Economics

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 641933. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.

The policy literature on postsocialist Europe tends to frame smallholders' practices of food self-provisioning and sharing as driven by necessity and proposes land consolidation to increase productivity and efficiency. However, these practices generate nonfinancial benefits, which need to be accounted for. In this paper, I test the socio-economic relevance of these practices in the Republic of Moldova, the country with the highest density of farming households in Europe and whose government has embraced the rural modernization agenda to integrate into the EU economic space. I carry out quantitative estimates using the household budget survey and complement the results with qualitative insights from an original smallholder survey. I find that food self-provisioning and sharing are positively related to subjective well-being and that there is an "intergenerational pact," with home-grown food flowing from late-adulthood smallholders to urban-based young families and the vulnerable elderly. A counterfactual analysis shows that poverty and inequality would be higher in the absence of donated food, especially in urban areas. The preservation of smallholder farming through widespread access to land could thus help fight poverty and provide social benefits vis-à-vis land consolidation.

In the last decades, Brazil has become one of the largest soybean producers and exporters in the world. Although dedicated policies have been implemented since the 1960s, the recent rapid transition towards an agricultural system largely based on soy has had a strong impact on the country’s socio-economic structure—not only in terms of land and labour markets but also on its diverse ecosystems. According to the extant literature, soy has had a beneficial impact on local human development, measured by the human development index (HDI) of the municipalities. However, there is a lack of empirical studies assessing the impact of soy expansion on the single dimensions of the HDI (longevity, education, and income) to disentangle the indirect effects of socio-environmental change while controlling for other local dynamics. To fill this gap, we applied econometric methods to a novel dataset combining municipal-level data on soy production with socio-economic and environmental data for the p...

Since the beginning of the 1990s, Brazil has introduced different policies for increasing agricultural production among family farms, such as the National Program for Strengthening Family Farming (Pronaf), the technical assistance and rural extension programmes (ATER), and seeds distribution. Despite the importance of these policies for the development of family farming, there is a lack of empirical studies investigating their impact on commercialization of food products. By considering household-level data from the 2014 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey, we use propensity score matching techniques accounting for the interaction effects between policies to compare the commercialisation behaviour of recipients with nonrecipients. We find that Pronaf has a significant positive impact on family farmers' propensity to engage in commercialisation, and this effect increases if farmers have also access to ATER. Receiving technical assistance alone has a positive effect, but this is mostly limited to smaller farms. In turn, seed distribution appears not to increase commercialization significantly. A well-balanced policy mix could ensure that, in a country subject to the pressure of international food markets, increased commercialisation does not result in reduced food security for rural dwellers.

After obtaining independence from the USSR in 1991, the Republic of Moldova carried out an insider privatization of the land belonging to former Soviet collective farms. As a result, almost 900,000 small family farms emerged, the majority of whom are still active today. Although they play an important socioeconomic role, policy makers neglect them as a residual, shrinking phenomenon. By adopting the theoretical perspective of peasant economics, this dissertation aims at assessing the health status of these farms over ten years after the land reform, and their evolution over time. Data from an original mixed quantitative and qualitative survey carried out on a sample of 126 farms in spring 2015, and the databases of the Household Budget Survey for the period 2006-2013 are used. The main drivers of farmers’ livelihood choices are identified by means of a 31-item Likert scale, and a comprehensive picture of the typical family farm is drawn. Farms are then grouped according to land size...

The policy literature on postsocialist Europe tends to frame smallholders' practices of food self-provisioning and sharing as driven by necessity and proposes land consolidation to increase productivity and efficiency. However, these practices generate nonfinancial benefits, which need to be accounted for. In this paper, I test the socio-economic relevance of these practices in the Republic of Moldova, the country with the highest density of farming households in Europe and whose government has embraced the rural modernization agenda to integrate into the EU economic space. I carry out quantitative estimates using the household budget survey and complement the results with qualitative insights from an original smallholder survey. I find that food self-provisioning and sharing are positively related to subjective well-being and that there is an "intergenerational pact," with home-grown food flowing from late-adulthood smallholders to urban-based young families and the vulnerable elderly. A counterfactual analysis shows that poverty and inequality would be higher in the absence of donated food, especially in urban areas. The preservation of smallholder farming through widespread access to land could thus help fight poverty and provide social benefits vis-à-vis land consolidation.

