Economic History

In the first part, the global economic crisis that began with the banking collapse of 2008 is attributed to the end of the system of money that dominated the last century, «national capitalism». This entails the break-up on «all-purpose money» or national monopoly currency and its replacement by a distributed global network of financial agencies issuing  specialized monetary instruments in many forms. The political challenge is to devise forms of government adequate to controlling money in this new form. But the old ideas persist to the detriment of finding effective solutions. The second part takes off from the recent publication of The Human Economy: A Citizen’s Guide (20100, an international collaboration that grew out of the «alter-globalization» movement. A human economy gives priority to what people really do and has the interests of humanity in mind. A programme for building a human economy in the current historical context is outlined; and the prospects for economic anthropology after the financial crisis are considered briefly in conclusion.

This monograph, the work of five authors, explores the relationship between objects and peopleagriculturalists, artisans, and others outside the elite-who lived in the countryside and small towns in England between 1370 and 1600. This multiple authorship-two archaeologists and three historians-has shaped an impressive inter-disciplinary endeavour that is seldom seen. Hundreds of carefully written pages with substantial statistical, visual, and cartographic material provide well-grounded support for the arguments of the authors, in an Open Access piece that is accompanied by three fully available online databases. The book engages with two major questions: what were the objects consumed by non-elite rural and small-town households in late medieval and sixteenth-century England, and what factors influenced these consumption habits? The work thereby contributes to the vibrant scholarship on the relevance of consumption for economic growth in the pre-industrial past, and to the debates about 'consumer revolutions'. Yet objects are also seen as instruments expressing identity and meaning, in a closer connection to anthropological views that go beyond the canonical economic determinants of consumer behaviour. Contrasts between town and country are also provided throughout, discussing traditional paradigms that present peasant consumers as people having simple and frugal consumer habits. The research is based on an extensive collection of previously unpublished documents. In the absence of substantial specimens of probate inventories for the late medieval period (the popular written source for serial uses in this field), an important collection of lists of seizures of goods from felons, fugitives, and outlaws from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is presented. These were ordered by a royal official, the escheator. For the sixteenth century, the authors turn to records of the coroner, a royal official in the Tudor era. The written evidence is discussed along with that from archaeological excavations of rural settlements. The book covers a range of areas all over England and shows real flair in dealing with the contrasts and mismatches that eventually emerge when comparing the material and the written evidence.

This article consists in outlining the Polanyi's project. He supports humanistic socialism and critizes strongly those who advocates the idea of centrally planned economy. Against popular marxism and mainstream economics, he tries also to clarify the place of economic determinations in history by using "substantive economy" concept : this is exemplified by the case of ancient Greece. Finaly, Polanyi criticisms has consequences for present time : as soon as for the 1940's, he warns against American capital hegemony that aims at taking up again the Big Market utopia.

This article aims to uncover the systematic structure, fundamental dynamics, and institutional
dimensions of technology entrepreneurship in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century.
Starting from the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire embarked on a process of
modernization and Westernization, seeking solutions to its perceived backwardness in
comparison to the Western world. Particularly after the Enlightenment period and the
Industrial Revolution, various endeavors were undertaken in fields such as economics,
military, health, transportation, and communication. The Ottoman rulers carefully monitored
technological innovations during this period and attempted to utilize technological
innovations according to the needs and possibilities of the state. Considering the global status
of technology entrepreneurs, issues like lack of capital and the inability to find qualified labor
are observed. Technology entrepreneurs had to seek support to overcome these kinds of
challenges. In the 19th century, the most potent entities capable of providing such support and
creating a suitable environment for entrepreneurs were the states. This study aims to establish
a foundation for the Ottoman Empire's perspective on technological innovations and the
support they provided to technology entrepreneurs through examples of specific cases.

From a comparative perspective, this paper argues that early Chinese empires lacked the concept of talion or tort law when malicious violence or intent became factors. Instead, wrongdoers were required to pay fines to the government or received punishment as hard labor for the state. Victims not only could not receive compensation but were sometimes punished along with the offender if their loss was perceived as a loss to the empire. I argue that the absence of corrective justice in criminal cases can be traced back to the philosophical underpinnings of the body politic, a prominent discourse in early China that viewed the emperor and the people as a single, organic entity. When people were conceived of as constituting a unified, singular entity, criminal actions against an individual were interpreted as damage to the empire. Therefore, punishments for offenders were designed to compensate the empire, not the individual. Furthermore, in the context of the body politic, the suffering of both victims and offenders was regarded as metaphysically equal, which justified frequently pardoning culprits on a large scale to secure harmony within the empire. Originally, the body politic was employed to admonish and criticize the throne, urging the emperor to align his interests with the well-being of his people, but in practice, it compromised the practice of justice.

Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Kein Teil des Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Inhalte und die Bildrechte der Beiträge sind von den jeweiligen AutorInnen zu verantworten.

In the article on the example of the Hrodna microregion is analyzed price changes for different types of goods in the XVI century. In the research is involved both well-known and new, mostly unpublished archival documents. Local materials show a general increase in prices for all major types of goods.

Die Kriege des Britischen Empire umspannten die Welt und veränderten die historische Entwicklung zahlreicher Länder und Menschen. Für Ruhm und Ehre des Empire spielten in diesen Kriegen jedoch auch unzählige Tiere eine bedeutende Rolle, wie in der vorliegenden Studie anhand einiger Fallstudien eingehender betrachtet und evaluiert wird. Frank Jacob zeigt auf, wie wichtig der Einsatz von Tieren in den Kriegen des Britischen Weltreichs war und inwieweit der Ausgang dieser Kriege vom Zugang zu »tierischen Ressourcen« abhing. Im Zuge dessen stellt Jacob eine dem Anthropozentrismus entgegengesetzte Geschichte der Kriege des britischen Kolonialreichs vor.

