Human Geography

Current responses to homelessness in developed countries are frequently analysed, particularly within the disciplines of sociology and urban studies, as conforming to a blueprint of neo-liberal urban governance. These analyses view the central and local state as attempting to coercively 'sweep up' homeless urban populations into hostels and day centres away from contact with business and shopping areas, under the guise of a 'housing first' concern for the (individual) health and welfare of homeless people. The role of homeless NGOs is then portrayed both as a form of collusion with this punitive agenda, and as deflecting attention away from the wider (structural) causes of homelessness. Cloke, May and Johnsen agree that there have indeed been several 'revanchist' developments in recent decades to 'reclaim the streets' from homeless persons, and that NGOs have increasingly come under pressure to manage homelessness according to neoliberal state diktat. Nonetheless, the authors of Swept Up Lives? argue that such 'orthodox' accounts fail to understand the complexity of the situation on which policy seeks to impact and thus some of the barriers to neo-liberal governance in this area-hence the interrogative in the book's title. The main empirical basis for Cloke, May and Johnsen's claim is a research project that ran between 2001 and 2004, using postal surveys of hostels, day centres and soup runs across England, Wales and Scotland, and employing case studies of seven English cities and towns. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with managers, staff and volunteers working in emergency homeless services in these seven urban areas, as well as with key informants such as local authority housing officials and police officers. Participant observation, as well as semi-structured interviews, were used for data collection from homeless persons themselves. For Cloke et al. part of the complexity of the situation neglected by orthodox accounts is the sheer humanity of homeless people. Recognition of this goes beyond seeing homeless persons as simply shaped by punitive regulation of public space and the geography of service provision, and further than attributing instrumental rationality to homeless persons, to the exploration of the roles of emotion and affect in their lives. (The latter discussion

In post-Soviet countries, the breakdown of collective agriculture generated large numbers of subsistence-oriented smallholders. Two decades later, most land recipients are reaching old age. We inquire the perspectives for farm succession using a mixed-method survey with 126 smallholders and a pilot survey with 19 children of smallholders carried out in the Republic of Moldova in 2015. We find that many land recipients lack a successor and are thus selling their plots to corporate farms or abandoning them. The children recognise the symbolic value of food self-provisioning and land ownership but are more open to non-farm livelihoods than their parents. A timely introduction of policies to incentivise the takeover of the farms by young people and farm modernisation is thus key to promote an agricultural sector of mid-sized family businesses.

In post-Soviet countries, the breakdown of collective agriculture generated large numbers of subsistence-oriented smallholders. Two decades later, most land recipients are reaching old age. We inquire the perspectives for farm succession using a mixed-method survey with 126 smallholders and a pilot survey with 19 children of smallholders carried out in the Republic of Moldova in 2015. We find that many land recipients lack a successor and are thus selling their plots to corporate farms or abandoning them. The children recognise the symbolic value of food self-provisioning and land ownership but are more open to non-farm livelihoods than their parents. A timely introduction of policies to incentivise the takeover of the farms by young people and farm modernisation is thus key to promote an agricultural sector of mid-sized family businesses.

Belgeo est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Méthodologie de recherche sur le développement des zones frontalières: les études de cas peuvent-elles déboucher sur une vision globale?

En partant d'un corpus d'entretiens des acteurs de la geographie theorique et quantitative (1960-2010), cet article propose d'analyser les vies de laboratoire d'un cas particulier, dans une analyse historique et spatiale du developpement de l'equipe P.A.R.I.S. Elle a ete motrice dans le developpement de la geographie theorique et quantitative a partir des annees 1960-1970 et a en particulier renouvele l'approche des etudes urbaines en geographie. Cette equipe sera mise en regard d'un autre « laboratoire », le groupe Dupont. La focalisation sur une equipe, P.A.R.I.S., comparee a d'autres groupes, donne a voir des vies de laboratoires, en considerant les modalites de sa structuration d'un point de vue spatial, epistemologique mais aussi sociologique. D'un cote, P.A.R.I.S., un laboratoire parisien, feminise ; de l'autre, le groupe Dupont, un reseau informel et contestataire de chercheurs du Sud-Est de la France. Sur une periode allant des ann...

