caravaggio in his work, which is considered to have psychobiographical characteristics in art history.
On the other hand, it was found that the relationship between Titian and El Greco is a notable example since it coincides with
the phase in which the world of vision was disrupted. It is seen that El Greco exhibits a character that preserves the content
of Titian's representation style of his painting but organizes it with his understanding of form. Monet's painting has a strong
influence on deletion as Manet's. Monet's paintings include a personal interpretation that disrupts the illusion and order of
form in painting. With the beginning of the twentieth century, modern painting has created itself through the act of deletion
and has reconsidered the rules of painting that show canonical features accumulated symbolically on the surface. In this
context, the study includes the paintings of Paul Cezanne, Wassily Kandinsky, George Braque, Kazimir Malevich, Henri
Matisse, Francis Bacon, and Jackson Pollock.
All these examples show that modern painting has a personal creative act system realized with the artist's acts of deletion.
In postmodern painting, the artist's eclecticism has found its character with an aesthetics of quotation where styles are no
longer weighted. Jeff Koons and David Salle, selected in the study, are given as examples in this regard. The study addresses
the relationship between the symbolic accumulation of painting and the actual fiction that takes place on the surface of the
painting with the symbolic meanings of the expressions of deletion and accumulation. Paintings hide this accumulation on
their surfaces. (...)

ABD Başkanı Trump'ın İran yönetimine gönderdiği mektupla, İran'ın nükleer bomba geliştirmesini durdurmasını, ikili görüşmeler talep etmesi ve cevap için iki aylık süre vermesine İran yönetiminden olumsuz cevap verilmesi üzerine Amerika bölgeye önemli askeri varlık konuşlandırdı. Gelişmeler üzerine gerilen ortamda ABD ve İsrail'in İran'a ortak askeri harekat yapma olasılığı pekçok dış ve iç basında tartışmaya açıldı.

Die Kriege des Britischen Empire umspannten die Welt und veränderten die historische Entwicklung zahlreicher Länder und Menschen. Für Ruhm und Ehre des Empire spielten in diesen Kriegen jedoch auch unzählige Tiere eine bedeutende Rolle, wie in der vorliegenden Studie anhand einiger Fallstudien eingehender betrachtet und evaluiert wird. Frank Jacob zeigt auf, wie wichtig der Einsatz von Tieren in den Kriegen des Britischen Weltreichs war und inwieweit der Ausgang dieser Kriege vom Zugang zu »tierischen Ressourcen« abhing. Im Zuge dessen stellt Jacob eine dem Anthropozentrismus entgegengesetzte Geschichte der Kriege des britischen Kolonialreichs vor.

O artigo analisa o terrorismo na Província de Cabo Delgado, no norte de Moçambique e tem como objetivo compreender o conflito, examinar o processo de radicalização dos jovens moçambicanos e verificar as causas usando de categorias e tipologias. Por que razão a Província de Cabo Delgado se tornou o mais novo epicentro do extremismo religioso violento e terrorismo na África Subsahariana? Esta é a pergunta que norteia o artigo. O extremismo violento e o terrorismo constituem desafios para a segurança humana e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do continente africano. Relatórios e estudos apontam que o continente africano, particularmente a região Subsahariana, vem se tornando o epicentro do terrorismo no mundo, com destaque para emergência de grupos extremistas islâmicos nos Estados do Sahel como Burquina-Faso, Mali, Mauritânia e Níger. Na África Ocidental, a Nigéria é alvo dos terroristas do Boko Haram sediados em Borno, no noroeste do país, que se expandiu para os vizinhos Níger e Camarões. Na região Oriental, a Somália vivencia uma guerra-civil há mais de trinta e três anos e enfrenta o Al-Shabaab somali desde o início do século XXI, que vem alastrando seus tentáculos para Estados vizinhos como Etiópia, Eritreia e Quênia (González 2020).

FrAnCesC-GilAbert de Centelles-riu-seCh i QuerAlt 1 durAnt el reGnAt d'AlFOns el MAGnàniM (1408-1449) Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles, fill de Bernat de Centelles i d'Elionor de Queralt, nasqué el 1408 (Camarena, 1978a, 385). Actualment, no es coneix cap referència d'on pogué nàixer, però si tenim en compte que els seus pares eren senyors d'Oliva i Nules, possiblement degué ser en una d'aquestes dues poblacions. Sobre els seus anys d'infantesa, generalment complicats per a documentar en qualsevol noble de l'època baixmedieval, tenim una dada que aporta molta informació sobre què aprengué i quan. El document en qüestió explica que, mentre Bernat de Centelles era a Sicília sota les ordres de Ferran I, Guillem de Passini, un humanista d'Orta de Novara, anà al castell d'Oliva per a fer una còpia del Soliloqui que tenia en possessió Elionor de Queralt, regent del dit castell. A més de la reproducció del llibre, el mateix humanista s'encarregà, el 1417, d'instruir Francesc-Gilabert durant els mesos de març i abril en Art, que en definitiva seria llegir i escriure. Encara ens indica, a més, que Passini cobrà el seu salari en pans de sucre (Hasenohr-Esnos, 1967, 345). En definitiva, veiem que els seus pares tingueren en compte la importància d'educar-lo des de ben jove, aprofitant la visita del novarés i fent ús de la matèria primera que feia pocs anys abundava en el senyoriu -la canyamel-per a usar-la com a moneda de canvi.

