Modern History

Quando è nato l'alpinismo? È stato veramente inventato alla fine del Settecento? Possibile che la gente di montagna avesse bisogno dei cittadini per esplorare un territorio che conosceva così bene? In questa recensione uscita su ARO nel 2025 discuto la narrazione riparativa di Zannini e, pur apprezzandone lo sforzo e il valore scientifico, spiego perché c'è un senso in cui l'alpinismo può essere ragionevolmente considerato un'invenzione moderna.

In this essay, I point out four European engravings that could have served as models for the Brazilian sculptor Aleijadinho (the Little Cripple) in conceiving the two frontal bas-reliefs of the pulpits in the Church of São Francisco de Assis in Ouro Preto.

After World War I, there were smaller textile companies operating in the territory of the Zemun municipality, which barely exceeded the framework of craft production. Various privileges that the municipality granted to industrialists, along with the introduction of protective tariff s in 1925, signifi cantly contributed to the development of the textile industry, which would become the most important industrial branch in the interwar period. The Devald family was one of the more well-known families in Zemun and had a tradition of textile production. Brothers Anton and Nikola Devald founded the company "Brać a Devald" in 1918, later continuing with independent operations. The work presents data related to the establishment of the "Drina" knitting factory, owned by Anton Devald, and the "Dunav" knitting factory, owned by Nikola Devald, and their operations during the interwar period.

Las comunidades que se rigen por el sistema de usos y costumbres en el estado de Oaxaca, se caracterizan por tener diversas prácticas rituales relacionadas con los ritos nupciales, una de ellas es el Baile de la Dote como forma de expresar y corporizar la estructura social del matrimonio. A través del baile y la música se evidencian relaciones complejas entre comunidades para conformar procesos colectivos materiales y simbólicos que dan sustento al consenso popular (se despliegan elementos de representación y de afectividad).
El presente artículo explica el Baile de Dote. Se expone la importancia de los ritos nupciales y relaciones de padrinazgo, posteriormente se hace una breve revisión sobre el tema y se culmina con un estudio etnográfico de los Valles Centrales y la Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca.

Celem publikacji jest opracowanie form upamiętnienia postaci Sługi Bożego, ks. Franciszka Strugały, którego życie i działalność stanowią istotny element dziedzictwa duchowego oraz kulturowego. Osoba ta, poprzez swoje czyny, nauczanie i świadectwo wiary, odegrała znaczącą rolę w historii wspólnoty, do której należała, a jej przesłanie pozostaje aktualne i inspirujące również dzisiaj. W artykule podjęta została próba przedstawienia różnych możliwości upamiętnienia tej wyjątkowej postaci, zarówno w przestrzeni materialnej – poprzez pomniki, tablice pamiątkowe czy nazwy ulic – jak i w wymiarze niematerialnym, obejmującym inicjatywy edukacyjne, wydarzenia rocznicowe czy działania popularyzatorskie. Analiza uwzględni przykłady upamiętnień w regionie oraz ich wpływ na społeczność lokalną i szerszą opinię publiczną.

El interés prestado por los historiadores modernistas a la Compañía familiar gallega, también denominada Sociedad gallega, además de convocar a una corta nómina 2 , es bastante reciente y, en buena medida, subsidiario de los trabajos de los juristas, los primeros de los cuales se remontan, coincidiendo con el proceso de redacción del Código Civil, a los años finales del siglo XIX e iniciales del XX 3 . En todo caso, el 1

The images of Széchenyi versus Kossuth by Henrik Marczali. Széchenyi–Kossuth debate not only attracted the attention of contemporaries but also the continuous interest of historical literature. Only a small part of Henrik Marczali’s enormous work affected 19th-century Hungarian history. In his Hungarian historical summaries, based on his university lectures, he dealt with the reform era and its protagonists, Széchenyi and Kossuth. In his interpretation of the debate between the two, he went beyond the constructions of the former actors to define their political positions. It was also novel that he compared the arguments of the debate mainly to their image of society, and their program about society. The paper not only reconstructs Marczali’s historiographical position but also places it in the context of contemporary historical interpretations.