This very rare book of its kind & highly valuable s a detailed study of biblical commerce and its eschatological significance. Published in 1920 by Longmans, Green & Co., the work explores the commercial power of ancient Tyre as a metaphor for imperial rise and fall. Schoff’s analysis is rooted in scriptural exegesis, particularly the prophetic warnings of Isaiah, Ezekiel, and the Book of Revelation, which depict Tyre as emblematic of economic excess, moral corruption, and divine judgment. At its core, The Ship "Tyre" investigates the interplay between economic power and divine retribution in ancient civilizations. The study extends beyond Tyre itself to encompass the fates of Nineveh, Babylon, and Rome—empires that, like Tyre, fell from greatness due to their hubris and spiritu
l decline. Schoff’s research integrates historical, theological, and commercial perspectives, making this work significant for biblical scholars, historians of the ancient Near East, and those studying the intersection of commerce and prophecy in religious texts.
Summary of Chapters
1. The Tabernacle
This chapter discusses the economic and material aspects of the construction of the Israelite Tabernacle, including the resources and trade networks that supplied its precious materials. It establishes the biblical framework for understanding commerce in relation to divine worship.
2. Division of Spoil
Examines how war spoils contributed to the wealth of ancient civilizations, particularly through conquest and plunder. This section highlights the biblical theme of divine justice in redistributing wealth after military victories.
3. The Temple and Palace
Analyzes the opulence of the Temple of Solomon and royal palaces, demonstrating how sacred and secular wealth were interconnected. This chapter reflects on the tensions between material prosperity and spiritual fidelity.
4. Ophir Voyages
Explores the legendary voyages to Ophir, known for its abundant gold and luxury goods. This chapter investigates the ancient maritime trade routes and their significance in biblical history.
5. Profanation and Pillage
Describes how foreign powers desecrated sacred sites, including the destruction of temples and looting of religious treasures. It ties into the broader theme of divine punishment for hubris and moral corruption.
6. Captivity
Focuses on the exile and captivity of Israelite populations, linking economic devastation to divine retribution. The Babylonian exile is a key focus, illustrating how economic decline often followed spiritual failure.
7. The Ship "Tyre"
The central allegory of the book, this chapter interprets Ezekiel’s lament over Tyre (Ezekiel 27), presenting the city’s vast commercial network as a doomed vessel. The imagery of a shipwreck symbolizes the fragility of material wealth.
8. The Prince of Tyre
Examines the figure of the "Prince of Tyre" in Ezekiel 28 as a representation of human arrogance and self-deification. This chapter explores how rulers who exalt themselves as divine are ultimately brought low.
9. The King of Tyre
Further explores the downfall of Tyre’s monarchy, drawing connections between the city's decline and broader historical patterns of imperial collapse.
10. Notes to the Allegory
Provides exegetical commentary on the prophetic allegory of Tyre, comparing biblical metaphors with historical events.
11. The Second Temple
Analyzes the economic and religious implications of the rebuilding of the Jewish Temple after the Babylonian exile, contrasting it with the former grandeur of Solomon’s Temple.
12. The Great City "Babylon"
Examines Babylon’s role in biblical prophecy as a symbol of imperial corruption and its eventual downfall, drawing parallels with Tyre.
13. The Holy City
Contrasts the fate of corrupt empires with the enduring holiness of Jerusalem, viewed as the divine counterpoint to Babylon.
14. The Pomp and the Trappings
Discusses the materialistic excesses of empires, illustrating how wealth and luxury often precede moral and political decline.
15. Precious Stones
Explores the symbolism of precious stones in biblical and historical contexts, particularly in relation to divine judgment and heavenly rewards.
16. The Specifications Compared
Compares the economic and architectural grandeur of different ancient civilizations, using biblical and historical sources.
17. Date of the Tradition
Investigates the historical development of the tradition surrounding Tyre’s fall and its prophetic significance across different time periods.
Appendices and Abbreviations
The book concludes with additional notes, sources, and a list of abbreviations used in the text.
Conclusion
Schoff’s The Ship "Tyre" offers a profound examination of the cyclical nature of economic power and divine justice. By drawing from biblical prophecy and historical case studies, the work underscores a universal theme: civilizations that prioritize wealth and pride over moral and spiritual integrity are destined to fall. The book remains a valuable resource for scholars interested in biblical commerce, eschatology, and the historical interplay between trade and theology.
Tags
Biblical prophecy, ancient commerce, Tyre, Ezekiel 27, Isaiah, Book of Revelation, Nineveh, Babylon, Rome, downfall of empires, allegory, maritime trade, biblical exegesis, economic history, theology, divine judgment, conquest, war spoils, sacred temples, Solomon’s Temple, Ophir voyages, luxury goods, prophetic literature, biblical metaphors, eschatology, theological history, trade routes, divine retribution, historical allegory, moral corruption, imperial collapse, commerce in the Bible, biblical symbolism, ancient Near East, maritime symbolism, ancient shipping, prophecy fulfillment, sacred texts, spiritual decline, biblical judgment, fall of civilizations, wealth and pride, biblical interpretation, economic collapse, trade in antiquity, ancient cities, seafaring nations, biblical trade, theological analysis, prophetic warnings, sacred geography, temple construction, historical theology, Middle Eastern history, conquest narratives, commercial power, biblical themes, Jewish history, ancient merchants, prophecy and history, destruction of empires, luxury and decay, theological prophecy, divine warnings, biblical history, Ezekiel’s lament, prophetic discourse, fall of Tyre, prince of Tyre, king of Tyre, economic downfall, sacred and secular wealth, merchant class, allegorical prophecy, downfall of kings, biblical political economy, sacred economy, religious downfall, theological metaphors, economic prosperity and ruin, prophetic imagery, ships in the Bible, fall of great cities, divine intervention, scriptural commerce, theological historiography, trade and prophecy, riches and ruin, spiritual downfall, ancient economic systems, historical eschatology, sacred texts analysis, commercial allegory, maritime metaphors, ancient seafaring, moral decline in history, temple pillage, wealth and idolatry, biblical archaeology, spiritual hubris, historical interpretations of scripture, prophetic commerce, temple economy, conquest and exile, downfall of trade empires, moral decay and wealth, trade in ancient Israel, downfall of world powers, biblical cities, theological critique, ancient world economy, prophetic history, divine punishment, merchants in antiquity, wealth accumulation, downfall of commercial cities, trade and divinity, destruction of wealth, biblical allegories, downfall narratives, theological reflections, temple riches, biblical commerce, biblical historiography, ancient economy, religious arrogance, sacred relics, economic prophecy, downfall of trade networks, esoteric theology, Babylonian commerce, divine justice in trade, theological warnings, maritime trade and prophecy, Solomon’s wealth, Tyre’s destruction, merchant kings, prophetic warnings in history, ancient economies and theology, biblical wealth, fall of merchants, biblical maritime culture, prophetic judgment, sacred economic history, theology of commerce, sacred city narratives, merchant kings and prophets, sacred versus profane wealth, Tyre’s legacy, biblical warnings against wealth, ancient empire collapse, prophetic economics, Middle Eastern trade, biblical maritime history, prophetic symbols in trade, historical allegories of downfall, biblical imperial critique, eschatological economics, ancient wealth distribution, prophetic visions of destruction, wealth and divine wrath, downfall of trading nations, biblical critique of materialism, destruction of economic power, biblical rulers, allegorical trade history, sacred versus worldly power, maritime conquest, fall of trade monopolies, biblical city destruction, divine critique of wealth, rise and fall of maritime powers, the great harlot, merchants of the earth, destruction of Babylon, theological commentary, the ship of wealth, divine response to arrogance, Old Testament trade, prophetic calls to repentance, prophetic denunciations of wealth, the ship as empire, scriptural analysis of trade, temple economies in history, divine economics, maritime wealth and its perils, downfall of trading hubs, biblical critiques of empire, prophetic history of trade, theological significance of ships, ships in prophetic vision, trading nations in the Bible, Old Testament commerce, economic allegories in scripture, fall of ancient wealth, temple riches and trade, biblical economics, prophetic lessons in trade, downfall of the proud, hubris and empire collapse, sacred economics, maritime supremacy in history, economic warnings in prophecy, fall of seafaring empires, divine justice and trade, religious criticism of wealth, theological perspectives on commerce, scriptural warnings against greed, downfall of imperial traders, allegorical wealth, biblical rulers and wealth, downfall of kings and merchants, maritime power and its limits, prophetic justice, divine retribution against wealth, the sins of Tyre, prophetic condemnations of luxury, downfall of trade-driven cities, esoter...