La propuesta historiográfica que contiene este libro culmina -sin ambiciones determinantes- el recorrido intelectual que inicié en 2018 con mi libro Pensamiento Militar en el Ejército Argentino (1920-1930). La Profesionalización, causas y consecuencias, al que le siguió en 2021 Ejército y Pensamiento Militar en el Siglo XX. Del Auftragstaktik a la Guerra Contrarrevolucionaria.
Cien años comprendidos en tres textos representan un esfuerzo de síntesis que sólo puede ser alcanzado si se enfocan los puntos de inflexión que jalonaron el derrotero de un pensamiento militar por momentos riguroso, pero mayormente errático ante la falta de definiciones del poder político respecto de la Defensa Nacional.
Las páginas que siguen analizan las postrimerías del siglo XX  y la primera década del XXI, en procura de identificar continuidades y rupturas de cómo el Ejército Argentino visualizó los conflictos y elaboró formas aptas para enfrentar su mutación en términos bélicos. Esto no siempre fue conseguido con eficacia, aunque tampoco estuvo desprovisto de la preocupación militar en torno al futuro de la República Argentina. En esta línea argumental cobra sentido la imagen de Palas Athenea que ilustra la portada y brinda su Espíritu para objetivar el título. De alguna manera, los atributos de la diosa griega en torno de la combinación virtuosa entre sabiduría, estrategia, guerra y política, subyacieron en el estudio del escenario vigesimónico y dieron lugar al diseño -por cierto imperfecto- de modos de acción y posturas institucionales que le permitieron al Ejército enfrentar la situación.
Luces y sombras encuadran el desarrollo de los hechos desde una mirada crítica que, sin prescindir de la inmanente subjetividad que impregna al ser humano, procura colocar equilibrio, y para ello recurro a identificar las causas que consigan explicar los efectos, considerando que en esto reside la interpretación verosímil del pasado.

The assertion that current and future available technologies are changing and will likely continue to change, as well as the nature of the operating environment, is undeniable. The more challenging task, however, is to identify the technologies that, if available to one side of a conflict, will provide a decisive advantage over a technologically weaker adversary, particularly the extent to which these technologies will affect the inherently conservative nature of land operations. Emerging technologies in current conflicts already indicate trends and predict the possible shape of the future "algorithmized" battlefield. This paper explores perspectives on the possible shape of the future battlefield over a two-decade horizon and articulates the challenges of employing a land component on a technology-saturated battlefield in a high-intensity conflict.

My paper, "The European Left on the Russia-Ukraine War, Rearmament, and NATO," offers an in-depth analysis of the European left's positions on the war in Ukraine, European rearmament, and NATO membership. This work explores the contradictions, dogmatism, and opportunism within left-wing political formations, especially in the context of the collapse of the communist project and the current situation.
The response of the European left has been diverse; while some unequivocally condemned Russia's actions and expressed solidarity with Ukraine, others emphasized the role of NATO expansion or prioritized de-escalation and diplomatic solutions over military support.
The paper analyzes how pacifism and antimilitarism have been instrumentalized as geopolitical tools.
In conclusion, the paper offers a detailed analysis of the complex positions of the European left on the war in Ukraine and rearmament. It raises questions about the cynicism, opportunism, and dogmatism within these political parties and highlights the need for a more coherent vision adapted to current realities.

El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la aparición de un régimen de poder que, a partir de la sugerencia lanzada por Chamayou (2012), cabe denominar saber-poder cinegético. Este régimen de poder, en una primera parte, será leído y analizado en diálogo con las aportaciones analíticas que Foucault desarrolló en su disección de la sociedad disciplinar. Sobre la base de un horizonte conceptual tejido en torno a las nociones de táctica penal, guerra y dramaturgia, se argumentará que el régimen disciplinar puede ser reapropiado con el fin de mostrar toda una serie de continuidades y discontinuidades que llegan hasta la conformación del saber-poder cinegético. A partir de ahí, en una segunda parte, se ahondará en el modo en que la caza de personas emerge a modo de una racionalidad bélico-securitaria que da lugar a diferentes lógicas de actuación que se articulan en torno al abatir, el coger y el ahuyentar. Esta forma de proceder heterogénea, configuradora de dispositivos diversos, se proyectará en última instancia sobre aquellas personas que el ethos securitario ha caracterizado en términos de presas-amenazantes.