Entre 1780 et 1860 en Europe, la geographie se structure peu a peu en champ scientifique et academique independant, et particulierement en France, Prusse et Grande-Bretagne. Au meme moment dans ces trois pays europeens, des geographes travaillent a ce que leur champ soit enfin considere comme une science a part entiere, au meme titre par exemple que l'histoire ou les mathematiques. Ils construisent leur champ a la faveur d'un renouvellement profond de ses principes institutionnels et epistemologiques, selon un processus similaire dans ces trois spheres. Ils organisent progressivement les connaissances geographiques selon une exigence de scientificite, dont ils discutent les modalites. Ce processus de construction a la fois scientifique et disciplinaire est profondement marque par l'heritage des Lumieres et l'esprit universaliste, mais, parallelement, il se trouve egalement influence et informe par le contexte politique. Entre 1785 et 1860, les savoirs geographiques s...

Mobility reduction and modal shift towards public transport, walking and cycling were important aims of the Dutch spatial policy from the nineties (VINEX). This policy encompassed several criteria for new housing developments, to limit the mobility these generate. This paper reports on a study into the mobility consequences of the developments that were the result of this VINEX policy. It discusses the compliance of these locations with policy criteria and analyses the (car) travel behaviour of their inhabitants. The study focusses on the spatial situation of all newly built housing from the period 1995-2003 and the travel behaviour of their occupants. Part of these are classified as VINEX developments or dwellings, others are not developed as part of the VINEX policy and are referred to as non-VINEX. Results were obtained from detailled analyses of spatial characteristics and regression analyses of individual travel patterns. Differences between sections of the population and their...

• For many years, spatial and mobility policy have focused on stimulating and managing growth. The population, the housing stock, and the number of jobs and kilometres travelled have shown continuous growth. However, those days are gone and the Netherlands is on the eve of change. • The new PBL regional scenarios show that spatial policy in the Netherlands will be faced with three types of regional development. While some parts of the country will almost certainly experience growth and others shrinkage, a large part of the Netherlands could experience either, depending on future economic and international developments. • Developments in housing, employment and mobility do not always take place at the same rate within a region; therefore, future visions may vary per region. • In certain areas, such as the river region of the Netherlands, the Veluwe and parts of the Green Heart, it is uncertain whether population, mobility and employment will in fact grow or decline. Urban regions such as Almere, Groningen, Arnhem/Nijmegen and Utrecht are highly likely to continue to grow, whereas regions at the periphery of the Netherlands, such as east Groningen and the middle of Limburg, are fairly certain to experience shrinkage. • The continued decrease in the average size of households means, under the high scenario, that the demand for housing will continue to increase in all regions up to 2040. Under the low scenario, the demand for housing will increase almost everywhere up to 2020 but will subsequently decrease in more and more regions (first only in e.g. Rijnmond, Flevopolder and south-east Utrecht, and from 2030 in a large part of the Netherlands). • The size of the potential labour force will also decrease, due to the ageing of the population. Employment, expressed as the number of jobs, will level off or decrease in large areas of the Netherlands, at first in the peripheral regions. The scenarios predict that employment will be concentrated in the urban regions -in particular, in central areas of the Netherlands. • Mobility, expressed as the number of kilometres travelled per capita, is likely to continue to increase in a large part of the Netherlands; especially, in the next ten years. After 2020, mobility may level off, as well, or start to decrease in large parts of the Netherlands. The amount by which mobility will increase differs considerably between the two scenarios. • Congestion will continue to increase in the high scenario, especially in the Randstad and around the other large urban centres, even if investment in infrastructure continues at the current rate. The low scenario predicts that congestion will be halved. • Accessibility, expressed as the number of jobs that can be reached from home within an acceptable amount of time, is expected to level off or decrease in many regions. In the low scenario, this is due to a reduced number of jobs; in the high

