Naval History

The purpose of this paper is to document reasons to doubt the contention that Rum Cay is the second Bahama Island visited by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and, instead,  to supply alternative arguments as to why this second island is Samana Cay. The author believes that the inclusion of the name Samana, written on a primary source of information regarding Columbus's first voyage (the Juan de la Cosa map) warrants this action.

The development of Indian reserve land policy in British Columbia, which evolved in the colonial period, differed significantly from that of Canada. The colonial office in London took no active position regarding the affairs of Indians on Vancouver Island and mainland British Columbia and encouraged the idea that the character of Indian Affairs must develop on-the-spot in the Colony. Since the imperial authorities knew little about the Native people of this area, Indian policy was largely dictated by local officials. The earliest Indian administration in British Columbia was undertaken by Hudson's Bay Company officers including James Douglas, who as Chief Factor at Fort Victoria from 1849 to 1858 (and as Governor of Vancouver Island from 1851 to 1864), gained a reputation for efficient and impartial dealings with Indians and non-Indians. Between 1850 and 1854, Douglas negotiated fourteen "treaties" with various Vancouver Island tribes in which they surrendered their land in return for a few blankets and certain reserve lands. Douglas' policy was to provide sufficient reserves so as to sustain the traditional way of life of the Indians and allow adjustment to changing conditions. Hampered by a lack of funds, he petitioned the imperial government in 1861 for financial assistance to facilitate the provision of reserves and the extinguishment of Native land title. The British Colonial Office's refusal to provide funds coincided with the termination of the A REFERENCE GUIDE TO TifE ESTABLISHMENT OF B.C. INDIAN RESERVES monies supplied to maintain the Indian department in the Province of Canada. After Douglas~ s retirement in 1864, his successors, especially Joseph Trutch, were less lenient in establishing new reserves and in several cases reduced some of the original allotments. Truteh's views on Indian land policy differed from Douglas', but they were in tune with those of the settlers and local authorities who ignored or dismissed Indian land claims. The Indian people hoped for improvements in Native policy when British Columbia (the mainland and Vancouver Island were united as one colony in 1866) entered Confederation in 1871. Yet there was little discussion of Indian affairs in the negotiations leading to Confederation. A motion for the protection of the indigenous peoples was defeated 20-1 in the B.C. legislature; another advocating the extension of federal Indian policy to B.C. was withdrawn. 2 Under the Temis of Union, the federal government assumed responsibility for Indian affairs. The attitudes ofTrutch continued to prevail in B.C., reflecting the demands of the provincial government and the settlers generally. As the first lieutenant governor of British Columbia, Trutch defended his Indian land policies against those of the federal government. The province was determined to perpetuate its own Indian policy. Unlike Manitoba, and later Alberta and Saskatchewan, B.C. entered Confederation in control of its public lands, and with its Indian land policy already formulated. The Dominion's desire to establish large reserves, as on the Prairies, resulted in a series of conflicts. Under mounting pressure, Ottawa and Victoria came to an agreement in 1876. A Joint Indian Reserve Commission would be set up to allot reserves as local circumstances dictated. The three-man commission commenced its work in 1876, but was hindered from the outset by the uncooperative attitude of the provincial government. Pressure from Victoria resulted in its dissolution after two years and one of its members, Gilbert M. Sproat, continued the commission's work until 1880. After Sproat resigned, Peter O'Reilly served until his retirement in 1898. By 1897, most of the reserves in the British Columbia had been allotted; a total of 718,568 acres had been "fixed" by survey as reserves by commissioners acting under the terms of the agreement of 1876. With an Indian population of 23,620, the acreage per capita amounted to 30.42. But not all of this land was suitable for agriculture or grazing, and its distribution among the Native peoples was extremely uneven. The lands were not, however, set apart by Order-in-Council, nor conveyed by grant to the federal government. Title remained in the Crown in right of the province. After 0 1 Reilly 1 s retirement, the task of continuing with reserve allocation fell to Commissioner A. W. Vowell, who assumed this role as well as that of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for British Columbia. Until 1908, Vowell's activities were confined to re-defining present reserves and allotting small areas such as fishing stations, hay meadows, and gardens. Neither the province nor the dominion, however, was satisfied with the progress made. In 1909, the province stated that it would make n A REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF B,C. INDIAN RESERVES no further reserve allocations, although it would be prepared to consider purchase or exchange. The following year, the office of reserve commissioner was abolished. 4 As previously noted, most of the lands reserved for Indians in British Columbia were set apart by executive action following agreement between the province and the federal government. The only treaties concluded with the Indians regarding the surrender of aboriginal title and the establishment of reserves were located on Vancouver Island in the vicinity of Victoria, Fort Rupert, and Nanaimo (approximately 358 square miles) and a small portion in northeastern British Columbia (about 104,000 square miles) which was included in Treaty 8 (1899). Of the 836,226 acres allotted for the establishment of Indian reserves in British Columbia, 6,711 were held by bands that signed agreements in the 1850s, 759,392 were set apart by executive act, and 71,123 were allocated under the provisions of Treaty 8.