This study examined interest rate variations among banks in Ghana. The objective of the study was to estimate the key driving factor(s) that influences interest rate spreads in Ghana. It was also the aim of this study to examine the impact of the 2008/2009 financial crises on this relationship, to know whether ownership (foreign and local banks) differences in this relationship is significant and to know whether age of the bank determines their interest rate spread. The study used an unbalanced panel of all 28 banks from 2000 to 2011. The fixed effect estimation technique was employed throughout the analysis of data. The study found that, for bank specific variables, age of a bank was significant and a positive determinant of net interest margin while ownership structure had a significant negative impact on net interest margin. This suggests that banks that have been in operations in the country for a long time seem to enjoy higher interest margins while generally most of the foreig...

This paper explores the ways in which, in the absence of banks, guilds and religious foundations of the Ottoman Empire formed capital and lent it in the form of credit to its members and others, thereby creating credit markets in what might be called as proto-bank financial environment and establishing what can be seen as an ancestral form of co-operative. To this end, I have retrieved data from such archival units as guild, monastic and parish church registers from the Central Archive of the State, Albania and am analysing them in a comparative perspective. After a general outline of their origins and legal framework in which guilds and parish churches operated in the Ottoman Empire, the paper looks into capital formation methods, through fixed contributions by new and old members of these organisations and payments of interests from repaid credit. I shall also look at control mechanisms, such as the avoidance of the hoarding (and misuse) of financial resources; credit patterns; risk management strategies, through profiling and a system of guarantors that provided remedy to the asymmetries of information characterising pre-industrial local economies; as well as checks and balances system to avoid corruption and abuse of communal funds. The paper suggests that the multiplication of community-controlled credit markets prevented the establishment of capital supply monopolies or oligopolies, controlled by a few groups of companies.

In ihrem Buch zeigt Dana Schmalz, dass auch die gegenwärtigen Diskurse zum weltweiten Bevölkerungswachstum immer noch durch anfänglichen Schock und die darauffolgende Panik geprägt sind. Als Anfang der 1970er Jahre die Angst vor einer Bevölkerungsexplosion ihren Höhepunkt erreichte, zeichnete sich in den Industriestaaten längst ein deutlicher Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen ab. Der sogenannte Pillenknick hatte bereits seit einigen Jahren seine Spuren in der Statistik hinterlassen, und die Baby-Boomer-Phase der Nachkriegszeit neigte sich ihrem Ende zu. Trotzdem malten viele Prognosen das düstere Bild einer Zukunft, in der die Erde eines Tages von der Menschheit überfordert sein würde. Der berühmte Bericht des "Club of Rome" machte dafür nicht nur das industrielle, sondern vor allem auch das