This research is concerned with developing passenger demand models for international aviation from/to Egypt. In this context, the aviation sector in Egypt is represented by the biggest airport, Cairo Airport, as well as by the main Egyptian international air carrier, Egyptair. The developed models utilize two variables to represent aviation demand, namely the total number of international flights originating from and attracted to Cairo Airport as well as total number of passengers using Egyptair international flights originating from and attracted to Cairo Airport. Such demand variables were related, using different functional forms, to several explanatory variables including population, gross domestic product and number of foreign tourists. Finally, two models were selected based on their logical acceptability, best fit and statistical significance. To demonstrate the usefulness of the models, they were used to forecast future demand patterns.

The present study investigated the Intelligence of Secondary School Students of Arunachal Pradesh.The study was conducted on eight hundred (800) class-X students by giving due representation to boys and girls as well as rural and urban localities of two districts in Arunachal Pradesh, namely: East Siang and Lohit. The schools were selected using stratified random sampling technique. The selected schools belong to the category of government as well as private schools which are affiliated to CBSE i.e., Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi and controlled and supervised by the Department of Education, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh. The descriptive survey method is used for data collection. As far as intelligence was measured by using the group test of mental ability constructed and standardized by Dr. S. Jalota.The findings of the study reported thaton intelligence the mean scores of students of Lohit district is better than that of East Siang district; and comparison between go...

Suburbanisation represents one of the most important contemporary problems facing large urban agglomerations. An analysis of the development of urban agglomerations in Central-Eastern Europe, and especially Poland, leads to the observation that this problem is not particularly advanced in any of them. The aim of this article has thus been to examine how relevant it might be to consider the suburbanisation stage in large Polish agglomerations, as a permanent feature of the Klaassen/Paelinck and van den Berg models. Specifically, the article focuses on Poland's seven largest agglomerations, though there is a particular emphasis on the Katowice conurbation. The essence of the study lay in the identification of differences in the population balance between these agglomerations, and above all, between their cores and outer zones. The study also included data on the structure characterising out-migrations. A consequence of the study was to draw attention to the apparent diversity of the Katowice conurbation, the only one in Poland to record a population decline in both the core area and the outer zone. This specificity was explained mainly by the drivers of polycentricity and post-industrialism. In other agglomerations, these elements were either absent altogether or were involved in separate shaping of urban regional space.

The last two decades have witnessed a burgeoning of cultural-geographic studies of migration. Indeed, in a recent review of migration studies, population geographer Russell King (2012: 143) points out that not only have cultural geographers been major contributors to recent studies of migration, but also "migration geographers . . . [have become] some of the key protagonists of the new cultural geography, and their papers have contributed an ever-increasing share of the contents of the leading journals in human geography since the mid-1990s." This expansion of interest is a response to both empirical changes in global migration and shifts in theoretical priorities in geography and cognate fields. As places and "cultures" have grown increasingly deeply interconnected across space and as growing absolute numbers of migrants have traveled to rising numbers of places in increasingly complex patterns, the migrant has emerged as a key figure embodying, enacting, and representing the fears and hopes attached to globalization. The cultural politics of migration, thus, have required attention not only to the spatial demographies of migration but also to the social processes of meaning-making in relation to citizenship, borders, identities, and labor markets, as well as discourses and histories of racialization and gender relations. Through attention to migrants' lived geographies, recent research brings to life the political dimensions of migrants' cultural geographies. In this chapter, I argue that cultural geography, and in particular feminist cultural geography, offers conceptual tools that have been especially illuminating for the rapidly changing lived politics of migration. The chapter is organized around three main themes. 1 First, it traces concepts of control and dominance in migration studies, examining cultural-geographic approaches to politicaleconomic structures, state policies, labor markets, and the securitization practices and disciplinary discourses that underpin heightened surveillance and everyday policing of migrants. Second, the chapter focuses on subjectivities and the ways migrants as embodied subjects