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 641933. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.

This article challenges prevailing views about the collapse of the New Deal industrial relations system and the role of the market. It argues that the old system has been replaced not by the market but by an employment rights regime, in which the rules of the workplace are imposed by law, judicial opinions, and administrative rulings, supplemented by mechanisms at the enterprise level that are responsive to the law but also are susceptible to employee pressures, both individual and collective. The emergence of this regime is the product of a shift in the axes of social and political mobilization from mobilization around economic identities rooted in class, industry, occupation, and enterprise to identities rooted in the society outside the workplace: sex, race, ethnicity, age, disability, and sexual orientation. The shift in the axes of mobilization in turn reflects the collapse of the underlying model of social and economic organization upon which the collective bargaining regime w...

This study investigates the effects of working capital management on firm's profitability in Pakistan by using average annual cross sectional data from 2004 to 2009. Four different sectors namely textile, chemical, engineering and sugar and allied are considered. Inventory turnover, average payment period, current ratio, firm size, average collection period and debit ratio are used. Regression results indicate that average collection period has insignificant effects on profitability except in sugar and allied sector. At the same time debit ratio also has insignificant effect on profitability except in engineering sector. Furthermore average payment period has insignificant effect only in sugar and allied sector. Inventory turnover, current ratio and firm size has significant effects on profitability in all sectors. Sensitivity analysis confirms that the results are robust.

In this paper, we present a numerical approach to solve the GNLSE and analyze soliton interaction phenomena using COMSOL environment. By leveraging the capabilities of COMSOL's PDE module, we can accurately capture the dynamics of solitons and investigate their interactions. We analyze the impact of different parameters such as soliton power, initial separation distance, and dispersion characteristics on the soliton dynamics. Furthermore, we examine the role of higher-order dispersion terms in shaping the soliton interactions. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed numerical approach in accurately simulating and analyzing soliton interaction phenomena. The COMSOL-based methodology provides a flexible and efficient framework for studying complex nonlinear optical systems, enabling researchers to gain insights into the behavior of solitons in different media and design optimized communication systems. This paper contributes to the understanding of soliton dynamics and provides a practical tool for investigating the behavior of solitons in nonlinear dispersive media. The presented numerical approach using COMSOL opens avenues for further research in nonlinear optics and fiber optic communication systems.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh keberadaan industri dan PLTU terhadap lingkungan di Provinsi Banten. Dengan analisis menggunakan metode DPSIR, diketahui impact dari emisi yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran batubara sebagai bahan baku PLTU serta dari industri adalah gangguan sistem pernafasan sebagai efek paling ringan, serta risiko kematian dini sebagai efek paling berat. Response yang telah dilakukan Pemerintah Provinsi Banten lebih banyak dari sisi hilir, seperti evaluasi, pembinaan, pengawasan serta penurunan beban pencemaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi upaya dari sisi hulu, yaitu perencanaan dan kebijakan yang tidak hanya berorientasi pada pembangunan ekonomi dan pencapaian target nasional saja, tetapi sektor lingkungan dan sosial juga dapat diinternalisasi. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dipertimbangkan adalah perhitungan PDRB hijau. Hasil perhitungan PDRB hijau di Provinsi Banten tahun 2018 sebesar Rp 396,6 T atau 91,4% dari nilai PDRB konvensional. Dengan hasil perhitungan PDRB hijau diharapkan dapat memberikan pemahaman pentingnya internalisasi lingkungan dalam pembangunan.

The main aim of the paper is to define place of budget law in the system of Russian law as well as boundaries of budget law legal scope. Author tries to justify that budget law is a sub-branch of financial law. It regulates just some groups of relations concerning collecting of budget revenues and implementation of budget expenditures. Conclusions of the paper are based on researches of soviet and modern scientists; court practice is used as well.

The aim of this paper is to explore the problems of incompatible strategies in international mergers. Studying a failed merger between the two state-owned Scandinavian telecom corporations, we examine how the parties' strategies were incompatible. We find that the parties' strategies were incompatible in three distinctive areas, and study how the companies tried to resolve these incompatibilities. Owing to national governance structures established to protect national interests, the parties were unable to resolve these strategic incompatibilities.