The study of the structure of scientific knowledge during the early modern
period and the analysis of the causes and consequences of the Great Divergence are crucial for understanding the convergence of the “arts and sciences” (as seen in the Scientific Revolution). This convergence was a transformative process that reshaped economic, scientific, social, and
technological landscapes. This research not only sheds light on historical developments but also provides insights into contemporary challenges, such as enhancing human potential and achieving
technological leadership.
Materials and Methods. To explore these themes, the study employs a combination of comparative historical, chronological, and genealogical research methods. These approaches allow for a nuanced analysis of the evolution of scientific and artistic practices, as well as their socio-economic impacts.
Results. The study builds on the author’s 2018 model of small manufacturing networks, which serves as a foundational framework for understanding the role of crafts in the history of economic theory. This model highlights crafts as a significant yet often overlooked player in the economy, capable of driving innovation and economic growth. By applying this model, the study identifies crafts as a vital component of economic development, particularly in the context of early Modern Russia.
Discussion and Conclusion. The establishment of new institutions during the early Modern period, such as craft guilds in 1722 and the Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1724, played a pivotal role in shaping the social, scientific, and technological landscape. These institutions not only fostered the emergence of new crafts but also facilitated the development and dissemination of new technologies. The integration of the Academy of Sciences with craft workshops contributed to the creation of new craft professions, which in turn supported economic diversification and
technological advancement. This synergy between the arts and sciences underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in driving long-term economic and technological development.
Изучение структуры научного знания раннего Нового времени и анализ причин и последствий Великой дивергенции важно для понимания процесса конвергенции «художеств и наук» (см. научная революция) раннего Нового времени. Для понимания этого процесса необходимо исследование экономических, научных, социальных и технологических факторов. Цель статьи – показать релевантность введения сочетания «художеств и наук» в решении вопроса повышения человеческого потенциала, а также усиления возможности достижения Россией технологического лидерства в долгосрочной перспективе, что является важными предпосылками успешного экономического развития.
Материалы и методы. Использовались сравнительно-исторический, хронологический и генеалогический методы исследования, соблюдались принципы объективности. Результаты исследования. Предложенная автором в 2018 г. модель гибких производственных сетей (small manufacturing networks) дает возможность разработки на ее основе одного из инструментов верификации ремесла в истории экономической теории как еще одного весомого потенциального игрока в экономике страны.
Обсуждение и заключение. Новые институты задают новые векторы развития в социальной, научной и технологической сфере. С учреждением ремесленных цехов в 1722 г. появились новые ремесла; основание Академии художеств и наук в 1724 г. и художественных палат при ней оказалось важным фактором развития и внедрения новых технологий. Академия наук, наряду с цехами, внесла свой вклад в становление новых ремесленных профессий.

El contenido de la presente publicación se encuentra protegido por las normas internacionales y nacionales vigentes sobre propiedad intelectual, por tanto su utilización, reproducción, comunicación pública, transformación, distribución, alquiler, préstamo público e importación, total o parcial, en todo o en parte, en formato impreso, digital o en cualquier formato conocido o por conocer, se encuentran prohibidos, y sólo serán lícitos en la medida en que se cuente con la autorización previa y expresa por escrito del autor o titular. Las limitaciones y excepciones al Derecho de Autor, sólo serán aplicables en la medida en que se den dentro de los denominados Usos Honrados (Fair use), estén previa y expresamente establecidas; no causen un grave e injustificado perjuicio a los intereses legítimos del autor o titular, y no atenten contra la normal explotación de la obra.

Substantive due process is a controversial doctrine due to its lack of a limiting principle that prevents courts from creating or extending rights beyond the text of the Constitution. This Comment suggests that the effects of substantive due process should be evaluated from a perspective of their likely effect on the federalist marketplace of state experimentation. From this perspective, the application of substantive due process should be limited to natural rights, which are the equivalent of natural monopolies in economic marketplaces. The remaining rights should be allowed to develop through state experimentation. Substantive due process is one of the most controversial doctrines currently applied by the Supreme Court. The doctrine is so controversial that its very name has been called a "contradiction in terms," 2 an "oxymoron," 3 and even "a momentous sham." 4 The root of the controversy surrounding the application of substantive due process is not that it protects substantive rights through a provision requiring procedure, but that it allows the Court to expand the protections of the Constitution based on judicial discretion with no clear limits. 5 Although substantive due process has been the

According to the world traveller that have visited the old cities on the Java Island in the 15th century, the cities have a seaport. The sea port became a place for transit and stay until grown as a coastal city, Unfortunately, some of these cities have disappeared due to the process of secretions. Semarang in the 14th century also had a sea port as a landing area in Kampung Melayu. Recently the village no longer located in the coastal but in the middle of the city. How to prove that the area was a coastal area? By tracing some architectural remains, toponimy and comparing with the Javanese urban design pattern revealed the old phenomena in the past. Architectural sketches will make a clearly information about the old coastal line of Semarang. It is estimated that the seaport directly connected to the alun-alun / traditional square as central government. The city founders in Java puts the center of government using the same city spatial structure as waterfront city. The architecture...

Pitṛmēdha (ಪಿತೃಮೇಧ) yajna-मे ध 'yajna, mēdhā 'dhanam' मे धा 'धन' (नै घण्टु क , commented on by यास्क, ii,10)-offering of perforated vessels principal instruments used by Pitr in their yajna-रत्नधातमं-yielding wealth for maritime trade (cf. Top, bottom registers Bactria silver vase) Perforated jars used in calcination of metal ingots collected in a basketcf. comparable images from Warka vase शतातृ ण्ण śatātṛṇṇā (ā), f. a jar or vessel having a hundred holes, ŚBr.; Vait.