Este artículo conmemora el bicentenario de las batallas de Junín y Ayacucho, hitos en la independencia del Perú y América. Explora la participación de dos militares colombianos clave: el General José María Córdova, en la batalla de Ayacucho, y el Coronel José Cornelio Borda, en el combate del Callao. A través de relatos y análisis históricos, el artículo destaca el papel de Córdova, en la victoria patriota en Ayacucho, y el sacrificio de Borda, en la defensa del Callao. Además, el artículo resalta la importancia de la solidaridad e integración americanista en estas luchas por la independencia.

The article examines the development of the text of the maritime charters in the late 17th – early 18th centuries Russia. New sources have made it possible to establish that there were at least four different translations of the Dutch charter. An analysis of the maritime terminology presented in different translations of the charter showed that for translators the vocabulary of the Dutch original was not yet decisive for this period. Even when the Dutch word was borrowed into the Russian language at the end of the 17th century to translate it, a synonymous term of non-Dutch origin could be used in the charter. The lack of stable usage in this area is clearly demonstrated by examples of translating the same concepts in individual ways in each of the four translations. Most of the traditional Russian terms are presented in the earliest translation of 1692. The use of borrowings in later translations could be influenced by both Dutch and English maritime vocabulary. Some of these terms show signs of borrowing through the oral environment.

ANKARAD-Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Yaz ve Kış olmak üzere yılda iki sayı olarak yayımlanan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir. AJARS-International Journal of Social Sciences is a double blind peer-reviewed intemational journal published twice a year Summer and Winter.

Trazar el origen de las cosas es útil para comprender mejor tanto las razones de su evolución como su potencial en el futuro. Ese ejercicio es útil también para las diversas armas así como para las doctrinas de empleo que en ocasiones preceden a las primeras y otras veces las acompañan. Con la mirada puesta en ello traigo a colación un caso que llama la atención, cual es el origen de los actuales buques de asalto anfibio del tipo Landing Helicopter Assault y Landing Helicopter Dock (LHA/D respectivamente). En el fondo, si se quiere, vamos a hablar de los antecesores de los Tarawa/Wasp de la US Navy, pero también de nuestro Juan Carlos I. Llama la atención por el hecho en sí, pero también por el ejército que hace esa apuesta. Y digo bien, 'ejército' porque ni estoy hablando de las fuerzas armadas en general, ni tampoco de la marina de guerra en particular. Ya que esa intuición nace en el ejército de tierra japonés y surte efecto en plena Segunda Guerra Mundial.

In 2004 a small but extremely informative book, (Ethnic Minorities: Lyme Regis & West Dorset Past and Present) was published, written by Louisa Parker, Judy Ford and Jo Draper. Over twenty years later, an examination of the records of Dorchester Prison can add to the many individuals identified by Ethnic Minorities, as the gaolers of Dorchester recorded detailed physical descriptions of their charges, including complexion for those identified as “Black”, “of colour” or “Gypsy”. This article is not intended to be a critical analysis of crime and punishment, the penal system – nor the presence and experience in it of individuals described as “Black, of colour” or “Gypsy”. The intent is to publish the details so that others might be able to take the research further, be that genealogy, local or academic history.

Este artículo analizará cómo la sanción de la ley de conscripción naval fue recibida por la
oficialidad de la Armada Argentina y cómo ese grupo concibió la repentina entrada regular de
individuos –mayormente carentes de instrucción educativa y técnica– dentro una Institución que
se enorgullecía del profesionalismo de sus efectivos y del avance tecnológico de sus buques.
Para ello, se analizará una documentación diversa, dentro de un recorte cronológico de veinte
años, desde la sanción de la ley, en 1900, hasta la conclusión de la Primera Guerra Mundial. A
modo de hipótesis, se sostiene que la conscripción suscitó un activo debate entre los oficiales,
plasmado en estudios y trabajos de distinto grado de profundidad. Mientras que para algunos el
sistema era positivo y precisaba solo de algunos ajustes para funcionar con mayor eficiencia,
para otros se trató de un régimen totalmente viciado, que no reportaba utilidad alguna y era
preciso eliminar.