In this post, ICRC’s legal adviser for Islamic law and jurisprudence, Ahmed Al-Dawoody and ICRC Associate Medha Damojipurapu examine some of the contributions of Islamic law to the development of the Additional Protocols, as well as the motivations for ratification by Muslim-majority states. They maintain that studying these perspectives can support humanitarian organizations to effectively communicate and anchor the protection owed to people affected by armed conflict during their dialogue in relevant contexts.

We are at war', the French president, Emmanuel Macron repeated six times in a martial tone during a speech on 16 March 2020, calling for a 'general mobilization' . In the face of the Covid-19 crisis, Macron and other political leaders resorted to wartime rhetoric to justify their governments' drastic emergency measures. This was a problematic move, since this was not a war in any conventional sense of the word; citizens were not called to leave their homes and families to go fight for their country but they were ordered to stay home, to avoid gatherings and travel in order to minimize physical interaction. Using a rhetoric of 'total war' has become a popular stratagem of world leaders during the pandemic when seeking their populations' compliance with the imposed measures. After all, an important characteristic of the concept 'total war' is that it entails 'the complete mobilization of a society's resources to achieve the absolute destruction of an enemy' (Bell, 2007: 7). With a highly contagious virus as the enemy, it meant that theatres and concert venues around the world were to close their doors and cancel all performances for the foreseeable future. Many artists started to advocate for the arts, framing their efforts in reference to this crisis: theatre, opera, and music were championed especially for their supposed potential to offer comfort and distraction. For instance, Joyce DiDonato and Piotr Beczała organized a house concert performing selections from the cancelled Metropolitan Opera production of Jules Massenet's Werther (1887). The plot of Goethe's 1774 novel, on which this opera was based, had first caused furore on stages across Europe around 1800 during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars . Over two centuries later, the plot was rehearsed against a new background of crisis, with DiDonato stating that they performed 'at this moment of huge uncertainty' with 'the intention of remembering that there is beauty in the world, there is

Nothing darker than the birth of Nazism in Vienna. Pitiful and pathetic, antisemite and jingoistic. Everything foreigner is rejected except if they accept to be dominated. At the same time, the Austrian and their emperor are trying to pacify the Russians who are having their first revolution in 1905. But two more are coming, including the Bolshevik revolution. The first world war was the moment when the Americans had a war by proxy at first. Then they sent troops to bring it to an end and impose their vision of a world dominated by them. Unluckily the Soviet Union was born from this war and it disturbed the imperialistic plans of Monroe's Doctrine of the Manifest Destiny of the USA. These calculations of our chief imperialists will also bring Hitler to Germany, and the Shoah. And that was only the beginning. 
BUT
Hitler was born in Vienna, and he grew up at the beginning of the 20th century surrounded by nationalism, antisemitism, exploitation of the poor, and rejection of women. He is the child of this miserable segregationist city. What do you think?
THEN
In 2025 the last season reveals the real Mephisto behind all that, and all biased visions disappear. Mephisto is a woman. She is the most powerful woman in Vienna. She inherited an empire of steel from her father who was arrested and ended up in prison till death them part, him and this jail. Out of vengeance the daughter is bound to find some apocalypse and epiphany in starting a world war because it is good for business, and no other reason or motivation
SO
What do you think? Ready to emplane and go to Ukraine to join the fight against Russia? Of course, you could prefer Gaza and join hands with Netanyahu? There might even be other scientific experimentations in warfare and the legal killing of as many humans you want. So, what do you decide?

In this article, we explore moral considerations related to “radical pacifism” in the context of war. We analyze pacifism as opposition to organized armed conflict between states, excluding interpersonal conflicts or human violence in general. The topicality of the theme is underscored by the proliferation of armed conflicts and the threat of wars on a global scale, amplified by global risks such as climate change. We argue that war exacerbates existential risks, necessitating ethical reflection in favor of a radical pacifism that rejects not only the initiation of conflicts but also any form of involvement in them. Through a comparison with major ethical doctrines, we propose a set of philosophical perspectives for radical pacifism, also relating to issues of environmental ethics and intergenerational justice. The goal ultimately is not a historical or political analysis, but rather to show how, in moral terms, the case for radical pacifism has become increasingly compelling in the contemporary context.

El 8 de agosto de 1936 el ejército sublevado inició un reclutamiento militar que duró toda la Guerra Civil. En el artículo se explica el contexto en el que se produjo la movilización. Caracterizado por la instauración de un nuevo poder a través de la violencia política y la movilización de todos los recursos humanos y económicos. También se tienen en cuenta las respuestas de los llamados a filas, produciéndose casuísticas diversas en un escenario de terror. Lo que conlleva una participación forzosa, alejada de la imagen de colaboración difundida por la propaganda del nuevo régimen.

