Economic Development

The article takes an important issue for any type of business activity that is space. It is considered from the perspective of the emerging discipline that is still a spatial economy. Investigations carried out in this article are focused on the problems noted in practice are essential for constant and sustained business development of economic entities that respects the natural environment and the consequences for the social life of people in a particular area

Streszczenie: W artykule podejmuję istotną kwestię dla każdego typu działalności gospodarczej jaką jest przestrzeń. Rozpatrywana jest ona przez pryzmat kształtującej się ciągle dyscypliny wiedzy jaką jest ekonomia przestrzenna. Dociekania w nim podjęte zostały skoncentrowane na: przesłankach wykorzystania ekonomii przestrzennej dla kreacji procesów rozwojowych, rozpoznaniu obszarów i determinant możliwości wykorzystania dorobku ekonomii przestrzennej oraz na koncepcjach zastosowania ekonomii przestrzennej.

This article explores an experimental approach to mine closure planning and community participation that foregrounds the dialogue between technical and legal approaches to the mine and the knowledge and values of affected Indigenous communities. Located in the Inuit territory of Nunavik in the Canadian province of Québec, the Raglan Mine is the site of a unique collaborative approach to mine closure planning. Although the Raglan Mine is expected to remain operational for at least another 20 years, the Closure Plan Subcommittee was launched in March 2018 to establish and maintain a dialogue with the mine's Inuit partners about mine closure. The objective is "to integrate the traditional knowledge of the communities, but also to exchange the scientific knowledge of the technical experts and the mine." Drafted in collaboration with members of the Subcommittee, this article reviews the regulatory context for mine closure planning in Nunavik, including the lack of requirements for community-engaged planning or integration of socioeconomic objectives. It also reviews the key milestones of the Subcommittee's work to date and assesses progress towards its objective of establishing culturally relevant closure goals and criteria, and the integration of Inuit knowledge, enterprise, and industry know-how in the closure planning process.

Les personnes migrantes sont souvent exclues du marché du travail. Cette exclusion est ancrée dans les discriminations systémiques et se traduit par une non-reconnaissance des diplômes, une dévalorisation des acquis de l'expérience et des discriminations à l'embauche. Les conséquences de cette exclusion sont économiques, mais pas uniquement. Une bonne rémunération et une stabilité d'emplois sont dans les faits indispensables pour faire valoir des droits fondamentaux comme l'accès à un logement décent, par exemple. Dans le cas des personnes migrantes, les situations d'emploi peuvent aussi conditionner la possibilité de vivre en famille. Face à la violence de l'exclusion du marché du travail, il existe cependant des stratégies. L'une d'entre elles s'observe dans un mouvement vers l'auto-emploi. Les personnes originaires de pays extra-européens présentent, en effet, un fort potentiel entrepreneurial. Pour autant, ces initiatives se révèlent proportionnellement moins stables, moins durables et davantage vouées à l'échec que celles de la population native. Toute démarche entrepreneuriale comporte un ensemble de difficultés, pour lesquelles diverses structures d'accompagnement existent en Wallonie. Cependant, celles-ci peinent à considérer les problématiques spécifiques des entrepreneurs originaires de pays extraeuropéens. Notre étude vise à identifier les ressources et les difficultés des créateurs d'entreprise issus de l'immigration hors UE. Issue de deux groupes associatifs (à Liège et Namur), l'étude ambitionne de mieux connaître les préoccupations et ressources des entrepreneurs migrants sur base de leurs vécus. Elle a également pour objet de définir les obstacles spécifiques que rencontrent ces entrepreneurs et travailleurs indépendants en Wallonie, dans le cadre d'un dialogue structuré avec des responsables politiques et administratifs, ainsi que des intervenants chargés d'initiatives de soutien à la création d'activités économiques. La finalité pratique est d'encourager l'entrepreneuriat et faciliter son accès, une façon de contribuer à la dynamique économique régionale et de favoriser un marché de l'emploi plus inclusif et résilient. Honorine Kuete est maître en économie internationale et du développement, spécialisée dans l'entrepreneuriat des personnes migrantes. Altay Manço est docteur en psychologie, directeur scientifique de l'IRFAM, spécialiste de la psychosociologie de l'immigration et de la psychopédagogie de l'intégration. Joachim Debelder est chargé de projet à l'IRFAM. Ses intérêts portent principalement sur les politiques migratoires, le postcolonialisme et le droit des personnes sans-papiers. Un échantillon empirique Une analyse qualitative 5. « Devenir son propre patron : constats principaux » La personnalité juridique Les réseaux professionnels Les difficultés des entrepreneurs La résilience des entrepreneurs migrants Les leçons tirées par les entrepreneurs 6. Vers une typologie des entrepreneurs et indépendants migrants 7. Difficultés et ressources Des difficultés Des ressources Conclusion Bibliographie

Abstract: Export led growth is the model of economic development that Vietnam has been following. While there are a great number of studies on the determinants of aggregate export of Vietnam, there are few that analyze the impacts of different factors on the export of ...