The Zanzibar Naval Blockade was an international naval operation that took place between November 1888 and October 1889 off the eastern coast of Africa, involving the territory of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, including the islands and the coast of Tanzania. Although practically
ignored by our historiography, it was the largest interventions by the Portuguese Navy in that region. Promoted by the German Empire, the blockade was soon joined by the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Italy, extending the blockade to the coast of Mozambique, up to Pemba Bay.
The official mission of the international fleet was to put an end to the slave and arms trade that plagued this territory, which had become the last stronghold for traffickers after the successive abolition of slavery in African territories controlled by European powers. In addition to the official
humanitarian objectives, there were naturally territorial, strategic, and economic interests at play, as well as the control of various territories under their influence. This work aims to analyze the objectives, forces, and outcomes of this naval operation.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

À partir d'une étude de cas (le déploiement et les opérations d'une flotte française en Amérique pendant la guerre d'Indépendance des États-Unis) cet ouvrage collectif propose une enquête approfondie sur les contraintes (politiques, logistiques, techniques, géographiques, humaines...) qui pesaient à l'âge de la voile sur la mise en œuvre de la puissance navale.

La ricerca prende avvio da una fonte letteraria quattrocentesca: il Tractatus contra principales errores perfidi Machometi (1459) del cardinale castigliano Juan de Torquemada (1388-1468). L’opera riflette l’intervento e l’influenza che questo personaggio, di grande rilievo alla corte dell’allora pontefice Pio II, esercitò in quel contesto in rapporto alla questione turco-islamica. Tale ricerca si colloca dunque nel quadro degli studi storici che approfondiscono i rapporti interreligiosi sviluppatisi nell’Europa pre-moderna – specie in relazione alla questione islamica che, in quegli anni cruciali, fu enormemente discussa sul piano teologico, oltreché politico e socio-culturale.
Il discorso può essere inserito nel più ampio contesto delle crociate tardive, e in particolare nella loro evoluzione susseguente alla conquista di Costantinopoli (1453) per mano del sultano Maometto II: un tema che avrebbe continuato a suscitare interrogativi e a esigere risposte in relazione all’impatto negativo (reale o presunto) dell’islam nell’Europa mediterranea alle soglie della modernità. L’opera fu composta, su richiesta di Pio II, in vista della Dieta di Mantova (settembre 1459) con l’obiettivo di persuadere i principi europei della necessità di partire alla volta di Costantinopoli per combattere contro i Turchi.

Our paper in the previous issue of this journal examined the evidence regarding the maritime edged weapons used by the Knights of St John’s maritime forces. Equally missing though is any previous study on what swords were used by Maltese personnel operating in the maritime environment from the two periods of occupation (French and British) which have so informed the weapons held in both the Maltese Police and Military forces to this day. This paper corrects that by looking at the maritime weapons used from the start of the French occupation to now. This helps set the numerous examples of such swords that were left behind and safeguarded by their keepers, and in some organisations in context.

Despite Malta’s deep connection with the sea and the critical part it has played in the trade of the Mediterranean, all the studies on weapons have concentrated on those used on Maltese soil rather than at sea. The use of edged weapons for maritime contexts is just one piece of this array, which deserves attention as any other. This paper endeavours to correct that by looking at the maritime weapons used in the period up to the French occupation in 1798; a second paper will look at those subsequent to 1798.

A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower: Forward, Engaged, Ready" (CS21R) appeared in March 2015. 1 It aims to "refresh" the strategy with the same primary title that first appeared back in 2007 and that has to a significant extent guided U.S. maritime policy over the past eight years. 2 Navies both reflect and help shape the international context. They matter. So, when the world's most powerful navy looks at its strategy and decides on a change, the rest of the world should pay attention, since the change will reveal at least some of America's strategic preoccupations and help set the agenda, for a few years at least, for diplomats and other navies around the world. Most especially this will of course apply in regions as maritime as the Asia-Pacific. How navies or nations react will depend first on what they think has changed and why, and, second, on who and where they are. A number of questions immediately arise: What is this new "strategy," whom is it for, and what's changed? The first of these is relatively simple to answer. It's what most people would call a statement of doctrine, something intended to provide guidance for those serving in today's U.S. Navy, especially its planners. Unlike grand statements of strategy as produced by the likes of Carl von Clausewitz, Alfred