The essay analyses the statistical data on cholera mortality in the the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, received in Naples when the epidemic wave of 1836-37 was drawing to a close. On the basis of these figures, the government certainly had a clear perception of the incidence of the disease in the various districts, and could use them for appropriate health policy assessments. A choice that was made at the time, and which remained unchanged, was to secrete the statistical data collected. The reasons behind this decision probably lay in the desire to conceal the very heavy death toll from public opinion at home and abroad, in an attempt to accredit the image of a wise, dynamic and effective government in containing the effects of the disease. There was perhaps also the fear that the internal disclosure of the real massacres that cholera had wrought, especially in certain provinces, could revive the never-quenched rumours of poisoning, with the related problems of public order, and the insidious political implications that cholera had provoked. For these reasons, the statistics collected remained buried in administrative offices and were never made public. Re-examined now, almost two centuries later, and interpreted also in the light of the distorting mechanisms that invalidated their compilation, the figures make it possible to ascertain the overall mortality in the Kingdom, the relationship between the mortality rates of the two epidemic waves and the mortality rates of the various provinces. Among other things, they allow us to state that, although it was, chronologically, the last of the Italian states to experience the aggression of cholera, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was also the one that reported, at the end of the epidemic, the heaviest death toll, both in absolute values and in relation to the population.

The University of St. Thomas, Houston, annual Smith Lecture in History will be given by Dr. Carolina Armenteros on April 3, 2025, at 7:30 PM in Jones Hall Auditorium. Free and open to the public. RSVP for it using the QR code on the poster. Dr. Armenteros is Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra in Santo Domingo. Her most recent book is A Companion to Italian Constitutional History, 1804-1938: The House of Savoy and the Making of the Nation-State, published by Brill in 2023.

The paper reviews security concepts regarding strategies for Georgian national defense. During the past years, several documents were issued about Georgian national security. These documents are drivers for strengthening institutions and the national security of the country. The author describes co-relations beet documents on national and agency levels in the first section of the text. While analyzing the documents, the author identified some shortfalls that require further development. In addition, he recognized the importance of developing a military strategy document on an interagency level (General Staff Level) that defines an operational and tactical way of war which shapes force requirements and capability development to achieve the objectives of Georgian national defense.
The given research effort critiques conventional (regular/linear) thinking as a challenge to Georgian military planners. The author identified regular/linear thinking as a challenge in developing a military strategy. It offers recommendations for developing an appropriate military strategy based on an indirect approach. Within the strategy framework, GDF should adopt an “indirect/irregular” way of thinking to counter Russian tactics and create effects that deny Russia from achieving its military objects. Such a frame involves adapting a strategy relevant to a weaker country like Georgia when fighting a stronger enemy. In this regard, “Exhaustion Warfare” is the most suitable form of strategy, as it focuses on exhausting the enemy by destroying its resources and the will to fight while making war too costly to achieve.1 This strategy supports the Georgian National Defense objectives by linking the means to ends while producing the desired outcome.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Matemáticas y otras disciplinas como astronomía, cosmografía y medicina, todas estas disciplinas en la Universidad de Valencia. También recibirá órdenes menores y una prebenda en la catedral de Valencia, lugar donde tendría más de una disputa con los canónicos y teólogos sobre contenidos de predicaciones, ya que estos soportaban mejor las fabulas milagreras que el verdadero Evangelio. De espíritu liberal, ataca el estilo retórico de las predicaciones y la superficialidad de la práctica religiosa acusando de sátrapas a los inquisidores. Amigo del evangélico Pedro Juan Ninyes y del reformador Gaspar de Centelles mantiene con ellos correspondencia entre los años 1554 y 1562, tanto en castellano, como catalán y latín. Conqués les informa de las novedades editoriales de París y Basilea y de las incidencias de la piedad valenciana. Pero además les proporciona libros, especialmente de exégesis bíblica, que traía de Lyon, entre cuyos autores estaban Erasmo, el elegante tipógrafo francés de muchas ediciones de Biblias, Robert Estienne, el humanista y teólogo, Isidoro Clario, y el que sería cardenal Johannes Gropper, buen biblista y humanista. En 1559 aparece en el Índex de libros prohibidos, la obra, ya publicada desde 1557 (según otros entre 1520-25), en versión catalana del libro de Job de Jerónimo Conqués. Esta versión será la única al catalán en todo el siglo XVI y fue encontrada y reeditada por Jaume Riera i Sans en 1976. Bataillon cree que haya todavía bastantes manuscritos perdidos por archivos y bibliotecas de este siglo XVI. También Fray Luis de León publicaría la traducción castellana de este libro de Job y también sería arrestado por la Inquisición. La traducción parece que tiene las mismas dificultades en todos los idiomas, pues por ejemplo en Job 40:15 la palabra "behemot" que coincide en algo con el hipopótamo, la mayoría traducen por "cocodrilo" y Conqués lo traducirá por "ballena". Yo sigo manteniendo que ninguna de las dos Manuel de León de la Vega 21 traducciones de "behemot describe a un animal con un rabo como un cedro del Líbano. ¿Encajaría mejor con un dinosaurio? Pero estas dificultades no desmerecen su traducción. Cuando es detenido Gaspar de Centelles en 1563 por la Inquisición, entre su correspondencia se encuentra el nombre de Conqués que también fue llamado a declarar. Aunque testificaron a su favor catedráticos como Jaime Ferrus o Llorenç Palmireno, el arzobispo Joan Segrià y el gobernador de Valencia Lluis Ferrer, la sentencia se redujo, pero implicaba la abjuración y la reclusión en un convento durante dos años. Sería liberado por su buena conducta en 1566, pero tenía que leer todos los días el breviario y la Biblia, rezar el rosario y quince padrenuestros y ciento cincuenta avemarías. Con Conqués también serían encarcelados y procesados entre 1560-62 el abad de Valladolid, Alonso Enríquez y Juan Mal de Lara, verdaderos evangélicos. Dicen los especialistas que la lengua valenciana a partir de Conqués fue decayendo, siendo la Contrarreforma y la Inquisición los causantes de la castellanización. Pero también sufrió el humanismo renacentista valenciano que tenía en la Sorbona "la colonia del reino de Valencia" y en Erasmo al maestro de traductores, lectores y humanistas en suma como Pere