In the literature on M&A and social justice, equality is regarded as an important principle to facilitate social integration. This article debates what happens when the equality principle is operationalized; from intentions in the pre‐merger process to the distribution of resources and decision‐making rules in the post‐merger process. In a merger between two state‐owned telecoms corporations in the Scandinavian countries, we found that the principle of equality had the reverse effects on social integration to that predicted in the literature. Instead of facilitating the social integration process, the equality principle led to perceptual and structural fallacies negatively influencing social integration. We suggest that these disintegrating effects were particularly strong because this was an international merger between two state‐owned firms of unequal size.

This paper capitalizes on an institutional perspective to analyze corporate social responsibility (CSR) orientations in the Lebanese context. Specifically, the paper compiles a new theoretical framework drawing on a multi-level model of institutional flows by Scott (Institutions and organizations: ideas and interests, 2008) and the explicit/implicit CSR model by Matten and Moon (Acad Manag Rev 33(2): 2008). This new theoretical framework is then used to explore the CSR convergence versus divergence question in a developing country context. The findings highlight the usefulness of the compiled multi-layered institutional framework and the varied nuances and profound insights it offers in analyzing CSR in context. They also suggest that a cosmetic level of global convergence in explicit CSR may materialize in light of mimetic isomorphic pressures, but that the path dependence hypothesis is indeed salient in light of national history trajectories and socio-politico configurations. The findings correspond most closely to patterns of CSR crossvergence, combining elements of both convergence and divergence, and reflecting in complex hybridized CSR expressions. The findings and their implications are presented and assessed.

The construction industry is pivotal in advancing infrastructure but also contributes significantly to environmental degradation through waste generation. This research investigates waste management practices in three construction projects in Chittagong, Bangladesh, aiming to develop a feasible waste management policy. Through a rigorous analysis of site-specific data, the study identifies the types and quantities of waste generated and evaluates existing waste management practices. The paper proposes a policy focused on reducing waste through strategic planning, efficient resource utilization, and enhanced recycling efforts. While the study provides a foundational policy framework and contributes to sustainable construction practices, it also acknowledges its limitations due to the sample size and geographical focus. Future research directions include broader application and longitudinal studies to assess the policy's impact, integration of advanced technological tools for waste tracking, and a more in-depth stakeholder analysis to foster inclusive and comprehensive waste management solutions. This work serves as a stepping stone towards more sustainable construction practices, with implications for environmental, economic, and regulatory aspects of construction waste management.

The article takes an important issue for any type of business activity that is space. It is considered from the perspective of the emerging discipline that is still a spatial economy. Investigations carried out in this article are focused on the problems noted in practice are essential for constant and sustained business development of economic entities that respects the natural environment and the consequences for the social life of people in a particular area

In recent years both our need or desire for mobility and the opportunities and tools available to meet them have changed (and keep on changing) as a result of information and communication technologies (ICT's). ICT's have influenced both our transport modes and infrastructure as well as our behaviour. In this paper we discuss the main features of these changes and investigate how they could put public values in the transport debate in a tight corner or lead to new policy challenges. Transport comes with benefits and burdens and often a unequal distribution of both. Moreover, there are tensions between short and long term interests, public and private interests and between efficiency and equity. Analysing how new developments impact public values that are considered relevant in the transport debate shows that there is a wide range of aspects to consider. We discuss four public values. Accessibility is concerned with providing access for all, making sure there are transport options available as well as taking care that people have the capabilities to access them. Affordability or (cost) efficiency is about spending public money wisely. Availability reflects the need for a reliable transport system, today and in the future, as this is crucial for economic performance and social interaction. Acceptability is a broad category including issues with regard to justice and solidarity, the impact on safety and other external effects, the impact on the market playing field and respect for privacy. ICT's change transport in very different ways. They have changed the world of travel and traffic information, bringing more options and alternatives under people's attention. Public transport information is widely available, GPS's guide our car trips and provide real time information on traffic conditions, and platforms enable us to find a shared car or a Uber taxi fast and easy. They have enabled new forms of transport, such as new services offered through internet platforms, and probably will enable other new modes like self-driving vehicles. ICT's change our need or desire to travel and our travel experience. They change the geography of our destinations. All in all, ICT's change our behaviour in many ways, making us more flexible leading to more fragmented patterns in space and time. And with all these changes, the transport system also becomes more complex. Assessment of new developments in the transport system as a result of ICT's leads us to four major challenges, requiring policy makers to adopt a more proactive approach in order to deal with these. First, the behavioural patterns in space and time are becoming more and more whimsical and less predictable, while infrastructure such as road or rail is inherently robust, inert and takes a long time to plan and build. Yet somehow, the mice and the elephant will have to (learn to) dance together., Second, social equity is a major concern when accessibility becomes more and more dependent on privately run platforms and transport service providers using unknown algorithms. Access can be limited in multiple ways. Physical access can be an issue (service provider may shun certain neighbourhoods). However, more and more it is a matter of skills and psychological flexibility to keep

