History

I attempt to clarify the specificity of Spinoza’s hermeneutic proposal of the Scripture in the Political-Theological Treatise. In this regard, I assume two levels of analysis in Spinoza interpretation: the historic-critical and the philosophical one. My aim is to find out the relationships between these two levels, and also the differences of Spinoza’s interpretation with others, in particular, that one developed by Lodewijk Meyer in his Philosophia S. Scripturae Interpres.

Цель: подбор, анализ и перевод на русский язык данных о татарах в византийских хрониках «Chronica Breviora», известных в русскоязычной историографии как «Малые или Краткие византийские хроники». Материалы исследования: рассмотрены «Chronica Breviora», которые в свое время опубликовал известный немецкий византивист Петер Шрайнер. Состав хроник довольно разнороден, тем не менее они отличаются некоторыми общими чертами. Иногда информация этих хроник обладает точностью, которую трудно найти в более «официальных» источниках. В настоящей статье представлены те сюжеты хроник, которые относятся к упоминаниям татар в самом широком смысле этого термина. Результаты и научная новизна: в тексте хроник можно найти сведения о татарах в связи с тремя событиями. Самое главное из них -завоевания Тамерлана (Тимура Ленга) в начале XV в. на Ближнем Востоке и в Анатолии, в контексте его военного противостояния с османским султаном Баязидом Ι, которое в конце концов окончилось победой Тамерлана у Анкары в 1402 году, а также разорением Анатолии татарами, пленением и смертью самого Баязида и началом междуцарствия в Османском государстве, что дало значительную передышку Византии и позволило христианской империи уцелеть до середины XV в. Кроме того, в хрониках есть информация о взятии города Варна в Болгарии татарами эмира Актава, и сведения о выборах двух православных епископов в Сарай с участием архиереев из русских княжеств. Насколько известно автору, эти тексты были только частично переведены на русский язык, и он надеется, что их публикация поможет изучению истории «татарского» мира в XIV и нач. XV вв.

The main goal of the report is to present the general trends of the Tatar topic in Bulgarian historiography, starting from its beginnings in the later part of the eighteenth century up to modern times. Another objective is to comment on the presentation of the topic about the Golden Horde and the so-called "Tatar hegemony" in modern history textbooks in Bulgaria. An additional issue is the context of the topic related to the theories of Bulgarian-Tatar real or alleged ethnic affiliations. Research materials: For the preparation of the article the author used variety of specific accounts on the topic, covering different periods of the development of Bulgarian historiography. Some of them are summaries of certain periods or issues, related to the Tatar topic, other are more general narratives on Bulgarian medieval history. There is special focus on several history textbooks that are illustrative on the presentation of the Tatar topic for a broader audience, especially students. There are also some comments on negative image of the Bulgarians, depicted as "Tatars", that circulated in several Serbian and Greek nationalist circles in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and how this type of propaganda affected the debate on Bulgarian ethnogenesis and the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians. The novelty of the study emerges from the larger chronological frame, the broader type of historiographical works and history textbooks included and discussed, and this being the first general summary on the topic in English. Lastly, the topic of Bulgarian-Tatar relations in the Middle Ages is presented in a broader political and social context, related to the topic of the origin of modern and ancient Bulgarians, their link to the Volga Bulgars, and the possible common roots and heritage of Bulgarians, Tatars, and Chuvash people in modern times. Research results: The Tatar topic in Bulgarian historiography emerged almost exclusively in the context of the influence of Nogay at the end of the thirteenth century, presented as foreign negative impact on Bulgarian development. Another aspect was the possible "Tatar" roots of ancient and modern Bulgarians, viewed mostly negatively by Bulgarian nationalists embracing Pan-Slavist ideas. In the course of time, the "Tatar" topic has been better researched and more objectively presented. During recent decades, there is a new approach presenting the Tatar Golden Horde not only as negative factor, but also as possible ally and protector of medieval Bulgaria in the context of a rather moderate regime of vassalage. In the textbooks, however, because of the more conservative character of this type of educational materials, the older stereotypes are still presented to a certain extent. In general, a positive image of the Tatar Golden Horde is slowly emerging, especially in the