La presente comunicación es producto de las conclusiones obtenidas en la elaboración de un programa piloto de 22 entrevistas orales realizadas a excombatientes de la Guerra Civil española, a lo largo de los últimos dos años. En ella se describirá el cuestionario empleado y los inconvenientes en su aplicación práctica. Pretende ser una aproximación metodológica entorno a una de las fuentes históricas en auge en las últimas décadas, ya que desde el plano de la subjetividad resulta interesante para estudiar la configuración y consolidación social del régimen franquista. Se investigan los soldados movilizados entre julio de 1936 y la primavera de 1939, que nutrieron las filas del ejército sublevado. Los objetivos son los de acercarse al soldado como sujeto y no como objeto de la historia y observar las actitudes y comportamientos sociales durante el golpe de estado y la guerra para intentar entender que implicaciones, tanto políticas, sociales como culturales, tuvo en la implantación de la dictadura de Franco. Este programa de entrevistas forma parte de una investigación en curso más amplía, que estudia al bando sublevado, tanto a sus protagonistas, los «soldados de Franco», como las respuestas del ejército ante la heterogeneidad de ese grupo social 1 .

Cet article vise à présenter les nombreuses catastrophes qui affectent l’humanité à l’époque contemporaine et comment les surmonter. Les catastrophes qui affectent l’humanité à l’époque contemporaine concernent : 1) La catastrophe de l’invasion de l’Ukraine par la Russie ; 2) La catastrophe du massacre des Palestiniens dans la bande de Gaza par Israël ; 3) La catastrophe de l’usurpation continue de la Palestine par Israël ; 4) La catastrophe de la proposition de Trump d’expulser les Palestiniens de la bande de Gaza et d’en faire une station balnéaire ; 5) La catastrophe de la tentative de Trump d’annexer le Groenland, le canal de Panama et le Canada ; 6) La catastrophe de la menace de Trump de bombarder l’Iran pour empêcher ce pays de posséder sa bombe atomique ; 7) La catastrophe de l’action impérialiste gangster des États-Unis sous le commandement de Donald Trump ; 8) La catastrophe de la dépression de l’économie mondiale ; 9) La catastrophe du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique mondial catastrophique ; et 10) La catastrophe de la menace de la Troisième Guerre mondiale. À la fin, il est présenté comment surmonter les 10 catastrophes qui menacent l’humanité à l’époque contemporaine. Le livre que nous avons écrit « How to Build a World of Peace, Progress and Happiness for All Humanity” (Comment construire un monde de paix, de progrès et de bonheur pour toute l’humanité), publié en 2024 par Editora CRV à Curitiba, offre la solution pour éviter les catastrophes décrites ci-dessus, en soulignant au chapitre 2 qu’il est nécessaire de réformer le système international actuel qui devrait fonctionner sur la base d’un contrat social planétaire. Ce Contrat Social Planétaire serait la Constitution des peuples de la planète Terre. Il devrait établir l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial dont l'objectif serait de défendre les intérêts généraux des pays membres du système international, en les rendant compatibles avec les intérêts de chaque nation.

This article aims to present the numerous catastrophes that affect humanity in the contemporary era and how to overcome them. The catastrophes that affect humanity in the contemporary era concern: 1) The catastrophe of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; 2) The catastrophe of Israel’s massacre of the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip; 3) The catastrophe of Israel’s continued usurpation of Palestine; 4) The catastrophe of Trump’s proposal to expel the Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and turn it into a resort; 5) The catastrophe of Trump’s attempt to seize Greenland, the Panama Canal and Canada; 6) The catastrophe of Trump’s threat to bomb Iran to prevent that country from possessing its atomic bomb; 7) The catastrophe of US gangster imperialist action under Donald Trump’s command; 8) The catastrophe of the depression of the world economy; 9) The catastrophe of global warming and catastrophic global climate change; and, 10) The catastrophe of the threat of World War III. At the end, it is presented how to overcome the 10 catastrophes that threaten humanity in the contemporary era. The book we authored “How to Build a World of Peace, Progress and Happiness for All Humanity”, published in 2024 by Editora CRV in Curitiba, offers the solution to avoid the catastrophes described above, by pointing out in Chapter 2 that there is a need to reform the current international system that should function based on a Planetary Social Contract.. The Planetary Social Contract would be the Constitution of the peoples of planet Earth. The Planetary Social Contract should establish the existence of a world government that would have the objective of defending the general interests of the countries that are part of the international system, making them compatible with the interests of each nation.