Abstrak   Seiring dengan terjadinya perubahan variasi permintaan pada setiap periode untuk produksi tertentu menyebabkan perusahaan harus memiliki rencana produksi yang berbeda setiap periode sesuai dengan kapasitas produksi. Untuk membantu dalam melakukan perancangan volume produksi yang optimal, diperlukan metode yang sesuai. Pada kasus ini, line -4 MV plant PT X memproduksi enam jenis kabel twisted dengan jumlah produksi dan profit yang berbeda-beda. Metode Theory of constraints (TOC) dapat mengidentifikasi masalah produksi, terutama dalam hal kendala kapasitas. Metode ini dilengkapi dengan Linear Programming dalam membantu merancang volume produksi optimal dengan profit maksimum. Dari hasil pengolahan data ditemukan kendala pada semua proses dan dari hasil perhitungan Linear Programming menggunakan software Win-QSB dapat diketahui volume produksi optimal, yakni NFA2X 2x16 sebanyak 52,7 km, NFA2X 4x16 sebanyak 0 km, NFA2X 4x25 sebanyak 10 km, NFA2X-T 3x70+50 sebanyak 140,5 km, A...

This report provides summary findings and conclusions from a set of five case studies examining the scaling up of pro-poor agricultural innovations through commercial pathways in developing countries. The E3 Analytics and Evaluation Project conducted the studies and prepared this synthesis report on behalf of the United States Agency for International Development's Bureau for Food Security (USAID/BFS), as part of the Bureau's efforts to scale up the impact of the Feed the Future (FTF) initiative. The study's findings also draw on the results of a one-day workshop at which the Project team presented the case studies and preliminary findings to a group of agriculture and scaling experts. USAID/BFS commissioned this study to produce lessons and, ultimately, guidance for the Agency including its country Missions about what types of innovations and which country contexts are best suited for scaling up through commercial pathways, and to identify the activities, strategies, and support necessary to facilitate successful scaling. The findings are timely as the U.S. Congress recently passed the Global Food Security Act, which will continue support for global food security, resilience, and nutrition. Findings on scaling are very relevant for informing the development of the Global Food Security strategy and implementation guidance moving forward. The Project team worked in collaboration with USAID/BFS to select the five case studies based on criteria designed to give significant variance in terms of types of innovations, country contexts, and scaling strategies used. Each case had to (1) have achieved significant scale, (2) have used a commercial pathway to reach scale, (3) be commercially sustainable, (4) offer clear opportunities for learning about innovations, context, and strategies, and (5) involve a USAID-supported activity in which the Agency had a pivotal role. Some of the cases turned out to be different than what had been expected based on information gathered through desk review and remote interviews. This was particularly true of the case of Kuroiler chickens in Uganda, which nevertheless provided important lessons as a counterpoint to the other cases.

This paper presents a modeling comparison project on how the 2°C climate target could affect economic and energy systems development in China and India. The analysis uses a framework that harmonizes baseline developments and soft-links seven national and global models being either economy wide (CGE models) or energy system models. The analysis is based on a global greenhouse gas emission pathway that aims at a radiative forcing of 2.9 W/m 2 in 2100 and with a policy regime based on convergence of per capita CO 2 emissions with emissions trading. Economic and energy implications for China and India vary across models. Decreased energy intensity is the most important abatement approach in the CGE models, while decreased carbon intensity is most important in the energy system models. Reliance on Coal without Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is significantly reduced in most models, while CCS is a central abatement technology in energy system models, as is renewable and nuclear energy. Concerning economic impacts China bears in general a higher cost than India, as China benefits less from emissions trading. Costs are also affected by changes in fossil fuel prices, currency appreciation from capital inflow from carbon trading and timing of emission reductions.