Resumen: Las ciudades medievales han suscitado el interés de los historiadores desde hace muchas décadas. Sin embargo, la aplicación de otras metodologías está permitiendo abrir nuevas vías de interpretación de un fenómeno de un interés capital para el ser humano actual. En este artículo nos centraremos en los paradigmas de redes para analizar las relaciones entre Burgos y Salinas de Añana, realizando una pequeña aproximación a este tipo de investigaciones tan desarrolladas por la Economía y la Geografía.

Conference programme:
Pavia 1525 Una battaglia epocale in un mondo che cambia

https://www.unipv.news/eventi/pavia-1525-una-battaglia-epocale-un-mondo-che-cambia?fbclid=IwY2xjawJY66RleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHcZrlVihEoPH-x8D5_DJDElaO44VPO-vMV8jl5DatQA1Uu7exuSdwReeDw_aem_EdYgS8pHdfe8eiLTV05Jfg

In this paper, we present an unedited Neo-Latin poem on the Battle of Pavia. The work consists of four books, totaling more than 3000 hexameters, the canonical verse of epic poetry. It is transmitted by a manuscript held in Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek (Guelf. 22.2 Aug. 4o). Penned by Arnoldus Goerinus Flutterius, monk and librarian of the Lüchtenhof Monastery in Hildesheim, the poem was written between 1525 and early 1542, at the latest. Goerinus dedicated his work to Ferdinandus I (1503–1564), Archduke of Austria

Although there are different theories of human rights, it is possible to point out a series of features present in each and every one of them and that serve to speak of a standard theory of rights. In this paper I describe two different types of challenges that arise to this standard theory of rights. One of them moves into the interior of the theory and questions some of its features. At this point I will refer to the issues of the guarantor, of the freedom-security tension and of universality. The other great challenge questions the validity of human rights as a guide for the treatment of certain problems. At this point I will refer to the movements of people and new technologies. Both challenges, which are a sign of the historical character of human rights, force the discourse of rights to react and try to resolve them, even modifying some of the references that have characterized it.Aunque existen diferentes teorías de los derechos humanos, es posible señalar una serie de rasgos...

The Diggers had a handful of songs, although the most famous remained unprinted during their day. Only one version of this well-known song is extant, however, and it is anonymous, untitled and undated. It is preserved in the papers of the military administrator Sir William Clarke (1623/24–1666), who had served as an assistant secretary and then secretary to the Council of officers of the New Model Army. When the song was written down — most likely in March, April, or May 1650 — Clarke was living in London and acting as a senior secretary to Sir Thomas Fairfax (1612–1671), commander-in-chief of Parliament’s forces in England and Ireland. The version that we have is in Clarke's handwriting.