Por último, surge la pregunta por el modelo: ¿es el modelo de sociabilidad burguesa válido para analizar la sociabilidad popular? La respuesta debe contemplar el hecho de que escenario francés posterior a 1968 presenta una realidad totalmente diferente a todo lo que lo había precedido. Hasta entonces la concepción cultural hegemónica era iluminista y pedagógica; dentro de ese marco la cultura de élite era concebida como punto de llegada, es decir, como expresión cultural por antonomasia. El clima posterior al Mayo Francés será completamente diferente. La cultura popular dejará de formar parte, en los estudios académicos, de esa proyección pedagógica y comenzará a avanzarse hacia una concepción que le reconocerá una jerarquía propia, no residual ni derivada de la cultura de élite, generando nuevos enfoques y perspectivas para el análisis. En conclusión podemos aseverar que este trabajo es innovador en al menos dos sentidos. Desde el punto de vista histórico, porque presenta la originalidad de indagar, pues toma como herramientas la etnografía, la sociología y la génesis del republicanismo francés decimonónico. Y desde el terreno de la teoría, debido a que realiza un aporte fundamental al aplicar a la disciplina histórica el término 'sociabilidad', hasta entonces circunscripto al ámbito de las ciencias sociales. Como obra, El círculo burgués resultará de particular relevancia para quienes se dediquen al estudio de la historia política y cultural del siglo xix, especialmente en Francia. También podrán hallarla de interés aquellos que consagren sus esfuerzos a la sociología histórica. Y en vista de la escasez de traducciones castellanas que actualmente padece la obra de Maurice Agulhon, este libro se torna de inestimable valor para todos aquellos que, a pesar de no dominar la lengua francesa, deseen acercarse a los problemas que plantea la historia de la cultura y las mentalidades políticas.

Viernes 25 de abril 10:00 Estudios empíricos Martín Wasserman, UBA Moneda, dinero y medios de pago: la historia latinoamericana como campo empírico para una exploración teórica Juan Luis Martirén, UBA El derrotero de la plata amonedada en el litoral atlántico sudamericano luego de las independencias. Un análisis de las cotizaciones monetarias y financieras en Buenos Aires,

The “European relaunch” of the 1980s has been widely analyzed within economic historiography. After the crises of the 1970s, European integration resumed with a strong focus on completing the internal market, the core of which is Lord Cockfield’s 1985 White Paper. This comprehensive document outlined 300 directives aimed at dismantling the physical, technical and fiscal barriers that segmented the European market, with a targeted
completion timeframe of eight years. As such, the White Paper is significant in the history of European integration, yet it has been understudied in the academic literature.
Through Cockfield’s work, my research seeks to identify the new economic identity that emerged in those years, focusing on the interplay of political and economic-industrial influences, as well as the relationships among various economic cultures that characterized this unique moment, akin to a laboratory for identity redefinition.
The direct study of the concrete drafting process of the White Paper and the entire course of its implementation until 1992 offers the opportunity to introduce new elements that can enrich previous interpretations of the 1980s in Europe .

The cult controversy has now spanned two decades. New religious movements clearly have engendered considerable opposition, but there is relatively little information concerning the impact of the cult controversy on public opinion. This article reports on the results of a national survey of both the general public and institutional elites. Support for four specific forms of social control was assessed. The results indicate considerable support for controls among the general population but lower levels of support among institutional elites. The least support is observed for blocking publication of the Unification Church sponsored Washington Times and the greatest support is registered for prohibiting proselytization of teenagers by all new religious groups. The findings are helpful in interpreting the outcome of the cult controversy to date and suggest that the potential for redrawing church‐state boundaries remains.

Los mapas conceptuales constituyen una excelente herramienta para lo que se ha denominado gestión de aprendizaje. En este trabajo se describe una experiencia realizada con alumnos de primer año de Terapia Ocupacional. ... Concept Maps constitute one of the tools ...

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LE 11 DÉCEMBRE 2001, la Chine entrait dans l'Organisation Internationale du Commerce, au terme de négociations qui auront duré quinze ans. Au lendemain de cette adhésion et à la veille du Seizième Congrès du Parti communiste chinois 1 , les observateurs s'interrogent : à présent que la Chine est partie intégrante du jeu économique mondial, qu'elle est pleinement entrée dans « l'ère de la mondialisation », quels défis économiques, sociaux et politiques va-t-elle avoir à affronter ? Son développement va-t-il se poursuivre sur la ligne affirmée depuis le démarrage de la politique « de réformes et d'ouverture » engagée en 1979, et accélérée après 1992, ou bien faut-il parier sur des ruptures et des turbulences ? Dans les milieux financiers et économiques internationaux, la question ne se posait guère il y a encore deux ans. La Chine était perçue comme un réservoir inépuisable, le nouveau moteur de l'économie mondiale, un marché qui ne pouvait que s'ouvrir, grandir et prospérer. La remar-

U radu se na temelju podataka sačuvanih u izvorima te iskaza kazivačica prikazuju promjene u strukturi konavoske obitelji Čeović od sredine XIX. do sredine XX. stoljeća. Opisuje se obiteljska kuća, način stjecanja baštine te konačna podjela imanja. Upućuje se na moguću povezanost biološkog rasta i gospodarskog potencijala te njihov utjecaj na promjenu strukture obitelji.

Between 1880 and 1930, the employment rate of children ages 10 to 15 decreased by over 75% in the U.S. economy. During this period, several U.S. states dictated state-wide child labor legislation that imposed minimum age restrictions for employment in the manufacturing sector. The objective of this paper is to characterize whether this child labor legislation contributed to the decline in children labor market participation. Previous literature on this topic, such as Moehling (10) and Moehling (11), has utilized dierence-in-dierence estimation techniques to study the eectiveness of the child labor legislation in reducing child labor. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we show that, under the presence of general equilibrium eects such as the ones described by Basu and Van (3), dierence-in-dierence estimation techniques can provide a misleading measure of the eectiveness of the legislation. Second, in addition to evaluating whether the legislation was eective or not,...