Banana ( Musa spp.) is one of the fruits that most consumers buy in the Philippines as part of daily diets. Its high demand is owed to the fruit’s nutritive value and affordable price. The Philippines has been growing 80 cultivars for domestic and international markets. Among these are ‘Lakatan’ and ‘Latundan.’ Production-related researches on banana have been well established, but little is known about the banana’s marketability and consumer preferences in the local market. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of consumer traits on the choice of table banana quality in the Philippines. A survey was conducted with 400 consumer-respondents: 146 came from a producing area (Davao City) and 254 were from consuming markets (Manila and Cebu City). Multinomial logistic regression was applied in carrying out the objective of the study. Results reveal that the consumer’s traits—i.e., age, marital status, education, occupation, and gender—significantly affect the likelihood of choos...

Income has been found to be a strong determinant of consumers’ demand for agricultural commodity such as banana, and has been strongly correlated with consumer preference. However, literature on consumer preferences vis-à-vis fruit quality as segmented by income group is lacking. This study aims to determine the table banana preferred by consumers in low-, middle-, and high-income groups and its effect on price. Descriptive statistics and hedonic regression were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that high-income consumers were more discriminating than low- and middle-income consumers in terms of cluster size and fruit length. This means that high-income consumers are willing to pay premium price for banana quality. Consumer under different income class in the society have their own preferences when making purchase decisions with respect to the embodied attributes of banana. A well-informed clientele can be chosen and proper market segmentation and marketing plan can be prep...

Создание курса в системе Learme Пронина Ольга Юрьевна Приамурский государственный университет им.Шолом-Алейхема магистрант Баженов Руслан Иванович Приамурский государственный университет им. Шолом-Алейхема к. п. н., доцент, зав. кафедрой информационных систем, математики и методик обучения Аннотация В статье рассматривается пример создания курса в системе Learme. Рассматривается создание страниц курса, а также ввод информации об учениках, которые будут пользоваться курсом. Приведены скриншоты создания курса. Ключевые слова: Learme, создание курса, страницы.

УДК 004.42 Обзор программных комплексов, реализующих построение карт разума Кардаш Анна Сергеевна Приамурский государственный университет имени Шолом-Алейхема студент Демченко Галина Вячеславовна Приамурский государственный университет имени Шолом-Алейхема студент Баженов Руслан Иванович Приамурский государственный университет имени Шолом-Алейхема зав. кафедрой информационных систем, математики и методик обучения Аннотация Данная статья посвящена обзору пакетов программ, предназначенных для построения «карт разума». В сравнении предоставлены несколько программных комплексов, как свободно распространяемых, так и платных. Ключевые слова: карты разума, ассоциативные связи, ментальные карты, мозговой штурм Review software systems that implement the construction of Mind Mapping

We performed a cluster analysis of the low back pain dataset in the framework of the IFCS-2017 data challenge. Because the original data contained missing values, the first part of our analysis concerned the imputation of missing values using the Fully Conditional Specification model. The Local Outlier Factor method was then used to detect and eliminate the outliers. After the data normalization, we removed highly correlated variables from the transformed dataset and carried out k-means clustering of the remaining variables based on their correlations, i.e., the variables with the highest mutual correlations were assigned to the same cluster. Once the variables were assigned to different clusters, one representative per cluster, i.e., the variable with the highest contribution score at the first principal component, was selected. Among the 13 selected variables, there are representatives of each of the 6 variable domains (contextual factor, participation, pain, psychological, activity and physical impairment), specified as important in the paper by . Different clustering methods, including DAPC, k-means and k-medoids,

We performed a cluster analysis of the low back pain dataset in the framework of the IFCS-2017 data challenge. Because the original data contained missing values, the first part of our analysis concerned the imputation of missing values using the Fully Conditional Specification model. The Local Outlier Factor method was then used to detect and eliminate the outliers. After the data normalization, we removed highly correlated variables from the transformed dataset and carried out k-means clustering of the remaining variables based on their correlations, i.e., the variables with the highest mutual correlations were assigned to the same cluster. Once the variables were assigned to different clusters, one representative per cluster, i.e., the variable with the highest contribution score at the first principal component, was selected. Among the 13 selected variables, there are representatives of each of the 6 variable domains (contextual factor, participation, pain, psychological, activity and physical impairment), specified as important in the paper by . Different clustering methods, including DAPC, k-means and k-medoids,