Mentre si intensificano i colloqui tra Stati Uniti e Russia
per un possibile armistizio, torna sul tavolo la questione
della sicurezza marittima nel Mar Nero. Al centro del
dibattito c’è la riattivazione dell’accordo sul grano e il
ruolo chiave della Turchia, garante della Convenzione di
Montreux. Non si parla solo di commercio, ma anche di
equilibri strategici: l’accesso al Mar Nero per le navi
militari resta una questione delicata, con Ankara destinata
a mediare tra esigenze ucraine, garanzie russe e interessi
Nato.

The Mediterranean has always served as the stage upon which the epic narratives of great civilizations, empires, and cultures have unfolded. This is all the more true for the historical period conventionally referred to as the Middle Ages, whose history is, by its very nature, a Mediterranean history. Adopting a precise diachronic structure within a coherent framework, this textbook reconstructs the many medieval histories of the Mediterranean, highlighting the phases of their development, the inhabited and navigated spaces—which marked the major political, economic, social, and cultural turning points—and the interactions between its shores. It is a narrative that unfolds eastward and westward, northward and southward, across a sea that for centuries connected three continents.

En el presente trabajo realizaremos algunas aproximaciones acerca del rol político que ocupaba el Senado de Constantinopla dentro del andamiaje institucional del Imperio Romano de Oriente. A partir de una breve reconstrucción del origen de la institución senatorial, en donde analizaremos la composición social de los miembros de la misma, centraremos nuestra atención en el siglo XI. Tradicionalmente considerado este siglo como un "punto de no retorno" para el marco estructural del Imperio de Oriente, habida cuenta las simultaneas crisis de índole política, militar y económica que transitaron sus respectivos subsistemas, nosotros pretendemos destacar como el Senado se fue convirtiendo en un espacio de poder que realmente podía llegar a ejercer una verdadera "presión institucional" dentro de relaciones políticas signadas por la conflictividad y el consenso. Sin embargo, nuestro análisis no podrá escapar de considerar en perspectiva comparada otras instituciones que ejercían como "grupos de interés": el Ejército imperial y el Patriarcado de Constantinopla.

Durante el seminario internacional Arquitectura naval y cultura material de naufragios históricos, que se llevó a cabo el 12 de noviembre en el Museo Naval del Caribe (Cartagena), la historiadora y escritora estadounidense Carla Rahn Phillips y Antonio Jaramillo, investigador del componente histórico de la expedición científica Hacia el corazón del Galeón San José, conversaron sobre las posibles causas del hundimiento del galeón, según las fuentes históricas. Lo anterior, en el marco de las estrategias de difusión del proyecto "Hacia el Corazón del Galeón San José".

Este artículo enlaza la historia de Nueva España (México), Nueva Granada (Colombia) y
Saint-Domingue (Haití) al enfocar a la persona afrodescendiente en el saqueo de Veracruz en 1683 y la expedición contra Cartagena de Indias en 1697. Basándose en fuentes parroquiales, reportes militares y crónicas bucaneras en inglés, francés y español, se demuestra cómo un proceso historiográfico fue borrando el protagonismo de los milicianos afrodescendientes, piratas pardos y mujeres afroveracruzanas en Saint-Domingue. Más allá del impacto económico derivado de estas incursiones, el artículo nos urge a considerar el efecto social, cultural y demográfico que las poblaciones afrodescendientes (mujeres, hombres, niños y niñas) de Cartagena y Veracruz tuvieron en Saint-Domingue cuando aún no dominaba la esclavitud derivada de la caña de azúcar. La escala analítica en el sur haitiano demuestra que, al rebasar los objetivos del archivo colonial, se recuperan-parcial e imperfectamente-los derroteros y legados de estas comunidades.