for something fun or unusual, as well as being a scholarly term for an archetypal story (Frye; Cawelti), a modern narrative of colonial violence or capitalist enterprise (Green, Dreams), and a genre of nineteenth-century British fiction (Kestner). Adventure should also be understood as a narrative mode that organizes stories and representations in contemporary popular culture, structuring meaning and affect in narratives featuring violence in a way similar to how melodrama organizes meaning and affect in narratives featuring suffering (Williams; Elsaesser; Brooks). According to Linda Williams, melodrama comprises a family of narrative features meant to create sympathetic identification with a virtuous victim (29). The pleasures of melodrama involve a complex play of intradiegetic misrecognitions and discoveries of the moral identity of key characters but especially the victimized hero or heroine. Adventure functions in an analogous way, but the main pleasures derive from identification with a hero successfully confronting danger and violence. The "basic moral fantasy implicit in this type of story," John G. Cawelti asserts, is "victory over death" (40). Ideologically, adventure can assume a range of political configurations, including progressive ones, as there is no inherent political coloring to stories about overcoming great challenges. Historically, however, adventure writing-both fictional and nonfictional-has been closely aligned with the colonial and imperial projects of modern nation states, casting

In this article, Ukraine’s unique experience in providing social and
medical services to IDPs is discussed in a general framework for
its further distribution and use in other countries. What makes
the Ukrainian experience special is the emergence of three heterogeneous
IDPs groups who have needed and received social and
medical assistance as a result of various tragic events in the country’s
recent history. These groups can be listed as: 1) victims of the
Chernobyl accident of the nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986 –
resettlers (ChNPP workers, accident liquidators and the population
evacuated from the 30-kilometer zone); 2) victims of the Russian
Federation’s temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic
of Crimea and Eastern Ukraine - parts of Luhansk and Donetsk
Oblasts (the population that left the occupation zones, military
ATO/Anti-terrorist operation and OUF/Operation of united forces
of Ukraine) - since 2014); 3) victims of full-scale military aggression
of the Russian Federation - from February 24, 2022 to the present.
While the research topic was handled, the following approach was
followed throughout the study: First of all, the characteristics of
social and medical assistance for IDPs in three different stages of
the mass forced migrations that took place in Ukraine from 1986
to 2022 have been revealed. Thus, the common characteristics and
differences of the social and medical services provided to IDPs were
presented at this stage, and the characteristics of medical care for
IDPs determined by certain internal and external, political, social
and medical conditions in different periods were clarified. Then,
the algorithm for the provision of social and medical services to
IDPs, the designated pathways and factor conditioning of social
and medical services for IDPs were discussed. Finally, problem areas and ways to improve social and medical services for IDPs were
examined.

Stanisław Karłowski (1879–1939) war in den Anfangsjahren der biologisch-dynamischen Landwirtschaft einer der größten Verfechter. Nach einer glanzvollen Karriere als internationaler Bankier erwarb er 1920 das 1.724 Hektar große Gut Szelejewo in Polen. Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) hielt im Sommer 1924 seinen Landwirtschaftlichen Kurs in Koberwitz (heute Kobierzyce, Polen) ab. Rudolf Steiner plädierte dafür, dass die Landwirtschaft auf natürlichen und biologischen Prinzipien basieren und der Hof als Organismus betrachtet werden sollte. Sein bahnbrechender Kurs legte den Grundstein für die spätere Entwicklung der biologisch-dynamischen und ökologischen Landwirtschaft. Stanisław Karłowski kam 1929 mit der Biodynamik in Berührung. Er stellte sein Gut Szelejewo auf Biodynamik um und schuf damit den zu dieser Zeit wahrscheinlich größten biodynamischen Bauernhof Europas, wenn nicht sogar der Welt (vgl. Ehrenfried Pfeiffers Hof im niederländischen Loverendale mit 320 Hektar). Stanisław Karłowski veröffentlichte eine Reihe von sieben Broschüren (auf Polnisch), in denen er für die Praxis der Biodynamik warb (darunter eine Übersetzung von Ehrenfried Pfeiffer); dies gelten als die ersten biodynamischen Veröffentlichungen in polnischer Sprache. Stanisław Karłowski leitete auf seinem Gut Kurse zur Biodynamik und stellte Biodynamik-Präparate zur Verfügung. Er beteiligte sich an lebhaften Debatten und setzte sich in der polnischen „Agricultural Gazette“ für die Biodynamik ein. Er befolgte Rudolf Steiners Anweisung, die Ideen des Landwirtschaftlichen Kurses zu prüfen, und veröffentlichte seine Ergebnisse und Beobachtungen in „Demeter“, der führenden biodynamischen Zeitschrift seiner Zeit. Gemeinsam mit Franciszek Siedlecki, einem führenden polnischen anthroposophischen Künstler, entwickelte er Werbematerial für biodynamisches Brot von seinem Gut Szelejewo. Stanisław Karłowski war Mitglied von Rudolf Steiners „Experimenteller Kreis Anthroposophischer Landwirte und Gärtner“, dem „inneren Heiligtum“ der Pioniere der Biodynamik in ihren Anfängen in der turbulenten Zwischenkriegszeit. Er gründete einen Verein zur Förderung biologischer Anbaumethoden. Die Breite und Tiefe von Stanisław Karłowskis Engagement für die Biodynamik kennzeichnet ihn als außergewöhnliches Mitglied des Experimentellen Kreises. Er brachte einen wirtschaftlichen Standpunkt, die Detailgenauigkeit eines Bankiers und die Unabhängigkeit des Denkens eines Nicht-Anthroposophen in die Aufgabe ein. Wenige Wochen nach dem deutschen Einmarsch in Polen wurde Stanisław Karłowski auf dem Marktplatz von Gostyń von einem Nazi-Erschießungskommando hingerichtet, seine Frau deportiert, sein geliebtes Gut Szelejewo von den Nazis enteignet und Polen als souveräner Staat ausgelöscht. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt Stanisław Karłowski als herausragenden Pionier und Verfechter der biologisch-dynamischen und ökologischen Landwirtschaft dar.