In an extensive paper published due to the kindness of the editorial staff of the present journal, I have suggested a geometrical reinterpretation of so-called Old Babylonian "algebra". 1 Among the texts analyzed in the paper were the mathematical texts No. XVI and No. IX from Susa, which turned out to contain highly illuminating didactical commentaries of a kind not known from the Babylonian core area -be it because teaching in a peripheral area felt a need to make explicit what could be left to a stable oral tradition in the core, or simply because the Susa teachers had a bent for loquacity. Text No. XVI turned out not to contain solutions of problems but only a didactical discussion of transformations of linear "equations" of two unknowns (as usually, the us ("length") and ("width") of a rectangle, with the usual values 30 ' and 20' [nindan] 2 ). No. IX contained initial didactical discussions of the transformations of complex into simpler second-degree "equations" followed by use of the technique just taught for the solution of a sophisticated set of equations. These texts are not the only Susa texts to contain illuminating didactical commentaries. In the present paper I shall analyze two further texts, of which one contains an explicit explanatory part, while the other employs some of the concepts introduced in the former. An extra reason for reanalyzing the two texts is that the treatment given by

How do new media affect the question of social memory? Social memory is usually described as enacted through ritual, language, art, architecture, and institutions ? phenomena whose persistence over time and capacity for a shared storage of the past was set in contrast to fleeting individual memory. But the question of how social memory should be understood in an age of digital computing, instant updating, and interconnection in real time, is very much up in the air. The essays in this collection discuss the new technologies of memory from a variety of perspectives that explicitly investigate their impact on the very concept of the social. Contributors: David Berry, Ina Blom, Wolfgang Ernst, Matthew Fuller, Andrew Goffey, Liv Hausken, Yuk Hui, Trond Lundemo, Adrian Mackenzie, Sónia Matos, Richard Mills, Jussi Parikka, Eivind Røssaak, Stuart Sharples, Tiziana Terranova, Pasi Väliaho.

While The Second Sex is usually taken as Simone de Beauvoir's major theoretical contribution to feminism, in the 1960s and 1970s it was very often through her autobiographies – especially Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, The Prime of Life, and Force of Circumstance, along with novels such as She Came to Stay and The Mandarins – that her feminist ideas were most thoroughly absorbed. The autobiographies became nothing less than a guide for the fashioning of a new kind of feminine self. Where The Second Sex had intimated that a significant aspect of human liberation lay in women not losing their identity or their sense of self in those of men, it was the autobiographies which suggested and demonstrated in great detail how this might be done. In them, the rejection of conventional marriage and children was no mere slogan, but the foundation of what seemed to young female readers to be a fascinating and challenging life. In this paper, I reflect on de Beauvoir and her historical and co...

La fascination pour Venise ne touche pas seulement ses visiteurs : la question de l'imprimé dans la Sérénissime est depuis toujours au coeur des recherches menées par des historiens aux centres d'intérêt les plus variés. Il n'est pas utile de s'arrêter sur la multitude d'études de cas, d'histoires, de documents offerts par la cité lagunaire, en particulier pour qui s'intéresse à l'humanisme et à la Renaissance. L'histoire de la littérature a naturellement croisé les études sur l'imprimé et sur le livre, ce qui a conduit -et pas seulement en ce qui concerne Venise -à développer l'intérêt pour les entreprises éditoriales, où se retrouvaient associés les hommes de lettres et humanistes, et les imprimeurs. De la même manière, les recherches de bibliographie et d'histoire de l'imprimé et de la typographie ont traditionnellement privilégié les oeuvres des « grands ». Mais au cours de ces dernières décennies, on le sait, la situation a changé, grâce au stimulant croisement de questions, qui a renouvelé les méthodes et les objectifs des études sur le livre. Parmi elles, il ne faut pas négliger la « trajectoire française », définie par Roger Chartier, pionnier et promoteur des études sur les imprimés de large circulation, qui inaugura une nouvelle ère de recherches sur la capacité de la culture écrite à imprégner la société à tous les niveaux, par tout un éventail de dynamiques, qui dépasse la simple lecture d'un texte (Archives et bibliothèques de Belgique, 60-1/2, 1989, p. 161-189). Dernier aboutissement heureux de cette nouvelle ère, le livre de Rosa Salzberg adopte une écriture à la fois simple et vive, qui donne corps à une ample documentation, manuscrite et imprimée, éditée et inédite, comme en témoignent la bibliographie et l'index analytique. Le cas de Venise, formidable carrefour de cultures, de commerces et de récits, a déjà fait l'objet de descriptions presque picturales, comme le récent travail de Laura Carnelos qui, adoptant une perspective similaire, a restitué la présence du livre dans le contexte urbain vénitien, quelques décennies après la période étudiée par R. Salzberg. Par ailleurs, les travaux de Mario Infelise sur les Remondini, actifs sur la Terre Ferme entre le xvii e et le xviii e siècle, ont inauguré le cycle des études italiennes consacrées aux genres de large diffusion (L. Braida, M. Infelise (ed.), Libri per tutti. I generi editoriali di larga circolazione tra antico regime ed età contemporanea, 2010 ; L. Braida, « L'histoire du livre en Italie : entre histoire de la bibliographie, histoire sociale et histoire de la culture écrite », histoire et Civilisation du Livre, 9, 2014, p. 5-28). Le travail de R. Salzberg s'enracine donc dans toute une série de recherches, parfois limitées à des études de cas, sur la culture écrite à Venise, dont elle offre tout d'abord une synthèse, précieuse aussi puisqu'en anglais et permettant une circulation plus vaste des résultats de l'historiographie italienne sur la Renaissance. Sur ces bases, l'auteure engage une recherche innovante sur ce qu'elle définit comme le cheap print (les imprimés bon marché), c'est-à-dire les publications en vers et sur une seule feuille. On pourrait objecter que les éphémères ne se limitent pas aux feuilles volantes : on pense notamment aux vies de saints, ou aux almanachs, et au rôle que ces documents jouèrent dans la société. Le choix de l'auteure peut se justifier, dans revue d'histoire Moderne & ConteMporaine 62-4, octobre-décembre 2015