Planning, scheduling and Resource levelling plays an important role in any construction project maybe it is construction of building or construction of road. In absence of proper planning, scheduling and resource levelling construction industry does not get profit over the project. For this purpose, proper software's and techniques must be utilize. This paper is focussing on the advantages of Oracle Primavera P6 Software. The latest version of Primavera is P6-17. In any construction work huge amount of paperwork is needed, which makes the management very burdensome. By using Oracle's Primavera P6 Software paperwork can be reduce, resulting in reduction of burden. Primavera P6 give improvement in construction management. Primavera P6 is the time redeemable tool, with proper resource optimization.

The present study investigated the Intelligence of Secondary School Students of Arunachal Pradesh.The study was conducted on eight hundred (800) class-X students by giving due representation to boys and girls as well as rural and urban localities of two districts in Arunachal Pradesh, namely: East Siang and Lohit. The schools were selected using stratified random sampling technique. The selected schools belong to the category of government as well as private schools which are affiliated to CBSE i.e., Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi and controlled and supervised by the Department of Education, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh. The descriptive survey method is used for data collection. As far as intelligence was measured by using the group test of mental ability constructed and standardized by Dr. S. Jalota.The findings of the study reported thaton intelligence the mean scores of students of Lohit district is better than that of East Siang district; and comparison between go...

This study analyzes the volatility spillover effects in the US stock market (S&P500) and cryptocurrency market (BGCI) using intraday data during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the potential drivers of portfolio diversification, we measure the asymmetric volatility transmission on both markets. We apply MGARCH-BEKK and the algorithm-based GA2M machine learning model. The negative shocks to returns impact the S&P500 and the cryptocurrency market more than the positive shocks on both markets. This study also indicates evidence of unidirectional cross-market asymmetric volatility transmission from the cryptocurrency market to the S&P500 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research findings show the potential benefit of portfolio diversification between the S&P500 and BGCI.

We discuss efficient pricing methods via a Partial Differential Equation (PDE) approach for long-dated foreign exchange (FX) interest rate hybrids under a three-factor multi-currency pricing model with FX volatility skew. The emphasis of the paper is on Power-Reverse Dual-Currency (PRDC) swaps with popular exotic features, namely knockout and FX Target Redemption (FX-TARN). Challenges in pricing these derivatives via a PDE approach arise from the high-dimensionality of the model PDE, as well as from the complexities in handling the exotic features, especially in the case of the FX-TARN provision, due to its path-dependency. Our proposed PDE pricing framework for FX-TARN PRDC swaps is based on partitioning the pricing problem into several independent pricing sub-problems over each time period of the swap's tenor structure, with possible communication at the end of the time period. Each of these pricing sub-problems can be viewed as equivalent to a knockout PRDC swap with a known time-dependent barrier, and requires a solution of the model PDE, which, in our case, is a time-dependent parabolic PDE in three space dimensions. Finite difference schemes on non-uniform grids are used for the spatial discretization of the model PDE, and the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) timestepping methods are employed for its time discretization. Numerical examples illustrating the convergence properties and efficiency of the numerical methods are provided.

The paper analyses the link between the autonomy according to business function and the performance of foreign subsidiaries in Slovenia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Estonia. The novelty of the paper is in the deeper investigation of the multidimensionality of autonomy. Using the method of principal components, four business function factors relating to autonomy were obtained (technology, marketing, management, finance). The results supported the argument that the relationship between autonomy and performance depends on the type of autonomy. Marketing and finance are the most powerful dimensions of autonomy. Higher autonomy in marketing is negatively linked with technology upgrading, measured by productivity level, improvement of technological level of production equipment, and quality of products. The higher the financial autonomy of the subsidiaries the bigger the positive changes in all fields of performance.