A kalózok és kalóztársadalmak évszázadok óta népszerű témái nemcsak a mindenkori populáris kultúra termékeinek, hanem tudományos diskurzusok platformjainak is. A kalózkodás nem egzakt módon datált fénykora óta, amelyet az ezzel foglalkozók általában a 17-18. század fordulójára tesznek, a kalózok, az "emberiség ellenségei" (hostis humani generis) rendszeresen visszatérő szereplői egyrészt a fikciós irodalmi alkotásoknak és utazástörténeteknek, másrészt pedig a politikai és gazdasági elemzéseknek, mind a saját korukban, mind napjainkban. Számos primer és szekunder forrás áll rendelkezésünkre, amelyek által bepillantást nyerhetünk a kalózoknak abba a világába, amely folytonos népszerűsége ellenére még sok kiaknázatlan területet rejt. Jelen forrásgyűjtemény a szabad kalózközösségek és kalózalkotmányok témája köré épül, három forrásrészlet szövegein keresztül prezentálva a kalózok önszerveződésének és az ehhez köthető írásos szerződéseiknek a lehetőségeit. Az első forrás a valószínűleg Daniel Defoe által írt A kalózok egyetemleges története, 1 amelynek a szerzősége azonban vitatott, 2 a második forrás a Jakob de Bucquoi nevével 1 Eredeti cím: A General History of the Pyrates. 2 Az A kalózok egyetemleges története szerzője Charles Johnson kapitánynak nevezte magát művében, ami valószínűsíthetően álnév. A kérdéssel foglalkozók szintén megosztottak a mű szerzőségét illetően. Az sem kizárt, hogy Charles Johnson valójában létezett, viszont a legtöbben Daniel Defoe munkájának tulajdonítják. Például Manuel Schornhorn is, aki az A kalózok egyetemleges története azon kiadásának a szerkesztője, amelyet a jelen kötetben is, továbbá a Helge Meves által szerkesztettben is felhasználtak, így itt konzekvensen Defoe nevével találkozhatunk. Ugyanakkor vannak olyanok, akik nem osztják ezt a nézetet, többek között Arne Bialuschewski, aki szerint Nathaniel Mist, a The Weekly Journal egyik szerkesztője és korábbi tengerész volt a valódi szerző. Bővebben ld. Arne Bialuschewski:

Исследование посвящено раннему этапу формирования учебной литературы по морскому делу в России в XVIII в. В статье рассмотрены археографические, текстологические и языковые особенности двух рукописных сочинений, сохранившихся в рукописных собраниях БАН — «Книги о учреждении флота» (1735 г.) и «Книги о эволюции флота» (1764 г.), сочиненной адмиралом С. И. Мордвиновым. В исследовании сочинение 1735 г. также атрибутируется адмиралу Мордвинову, при этом оба сочинения представляют собой разные этапы подготовки учебного пособия по морской тактике, основанного в конечном счете на французском издании «L’art des armées navales» (1697 г.) профессора Поля Госта. С. И. Мордвинов постепенно улучшает свое учебное пособие на уровне общей структуры, упорядочивая систему частей, глав и параграфов, устраняя структурные недочеты и пропуски раннего сочинения, и работает над его языком.

The Live Video, conceived and edited online on March 11, 2025, by Giulio Poggiaroni on the YouTube channel “Italian Military Archives”, tells the story of the conquest of the island of Crete by the German and Italian armed forces during the Second World War. With the commentary, together with Poggiaroni, of Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi and Alessandro Vagnini (from Sapienza University of Rome - Italy), the airdrop operations of the German paratroopers and the naval and amphibious operations of the Royal Italian Navy and the Royal Italian Army are critically retraced. The broader and more related events of the air and naval war in the Mediterranean between the Axis forces and those of Great Britain are also examined, together with their overall significance a few months before the definitive entry into the war of the USA. (See the related link: https://www.youtube.com/live/fb4rNfGNh4w?feature=shared)

Il video live, ideato ed edito online l'11 marzo 2025 da Giulio Poggiaroni sul canale YouTube “Italian Military Archives”, racconta la conquista dell’isola di Creta da parte delle forze armate tedesche e italiane durante la Seconda guerra mondiale. Con il commento, insieme a Poggiaroni, di Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi e Alessandro Vagnini (della Sapienza Università di Roma), sono ripercorse criticamente le operazioni di aviolancio dei paracadutisti tedeschi e quelle navali e anfibie della Regia Marina e del Regio Esercito italiani. In parallelo, sono esaminate anche le più ampie e correlate vicende della guerra aeronavale in Mediterraneo tra le forze dell’Asse e quelle della Gran Bretagna, insieme al loro significato complessivo pochi mesi prima dell’entrata in guerra definitiva degli USA. (Vedi il link collegato: https://www.youtube.com/live/fb4rNfGNh4w?feature=shared)

The second part of the article, devoted to the Fourth Crusade events, emphasizes the Venetian fleet's role in the siege of Zara (Zadar, Croatia). It also elaborates on the frictions inside the crusading camp, referring to the campaign's ultimate goal.
Key words: Enrico Dandolo, Zara, Boniface of Montferrat

A detailed analysis of the canvas preserved in Venice, in the Museo Civico Correr, entitled “THE WONDERFUL AND GREAT VICTORY GIVEN BY GOD TO CHRISTIANS AGAINST THE TURKS AT THE SCOGLI CVRZOLARI LAN[N]O 1571 ALI 7 OCTOBER”, and compared with the engravings on the battle of Lepanto, published in 1572.