Venerdì 4 aprile 2025, ore 16, Aula Ex Frugoni del Dipartimento di Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo, Sapienza Università di Roma, si terrà il seminario di Marcello Simonetta dal titolo: Gli amici geniali di Machiavelli. La scoperta dell’Archivio Vettori

LDünya Savaşı'ndan yenik çıkan Osmanlı Devleti'nin, savaş somasında İtilaf Devletleriyle imzaladı~ı Mondros Mütarekesi'yle, Elviye-i Seliise l adını verdi~miz bölgede ızdıraph günler başladı. Zira; Mütarekenin 7. Maddesine göre; İtilaf devletleri kendi emniyetlerini tehlikede gördükleri herhangi bir sevk-ili ceyş2 noktaslIU işgal etme hakkıru ellerinde bulundınacaklar, 11. Madde'ye göre; İran'ın kuzeybatı bölgesindeki Osmanlı Ordusu 3 harpten evvelki hudut gerisine çekilecek

El presente artículo analiza los aportes pioneros hechos por Gino Germani y Hugo Ratier al debate sobre el racismo en Argentina. Más específicamente, describe el rol diferenciado que otorga cada autor al racismo en la estructura de clases y examina los límites y las continuidades que tuvieron estas posturas en el debate sobre el racismo que surge a partir de la década de los años noventa. Los hallazgos sugieren que Ratier ubica el racismo principalmente en las relaciones de clase y Germani en una dimensión cultural, inaugurando dos tradiciones de estudio sobre racismo y una dicotomía problemática entre economía y cultura.

As part of an international and interdisciplinary project (ProSiMo), the Italian
group proposed a re-reading of the main historical sources related to the devastating
earthquakes that struck Calabria and Messina in 1783. It aims to answer fundamental
questions which remain unanswered, such as how many communities are affected. Or to pose new research questions around the documentary accounts of the damage and the specific outcomes and processes that resulted from the disaster in individual localities. The essay aims to highlight the fundamental role of geo-historical studies, which process qualitative and descriptive data in order to derive the information used by other disciplines for the realisation of systems that appear highly technological. The contribution of historical cartography was particularly promising and, together with the reinterpretation of descriptive sources, made it possible to identify a good percentage of the affected centres that had escaped the attention of, for example, the INGV’s major project on historical Italian earthquakes (ASMI). These results open up scenarios for comparison and exchange with “hard sciences”, which will be able to acquire the new information in order to proceed with the implementation of their own systems. The research has also led to the creation of two prototype products, a qualitative-quantitative database and a historical webGIS, tools that will allow further research to be carried out. These topics include, for example, the complex relationships between settled communities and their highly seismic territory, the use of resources, the economic, social and administrative dynamics triggered by natural disasters, historical
toponymy and its multiple valences, and the patrimonialisation of historical
landscapes.

This volume explores the forced migration of people, defined briefly as when individuals or groups are compelled to leave their home countries due to various (though predominantly political) factors, to the UK and the British Empire from 1815 to 1949. With a uniquely international and inclusive scope, this volume is a welcome contribution to our understanding of forced migrations over this 135-year period. It aims to kickstart future work on this subject and provide the basis for a more truly global understanding of refugees, forced migrations, and border controls in modern history.

Zusammenfassung: Der Artikel untersucht die dichotome Beziehung zwischen provisorischer Kriegsführung als Partikularismus und verallgemeinerbarem Frieden als Universalität durch die Perspektiven des islamischen Theologen Bediüzzaman Said Nursi. Nursi, der sowohl die beiden Weltkriege als auch interne Aufstände erlebte, entwickelte eine nuancierte Haltung, die sich von aktiver Teilnahme am Ersten Weltkrieg über reflexiven Pazifismus im Zweiten Weltkrieg bis hin zu einer Präferenz für zivilen Ungehorsam bei internen Konflikten wandelte. Nursis Konzept des verallgemeinerbaren Friedens, oder "sulh-u umumi", verankert in seinen späteren Werken, steht im Kontrast zur partikularistischen Natur der provisorischen Kriegsführung. Er postuliert, dass Frieden, als ein absoluter und dauerhafter Zustand, kontinuierlich erzeugt und aufrechterhalten werden muss, angesichts sich ständig ändernder sozialer Kontexte. Dieser Aufsatz kontextualisiert Nursis Ansichten innerhalb seiner Biografie und seines islamisch-theologischen epistemologischen Konzepte, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf seinem Verständnis von Gerechtigkeit, Dschihad und Theodizee liegt. Durch eine detaillierte Untersuchung von Nursis Schriften und Handlungen hebt diese Arbeit das Zusammenspiel von absoluter Gerechtigkeit und relativer Gerechtigkeit hervor und plädiert für ein friedliches Zusammenleben, das auf spirituellem Dschihad und den fünf Prinzipien der sozialen Ordnung beruht. Nursis Ansatz bietet eine reformierte Perspektive auf den Dschihad, der intellektuelle und spirituelle Bestrebungen über militärische Konflikte stellt. Die Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Nursis Vision von Frieden als Universalität, erreicht durch Bildung, Demokratisierung und Rechtsbefolgung, einen überzeugenden Rahmen für zeitgenössische Diskussionen über Konfliktlösung und internationale Beziehungen bietet.