This article examines the gender geography of labor activism through a comparative investigation of two communities in West Java, Indonesia. Based on in-depth interviews and a survey of workers carried out in 1995, 1998, and 2000 in the two sites, it explores the place-specific meanings attached to migrants' social networks and gender relations, and their roles in mediating the gendered patterns of labor protest in the two villages. Previous analyses of labor protest in Indonesia have occluded scales and processes that are critical to understanding how gender dynamics are linked to the geography of protest. By contrast, attention to the genderand place-based contexts of women's activism illustrates the complex interactions between migrants' local interpretations of gender norms, social network relations, household roles, state gender ideology, and global neo-liberal restructuring. Through examining these interactions, gender is conceptualized as ontologically inseparable from the production of specific activist spaces, rethinking the uni-directional spatial logic and deterministic views of gender and place put forth in theories of the New International Division of Labor.

This article provides a review of the contributions that the discipline of geography is making to gender and migration research. In geographic analyses of migration, gender differences are examined most centrally in relation to specific spatialities of power. In particular, feminist geographers have developed insight into the gender dimensions of the social construction of scale, the politics of interlinkages between place and identity, and the socio-spatial production of borders. Supplementing recent reviews of the gender and migration literature in geography, this article examines the potential for continued cross-fertilization between feminist geography and migration research in other disciplines. The advances made by feminist geographers to migration studies are illustrated through analysis of the findings and debates tied to the subfield's central recent conceptual interventions.

The economic downturn in Indonesia (1997-99) has changed the context of gendered spatial mobility in South Sulawesi. For low-income migrants in the region, the monetary crisis has not only reorganized the labor market, but it has also brought about an intensi cation of the stigma placed on young women's independent residence in an export processing zone. Household surveys and in-depth interviews with migrants and members of their origin and destination site neighborhoods, both before and during the economic retrenchment, illustrate that ideas about women's sexual morality are a key part of the context within which migration decisions are gendered. The article situates survey and interview ndings within an overview of Indonesia's recent development history, economic crisis, and of cial state gender ideology. The article argues that migrants and their communities have identi ed the 'prostitute' as a female-gendered metaphor for the crisis, and nds that post-1997 narratives of women's mobility increasingly revolve around normative judgements regarding young women's independent mobility and sexual behavior.

When students galvanized anti-sweatshop activism on US and Canadian university campuses in the late 1990s, their actions struck at the core of recent debates about the geographies of counter-hegemonic politics Herod and Wright 2002;. Students staged rallies and sit-ins to challenge their universities' complicity with the corporate exploitation and abuse of low-wage workers in factories overseas. They directed attention to the embeddedness of academic institutions in the systems that perpetuate global economic inequality, and signaled the re-emergence of students as vocal, vibrant political actors. Observers have celebrated the anti-sweatshop movement's capacity to build transnational alliances across difference, influence the shape of labor internationalism, link distant nodes in regimes of accumulation, and in some cases even jump scale from the grassroots to international regulatory institutions. Indeed, the movement is cause for optimism among geographers who seek new approaches to the injustices wrought by neoliberal globalization. Yet as the contributors to the present collection argue, the complex changes taking place in transnational geographies of production and governmentality require that activists continually reinvent the entry points, spatial strategies, and subject positions through which they stake their claims (see also,