The 19th century redefined the place of nations within empires. Enlightenment ideas of mother-tongue education, natural rights and liberty join the imperial center's aim to attract loyalties, gain allegiance, create economic wealth and educate a citizenry attached to the state. In south-eastern Europe, the fragile coexistence of three empires (Ottoman, Russian and Austrian) was disrupted by the way in which the neighboring ethnic groups intended to adjust the Enlightenment ideas to suit the development of their own cultures. The present study traces the transfers brought by the Transylvanian intellectual émigrés to the field of education from Austrian Transylvania to the neighboring Ottoman principality of Wallachia. Coming from the ranks of the Greek Catholic intellectuals -an intermediary stratum between the imperial center, the privileged aristocracy and the majority of Romanian peasants -they pursued, at the same time, their professional development and the rise of literacy in Wallachia. As school inspectors, they intervened administratively and pedagogically in the school network recently established in Wallachia. Their leader, Ioan Maiorescu, questioned the Russian-style model of modernization and called for adapting Western models to the local reality to further the aim of cultural emancipation.

Great Britain and the First Attempt to Build a European Union, by Andrea Bosco, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, 393 pp., £52.99 (cloth) in the Second World War reaffirmed British attachment to the idea of the nation-state, making the UK a reluctant joiner of the European project, an awkward partner while the relationship lasted, and, in 2016, a confused and deluded defector.

O objetivo desta investigação foi identificar a relação entre economia informal e as organizações criadas no sector agrícola durante o século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX. Baseado nestas perspetivas, um foco particular é concedido à hortofruticultura constituindo o núcleo desta análise. De um modo geral, o artigo procura compreender até que ponto as organizações influenciaram a dinâmica socioeconómica num sector específico. Concluiu-se que a exclusão da maioria dos agricultores da moldura organizacional ajudou a perpetuar formas antigas e informais de interação económica.

Tipping is a multi-billion-dollar phenomenon that challenges the traditional assumption of selfish economic agents who have no feelings and do not care about social norms. This article reviews the early history of tipping and offers an economic analysis of different aspects of tipping. Using the historical evidence, it then addresses two major questions about tipping: why do people tip? And does tipping improve service quality? The reasons for tipping changed over the years, but conforming to social norms and avoiding embarrassment were generally the main reasons. Tipping seems to improve service quality; the extent of the improvement varies across occupations.

Using recent economic statistics from the peak period of Byzantine political and economic influence, we estimate the average income around the year 1000 to have been about 6 nomismata per capita per annum. This is then translated into current prices using two independent methods. They both yield an estimate around $PPP 640-680 in 1990 international prices. It is argued that this amount is some 20 percent below an average estimate of Roman incomes at the time of Augustus (around year one). Assuming that most of income differences in Byzantium were due to the differences in average incomes between social classes, we estimate the Gini coefficient to have been in the range between 40 and 45. 1. Introduction: Why the 10-11th Century Byzantium? The period of the late 10th and first half of the 11th century was the second peak of Byzantium's economic and political power, after the 6th century peak under Justinian. Politically Eastern Roman Empire stretched almost as far as it did under Justinian. It controlled all of Anatolia, parts of the Middle East, the south of the Crimea, the Balkans, and Southern Italy. It thus stretched from Bari in the West to the Caucasus in the East, from Cherson in the Crimea to Antioch in the Middle East. The territories that were lost compared to the Justinian's Byzantium were Northern Africa (including Egypt) and Southern Spain, Northern Italy, parts of Sicily, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. Its estimated population was between 12 and 18 million. This is also the period that coincided with a strong rule of Basil II (976-1025), a key emperor of the Macedonian dynasty. Basil II was able to simultaneously roll back the Eastern advances of the Turks, and to recapture Bulgaria and reintegrate the Balkans into Byzantium. He was also able to hold at bay attempts by the Normans to take over Southern Italy and control the Adriatic. 1 He was thus victorious on the three fronts, the very fronts from which the danger was about to continue and in the second part of the 11th century-after disastrous losses in 1071 against the Seljuqs at Manzikert and Normans in Bari-lead to the gradual weakening and shrinking of the Empire. Basil II's time was also a relative high point of Byzantine economic affluence, a fact not unrelated to military successes which improved security of peasants,

Por otra parte, es tambien una gran satisfacciOn que el Institute pueda editar nuevamente la Revista Estudios de Historia de EspaPia, que no salia a la luz desde la jubilacion de su hacedora, la "Doctora", como cariflosamente la llamamos sus discipulos. Debo agradecer esta edicion, en primer lugar, a todos aquellos prestigiosos investigadores, que confiaron en nosotros y nos entregaron su colaboracion desinteresada:

A C K S O N W ideology, its rhetoric abounding in references to the "common man," remains a source of misunderstanding among historians, especially in regard to J economics. The Jacksonians have often been viewed as champions of laissez-faire economics as well as proponents of small government. In at least one important area, however-that of banking-the Jacksonian program moved in a direction exactly the opposite of laissez-faire and small government. Banking stood center stage as a national issue from the time of Andrew Jackson's bank veto in 1832 until the demise of the Whig-backed national bank schemes at John Tyler's hand in 1841. During these nine years the Jacksonians often attacked Whig attempts to establish a national bank. Many Democratic spokesmen such as William Gouge, Thomas Hart Benton and, at different points in their careers, Alexander McNutt and Thomas Ritchie, advocated an entirely metallic currency, with the implication that the party opposed paper money for ideological reasons, condemning it as a source of inequality. Several of these spokesmen suggested that their dislike of the Bank of the United States [BUS] rested on grounds that it was in essence a national bank.' W R Y SCHWEIKART*

la commune de Mouriès s'cttend sur trois régions n:rtulelles r.oisines aux ressources agricolcs cornplérnentaires : dcs ch:rî- nons calcaires au norcl, puis la dépression c1c la vallée des Baux er le cL<br-rt de lir plrrine de galets de Ia Crau vers le sud. Une teile sitr,r:rtion de cont,rct a favorisé tr'ès tôt la fixation de 1a population, cor-nme le montrent cle nombreux vestiges archéo- logiques. La zone archéologiquc la plus notable se trouvc à r-rn peu plLrs de deux kilomètres au nord-est du village de Mouriès. Elle juxtapose un habitat de hautettr, l'oppidum des Caisses, et en contrebas, du côté sud, des sitcs de plaine (habitats et nécro- polcs). Lensemble cou\rre plus dc dix hectarcs. Son occupa- tion, commcncée aux VI'-V' s. ar'. J.-C. s'est polLt'sttivie itrs- qu'à la {in du Bas-Empire1. 'Direcreur rle recherche au CINRS, tilv{il 6573 Aix-eu-Provcnce. -'Profèsseur honorairc. (1) Le terme de C:risses est lc seul à être utilisé par Les ancietls clocritncnts: « montagne cles (laisscs , (recetrsemct.tt f-oncier de 1790). " les Caisscs ' (pl,rrl cadastral de 18J0, lc rom de Jc:rn-Jean r1ésignc le quartier agricole au bas dr.t versant sucl clcs Claisses. Lappellation Caisses cle Saint fean. coLlrilrllment eniplor'ée depuis ljernand Beuoit, cst inerlcte. Llle trouve son origine chez L. Rochetin qrLi, cn 1894, a associé ces deux nor)s en postulant qratuitcmcnt l'cxistencc cl'rrne chapellc sur I'oppirlurr. (lf. L. llochctin, Tindrzr. Unc cles sta- ticrrrs de I:r rtrie aurélie nne clans la Haute I'ror.encc. Ment. Sor. Acad. Vur/txr:, XI\a 1895. p. L8-3,1). Le site est connu dcpr-ris longremps pour sa richesse en monnaies massaliètes mais itussi romaines. Bien peu ont été publiécs ;usqu'à maintenant. Depuis 1e début dcs années 1980, un lot notable d'exemplaires, trouvés en coLlrs de fouille ou clc prospection de surlàce a pu être rér-rni, i1 f:rit l'objet dc cette étude. PRÉSE,NTATION DU SITE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE (rrc. 1) Loppidum dcs Caisses est établi à l'cxtrémité d'une combc amélrâgée par l'érosion dans un chaînon calcaile. Il pouvait ainsi surveillcr Ie débouché par 1e Destet de la travelsée cles Alpillcs qui emprunte le défiIé de La Vallongue. Des falaises abruptes protégeaicnt le vill:rge pr:otohistoriqlte sur trois côtés. A 1'ouest, l'accès par la con-rbe plus vulnér'ablc, était contrôlé par deux remparts successifi ((iateau et (lazenbeek 1999). Lhistoirc cles for-rilles s'ouvrc avec Fernand Ber-roit, qui déqage, en 1934-1935, dc nombreuses habitations de pierrc sèche (Benoit 1t)34 et 1936) Puis, de 1939 à 1942, il étudie un sectelrr du rcmpart prir-rcipal (Benoit 1939 et Bcnoit I948, I 39-140 ; Malcaclal 1985 a et b) ct 1, découvre , en remPloi, des fi-:rgmerrts dc stèles cultuelles datant du premier Âge dLr Fer' 11 anah,sera par ia suite, à plusieurs reprises, Ie syntbolisme dc Mtt ù Lt \DC1L.LS t t\\ t t V11 t.t ^,, 8,, t 2000, D. tîJ-)\q 244 Ért.'Ltt.s n(-'Ht:.oLOGr()ttL5 L)L et,tLLeuEt srrls J.-C. fucueno et Y. Metceo,rr. I '...:.-f -\Y-AE Fig. l. L'oppiduru des Caisses et sott enuirottrrcnLent lrchéolop.irlue ; 1 ) rtglomlrdtion prorohistorique da l'oppidum 2) p i étno nt mériclion a I 3) zone de /a uicropole r/tL chetnin de Cdgdlou (liniru pt.icise, iitto;»trrt',). leul décor: gr:rvé de chevaux er de car.aliers brar-rdissanr Lln iar-e- lot2. Les recherche s ne replendront qu'i\ parriL de 1980 (fouilles Il Àrcelin ct Y. Marcadal). Le remparr iir.r'e alors de nouveaux fi'agments de stèles et s'ar,ère de structure plus cor-r-r- plexe (Marcadal 1992 b; Coignard et lv{arcadal 1998) que cel1e décrite par F. Bcnoit, tandis que les grandes lienes de la chronologie du site sont établies à parril de la foLLilie de dcux quartiers d'habitation séparés (Ga//ia 1986). On rclèr.e ainsi quelques traces d'habitat à l'Âge du bronze Iinal III B. l\{ais 1a première occupation importante se fait surtout au Vt s. ar.. J.- C., avcc un sanctuaire de plein air probable auquel se rappor- teraient 1es srè1es du rempart er des srrllcrures d'habitar. Àplès une longue période d'abandon, un village fortifié s'insralle r.ers (2) F. Bcnoir a lait diposer plusicurs fragments tle srèles, consen.és clepilis au N{usée Réattu cl'Arlcs, puis transférés au Musée de l'Arles antiqLLu; inrrnr.rirc er