Abstract: This paper explores the dichotomous relationship between provisional warfare as particularism and generalizable peace as universality through the lens of Islamic theologian Bediüzzaman Said Nursi’s perspectives. Nursi, who experienced both World Wars and internal uprisings, developed a nuanced stance that evolved from active participation in World War I to reflexive pacifism during World War II and a preference for civil disobedience in internal conflicts. Nursi’s concept of generalizable peace, or “sulh-u umumi,” rooted in his later works, contrasts with the particularistic nature of provisional warfare. He posits that peace, as an absolute and perpetual state, must be continually generated and sustained amidst changing social contexts. This study contextualizes Nursi’s views within his biography and Islamic theological-epistemological concepts, focusing on his understandings of justice, jihad, and theodicy. Through a detailed examination of Nursi’s writings and actions, the paper highlights the interplay between absolute justice and relative justice, advocating for a peaceful coexistence grounded in spiritual jihad and the five principles of social order. Nursi’s approach offers a reformed perspective on jihad, emphasizing intellectual and spiritual endeavors over military conflict. This article concludes by asserting that Nursi’s concept of peace as universality, achieved through education, democratization, and legal adherence, provides a compelling framework for contemporary discussions on conflict resolution and international relations.

Una speciale menzione al maestro d'arte Giovanni Buoso per la professionalità con la quale ha curato l'allestimento della mostra. Un pensiero riconoscente a Patrizia Gerbi Bordone per la vicinanza e la disponibilità costanti. Realizzazione grafica e stampa astigrafica s.n.c

Rezumat: În anul 2022, la Morunglav (judeţul Olt) a fost descoperit cu ajutorul unui detector de metale un inel de argint cu gemă din sticlă gravată cu reprezentarea bustului lui Apollo-Sol, care a ajuns în patrimoniul Muzeului Judeţean Olt. Piesa este una deosebită, inelul găsindu-şi analogii într-o piesă de argint descoperită în castrul Samum (Căşeiu), cât şi în piesele din tezaurul de la Nikolaievo. Gema are o gravare de bună calitate, cu analogii iconografice atât în Imperiul Roman cât şi în apropiere, la Romula. Până în anul 2022, zona de sud a pădurii de la Morunglav nu era cunoscută pentru descoperiri arheologice, însă în urma unor activităţi de detecţie, au fost descoperite obiecte datând din mai multe epoci, care au determinat realizarea unor diagnostice arheologice.

Nel 2024 è stato pubblicato per i tipi della Padova University Press un volume intitolato "Le fonti nella fonte. L'Italia fisica nella descrizione della Tabula Peutingeriana", che raccoglie alcuni contributi di Guido Rosada apparsi negli ultimi anni sulle caratteristiche della Tabula Peutingeriana dal punto di vista della geografia fisica...