Starea mai mult deât "anemică" a construcțiilor navale americane și a întreținerii navelor și riscurile pe care acestea le ridică pentru armată au fost împărtășite cu VOA1 prin mai mult de o duzină de interviuri cu oficialii armatei și ai industriei americane, pe parcursul mai multor luni și efectuate înainte de alegerea celui de al II-lea mondat al Președintelui Donald J.Trump. 1 Vocea Americii (VOA)-multimedia internațională cu servicii în peste 40 de limbi;. oferă știri, informații și programare culturală prin internet, rețele mobile și sociale, radio și televiziune. Această sursă de informații a fost creată în 1942 pentru a combate propaganda nazistă referitoare la evoluția celui de Al Doilea Război Mondial .

espanolLas islas Ladrones fueron bautizadas por Magallanes, pero hay que esperar 1668 para que bajo el nombre de Marianas empiece su colonizacion, por parte de los jesuitas. Es que, aun siendo cercanas de las Filipinas, la relacion entre los dos archipielagos era dificil. La creacion de una nueva Carrera entre Cavite y Guam, pronto revelara que ese espacio es un cementerio para los barcos enviados para unir los dos universos. Finalmente, por razones geograficas y humanas se fueron espaciando los viajes «del patache de las Marianas» a lo largo del XVIII. En el siglo XIX el interes renace. El estudio de estos 50 anos dramaticos se apoya sobre los nutridos expedientes de arribadas, y en particular los diarios de los pilotos. / The Ladrones Islands were named by Magellan, but their colonization had to wait until 1668, when the Jesuits re-named them the Marianas. The fact is that despite their proximity to the Philippines, the relationship between these two archipelagos was difficult. Th...

This paper describes the technologies of the Spanish galleons that worked the ‘Manila galleon system’ between Acapulco in New Spain and Manila in the Philippines from 1565 to 1815. The Manila Galleon system can be understood both in terms of geographic routes and as a set of rules and regulations, forming a legal framework.

It was a system of multiple actors and distribution points, connecting Spanish America with East and Southeast Asia. And it went far beyond a pure economic exchange of silver for silks and porcelains, but included transfers of scientific and technological knowledge and skills, cross-cultural interaction, such as mutual impacts on food cultures or clothing, or human movements and migration.

After a general introduction to the political-economic context of this trading system, the paper will focus on the development of galleon design and construction. It will also examine the evolution of the dimensions, tonnages, and hull ratios of the galleons in order to acquire insights into the variations and changes to the ships’ design over time. Finally, this paper will investigate the establishment and, as far as our sources go, the development of the shipyards where the galleons were constructed, both in the Philippines and on the Pacific coast of Spanish America.

Information on the historical context, local circumstances, and concrete maritime technologies used in the construction of the ‘Manila galleons’ stem from archival documents, manuscripts, and shipbuilding treatises. These sources demonstrate the intangible value of the historical transition in shipbuilding for the Manila Galleon trade, which can be evaluated using tangible archaeological data, including the shipyards and remaining shipwrecks in the Philippines.

This article considers the impact of English seizure of neutral Swedish vessels during the First Anglo-Dutch War, 1651-4. These actions were undertaken at a time when no bilateral diplomatic treaty existed between the two nations and thus the legal basis for such prize-taking was hotly disputed on both sides. Through an examination of extant sources in both England and Sweden, the article scrutinises a number of case studies in a period where the concept of any meaningful international maritime law remained primitive. It concludes with a review of the diplomatic machinations which sought to recover ships, goods or compensation in the years following the conclusion of the war.