This is a work in progress research paper which proposes to investigate and exploit the possibilities and features of partnership efforts to promote the potential of creating a partnership between the public and private sectors of developing economies. Private firms in particular are now becoming more flexible organizations compared to that of public ones. It has now become a challenge for the public sector to achieve its public servicing goals without harnessing the possibilities of partnerships with the private firms. Creating such Public–Private Partnership (PPP) is also a complex phenomenon with many dimensions. Conceptually, PPP is a mode of implementing citizen services, based on the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs). Recognizing this fact, governments in developing economies are also investing a lot to achieve the delivery of public information services. Studies, however, indicate that most of these implemented initiatives have failed and there is a gap in ...

Based on evidence of a secular decline in urban development assistance on the part of many overseas agencies such as the World Bank and USAID, this article suggests reasons for the decline and considers what can be done to reverse it. Urban assistance (from North to South) is still needed in many countries because it strengthens economic development at all levels of recipient nations and because it engenders networks of decentralized cooperation that promote local development. To be more effective, urban assistance programmes must support local research; they must support South-South networks; they must continue to focus on propoor policies; and the agencies that undertake these must act responsibly as the local stakeholders they have in fact become.

East Java has a large amount of arid terrain with a dry environment that could potentially be used for maize cultivation. It hasn't been managed well, with little irrigation that only depends on rainfall and poor soil fertility. It is possible to grow maize on dry terrain, but first it is important to consider whether socioeconomic strategies are effective, affordable, and simple to use. Five land management approaches, including (a) water management, (b) nutrient management, (c) organic matter management, (d) soil amelioration and conservation, and (e) crop integration livestock or institutions, are required to address the major issues of restricted water and low soil fertility. Activities to develop dry climate dry land agriculture are carried out during the dry season (MK 1) 2019 in Kandang Village, Kapongan District, Regency Situbondo in an area of 20 hectares. These activities include research on superimposed planting systems, irrigation, and biocahar as well as display of maize varieties and fertilisation.

This study examined interest rate variations among banks in Ghana. The objective of the study was to estimate the key driving factor(s) that influences interest rate spreads in Ghana. It was also the aim of this study to examine the impact of the 2008/2009 financial crises on this relationship, to know whether ownership (foreign and local banks) differences in this relationship is significant and to know whether age of the bank determines their interest rate spread. The study used an unbalanced panel of all 28 banks from 2000 to 2011. The fixed effect estimation technique was employed throughout the analysis of data. The study found that, for bank specific variables, age of a bank was significant and a positive determinant of net interest margin while ownership structure had a significant negative impact on net interest margin. This suggests that banks that have been in operations in the country for a long time seem to enjoy higher interest margins while generally most of the foreig...

The paper traces the several events that happened during the early seventies which contributed to the development of the energy crisis, even though most of them have taken years, or even decades, in the making. The energy crisis dramatized the fragility of the world economy and the lack of world order. The paper also discusses the alternatives for energy development, the role of technological developments to alleviate energy shortages and conservation by more efficient use of energy. The authors conclude that effective policies in the area of energy and the environment can only be developed within a multidisciplinary context.

The increasing realisation that governance quality is a fundamental element of long-run development has led to its consideration as a desirable development goal in its own right. To contribute to such a process, this paper provides a framework to set, measure and monitor governance goals in the Post 2015 Development Agenda. First, we assess whether existing cross-national measures on governance quality can be exploited to measure and monitor aspects of legal, bureaucratic and administrative quality. Such a "quick fix" approach to measuring governance quality is fraught with challenges. The current practice of measurement is still subject to the short country coverage of most available measures, issues of comparability and legitimacy, as well as methodological shortcomings. Second, we argue that, in the long run, measuring and monitoring governance quality may require reconceptualising "good governance" and designing internationally shared measures that are routinely provided by national statistical offices, (but, international groups should also continue to make their independent measures). Finally, we consider the different approaches to setting governance goals, arguing in favour of a combination of national target setting and minimum standard with continuous improvement.