Rezumat: Cu ocazia unei supravegheri arheologice realizată în zona de protecţie a sitului de la Cârcea -La Viaduct (pl. 1/1-2), au fost înregistrate câteva descoperiri de materiale pe care le considerăm interesante şi credem că merită incluse în circuitul ştiinţific. Majoritatea obiectelor descoperite sunt fragmente ceramice care se încadrează în fazele IIIB-IVA ale culturii Criş (pl. 2-13). Pe lângă acestea, au mai fost descoperite foarte puţine fragmente ceramice din alte epoci, respectiv cultura Verbicioara (epoca bronzului) (pl. 13/5), dacice (pl. 13/12-13) şi elenistice (pl. 13/21, 39). Tot din neolitic au fost descoperite un fragment de măsuţă de cult (pl. 3/7), o unealtă din os (pl. 3/8), o aşchie de silex (pl. 3/9) şi o râşniţă fragmentară împreună cu percutorul (pl. 4/10-11). O mică parte din ceramica descoperită şi fragmentul de măsuţă de cult sunt pictate (pl. 2/1-4, 6). O parte dintre fragmentele ceramice neolitice descoperite permit identificarea formelor vaselor: cupă cu picior, măsuţă de cult, vas bitronconic, vas borcan, vas globular, castron tronconic, castron bitronconic, capac, amforetă, amforă. Fragmentul ceramic aparţinând culturii Verbicioara provine dintr-un castron bitronconic, un fragment dacic provine dintr-un vas borcan, iar un fragment elenistic provine dintr-un castron tronconic. Stratigrafia suprafeţei cercetate este uniformă, fiind surprinse două niveluri de locuire din neolitic. Materialele care au fost încadrate în alte epoci au fost descoperite la suprafaţă, în stratul vegetal. Cuvinte-cheie: Cârcea, neolitic, cultura Criş, ceramică pictată, obiect din os, silex Mihaela Bleoancă, Florin Ciulavu Introducere Materialele pe care le prezentăm au fost descoperite în cadrul unei supravegheri arheologice realizată în anul 2023 la Cârcea 1 , în situl La Viaduct, pe proprietatea Lăţea Statie şi Lăţea Rodica, cu ocazia construirii unei anexe gospodăreşti. Supravegherea arheologică s-a realizat pe toată suprafaţa afectată de investiţie, fiind cercetaţi 32 mp. Decaparea s-a realizat mecanizat. Cercetarea s-a realizat atât manual cât şi mecanizat, în funcţie de situaţie. Săpătura s-a realizat până la o adâncime de aproximativ 2,20-2,32 m, în funcţie de situaţia din teren şi de prevederile din proiectul tehnic. Puţinele materiale arheologice descoperite vin să completeze informaţiile cunoscute până în prezent, având în vedere faptul că, oficial, zona respectivă nu se află în sit, nefiind prinsă în Repertoriul Arheologic Naţional.

Con questo ultimo saggio concludo la mia discussione sulle religioni, secondo il Manualetto di Storia Religiosa di Giancarlo Bascone.
Analizzando il problema della Trinità, sono giunto alla conclusione che la somma di tre infinite sostanze: Dio, Cristo e Spirito Santo sia necessariamente l'Unità della Sostanza predicata da Spinoza

The chapter deals with the Nazi People's Court (Volksgerichtshof – VGH) and the trials of Czechoslovak army generals involved in resistance activities during the Second World War. The People's Court was a political tribunal hearing crimes against the Nazi regime. It was one of the crucial instruments used to suppress the activities of the domestic resistance during the Nazi occupation of the Czech lands. Out of 15 Czechoslovak army generals sentenced to death by the Nazi tribunals and subsequently executed, eight were convicted by the VGH and the remaining seven by the martial courts operating in the Protectorate between 1941 and 1942. The analysis of the eight trials of Czechoslovak army generals conducted by the VGH forms the central part of the study. The first was the trial of the Protectorate Prime Minister, Division General Alois Eliáš, in September 1941, who became the only prime minister of one of the dependent territories or satellites of Nazi Germany to be sentenced to death. The uniqueness of this trial was underlined by a considerable media campaign with the explicit aim of intimidating the Czech population of the Protectorate and discouraging them from supporting resistance organisations. Further trials followed between 1941 and 1944, during which six brigadier generals and the divisional general Bedřich Homola were sentenced to death. The Nazi judicial apparatus attached considerable importance to the trials and tried to use them for propaganda purposes. The author also notes the fact that after the establishment of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1948, these resistance leaders were no longer officially mentioned, and only after 1989 was it possible to freely commemorate the brave actions of men who were among the first to stand up to the Nazi occupying power.

war theory, issues that deserve more attention and more engagement with secondary literature than Piehler's study has room for. It seemed odd to use a large section of the chapter on the ethics of war to discuss the popular song "Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition," or to attempt to separate out magic and related practices from the category that is "religion," especially in the world of the American soldier where that separation often meant little. Piehler has, however, done his readers and the field a great service. His book maps the religious lives of American soldiers, sailors, and marines in World War II, and will certainly help generations of scholars to come both to identify areas for further research and to locate at least some of the source material that will be useful to them.