The resurgence of militarism through ReArmEurope and Readiness 2030 promotes a war against the people, against the working class, which includes all individuals, whether employed, informal, domestic, paid or unpaid, involved in economic production or social reproduction. Ultimately, it is a war against humanity and the planet-a War on Earth. The article articulates a critique and puts alternatives up for discussion. The sections of the article are: Introduction; The pressure to agree; Remake the past and be ready for the future?; The larger picture of the crisis; The financialization of rearmament; Rearming requires wars; The alternative: rebirth without militarism.

The article analyzes the recent developments surrounding the war in Ukraine and the initiation of peace talks in 2025, while also drawing on Marxist literature on the relationship between capitalism and Marxism. It is structured in four main sections: The European Union of War; European Plans for Securing the Financing of the Military Industry in Financialized Capitalism; Capitalism and Wars; Cannibal Capitalism and Disaster Capitalism: Postwar Reconstruction as a Profitable Investment.

Articolul analizează noile evenimente din jurul războiului din Ucraina și începerea discuțiilor despre pace în 2025, dar se folosește și de literatură de specialitate marxistă privind relația dintre capitalism și marxism. Este structurat în patru mari secțiuni: Uniunea Europeană a Războiului; Planuri europene pentru asigurarea finanțării industriei militare în capitalismul financiarizat; Capitalismul și războaiele; Capitalismul canibal și capitalismul dezastru: reconstrucția postbelică ca investiție profitabilă.

The Mandate of the XXV World Russian People's Council of 27 March 2024 framed the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine as a "holy war". This paper presents an in-depth textual analysis of the Mandate followed by an extended thematic and contextual analysis. The findings indicate that the Mandate's mainstream discourses of eschatological-apocalyptic holy war and katechon state were not previously expressed at the level of official church leadership. They contribute to the ideological escalation of the Russian confrontation with Ukraine and the West around declared traditional values and the holy mission of the Russian people, while the involvement of Orthodoxy in the Russian 'holy war' narrative is neither exclusive of other religious referents nor of disbelief in ecclesial doctrine. The main referent of the Self (and correspondingly, of the sacred) is the (Russian) 'nation' or 'people', for which 'spiritual' and 'civilizational' are comprehensive religious markers of cultural identity. While two religious adversaries of the Russian geopolitical agenda of Ukraine-the Ecumenical Patriarchate and Ukrainian Orthodoxyare not directly mentioned in the Mandate, it nevertheless attempts to re-formulate an Orthodox 'just war' theory, intensifies antagonistic inter-Orthodox relations in the Russia-Ukraine dimension and strengthens the resolve of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the Russian Federation to retain Ukraine's Orthodox Church as an exclusively Russian space.

In den letzten 30 Jahren waren politische Kühnheiten unter deklarierten Feministen nicht unüblich. Sie meinten, dass unschuldige Männer ruhig einmal zu Unrecht wegen einer Falschbehauptung bestraft werden könnten, weil das als generalpräventive Botschaft an das gewalttätig deklarierte Männerkollektiv gesehen werden könne. Es wurde sogar gefordert, das Strafgesetz zugunsten von Frauen zu ändern, da es bislang ohne Rücksicht auf das Geschlecht angewendet wird. So würden Frauen und Männer, die aus niederen Motiven töten, wie dem der Rache, gleichermaßen als Mörder verurteilt. Genau gegen diese Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz haben sich bereits in der Vergangenheit Feministen gestellt. Frauen, so das Argument, die Männer töten, hätten nämlich oft besondere Gründe, die aus ihrer eigenen psychischen Bedrohung herrührten. Diese sei beim Strafmaß und er Einordnung des Delikts zu bedenken. Die Berücksichtigung besonderer Tatumstände und das Recht auf Notwehr im Rahmen geltenden Rechts seien deshalb nicht ausreichend. Diese Forderung aus den 1990er-Jahren stammte aus den USA, die den Vorreiter für ein frauenverstehendes Strafrecht für "mordende Frauen" gab. Das wurde von feministisch orientierten Frauen im deutschen Sprachraum aus den USA übernommen. Es entsprach dem Geist, Frauen vor den anstrengenden Anforderungen der uneingeschränkten Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz zu bewahren. Präventives Töten soll gesetzlich als Recht für bedrängt sich fühlende Frauen eingeführt werden.