Fırat Demir Department of Economics University of Oklahoma Hester Hall, 729 Elm Avenue Norman, OK USA 73019 E-mail: fdemir@ou.edu Tel: 1-405-325-5844 ... Nilgun Erdem Department of Public Finance Faculty of Political Sciences Ankara University 06590 Cebeci-Ankara, ...

We examine the nexus between land transfers and human capital formation. A sequence of land redistributions enables the beneficiaries to educate their children and thus to escape from poverty. A successful land reform allows the transition of a society from an agriculture-based state of poverty to a human capital–based developed economy. We find that a temporary state of inequality among the poor is unavoidable. Finally, we discuss the political economy of land reform, whether access to land markets should be allowed for beneficiaries of land reforms, and property rights issues.

We examine whether democratic societies can escape poverty traps. Unrestricted agenda setting with simple majority rules fail to educate a society, because education-enhancing redistribution will not occur. We show that a combination of suitable constitutional rules overcomes this impossibility result: rotating agenda setting and agenda repetition in combination with flexible majority rules or with a tax protection rule.

Studies of IT for development have often identiªed the importance of the usability of IT systems and the need for IT systems to be matched to the needs of host communities. These two issues are central concerns for the discipline of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), or Interaction Design. Within HCI and Interaction Design, user-centered design is just one particular view on how design processes can be organized to achieve such aims. This paper reports on discussions arising from a workshop held at the Computer/Human Interaction (CHI) 2007 conference in San Jose, California. CHI is the largest HCI conference in the world. The workshop brought together a group of 45 interaction designers and development practitioners from around the world and included participants from 17 countries, including many researchers and practitioners based in emerging economies such as India, China, South Africa, Namibia, and Benin. The aim of the workshop was to examine how interaction design could contribute to the success of IT for development. Although many issues were discussed, this is a necessarily selective report focusing on some of the principal themes of the workshop.

Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in research into the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the context of developing regions, particularly into how such ICTs might be appropriately designed to meet the unique user and infrastructural requirements that we encounter in these cross-cultural environments. This emerging field, known to some as HCI4D, is the product of a diverse set of origins. As such, it can often be difficult to navigate prior work, and/or to piece together a broad picture of ...

Telecommunication, as gift of modern science is largely different from any other traditional infrastructure. From international market to domestic market, corporate communication to personnel communication, telecommunication is the prime way to maintain the continuous and instantaneous flow of sharing information. From business perspective of economic activities of modern world, through the communication channel telecommunication not only has significant influences over the economy in term of GDP per capita but also serve many people by creating job opportunities. Hence increasing employment rate may also another significant factor to enhance economic development. Investment in infrastructural development and earned revenue may have strong impact on the GDP per capita in an economy. As a result, for the potential role of the telecommunication, a modern world as well as economy without telecommunication cannot be thought for one moment. This paper is a devoted best effort to find the relationship between telecommunication and Bangladesh economic development. To analyze this context more extensively and reliably, this paper fundamentally focuses on the relationship between various variables under the construct of telecommunication and the economic development. To define this construct into more concrete way several multiple simpler variables are implemented such as teledensity, investment in telecommunication industry, revenue contribution percentage of GDP, GDP per capita, employment rate etc through OLS regression models associated with least square method. This paper indicates telecommunication industry has a significant and positive impact over the economic development of Bangladesh.

In this paper, we apply fault tree analysis to compare the dependability and security of line protection schemes with different degrees of redundancy. We also compare the scheme costs. For each scheme, we use a basic protection scheme as the reference. We then evaluate schemes with double redundancy and two-out-of-three voting schemes. We also evaluate the effect of comprehensive commissioning testing, hidden failures, and common-mode failures, as well as using relays from the same or different manufacturers in redundant schemes.