Contribución al catálogo de la exposición "Toma tu cruz y sígueme. La Hermandad de la Vera Cruz a través de su cortejo procesional". Organizada por la Hermandad de la Vera Cruz de Sevilla en el Círculo Mercantil e Industrial de Sevilla, enero-febrero de 2025.

Focusing on the social effects of modernisation, this paper examines the emergence and development of the criminal ‘underworld’ of Budapest as it grew into a metropolis during the first decades of the 20th century. The brief analysis examines how the press and police raids contributed to stigmatising certain urban areas and social groups as criminals, thus helping to map the supposed ‘imagined’ crime geography of the Hungarian capital. By analysing detailed case studies, the research highlights the role of police raids in maintaining public order and enforcing social control, while also revealing the symbolic power of these actions to influence public perceptions of danger and morality in metropolitan settings.

Finito di stampare nel mese di dicembre 2018 presso le officine Grafiche Francesco Giannini e Figli S.p.a. il convegno Gioacchino Murat, un sovrano napoleonico alla periferia dell'Impero (Pizzo, 12-13 ottobre 2015), organizzato per iniziativa dell'assessorato alla cultura del comune di pizzo e dell'associazione culturale Gioacchino Murat onlus, ha goduto del patrocinio di comitato nazionale per le celebrazioni del bicentenario decennio francese consolato di Francia regione calabria comune di napoli -assessorato alla cultura e al turismo istituto italiano di Studi Filosofici -napoli Società napoletana di Storia patria

En la historia de la humanidad, y en su particular relación con los océanos, han sido muchas las aguas que se han navegado y las embarcaciones que se han usado para tal fin. Naturalmente, muchas naves han perecido en el fondo del mar. Diversas son sus causas y variados son los resultados. Es el caso del famoso naufragio del galeón San José, que, en su arribo a Cartagena de Indias –actual Colombia– aquella noche del 8 de junio de 1708, vio cómo su corta vida de apenas diez años llegaba a su fin. Mucho se ha escrito sobre la Guerra de Sucesión Española (1701-1714), la batalla de Barú, acontecida en esa fatídica noche, los protagonistas ingleses y españoles de la contienda, los resultados del combate, el galeón mismo y las causas del hundimiento de la nave.

The first page of Sandra Birdsell's The RZISSI~I~CIEI* is written as all article from a 191 7 Russian newspaper, with the headline "Massacre at Privol'noye." Althougl~ this account is fictional, it accurately reflects the violent chaos that accompanied the revolution. The article contains a list of the names and ages of eleven victims, many of them children. Then the reader turns the page and is cluicl;ly swept into a story that takes place seven years earlier, a beautifully rendered stoly of evelyday life, in which many of the persons on that grim list play vital, compelling roles. Thus, from the vely beginning, the reading experience is suffused with a keen and constant reminder of impermanence. Like any coming-of-age novel, the arc of this story moves us from private to public concerns. But in this particular historical setting, the consequences are devastating. Tile main character, Katya Vogt, is eight years old in the opening scenes. Her father is the overseer for a wealthy Mennonite landownel; and class distinctions are clearly the source of much tension. But in the near-sighted eyes of young Icatya, Privol'noye is a kind of paradise: "What went on beyond the borders of her Russian Mennonite oasis was not worth noticing" (5). Often, Katya's myopic viewpoint limits the narrative scope to a tiny arena: "The cold air was a hand pushing against her breastbone, her breath a white cloud in front of her face, her scarf matted with crystals and rough against her chin" (1 5). Yet this slnali space is rich with details that not only reveal much about the domestic life of the times, but also speak of the intimate connections that tie the child's world together: Icatya knew there was a mouse hole in the pantry behind a bottom drawer,

Nell’Archivio Generale dell’Ordine degli Agostiniani e presso la Biblioteca Angelica, in Roma, si conserva un importante patrimonio formato da disegni e descrizioni storiche di città centro-meridionali, una raccolta costituita alla fine del ’500 dal frate agostiniano Angelo Rocca, con lo scopo di comporre un Atlante. Una parte cospicua del materiale cartografico è stato già pubblicato. Tra le descrizioni storiche, tuttora inedite, sono presenti due testi che riguardano Altamura, che si pubblicano qui per la prima volta, determinandone autore e cronologia, con osservazioni e annotazioni storiche riguardanti in particolare alcuni aspetti dell’evoluzione del paesaggio urbano.