This study aims to examine the effect of auditor's audit experience and auditor's audit knowledge on auditor's expertise of BPK RI delegation in Riau Province. The data collecting method used in this research is survey method by means of questionnaire instrument directly delivered to BPK RI delegation in Riau province. A total of 36 respondents (90%) collected and used in the analysis. Methods of analysis used in this study is the technique of multiple regression analysis version 17.0. Result of the study showed that the variables auditor's audit experience and auditor's audit knowledge effect on the auditor expertise. The magnitude of the effect caused by Adjusted R 2 by two variables together 59.5% of the dependent variable, while the remaining 40.5% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

This study aims to research the influence of the presentation of financial report, accessibility and regional financial accounting system to accountability of regional financial management. The research was conducted on SKPD Sijunjung regency. The population in this study totaling 25 units working unit. Respondents in this study is the Head SKPD as users of the budget, the Head of Finance, Treasurer SKPD and parties that are directly related to the financial management of the Regional Government Sijunjung. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis and t test using SPSS. The results showed the presentation of financial statements, accessibility and regional financial accounting system affect the accountability of financial management with the value of determination (Adjusted R2) amounted to 60.9% while the remaining 39.1% be affected by other variables not examined in this study.

This study aims to examine the effect of auditor’s audit experience and auditor’s audit knowledge on auditor’s expertise of BPK RI delegation in Riau Province. The data collecting method used in this research is survey method by means of questionnaire instrument directly delivered to BPK RI delegation in Riau province. A total of 36 respondents (90%) collected and used in the analysis. Methods of analysis used in this study is the technique of multiple regression analysis version 17.0. Result of the study showed that the variables auditor’s audit experience and auditor’s audit knowledge effect on the auditor expertise. The magnitude of the effect caused by Adjusted R2 by two variables together 59.5% of the dependent variable, while the remaining 40.5% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. Keyword : auditor expertise, audit’s experience, and audit’s knowledge.

Objective -This study examines the present-day implementation of the counter-cyclical principle suggested by Yusuf (AS) around four thousand years ago, in response to the King of Egypt's dream, to overcome the famine of seven years through saving grain during seven years of abundance. In general, the counter-cyclical principle encourages saving during times of plenty and spending during times of scarcity, activities which today help to stabilise the business-cycle. Method -Library research is applied since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughly reviewing the most relevant literature. This paper reviews the commodity-based currency systems proposed before, during and after the Second World War by several prominent economists (particularly Graham, 1940; Hayek, 1943; Grondona, 1950 and all of which basically incorporated the counter-cyclical principle of Prophet Yusuf (AS). The primary purpose of these commodity-based currency systems is to stabilise the real value of money in order to improve macroeconomic stability. Additionally, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of Grondona system of conditional currency convertibility. Results -The Grondona system would partially stabilise the real value of each country's national currency in terms of a range of durable, essential, basic imported commodities, thereby also partially stabilising the prices of the selected commodities in terms of the national currency of each country implementing the system. Conclusion -The Grondona system of conditional currency convertibility as compared to other commodity-based currency systems is more practical. Its primary advantage in comparison to other proposals of commodity reserve currency is that it could be implemented in parallel with the existing monetary system. Accordingly, it could be taken as a preliminary step towards a monetary system based on real money such as gold dinar.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to validate the impact of economic and financial development along with energy consumption on environmental degradation using dynamic panel data models for the period 1980-2010. The study uses three sub-panels constructed on the basis of income level to make panel data analysis more meaningful. Design/methodology/approach – Larsson et al. panel cointegration technique, fully modified ordinary least squares and vector error correction model causality analysis are applied for empirical estimation. Findings – Main empirical findings demonstrate that financial development reduces environmental degradation in the high-income panel and increases environmental degradation in the middle- and low-income panels. Hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve is accepted in all income panels. Granger causality results show the evidence of bidirectional causality between financial development and CO2 emission in the high-income panel, and unidirectional cau...

Flexibilidad laboral y modernización de las condiciones generales de trabajo en México de 1996 a 2000 El presente ensayo se divide en dos partes, la primera aborda los diversos estudios que en México se han hecho sobre la flexibilización laboral, destacando cuales han sido sus avances y los aspectos teóricos que envuelven y explican el fenómeno de la flexibilización. En la segunda parte hacemos un análisis de la flexibilización laboral en las organizaciones de nuestro país, de acuerdo con los datos obtenidos de la revisión integral que hizo la Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social (STyPS) de los Contratos Colectivos de Trabajo de

El objetivo general de este artículo es analizar el impacto de los procesos de modernización productiva en las identidades ocupacionales de las operadoras de la empresa Teléfonos de México, SA de CV (Telmex); así como abordar las dimensiones que engloban y ...