La Serie de Conocimiento sobre el Caribe es una serie ocasional que presenta los conocimientos del Banco Mundial en un formato accesible. Su objetivo es contribuir a que se comparta el conocimiento en la región y fomentar el diálogo de política sobre temas relevantes para el Caribe. Esta nota fue preparada para apoyar el diálogo participativo sobre política en el contexto del Foro para el Crecimiento del Caribe (FCC). El FCC es una Iniciativa patrocinada por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), el Banco Mundial (BM) y el Banco de Desarrollo del Caribe (BDC), en colaboración con la Agencia del Reino Unido para el Desarrollo Internacional (UK AID) y la Agencia Canadiense para el Desarrollo Internacional (CIDA), cuyo objetivo es facilitar un diálogo entre múltiples participantes interesados para identificar soluciones prácticas ante el desafío relacionado con el crecimiento en el Caribe. Para obtener más información sobre la metodología FCC y los avances en cada país del Caribe, sírvase visitar Exención de Responsabilidad: Las opiniones, interpretaciones y conclusiones aquí expresadas no reflejan necesariamente la opinión del Banco Mundial, de su Directorio Ejecutivo ni de los Gobiernos que representan. El Banco Mundial no garantiza la exactitud de los datos que figuran en esta publicación. Las fronteras, los colores, las denominaciones y demás datos que aparecen en los mapas de este documento no implican juicio alguno, por parte del Banco Mundial, sobre la condición jurídica de ninguno de los territorios, ni la aprobación o aceptación de tales fronteras. Diseño y concepto por Room Grupo Creativo | www.room.com.do Portada: iStockPhoto

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As a Union, lUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. A central Secretariat coordinates the lUCN Programme and serves the Union membership, representing their views on the world stage and providing them with the strategies, services, scientific knowledge and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, lUCN draws together over ...

Irradiation is a common method used for sterilizing objects in several fields. In the entomology sector, insects are sterilized through irradiation and released in to the wild to sexually compete with the population at large reducing the chance for reproduction. This practice is the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Traditionally irradiation sources for SIT purpose are radioisotopes but many reasons compelled to getting efforts to develop other radiative technologies. Since gamma rays and electrons have similar sterilizing effects, the choice of source for SIT irradiation is based on considerations about penetration and environmental factors.

Between 1880 and 1930, the employment rate of children ages 10 to 15 decreased by over 75% in the U.S. economy. During this period, several U.S. states dictated state-wide child labor legislation that imposed minimum age restrictions for employment in the manufacturing sector. The objective of this paper is to characterize whether this child labor legislation contributed to the decline in children labor market participation. Previous literature on this topic, such as Moehling (10) and Moehling (11), has utilized dierence-in-dierence estimation techniques to study the eectiveness of the child labor legislation in reducing child labor. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we show that, under the presence of general equilibrium eects such as the ones described by Basu and Van (3), dierence-in-dierence estimation techniques can provide a misleading measure of the eectiveness of the legislation. Second, in addition to evaluating whether the legislation was eective or not,...

Today, tourism is becoming more and more the main sector of the economy by generating financial income and creating opportunities for new jobs. However, as one of the sectors where the economic growth of the country is expected to be concentrated in the future, tourism has still not found itself in genuine sectoral development. One of the many problems that Kosovo's tourism economy faces today is the identification of a genuine tourism product development strategy, as well as the use of marketing strategies, which will orient towards the sustainable development of tourism. In times of market economy, unfavorable fiscal policies in Kosovo often become an obstacle to the development of tour operators, even when they have the capacity and potential for development. Kosovo's tourism economy, in particular, and the economic sector in general are dominated by small and medium economic operators, while large economic operators are still in the process of privatization, therefore it...

is Senior Environmental Engineer in the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Department (LCSES) of the World Bank's Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office. Mr. Sánchez-Triana has led the preparation of policy-based loans that aim to incorporate environmental considerations into economic and sectoral policies, as well as the conduction of comprehensive assessments that aim to identify and correct the institutional weaknesses that contribute to environmental degradation. Mr. Sánchez-Triana is the author of numerous publications on environmental and energy policy, political economy, and the use of economic instruments for environmental protection. He holds a Ph.D from Stanford University. Santiago Enríquez is a Consultant in the Environment Department (ENV) of the World Bank. He supports the policy strategic environmental assessment (SEA) work in the Environmental Institutions and Governance Team, analyzing mechanisms to better integrate the linkages between environmental protection, poverty reduction, and economic growth. His professional experience includes collaborating in international efforts to address transboundary and global environmental challenges. Mr. Enríquez holds a Master's Degree in Public Policies from Harvard University This paper was a background paper for a World Bank study, Integrating Environmental Considerations in Policy Formulation: Lessons from Policy-based SEA Experience (Report No. 32783), published in 2005 by the Environment Department. It was prepared under the overall guidance of Kulsum Ahmed, Team Leader of the Institutions and Governance Program (ENV) and Task Team Leader of the abovementioned Bank report. The authors wish to acknowledge the comments and contributions received from numerous colleagues both inside and outside the World Bank. The inputs of John Redwood, Abel Mejía, Juan David Quintero, Menahem Libhaber, and Ventura Bengoechea were critical in documenting the reviewed cases. In particular, we are grateful to Kulsum Ahmed and Leonard Ortolano for their helpful comments to previous versions of this paper. We also extend our appreciation and gratitude to the Norwegian and Finnish Governments for their support of Mr. Enriquez's consultancy, through the TFESSD Trust Fund. Special thanks are due to Janice Molina who assisted with the editing of the report. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in this document are those of the author, and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its affiliated organizations, members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.