Egyptian economic history has been influenced by the identify two sets of products: six products where tariff import-substitution industrialization approach to cuts will not be politically costly, and six where it will be development, dating back to Gamal Abdel Nasser's Pan-politically costly, In both cases, lowering tariffs will Arabic and socialist movement in the 1950s. Two major improve resource allocation and efficiency in the waves of liberalization have marked the government's industries involved. efforts to rationalize and modernize the economy-the The prospects of a free trade area with Europe should Infitah (opening) promoted by Anwar Sadat in the also help reduce tariffs in sectors where a high share of 1980s, and further trade and privatization efforts by production is exported or imported from Europe. If Hosni Mubarak in the 1990s. Nonetheless, the extent of products are exported to Europe, the potential free trade liberalization does not compare well with similar access to the European market should more than countries. Despite a decade of liberalization, the trade compensate for any tariff reductions in the local market. regime is characterized by deliberate and gradual On the other hand, if products are heavily imported reforms. By 1999 these reforms had led to average tariffs from Europe, the preferential access for European close to 30 percent, with high dispersion and escalation, exporters will tend to significantly increase their well above those in comparable countries. presence in the Egyptian market. This inr turn will reduce Dorsati and Olarreaga provide a political economy the "protective" aspect of external tariffs in sectors with analysis of the difficulties of liberalizing tariffs in Egypt large import penetration as competition will be coming in general, and in its specific industries. They present the from Europe. theoretical and empirical models and discuss the results. The EU-Egypt agreement includes a lengthy (19 years) The authors also explore the potential effects of the structure of tariff reduction. This structure will lead to Euro-Med agreement for Egypt. increased effective rates of protection for the first eight The political economy analysis of the Egyptian tariff years of its implementation, added economic distortions, structure identifies two sets of highly protected sectors. and inefficient use of resources. The Egyptian authorities Overprotected industries are defined as those with actual may want to consider speeding up the Euro-Med tariffs at least 25 percent higher than what is predicted schedule of liberalization to mitigate an increase in by the political economy variables. The political effective rates of protection. Furthermore, special effort determinants can be divided into two groups: the should be made to reduce external tariffs on semilobbying and counter-lobbying forces. First, the lobbying processed and processed goods to attenuate the expected strength of specific capital in each sector is proxied by negative effects of the rise in effective rates of protection. the degree of industry concentration, the labor-capital More generally, to prevent the high potential for trade ratio, and the import penetration ratio. Second, counter-diversion associated with Egypt's high tariffs, a lobbying in factor or input markets is proxied by wage simultaneous reduction in Egypt's external tariffs should level, degree of processing in the industry, and degree of accompany the EU-Egypt agreement. intra-industry trade. Using this methodology, the authors This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of protection in developing countries. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,

The results of more recent research into demographic and economic issues of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary have been published in a collective volume: J. Laszlovszky, B. Nagy, P. Szabó and A. Vadas, eds, The Economy of Medieval Hungary (Leiden, 2018), with a selected bibliography of the earlier literature. The introduction of the present article is largely based on different chapters of that volume. For a summary of earlier views on demographic development and population numbers, see the chapter by A. Kubinyi and J. Laszlovszky (pp. 48-63). 2. The source has recently been republished as

The aim of this article is to present selected facts and tendencies proving the increasing sovietization of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the early 1930s. The analysis is based on archival material collected in the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and current scientifi c literature. A thesis was put forward that the sovietization phenomenon of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic appeared in various forms and proved harmful to the implementation of Ukrainian national slogans in the early 1930s. The presented arguments allow to conclude that at the turn of the 1920s and the 1930s sovietization replaced the earlier policy of Ukrainization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The sovietization tendencies were refl ected in economic reforms (especially in agriculture and industry), political and administrative transformation, or changes in the spirit of socialist society. The sovietization of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as an important postulate implemented by the communist authorities, was one of the forms of opposition to nationalist slogans that indicated the need for reconstruction of Ukraine independent of the Soviet Union.

The paper revisits the so-called "Çiftlik debate" and whether large farms constituted commercial agriculture. It argues against the current historiographical consensus and demonstrates that, at the very least, the question of agrarian capitalism should remain open. If you would like to read the article in its pre-print form, please message me directly.

In dem Artikel wird eine im Heimatmuseum von Csökmö aufbewahrte handschriftliche Rezeptsammlung vorgestellt. Rebeka Z. Nagy, die die Rezepte einst niederschrieb, wurde in Csökmö geboren und verdingte sich nach Beendigung der Elementarschule (1898) bei einer ortsansässigen Großgrundbesitzerfamilie, um bei der Hausarbeit als Magd zu dienen. In den dortigen Dienstjahren (bis 1912) muss sie die Speiserezepte aufgezeichnet haben, die sie wahrscheinlich für die Familie zubereitete. In dem Heft sind 63 Hauptspeisen (Suppen, Eintopfgerichte, Soßen und Fleischgerichte) und 36 verschiedene Rezepte für Backwerk aufgeschrieben.

Resumen: Frente al déficit de visión territorial a escala nacional, que devele el patrón de los conflictos ambientales vigentes en Chile, se propone la construcción de un índice sintético de vulnerabilidad social, con soporte en la unidad de análisis político-administrativa de administración local, junto a la localización de los conflictos ambientales denunciados por ONG's. Ello posibilitará estudiar la relación espacial existente, de modo de determinar qué perfil de unidades territoriales soportan mayor carga de externalidades negativas generadas por proyectos de inversión privada. Asimismo, el planteamiento adoptado posibilita cuantificar los niveles de justicia ambiental en el país.