Les personnes migrantes sont souvent exclues du marché du travail. Cette exclusion est ancrée dans les discriminations systémiques et se traduit par une non-reconnaissance des diplômes, une dévalorisation des acquis de l'expérience et des discriminations à l'embauche. Les conséquences de cette exclusion sont économiques, mais pas uniquement. Une bonne rémunération et une stabilité d'emplois sont dans les faits indispensables pour faire valoir des droits fondamentaux comme l'accès à un logement décent, par exemple. Dans le cas des personnes migrantes, les situations d'emploi peuvent aussi conditionner la possibilité de vivre en famille. Face à la violence de l'exclusion du marché du travail, il existe cependant des stratégies. L'une d'entre elles s'observe dans un mouvement vers l'auto-emploi. Les personnes originaires de pays extra-européens présentent, en effet, un fort potentiel entrepreneurial. Pour autant, ces initiatives se révèlent proportionnellement moins stables, moins durables et davantage vouées à l'échec que celles de la population native. Toute démarche entrepreneuriale comporte un ensemble de difficultés, pour lesquelles diverses structures d'accompagnement existent en Wallonie. Cependant, celles-ci peinent à considérer les problématiques spécifiques des entrepreneurs originaires de pays extraeuropéens. Notre étude vise à identifier les ressources et les difficultés des créateurs d'entreprise issus de l'immigration hors UE. Issue de deux groupes associatifs (à Liège et Namur), l'étude ambitionne de mieux connaître les préoccupations et ressources des entrepreneurs migrants sur base de leurs vécus. Elle a également pour objet de définir les obstacles spécifiques que rencontrent ces entrepreneurs et travailleurs indépendants en Wallonie, dans le cadre d'un dialogue structuré avec des responsables politiques et administratifs, ainsi que des intervenants chargés d'initiatives de soutien à la création d'activités économiques. La finalité pratique est d'encourager l'entrepreneuriat et faciliter son accès, une façon de contribuer à la dynamique économique régionale et de favoriser un marché de l'emploi plus inclusif et résilient. Honorine Kuete est maître en économie internationale et du développement, spécialisée dans l'entrepreneuriat des personnes migrantes. Altay Manço est docteur en psychologie, directeur scientifique de l'IRFAM, spécialiste de la psychosociologie de l'immigration et de la psychopédagogie de l'intégration. Joachim Debelder est chargé de projet à l'IRFAM. Ses intérêts portent principalement sur les politiques migratoires, le postcolonialisme et le droit des personnes sans-papiers. Un échantillon empirique Une analyse qualitative 5. « Devenir son propre patron : constats principaux » La personnalité juridique Les réseaux professionnels Les difficultés des entrepreneurs La résilience des entrepreneurs migrants Les leçons tirées par les entrepreneurs 6. Vers une typologie des entrepreneurs et indépendants migrants 7. Difficultés et ressources Des difficultés Des ressources Conclusion Bibliographie

The Corresponding Author has the right to grant on behalf of all authors and does grant on behalf of all authors, an exclusive licence on a worldwide basis to the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and its Licencees to permit this article (if accepted) to be published in JECH and any other BMJPGL products to exploit all subsidiary rights, as set out in our licence.

The Corresponding Author has the right to grant on behalf of all authors and does grant on behalf of all authors, an exclusive licence on a worldwide basis to the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and its Licencees to permit this article (if accepted) to be published in JECH and any other BMJPGL products to exploit all subsidiary rights, as set out in our licence.

The UK's 2016 EU referendum and its aftermath have seen the eruption back into mainstream political and media discourse of spatial language and representations. As commentators, politicians and citizens have sought to make sense of the splintering and convulsion occasioned by the referendum, a spatial imaginary and lexicon has emergedfor example, referencing 'left behind places' populated by 'left behind' citizens, and contrasting these with 'metropolitan cores' and 'metropolitan elites'. Informed by this the present paper identifies and unpacks some of the spatial imaginaries foregrounded in the UK's 'European debate' and the aftermath of the 2016 EU referendum.