Ai lettori delle storie di Brindisi il nome di don Pedro Téllez-Girón duca di Osuna, viceré di Napoli dal 1616 al 1620, evoca anzitutto San Lorenzo e le vicissitudini che il santo padre cappuccino brindisino patì nella sua ultima missione diplomatica, incaricatagli dal papa Paolo V per denunciare presso il re di Spagna Felipe III le angherie del perfido viceré di Napoli, che lo portò in Spagna e Portogallo dove, a Lisbona, lo colse la morte il 22 luglio del 1619, giorno del suo sessantesimo compleanno. «Più volte, dopo il 1604, fra' Lorenzo pensa di tornare a Brindisi e nel 1618 vi è ormai diretto quando a Napoli è convinto dal patriziato napoletano a recarsi in Spagna per esporre al re Filippo III le malversazioni del viceré don Pietro Girón duca di Ossuna. Il 25 maggio 1619, evitati sicari e ostacoli d'ogni genere, padre Lorenzo raggiunge il re a Lisbona; ricevuto il giorno seguente, a conferma delle sue parole soggiunse che era sicuro di ciò che riferiva quanto del fatto che presto sarebbe morto e che il re, se non avesse provveduto al bene dei propri sudditi, lo sarebbe stato entro due anni. Il 22 luglio del 1619, forse avvelenato, il brindisino moriva; era il 31 marzo 1621 quando, giusto l'ammonimento, si spegneva Filippo III che aveva continuato a favorire, di fatto, l'Ossuna.» [Giacomo Carito in "Su una chiesa e un fonte in Brindisi"-Parola e Storia, 2009] Però, Brindisi, con quel viceré di Napoli, il conte di Osuna, nel corso dei quattro anni che durò il suo viceregno ebbe anche ben altro a che vedere. E, d'altra parte, lo spagnolo don Pedro Téllez-Girón y Velasco Guzmán y Yovar, III duca di Osuna e marchese di Peñafiel, fu di fatto uno dei personaggi politici più importanti e più complessi del primo '600. Nato il 17 dicembre del 1574 nel seno di una nobile famiglia sivigliana, da giovane aveva combattuto valorosamente nelle Fiandre contro i ribelli Fiamminghi, ottenendo numerosi successi militari. Preludio della folgorante carriera che, iniziata col viceregno di Sicilia dal 1611 al 1616, si concluse con la successiva prestigiosa nomina a viceré di Napoli. Ma la sua controversa personalità e l'alterigia nel ritenere il suo potere illimitato, gli procurarono numerosi e potenti nemici, esterni e interni, che alla fine lo spinsero verso un destino fatale: ingaggiata contro Venezia una guerra quasi personale, alla fine stigmatizzata dagli stessi ministri spagnoli, fu richiamato bruscamente in Spagna, dove fu accusato di fellonia e dove, morto il suo protettore Felipe III, fu imprigionato e fatto morire in carcere, il 24 settembre 1624. Quando il 2 aprile 1611 il III conte di Osuna assunse l'incarico di viceré di Sicilia, l'isola si trovava in una situazione economica precaria e sotto i costanti attacchi dei pirati berberi che agivano con totale impunità. In solo due anni, il nuovo viceré ricostruì la flotta navale siciliana e intraprese una serie di importanti azioni vittoriose contro i turchi, riuscendo a riportare l'ordine sui mari. Tuttavia, per farlo si avvalse anche di mezzi corsari, il che presto gli avrebbe causato problemi presso la corte di Madrid. Certo è, comunque, che la sua gestione fu così efficace che, mentre si susseguivano le vittorie sui turchi e i bottini ottenuti finanziavano il vicereame, in due anni le finanze pubbliche siciliane si erano riprese dalla bancarotta. Con ciò, nonostante i pettegolezzi che contro la sua persona venivano riferiti al re, dietro la sua minaccia di rinuncia al viceregno con la prospettiva di una possibile bancarotta dello stesso, alla fine gli fu concesso, in via eccezionale, di mantenere quella sua flotta, tutt'altro che reale e tutt'altro che ortodossa.

Resumen: Resumen: La batalla por Tenochtitlan fue una conflagración motivada por el descontento que causaba el excesivo tributo y la demandante imposición de fuerza de trabajo exigida por el Estado Mexica a los pueblos sometidos. El movimiento bélico en contra de Tenochtitlan fue estimulado por la irrupción de Occidente en Mesoamérica y el debilitamiento de la Triple Alianza. Poco a poco desde 1519, se fue conformando una numerosa hueste indígena multiétnica adversaria de los mexicas, que alentada por la capacidad de fuego de los europeos se hacía suficientemente poderosa para enfrentar al Pueblo del Sol en 1521. Hernán Cortés sabía que solo atacando por el Lago de Texcoco obtendría la victoria definitiva sobre México-Tenochtitlan; por tierra, arremetiendo por las calzadas no tendría éxito, eran estrechas y bien defendidas. Requería de una fuerza naval suficiente y eficiente para capturar la capital insular.