Going over the top (Dear old Bill, Harlow Young Poets Festival, 1991)

This poem was written by Graham E. Wilkins at 10 years old, and published in the Harlow Young Poets Festival anthology, in 1991.

The poem explores the discomfort, anticipation, patriotism and loyalty of soldiers that fought in the trenches in the First World War, the sad inevitability of the fate that awaits them after going over the top, and calls the justification of that fate into question.

Die Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie setzt heute zur ‚Faktensicherung’ unterschiedlichste analytische Methoden ein und bereitet auf diese Weise historische Interpretationen der ihr zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen vor. Ihren eigentlichen Ausgangspunkt bilden indes nicht diese zu ‚Fakten’ verdichteten Quellen, sondern bestimmte erkenntnisleitende Fragen, die in der Gegenwart gründen. Beschäftigt man sich mit der Frage von Gewalt in der Ur- und Frühgeschichte, so ist ‚Gesellschaft’ deshalb zwangsläufig immer in zweifacher Hinsicht tangiert: Als vergangene Gesellschaft, die teilweise unreflektiert eine spezifische ‚Gewaltkultur’ hervorgebracht hat, und als gegenwärtige Gesellschaft, die sich vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlichster eigener Gewalterfahrungen fragend und rückversichernd der Vergangenheit zuwendet. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Art und Weise der Gewaltdarstellung und Gewaltdeutung in fach- und populärwissenschaftlichen
Schriften der Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie. Dabei wird gefragt, in welchem Umfang und auf welche Weise diese Darstellungen und Deutungen durch gegenwärtige Gewalterfahrungen und -diskurse
mitgeprägt sind.

El libro analiza la política de defensa de la Monarquía Española al sur del Atlántico, en Buenos Aires y el Río de la Plata, entre 1734 y 1756. Su objeto central es la frontera entre la ciudad porteña y las sociedades nativas independientes que se emplazaban territorialmente al sur de la misma, en un contexto de tensiones y conflictos que se desarrollaron, simultáneamente, en los flancos rioplatense y atlántico.
La presencia de monarquías rivales a la española –Portugal e Inglaterra– le permite al autor presentar el horizonte atlántico como un campo performativo de la percepción defensiva de la plaza porteña como una verdadera llave del virreinato del Perú.

This essay offers a nuanced response to Luciano Floridi's reflections on pacifism, 1 prompted by a shared online discussion. It aims to reframe common assumptions about pacifism, heroism, and effectiveness in the context of modern conflict and silent diplomacy. By distinguishing between symbolic, romanticized, and pragmatic pacifism, the author argues for a grounded and effective practice rooted in humility, empathy, and long-term strategic influence. Historical examples such as Norman Morrison, Daniel Ellsberg, and Llewellyn Thompson are used to illustrate divergent paths toward peace, while contemporary misinterpretations of self-sacrifice and ideological warfare are critically examined. The author concludes that pacifism, when enacted through strategic influence and silent diplomacy, offers the most powerful form of resistance against systems of violence, and invites readers to join this deeply pragmatic yet life-affirming path.

Dieser Aufsatz bietet eine nuancierte Antwort auf Luciano Floridis 1 philosophische Überlegungen zum Pazifismus, angestoßen durch eine gemeinsame Online-Diskussion. Ziel ist es, gängige Annahmen über Pazifismus, Heldentum und Wirksamkeit im Kontext moderner Konflikte und stiller Diplomatie neu zu rahmen. Durch die Unterscheidung zwischen symbolischem, romantisiertem und pragmatischem Pazifismus plädiert der Autor für eine geerdete und effektive Praxis, die auf Demut, Empathie und langfristiger strategischer Einflussnahme beruht. Historische Beispiele wie Norman Morrison, Daniel Ellsberg und Llewellyn Thompson illustrieren unterschiedliche Wege zum Frieden, während zeitgenössische Fehlinterpretationen von Selbstaufopferung und ideologischer Kriegsführung kritisch beleuchtet werden. Der Autor kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Pazifismus, wenn er durch strategischen Einfluss und stille Diplomatie umgesetzt wird, die wirkungsvollste Form des Widerstands gegen Gewalt Systeme darstellt-und lädt die Leserinnen und Leser ein, diesen zutiefst pragmatischen und lebensbejahenden Weg mitzugehen.

testo, rivolto all'opinione pubblica israeliana, è stato pubblicato due settimane fa con un senso di urgenza: la guerra poteva riprendere in qualsiasi momento. È successo. Ma questa non è solo una continuazione della guerra: tutti i segnali indicano che i piani per l'espulsione di massa dei palestinesi fa Gaza non sono stati abbandonati.