As Pierre Bourdieu taught us, personal taste, be it for art or recreation, is not personal at all but, rather, is constituted by class background or class aspiration. Unlike professional golf, tennis, or swimming, US football is a popular rather than a middle-class or niche sport. As a game that demands collective submission to discipline and relies on individual strength and aggression, its appeal is consistent with a habitus in which work involves an instrumental relationship to the body. This correspondence makes it hard for both the fans and the players, most of whom hail from blue-collar backgrounds, not to see their authentic and true selves in the moment of the game. They find little role distance from it, to use Erving Goffman's term. Working-class immigrants in the United States have long been drawn to popular sports-not just for joy but as a means of acculturation to the ethos of their host society and as a shortcut to "getting over." For such immigrants, football is more than a game. Nothing less than the whole person takes his stance on the line, and therefore nothing less than his manliness, family, and ethnic identity are at risk with the snap of the ball. Tony Vainuku and Erika Cohn have made a handsome, multilayered video about the subjective and sociological significance of football among a segment of working-class Polynesian immigrants in Salt Lake City. In Football We Trust is a nicely paced, bittersweet film featuring talking heads along with images of home, school, the field of play, the weight room, and, inevitably, lunatic high school coaches raving in locker rooms. All this allows us to come to know the aspirations and tragedies of a handful of Tongan and American Samoan young men whose parents or grandparents left home in the Pacific, under the aegis of the Mormon church, and resettled in Utah. "There's a lot of pride in our culture," one Tongan player currently in the NFL tells the camera. "We have great

Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. represent the views of the University of Wollongong.

Esse trabalho trata de aproximações com objeto de estudo de uma pesquisa de mestrado. São esforços na busca de contextualização da Província cearense no final do século XIX, objetivando entender como se dava naquele período a defesa da necessidade do prolongamento da Estrada de Ferro de Baturité até a cidade do Crato, esta que, naquele período, apresentava uma dinâmica intraurbana de centro comercial da região do Cariri cearense. Analisando relatórios de Presidentes da Província e matérias jornalísticas, além de dados econômicos que fazem parte do levantamento bibliográfico, é possível identificar dois eixos de argumentação por parte da classe senhorial fortalezense interessada na conclusão da obra, demonstrando que para além do escoamento da produção haviam interesses ideológicos fundados numa disputa política interna sob os quais a chegada da linha férrea até o Crato se fazia fundamental.

Collective memory is directly associated with the historical development line of the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony. Both go hand in hand and maintain culture. The history and collective memory of the community regarding the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony can only be traced through previous research texts, relics and interviews with locals. This research describes the historya and collective memory of the Pinggir Papas village community in Sumenep regarding the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony tradition. This research uses a qualitative case study research method to analyze findings in the field in the form of interviews, previous research texts and relics. Through case studies, researchers will explore how events occur systematically over a long period until they find a suitable picture to present. The research results show that 1) The Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony has been implemented since salt was first discovered in Pinggir Papas village. 2) All equipment and ceremonial procession sequences are important for the community. 3) The collective memory that develops in society is the key to preserving the traditions of the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony.