Son abundantes los planes existentes para reconquistar la plaza de Gibraltar desde su pérdida para España en 1704. Entre todos ellos consideramos la singularidad del propuesto por José de Llona, que hemos investigado y del que exponemos a través de este trabajo su planteamiento y unas primeras conclusiones.
La calidad de la información en referencia a los conocimientos de Llona en distintos aspectos militares, técnicos o geográficos, además de la precisión que ofrece en una serie de datos sobre las características climáticas de la zona del estrecho de Gibraltar, y la actual bahía de Algeciras, y la dinámica de sus aguas, concede a este estudio la singularidad señalada. En esta ocasión el principal objetivo de esta investigación lo hemos fijado en la curiosa presentación que hace José de Llona de su plan, asimismo como a la viabilidad de este, al mismo tiempo que nos acercamos a su biografía.
No es en ningún caso una investigación cerrada, y con absoluta seguridad conforme avancemos en la investigación se irá ofreciendo más información en futuros trabajos que permitirán alcanzar un mayor y más profundo conocimiento de este sugestivo período de la historia de España en general y de la del Campo de Gibraltar en particular.

O processo de construção do Estado e da
Nação no Brasil constitui tema de inesgotável
interesse e ampla bibliografia já publicada, mas
que, no entanto, padece de vícios do Mito das
Origens, insistindo em uma origem pacífica e
numa predestinação a um território unificado,
legado da transmigração dos Bragança em
1808. De forma a contribuir para o estudo desse
assunto, o presente artigo procura efetuar um
balanço historiográfico1 sobre a Independência
do Brasil, ressaltando temas como Nação,
Pátria, unidade territorial, para além da própria
formação da Armada Imperial.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la investigación realizada sobre el acorazado Pelayo, apodado «el Solitario» que estuvo en activo en la Armada Española entre 1888 y 1925. En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis general del buque y de las escasas fuentes de información existentes sobre su maquinaria. Seguidamente, se repasa la situación tecnológica a finales del siglo XIX, haciendo referencia a los acorazados similares y a la evolución tecnológica de las calderas y máquinas alternativas. En el cuerpo principal del trabajo se aborda la reconstrucción de los espacios interiores del buque, con las salas de calderas y máquinas y la reconstrucción (en 3D) de los elementos principales (calderas, motores, bombas, condensadores, etc.), culminado con la recreación de una sala de calderas y una cámara de máquinas.

Hacia el siglo XVIII, ya se sabía el procedimiento para combatir la peste bubónica, pero de la viruela, poco o nada.
La viruela estaba considerada como una de las terribles enfermedades que asolaban a los pueblos desde hacía mucho tiempo. No distinguía clases sociales ni regiones ni pueblos, fue la muerte del joven Luis I, hijo de Felipe V cuando se tomó verdadera conciencia de la necesidad de combatir esta lacra.

Los archivos parroquiales pueden ser una fuente valiosa de documentación histórica que revela aspectos de la historia naval española. Es el caso de un documento localizado en el archivo de la iglesia parroquial de Santa Marina de Aguas Santas de Fernán Núñez (Córdoba): el extracto de un testamento que registra un milagro ocurrido en 1741, durante el hundimiento del navío "El Invencible" en La Habana (APSM, Testimonios de Testamento, C. 49, Leg. 3).

En el presente artículo analizamos la figura de Alonso de Llera Zambrano, un pintor en la Sevilla del siglo XVII del que apenas se tenían algunas noticias, como la de que se dedicó a pintar banderas para naos. Recogemos igualmente algunos textos encontrados en el Archivo Municipal de Sevilla que nos ayudan a contextualizar otras labores artísticas quizá más decorativas que pictóricas, como la participación en fiestas públicas y religiosas de especial importancia en esta época, particularmente en la del Corpus Christi.

El artículo presenta los hechos más destacados de la biografía del teniente general de la Armada Casto Méndez Núñez (1824-1869), con sus diferentes destinos y brillantes actuaciones en Filipinas, Cuba, Santo Domingo y la guerra del Pacífico contra Chile y Perú de 1865-1866. También se ocupa de la honda repercusión y el legado histórico que dejó tanto en la Marina española como en todo el país, a pesar de su prematuro fallecimiento.