L'article est consacré aux grandes orientations, déjà repérables, de l'accord climatique qui sera signé à Paris en décembre 2015, pour devenir effectif à partir de 2020. L'Accord -promu par le G2 États-Unis/Chine -sera fondé sur les seules « politiques nationales » ; il tournera le dos à la première politique climatique, celle du protocole de Kyoto, et donc à l'architecture ancienne « par le haut » et à l'ambition d'un accord international contraignant. Des « contributions nationalement déterminées » pour la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de nature hétérogène et d'ambitions modestes à moyen terme -et non plus des engagements -, sont attendues de la part de tous les États, y compris ceux inclus par le protocole de Kyoto, comme la Chine, dans la liste des pays en développement. L'accord de Paris devrait constituer un tournant. Il inaugurera une nouvelle gouvernance climatique, dans la continuité de la gouvernance centrée sur les États, mais cette fois à l'échelle globale, c'est-à-dire tenant compte des préférences des 196 parties signataires de la Convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques de 1992 et, en particulier, des plus puissants d'entre eux. On soutient que cet accord, dont il ne faut cependant pas attendre de réduction conséquente des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour les prochaines décennies, marquera le paysage de la lutte contre le réchauffement et de l'adaptation à celui-ci pour des décennies.

This is an excellent book, which should form part of the professional education of anyone involved in irrigation -administrators, managers, consultants and researchers alike. While its main focus is obviously on canal irrigation, much of the discussion in the early part of the book on the ways that mislearning and misconception have contributed to the failed promise of irrigation to transform living standardsis applicable to other development-related activities. The main thrust of the argument is that there is not yet a discipline of irrigation management, and this is a point on which those few management specialists who are drawn to the field would heartily agree. There are plenty of highly competent and dedicated professionals working on hardware, on design rules and procedures, and on systems for allocating water to particular areas and types of crops, but very, very few who take a serious interest in many central managerial issues. These include the relative power of different groups of actors; the internal politics of irrigation organizations; the way officials frame their priorities (e.g. equity as inversely measured by the volume of farmer complaints, rather than the optimization of production from a given flow of water); factors affecting the motivation of staff in a resource-poor environment; and social relations as determinants of cooperation and conflict within schemes. Chambers identifies, and discusses in depth, a variety of misconceptions which have had significant deleterious effects on design and on the identification of research-worthy areas in irrigation. The first of these is the fixation on problems below the outlet, which has tended to divert attention away from the main system management problem, which he identifies as 'the central gap'-rightly, although a number of institutions (e.g. Hydraulics Research in the UK) have been making valiant efforts to fill it. He then goes on to look at a number of issues which are ignored or treated in an unrealistic way in the planning of schemes: night irrigation, the role of farmers in initiating action above the outlet, the motivation of scheme managers and administrators. He concludes with a section on analysis and action. The book is clearly intended to alter perceptions of where and what the real limiting factors on making irrigation effective in improving living standards are; in this reviewer's opinion it will be effective in this. If there are weaknesses, they are in the'Analysis and Action'section. Reform of administrative structures and management practices is a complex area, further complicated by the fact that there are competing models of what that process is. Is it technical (provide new procedures, management information systems, etc. and all will be well) or managerial/ psychological or political? Nevertheless, this remains a very valuable contribution. If you are in the irrigation business, read it.

The focus of this paper is one of the paradoxes of international migration: the unexpectedly low level of migration between neighbouring countries with large macro-economic differentials; in this case migration from the former Soviet republics to Sweden. In line with Faist (2000), one assumption in the study is that the dynamics of international migration are strongly influenced by the emergence of a transnational social space. Based on a database (ASTRID) containing individual information about all residents in Sweden for the period 1986-2003, the study includes an analysis of migration in relation to the transnational social space -its bridging and adaptive functions -including labour market integration, family situation, intermarriage, population circulation and the spatial clustering of immigrants. The study reveals an over-representation of female immigrants and a high frequency of intermarriage among women migrants. Moreover, a changing migrant composition over the past decades was found, including a growing number of students, whereas the empirical analyses indicate a rather weak labour market position among immigrants from former Soviet republics. However, the position of recently arrived migrants has been enhanced over time, and migrants who stay for longer periods attain a stronger position on the labour market. The analyses also show an increasing number of highly educated persons among immigrants from the former Soviet republics. Furthermore, migrants from the former Soviet republics who move to Sweden tend to remain rather than return. In addition, the empirical analysis shows only minor tendencies of spatial clustering among the migrants.