Resumen: Una aproximación en torno al impulso del movimiento codificador antes de que se promulgara el primer Código español. Destaca la sana intención de los liberales de las Cortes de Cádiz que tratarán de mantener al Poder Legislativo independiente en el desarrollo de su principal tarea: la creación de Derecho.

I. Can we define " Possible Disorder" in UG? 1. Deficit = deviance unlike a Delay 2.Missed Formal Feature Hypothesis = Premature fixation of lexical item II. Missed Formal Features and Normal Lexical acquisition A. Why does normal child not say: " Me can do it" => learn Nominative => change to "I can do it" B. Normal Child: Maximize Formal Features 1) I saw the boy => [the: +sing,+masc,+def,+acc] ich sah den Mann 2) The girls arrived => delete: ,masc,sing, acc German: no change (den => correct (idealized)) C . Normal acquisition of Modal: can => modal meaning => Understood before used search for Tense, Agr, Case, Selection properties " John can sing" => no case information 1. Constraint on Normal Acquisition: Do not insert item into grammar until all domains checked D. Deficit Grammar: fix item in grammar without AGR or CASE E. Dialect: AGREEMENT present as Universal Grammar Option => Check each domain separately => AAE requires nominative in "I can sing" AGR carrried by Modal "categories lacking interpretability should be disallowed"(Chomsky (1998)) a. Conclusion: [-interpretable] => Formal Features (AGR, Case) E. . General Hypothesis: Fix lexical item without [-Interpretable features] 1. In productive grammar => No Retreat (Clahsen, Vainikka, Eisenbeiss (1994)

Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, Reading and Language Commons, and the Translation Studies Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies.

Neste artigo procuramos estabelecer algumas relações entre a Linguística Funcional Sistêmica de Halliday, a Sociologia da Educação de Bernstein e a Teoria dos Códigos de Legitimação de Maton com o objetivo de refletir sobre o papel da linguagem na descrição e práticas da ciência e de suas manifestações em diferentes disciplinas escolares. Nas três perspectivas apresentadas identificamos que a aquisição da linguagem pode ser vista como processo de aprendizagem de expressão do significado e, que é por meio da linguagem pensada no seu funcionamento, para além de sua dimensão comunicativa, que os sujeitos leitores e escritores se constituem através de seus discursos que estão repletos de ideologias. O discurso, por sua vez, é concebido como local no qual as práticas sociais são materializadas na linguagem.

arguing somewhat contradictorily that women were either by nature incapable of learning or, once educated, would become so empowered that they would constitute a major threat to the social fabric of the nation. At the other end were those very articulate men, like the Rev. Thomas Webster, who called for the complete equality of men and women, not only in education, but in life itself. Between them were the defenders of separate education and coeducation in various forms. All of these arguments, it is interesting to note, relied heavily upon the metaphor of the family to explain and defend their positions -a fact that should caution those historians who define the relationship between gender and religion very narrowly and are quick to take all metaphors at face value. The second issue is the powerful role played by the state in the history of women's education within the Methodist Church. Drawing upon the work of Robert Gidney, Wyn Millar, and Bruce Curtis, the author is able to document how a rich diversity of educational experiments was drawn over time into a system of secondary and post-secondary institutions and how the character of this system was largely determined by the enormous power of the educational bureaucracy of the provincial state. In effect, even in an area of education that purposely set itself apart from the public system, the "Godless" state was able to impose its will and eventually make these experiments conform to its own goals and objectives. The third theme is purposefully political and should be taken as an object lesson by all those who are deeply concerned about the place of women within the university. If the traditional story line in the history of education is one of progress and inclusion -carrying an ever brighter lamp of learning to more and more people -Johanna Selles shows that the history of higher education for women in the Methodist Church has been one of continual struggle in the face of persistent (although by no means universal) opposition. Women were excluded from college and struggled hard to get back in; even as their presence in the university grew, they found that their claim to a place of their own was contested all the more strongly. Given recent events, I see no reason to believe that the same theme does not continue to inform the history of the education of women.