The relationship between corruption and economic development is characterised by three stylised facts: (i) a strong negative correlation between corruption and development (ii) countries can remain trapped in high corruption-low development or low corruption-high development equilibria (iii) amongst intermediate levels of development corruption levels are more variable, some countries have high corruption and others low corruption. This paper argues that existing models are consistent with the first two only and demonstrates how these models might be extended to capture all three. The paper searches for the location of corruption clubs within the data and provides some explanation of their cause.

This paper aims to provide an explanation for the robust and consistent relationship between public investment in transport and communication and economic growth that has frequently surfaced in recent empirical studies. Using both informal and formal causality tests, the paper finds that, for a set of developing countries, the strong association is the result of the effect running from growth to public investment rather than vice versa.

Given its unique economic and social circumstances, South Africa is in desperate need of economic development. The main impetus for growth will have to come from the mining and industrial sectors, which will have to play a key role in the future South African economy. The activities of these sectors markedly influence the quality and quantity of natural resources in the country. Sustainable development should be the ultimate goal of any development strategy. The question is how businesses should organise themselves to achieve the goal of sustainable development, with cleaner and ecologically more efficient production. This study first analyses the unique features of resource economics in South Africa. It then discusses the integration of sustainable development within an excavatory and production environment. Finally an appropriate business management philosophy will be outlined.

This paper examines the process of regional entrepreneurship and the triggers and barriers that may serve to stimulate new venture creation within regional, rural and remote communities in Australia. The findings from a previous research into entrepreneurship motivators within a small rural community are examined, along with their implications. The need for a holistic approach to the stimulation of entrepreneurship and enterprise development within regional communities is highlighted, along with a ...

Energy is very important for the development of any country in this world and Malawi is not exceptional. Malawi depends mainly on the Hydro Electric Power, fossil fuels and biomass on its energy sources for social economic and industrial activities. Due to increase in demand, Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM) has more pressure to supply the power to increased number of industry and domestic use which lead to more frequent blackouts throughout the country. In this regard there is need for an alternative source of energy, and solar energy is the most common and easy to get. The main objective of this study is to assess the potential for solar energy generation over Malawi, results of which would lead to harnessing solar energy in the country. The monthly mean sunshine hours and solar radiation values for the period of 30 years from 13 sites were analyzed in this study. Monthly and seasonal variations of sunshine hours and solar radiation were determined. Long vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .

 Forskning og utredning angående landbrukspolitikk, matvaresektor og -marked, foretaksøkonomi, naerings-og bygdeutvikling.  Utarbeider naerings-og foretaksøkonomisk dokumentasjon innen landbruket; dette omfatter bl.a. sekretariatsarbeidet for Budsjettnemnda for jordbruket og de årlige driftsgranskingene i jord-og skogbruk.  Utvikler hjelpemidler for driftsplanlegging og regnskapsføring.  Finansieres av Landbruks-og matdepartementet, Norges forskningsråd og gjennom oppdrag for offentlig og privat sektor.  Hovedkontor i Oslo og distriktskontor i Bergen, Trondheim og Bodø. iii For 77 kommuner i Sør-Norge, inkl. Nord-Trøndelag, utgjør fjellområder mer enn halvparten av kommunens areal. I tillegg har 36 andre kommuner saerlig høy tilknytning til fjellområder. Fjellarealene utgjør en saeregen og viktig del av naeringsunderlag og har vaert med å prege kultur og bosetting over tid. Fjellområdene blir stadig viktigere som produksjonsressurser for voksende deler av økonomien som reiseliv og opplevelser. For å utnytte ressursgrunnlaget best mulig, er det behov for forståelse av situasjonen for både nye og tradisjonelle naeringer i fjellbygdene. Videre trenges kompetanse for å se og kunne utnytte muligheter. Fjellregionsamarbeidet i Sør-Norge omfatter i 2012 fylkeskommunene Oppland,

We analyze behavioral measures of social capital gathered over three years in Thai and Vietnamese urban slums to see if results from surveys are consistent with those generated using experiments. While many of the associations between the measures are weak, we find that in both countries survey measures of social integration correlate with more cooperation and more punishment of free riding in a social dilemma experiment. We also find an anomalous result. Higher levels of surveyed trust, measured generally and as it relates to specific groups of individuals correlates with less cooperation and less punishment in both countries although more robustly so in Thailand. Lastly, a number of other demographic variables predict behavior, but of special interest is the fact that cooperation and punishment are both concave in age.