This review essay on Emilio Gentile's "Fascination with the Persecutor: George L. Mosse and the Catastrophe of Modern Man" discusses the biography and intellectual contributions of the renowned historian of Nazi Germany and fascism George L. Mosse. As a gay man from a rarified Jewish family, being a “double outsider” attuned Mosse to seeing fascism through the prisms of normal versus abnormal, bourgeois respectability versus degeneration, homosexuality versus masculinity.

The paper critically examines the city analogy in the poetry of the Iraqi poet Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab and T.S. Eliot in order to explore the Arab poet's attempt to integrate Western modernism into contemporary Arabic literature. The paper argues that in Al-Sayyab's poetry, Eliot's urban modernism is appropriated to articulate social and political issues integral to the Arab world in the post-WW II era. Unlike post-colonial poets who reconstruct Western texts in order to dismantle them, Al-Sayyab transforms Eliot's city discourse into a poetics of protest to confront local predicaments and challenge tyrannical regimes, the heirs of colonial hegemony. Such a process of adaptation which includes recollection, intertextuality, rephrasing and re-writing of Western legacies to fulfill indigenous purposes, is part of the issue of hybridity and interculturation which characterizes the contemporary experience of political and cultural globalization. By assimilating Western modernism and literary traditions into Arabic poetry, Al-Sayyab ironically rediscovers nationalist myths and recalls ancient narratives which shaped the cultural history of the Middle East and the Arab world.

Vor dem Hintergrund der in neuerer Zeit wieder verschiedentlich beschworenen "Kriegstüchtigkeit" gilt die Aufmerksamkeit des umfangreichen Buches von Bernd F. W. Springer der Erörterung eines Konzepts, das hier zwar dem historischen Kontext des Ersten Weltkriegs zugehört, aber eben auch in der Gegenwart kritisch reflektiert werden sollte. "Wir konnten uns", so der Autor über seine in früheren Jahren unterrichteten Seminare zum Thema Krieg, "damals nicht vorstellen, dass Kriegstüchtigkeit wieder eine Kategorie heutigen politischen Denkens werden könnte" (S. 539). Um diese Konzeption nun genauer zu verstehen, greift der Autor, der kein Historiker, sondern Germanist ist (S. 16), auf Ernst Jüngers Werk zurück, und es ist klar, daß eine leitende Motivation bei der Beschäftigung mit dem Thema der Wunsch ist, daß künftigen Generationen die Erfahrung des Krieges erspart bleiben möge (S. 5). Insbesondere mit Bezug auf den Ersten Weltkrieg ist viel Literatur erschienen, die auch für das Thema des vorliegenden Bandes von Belang ist. 1

Estudio de tres novelas del siglo XX que, con modulaciones y cambios, se adscriben sin dudarlo al viejo modelo genérico de la novela picaresca. Los títulos son: 'Nuevas andanzas y desventuras de Lazarillo de Tormes' (1944) de Camilo José Cela, 'La vida inútil de Pito Pérez' (1938) de José Rubén Romero y, por último, 'Aventuras de Gaspar Pérez de Muela Quieta' (1982) del escritor cubano Gustavo Eguren.

« Ne pouvant faire que ce qui était juste fût fort, on a fait que ce qui est fort fût juste ». Pascal traduit ainsi toute l’équivocité symptomatique de la nature de l’intervention d’humanité. L’analyse des discours justificatifs des interventions des États et/ou des entités non étatiques, au niveau international, dans le cadre des organisations internationales et de I'OTAN, laissent entrevoir des ambiguïtés de la référence au droit international et à la « communauté internationale ». Il s’agit des ambiguïtés des rapports entre le droit, la politique et la morale dans la construction du nouvel ordre international; mais aussi de l’incohérence dans la perspective de construction des discours justificatifs, suscitant l’interrogation quant à savoir s’il s’agit d’une logique de sécurité collective institutionnalisée ou d’une tendance à la sécurité collective décentralisée. L’étude révèle que l’intervention d’humanité, parce que appréhendée comme une logique de sécurité collective laborieusement institutionnalisée, se veut davantage une logique de sécurité collective décentralisée..
Mots clés : intervention d’humanité, sécurité collective institutionnalisée, sécurité collective décentralisée