La sonrisa del inútil, según indica un rótulo vertical en la cubierta (una cinta negra, suerte de “broche” rectangular, ciertamente visible en el centro del margen superior, y que representa una de las señas particulares de esta colección de la Universidad de Alicante), es un libro sobre “cine”. Sin embargo, a medida que avanzan las páginas, el lector encuentra que el citado medio se transforma en el umbral de una temática que lo abarca y a la vez lo excede. El cine no es ni más (ni menos) que una excusa para adentrarse en otro terreno, el de la memoria individual y crítica sobre diversos aspectos de la sociedad española en un período que va desde los años de la dictadura franquista hasta la llegada a la democracia. Así, el lector se encuentra con lo que el autor describe como “Un reparto coral un tanto caótico que no he pretendido ordenar o jerarquizar con el fin de darle un carácter representativo”.Centro de Estudios de Teoría y Crítica Literari

The culture of a society can be observed and defined on the land on which they are settled down. Therefore, the priority in historical surveys should be given to places where civilizations lived. The specific focus of this study is the concept of the Ancient Greek Civilization between 12th century BC and 1th centruy BC located in mainland of Greece. Along with the Agean islands, Anatolia and the East Mediterreanean area are also covered. Our approach to and point of view on the subject is reflected in the following question: Are the terms and definitions “Greek cities, Greek Polis, Ancient city and village”, which are commonly used in the aforementioned places and period still valid in the traditional sense? Moreover, the worry that this question entails is as follows. “The Greek or Hellen Civilization” concept has, like a mould pattern provided a practical functioning to the studies done and this functioning goes unquestioned. With regard to this, it is a fact that in a lot of trad...

In the fall of 2017, a geophysical survey was conducted at Hampden-Sydney College in Prince Edward County, Virginia. This work was sponsored by the Esther Thompson Atkinson Museum of Hampden-Sydney College and represents an effort to locate buried features associated with the eighteenth-century occupation of the College. The area examined by the survey is referred to as "Old College" and is that part of the College campus where the first buildings were erected beginning in 1775. All of the eighteenth-century buildings constructed at Old College were removed before 1850 and today no building from this time period remains standing at the school. The geophysical survey used two instruments, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and gradiometer-magnetometer. The area surveyed encompasses 2.7 acres. In addition to the geophysical survey, an examination of available documents and records was conducted to collect information on the types of buildings erected at Old College, their architecture, their probable location and, to the extent possible, their potential archaeological footprint as it might exist today. Results of the Geophysical Survey .

The article provides an analysis of the role of the folk costumes in the attempts to revitalize an authentic cultural identity within a geographical region and to oppose the effects of external cultural influence. The inhabitants of La Huasteca region in Hidalgo, Mexico, perceive Halloween -imported to Mexico through international migration and media in the decade of 1980 -as potential threat to the local tradition of the Day of the Dead. The costumes used for the Miss Cempoalxóchitl contest, a pageant performed on November 1 and initiated in Tehuetlán in 1989, display important items of the celebration to reinforce the Day of the Dead ritual, to rebuild La Huasteca region and the Huasteco identity, and to create a direct kinship with the Toltecs. This ritual, celebrated once a year to gather the living and their dead relatives, has economic, cultural, and social functions, which are fostered through the Miss Cempoalxóchitl beauty pageant.

This thesis examines the poetics and politics of 'olde bokes' (Legend of Good Women, G, 25) in selected works by Chaucer and Gower, paying particular attention to the way in which both writers appropriate their sources and the theories of history and political ideas informing these appropriations. It argues that Chaucer eschews metanarratives in his appropriations of the past and its writings, emphasising the multiplicity of voices that are contained in written discourse across time. In contrast, Gower, while acknowledging the presence of multiple voices, appropriates the writings of the past in an attempt to arrive at a harmonised poetic voice of his own. These poetics of the past result in different politics of the present in both writers' works. While Gower's politics are generally nostalgic and conservative, Chaucer is apolitical and primarily interested in the processes of political discourse. In this respect, Gower is a writer who strives to make sense of history and tradition and formulate poignant political statements in the face of contemporary struggles, whereas Chaucer does not offer unambiguous statements, but rather creates a multi-facetted poetic voice that highlights the reasons why such statements are impossible to achieve in the face of discursive heterogeneity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .

The story of the United States is tied inexorably to the highs and lows of its economy. This single-volume encyclopedia brings together what the author feels are the one hundred most important financial crises that occurred from Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 to the Detroit bankruptcy in 2013. There is also an appendix which includes textual reproductions of some of the events covered in the book, along with a robust bibliography and index. Topics are 2-3 pages long. Individual entries consist of a condensed narrative of events, followed by a "see also" section pointing readers to other entries the author finds similar or connected and, finally, a list of two or three recommended readings. Some entries provide illustrations or photographs but no charts or graphs are used. The format remains consistent throughout.

In the wake of an intensifying hostile environment towards migrants and refugees in the U.S. and Europe, children’s picture books play an important role in shaping children’s understanding of migration and attitudes towards migrants. How do contemporary children’s books depict migration? This article discusses the findings of a thematic analysis of 40 picture books about migration, published between 2015 and 2019 in the U.K. and the U.S. We found that these books typically present successful migration stories where children move from unfortunate circumstances in their home countries to happier lives in the host countries. Host countries are mostly located in the global North and migrants are generally welcomed with generosity and hospitality. We also found that the books give important attention to historical contexts. However, while children’s picture books concerning migration contribute to enhancing children’s understanding of migration in some ways, they concurrently erase diffe...

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Quando è nato l'alpinismo? È stato veramente inventato alla fine del Settecento? Possibile che la gente di montagna avesse bisogno dei cittadini per esplorare un territorio che conosceva così bene? In questa recensione uscita su ARO nel 2025 discuto la narrazione riparativa di Zannini e, pur apprezzandone lo sforzo e il valore scientifico, spiego perché c'è un senso in cui l'alpinismo può essere ragionevolmente considerato un'invenzione moderna.

At a time when Enlightenment ideology, European travel narratives and memoirs influenced racial discourses about African women and their daughters in the Americas, Mederic Elié Moreau de Saint-Méry, writing in 1796, composed the essay "Danse". This paper translates and explores the prominent writer's voyeuristic observations of the detailed preparations, festive gatherings and stylized body movements of free(d) and enslaved women on the island of Saint Domingue. Deconstructing Saint-Méry's biased gaze, I argue that intimacy needs to be redefined considering the everyday lives of women of colour, especially in the port cities of Cap Français and Port-au-Prince, before the stirrings of revolution. From his bookstore located at the intersection of Front and Walnut streets in Philadelphia, Mederic Louis Elié Moreau de Saint-Méry gathered his papers and wrote the essay, "Danse", in 1796. The article, based on his observations of social customs and fashionable dances on the North American mainland and in the Caribbean, was, as far as can be determined, never fully translated into English. 1 However, like most accounts detailing interactions with Africans and their descendants in the Americas, the article was popular and widely circulated in the young American republic and abroad, thus feeding the wild and biased imaginings of white colonists. 2 Central to Saint-Méry's musings were the dances performed by women of colour in the Caribbean. Like European writers before him, Saint-Méry impresses the image of beauty, savagery and lasciviousness upon the black female body. 3 Travellers to the African continent and

This project explores the histories of the Dutch Republic and the United States during the Age of Revolutions, using as a lens the life of Francis Adrian van der Kemp. Connections between the Netherlands and the United States have been understudied in histories of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Yet the nations' political and religious histories are entwined both thematically and practically. Van der Kemp's life makes it possible to examine republicanism and liberal religion anew, as they developed and changed during the era of Atlantic revolutions. The project draws on numerous archival collections that house van der Kemp's voluminous correspondence, political and religious writings, his autobiography, and the unpublished records of the Reformed Christian Church, now the Unitarian Church of Barneveld. With his activity in both countries, van der Kemp offers a unique perspective into the continued role of the Dutch in the development of the United States. The dissertation argues that the political divisions and incomplete religious freedom that frustrated van der Kemp in the Dutch Republic similarly manifested in America. Politically, the partisanship that became the hallmark of the early American republic echoed the experiences van der Kemp had during the Patriot Revolt. While parties would eventually stabilize radical politics, the collapse of the Dutch Republic in the Atlantic world and the divisiveness of American politics in those early decades, led van der Kemp to blunt his once radically democratic opinions. Heavily influenced by John Adams, he adopted a more conservative politics of balance that guaranteed religious and civil liberty regardless of governmental structure. This project would not have been possible without the tireless efforts of my advisor, Catherine O'Donnell. Though she probably does not remember, she supported my studies when I was contemplating a dissertation on the literature and the history of the American Southwest. Always possessing a deep interest in early American history and the Atlantic world, I decided it would be better for both of us if I moved away from Western history and have been infinitely better for it. Dr. O'Donnell's kindness and generous support are notorious qualities in the department as testified by the constant visitors, both faculty and students, to her office. I am grateful for her guidance and judicious editing. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Kent Wright and Calvin Schermerhorn. Both Dr. Wright and Dr. Schermerhorn have constantly been supportive of the project, often envisioning consequences of van der Kemp's life that had not occurred to me. I thank them not only for their comments of my project, but also for being exemplary historians and providing examples of the historian I wish to be. The dissertation benefitted from several grants and fellowships. The Wallace Adams Travel Award allowed an initial trip to the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society and helped convince me that van der Kemp was indeed a subject worthy of study.