The objective of this study is to estimate the expected health outcomes, costs, cost-effectiveness of changing from Current Practice where thrombolytic therapy is given in hospital to Paramedic Practice where thrombolytic therapy is administered by appropriately trained paramedics (pre-hospital). A decision-analysis microsimulation model was constructed with a 30-day component and a long-term health state transition component. A brief review of the literature was undertaken to obtain data on time to needle to populate the model. The primary health outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); secondary outcomes included cardiac events, procedures, and survival. Costs to the Australian healthcare system for the rest of life were taken as the analytical perspective. On average, STEMI patients gain 0.13 QALYs at an additional life-time cost of $343. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were $3428 per life-year gained and $2601 per QALY gained. These estimates were robust to changes in a range of assumptions and parameter values. The most important factor was the time-to-needlethe greater the difference between Current Practice times and Paramedic Practice times, the greater the health benefits and lower the cost per QALY (and life-year) gained. A key factor in the model was the substantially lower incidence of heart failure from earlier time-to-needle. Importantly, there was little change in the cost per QALY gained for a wide range of ages; thus, there is no argument to limit thrombolysis by paramedics to above or below an age threshold. Paramedics administering thrombolysis can avert some STEMI deaths and the pre-hospital administration of thrombolysis is good value for money.

The objective of this study is to estimate the expected health outcomes, costs, cost-effectiveness of changing from Current Practice where thrombolytic therapy is given in hospital to Paramedic Practice where thrombolytic therapy is administered by appropriately trained paramedics (pre-hospital). A decision-analysis microsimulation model was constructed with a 30-day component and a long-term health state transition component. A brief review of the literature was undertaken to obtain data on time to needle to populate the model. The primary health outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); secondary outcomes included cardiac events, procedures, and survival. Costs to the Australian healthcare system for the rest of life were taken as the analytical perspective. On average, STEMI patients gain 0.13 QALYs at an additional life-time cost of $343. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were $3428 per life-year gained and $2601 per QALY gained. These estimates were robust to changes in a range of assumptions and parameter values. The most important factor was the time-to-needlethe greater the difference between Current Practice times and Paramedic Practice times, the greater the health benefits and lower the cost per QALY (and life-year) gained. A key factor in the model was the substantially lower incidence of heart failure from earlier time-to-needle. Importantly, there was little change in the cost per QALY gained for a wide range of ages; thus, there is no argument to limit thrombolysis by paramedics to above or below an age threshold. Paramedics administering thrombolysis can avert some STEMI deaths and the pre-hospital administration of thrombolysis is good value for money.

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Qualitative choice models of consumers' decisions to file for bankruptcy and their choice of bankruptcy chapter are estimated jointly, combining choice‐based sampling techniques with a nested estimation procedure. Medical and credit card debt are found to be the strongest contributors to bankruptcy, with homeownership playing an important role with respect to both the decision to declare bankruptcy and the choice of bankruptcy alternative. The potential effects of legal changes relating to property exemptions and dischargeable debt categories are found to encourage debt repayment through Chapter 13.

We investigate the existence of a risk premium in the foreign exchange market, based on the conditional variance of market forecast errors. The forecast errors are assumed to follow the ARCH process introduced by Engle (1982). Estimation and diagnostic testing of the model are discussed, and results are presented for the currencies of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and Switzerland. *We would like to thank Pekka Ahtiala, Robert Flood, Arnold Harberger, Robert Hodrick, Dennis Kraft and two anonymous referees for helpful comments, and Tom Holmes for the programming involved in estimation of the model. We would also like to thank the University Research Grants Committee of Northwestern University for their financial support of the project. The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City or the Federal Reserve System. tThe introduction will not be an exhaustive summary of the literature on risk premium. Rather, we will refer to some 'typical' papers. For a more complete survey, see .

''Display priority assigns a special place in the queue of orders to bids and offers submitted to the system, but not shown to market participants. See Domowitz (1990a) for examples in the context of the Globex system. and Domowitz (1992a) contain a general description and discussion of display priorities.