Enerji, ekonomik büyüme ve sanayileşme için önemli bir girdi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bir ülkenin enerjide dışa bağımlı olması durumunda artan enerji tüketiminin büyümeyi olumlu etkilemesi önemlidir. Türkiye'de enerji tüketimi, nüfus ve sanayiye bağlı olarak 1980 sonrasında hızla artmaya başlamıştır. Enerji tüketimi içerisinde ise elektrik payının giderek arttığı görülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de ekonomik büyüme ile elektrik tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi 1980-2014 dönemi için incelemektir. Literatür incelendiğinde büyüme ile elektrik tüketimi arasında uzun dönemde pozitif ilişki bulunduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye için elektrik tüketimi ile GSYİH arasındaki ilişki, durağanlık için birim kök testleri ve uzun dönem ilişkisi için Johansen eşbütünleşme testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, elektrik tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.

Gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasında yer alan Türkiye'de enerji, sürdürülebilir büyüme ve kalkınma açısından önemli görülmektedir. Enerjide dışa bağımlılığı olan Türkiye'nin sahip olduğu enerjiyi verimli kullanması gerekmektedir. Türkiye'de 1991 yılına göre 2019 yılında; toplam elektrik kullanımı %402, elektrik enerjisi üretiminde kullanılan fosil yakıt payı %356, yenilenebilir enerji payı %468, biyoyakıt ve atık payı ise %8540 artış göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan Türkiye 2019 yılında gerçekleştirdiği 202.7 milyar dolarlık ithalatın yaklaşık %74'ünü enerji ithalatı olarak gerçekleştirmiştir. Enerjinin büyük bölümünün ithal edildiği Türkiye'de, hem cari açığın düşürülmesi hem de temiz bir çevre ile sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın gerçekleştirilebilmesi için yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Dolayısıyla Türkiye'de elektrik enerjisi üretiminde kullanılan enerji kaynaklarının elektrik enerjisi yoğunluğu üzerindeki dinamik ilişkisinin tespiti önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de elektrik enerjisi yoğunluğunu belirleyen faktörler 1990-2019 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Ampirik yöntem olarak Vektör Otoregresyon (VAR) analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Kömür, petrol, doğalgaz, hidro, biyoyakıt ve atık değişkenlerin kullanıldığı çalışmada ampirik bulgular, elektrik enerjisi yoğunluğunun en fazla hidro, biyoyakıt ve atıktan etkilendiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Enerji, ekonomik buyume ve sanayilesme icin onemli bir girdi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bir ulkenin enerjide disa bagimli olmasi durumunda artan enerji tuketiminin buyumeyi olumlu etkilemesi onemlidir. Turkiye ‘de enerji tuketimi nufus ve sanayiye bagli olarak 1980 sonrasinda hizla artmaya baslamistir. Enerji tuketimi icerisinde ise elektrik payinin giderek arttigi gorulmektedir. Calismanin amaci, Turkiye’de ekonomik buyume ile elektrik tuketimi arasindaki iliskiyi 1980-2014 donemi icin incelemektir. Yapilan uluslararasi calismalarda buyume ile elektrik tuketimi arasinda uzun donemde pozitif iliski bulundugu gorulmektedir. Bu calismada, Turkiye icin elektrik tuketimi ile GSYIH arasindaki iliski, duraganlik icin birim kok testleri, uzun donem analizi icin Johansen ko-entegrasyon testi, nedensellik icin Granger testi kullanilarak analiz edilecektir.

The paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and future income growth rates of households at different points of the income distribution. The analysis uses micro-census data from U.S. states covering the period from 1960 to 2010, and controls for exposure to imports from China and share of routine jobs, among other variables. It finds evidence that high levels of inequality reduce the income growth of the poor but, if anything, help the growth of the rich.

"number one" ranking in economic development does not take into account the state's failure thus far to attract many new hightech firms. For Michigan to compete in the twenty-first century economy, policy makers must continue a course of cutting taxes and removing regulatory barriers to the information-based businesses of the present and future.