The symposium explored the breadth and depth of sermon literature and preaching activity relating to monks, nuns, and monastic life, demonstrating how monastic preaching served as a microcosm of the religious and cultural landscape of the long Middle Ages (i.e. the fourth-sixteenth centuries CE). This theme was particularly suited to 2018 having been the European Union's first-ever Year of Cultural Heritage. The geographical and linguistic range covered by these papers was widely comprehensive, with scholars discussing Coptic, Greek and Latin source materials as well as many sermons in vernaculars such as Catalan, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Italian and Spanish. The conference opened with two keynote lectures. Brian McGuire, Emeritus Professor at Roskilde University, examined the Latin sermons of the 12th-century Cistercian monk, Bernard of Clairvaux, and how these texts described thought and feeling (affectus) in the search for self-knowledge. Claudia Rapp, Professor of Byzantine Studies at the University of Vienna, in her keynote entitled 'Words for Life, Spoken and Written: Monasticism and Homiletics in Byzantium', presented an analysis of the typology of monastic preaching in the Greek tradition. She established key ground rules in relation to the who, when, where and how of Byzantine monastic preaching. Thirty-three other speakers addressed a diversity of topics, including: early Benedictine and Carolingian monastic preaching; late medieval nuns as preachers and copyists of sermons; expressions of gender identity in monastic preaching; and the didactic use of animal imagery in homilies. In the space given here, only a sampling of the full range of papers can be highlighted. Dirk Krausmüller (University of Vienna), in his presentation 'Theodore of Stoudios' Engagement in Contemporary Debates about Foreknowledge and Predestination', discussed how this early-9th-century abbot challenged the idea that God could be known in 883515T DR0010.1177/0012580619883515The Downside ReviewFerzoco and Muessig editorial2019

In 1881-1882, Marx undertook extensive historical studies, covering a large part of what was then known as "world history". The four large notebooks with excerpts from the works of (mainly) two leading historian of his time, Schlosser and Botta, have remained largely unpublished. In this article, Marx's last studies of the course of world history are contextualized: Marx's previous historical studies and his ongoing, but unfinished work on the critique of political economy. The range and scope of his notes is astoundingly broad, going far beyond European history and actually covering many other parts of the world. Marx's focus in these studies supports the interpretation offered in the article: that the author of "Capital" was fascinated by the long process of the making of the modern states and the European states system, one of the crucial prerequisites of the rise of modern capitalism in Europe. "The whole of history must be studied anew!" Friedrich Engels (1890) 1 1. See footnote 85 below.

In this experiment, we investigated whether book covers can signal sub-genre information to knowledgeable readers. Self-identified science-fiction fans and mystery fans sorted 80 randomly selected book covers from each of those genres into groups of their own devising. The sorts were used to identify similarity among books, and that similarity structure was used to measure similarity among subjects. Cluster analysis was then used to find groups of subjects who sorted similarly. Linear models were demonstrated that group membership was related to the knowledge subjects reported about the genres. This pattern of results supports the view that book covers constitute an implicit signaling system between publishers and experienced readers of a fictional genre.

This study explores public childcare policies in socialist Yugoslavia and their postsocialist transformation in Serbia. Focusing on gender regimes of the state provided childcare, we examine how they reflect ideology of availability of public childcare facilities—crèches and kindergartens. Basing our work on archival sources, interviews, and ethnographic material, we show that despite the socialist state’s ideology of gender equality, women continued to be primary caregivers, while the female kinship networks acted as an additional safety net due to unavailability of childcare facilities. This article reveals long-term patterns of childcare practices, only slightly altered with the fall of socialism.