The urban regime theory has placed the decisional power of urban policy makers in the foreground. From this perspective, enduring governing coalitions can in fact manage to change the consolidated urban policy mix to foster great changes in the social and economic context. The urban regime theory labels this capacity “power to.” Although this higher capacity has frequently been affirmed, the literature has neglected to look at the framing mechanisms and the policy-making processes that allow a new agenda to emerge and be implemented. The present article has the aim of addressing this matter and in particular of trying to answer two main questions: (1) If an incubation phase lays the foundations for the emergence of a new policy agenda, how does this process take place? (2) Is the new agenda a by-product of sectorial policy negotiations or is it the output of a collective effort? The findings of an in-depth analysis of a case study are presented and discussed to address these questions.

In this paper, we introduce the concept of “city‐island‐state” into a discussion of small highly urbanised islands. We place the “city” at the forefront of our analysis by bringing together the geographies of the “city” and “state,” together with a wider discussion of factors that may cause both the wounding of the city and an increase in the precariousness of the “island.” We apply this concept to the advanced city‐island‐state of Malta (Central Mediterranean), which is a densely populated, urbanised small island archipelago with about 500,000 inhabitants and operates as a single city with an urban core, suburbs, and a rural hinterland that is rapidly decreasing in size. This city‐island‐state is frequently considered as being “safe” from external geophysical, climatic, and anthropogenic wounding, but, in reality, Malta, as a city, an island, and an independent nation‐state, is faced with multiple internal and external pressures that increase its precariousness and vulnerability to...

Cosmetic surgery is a controversial intervention because it is often regarded as a low priority for public provision. 1 It is increasingly argued that decisions about the public provision of medical and surgical procedures should be made in the light of evidence of effectiveness from patient-based outcome measures. However, very diVerent impressions of eVectiveness may be found depending on choice of outcome measure. This short report therefore evaluates two widely used but contrasting approaches to the measurement of health related quality of life to assess the eVectiveness of cosmetic surgery.

Among the many fine contributions of Maimonidean scholarship, this new monograph stands out for its fresh approach and promises to make a lasting impact on the field. In keeping with a growing scholarly trend, Mark Cohen's book situates Maimonides's work within the context of Egyptian and Mediterranean societies. But unlike those studies that examine Maimonides's writings within the framework of Arab thought or Islamic law, Maimonides and the Merchants focuses on the intersection of law and reality in the Mishneh Torah, arguing that Maimonides subtly yet substantively updated the Jewish legal apparatus in order to accommodate economic norms current among medieval Mediterranean traders, Jewish and non-Jewish alike. Cohen draws from a wealth of Genizah documents, Gaonic responsa, and Islamic legal texts to illustrate the nature of the mercantile system that prevailed from at least the tenth century, known in some Gaonic sources as the "custom of the merchants" (hukm al-tujjâr). A key element of this system, generally known in Arabic as qirâd, was defined by its partnership structure, according to which a "passive" partner supplied the primary capital for the joint venture while an "active" partner supplied the labor in the form of travel and trade. The Arab qirâd bore some resemblance to a commercial partnership known in the Talmud as isqa, yet the qirâd differed in that only the silent partner bore any risk for financial loss. This was a distinct advantage in attracting active partners in a commercial network dominated by long-distance trade and, as such, was adopted by most Jewish traders between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, notwithstanding its deviation from Talmudic law. Another perceived advantage to this system was its relatively informal character, allowing partners to make arrangements on the basis of trust and business ties, without requiring contracts to formalize these far-flung and often fluctuating relationships. Both the system of Mediterranean trade and Maimonides's first-hand knowledge of it are well documented and have been known to scholars for decades. Yet Cohen is the first to leverage these historical data in order to examine how they served as a catalyst for legal change. He frames his study with the theoretical question posed by Alan Watson, as to whether legal codes may serve to update the law by closing the gap between conservative legal systems and shifting

Historical Geography at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Toronto, 1990 With the antiquity of tram tracks circling the Sheraton Centre in Toronto, historical geography was a visible topic of numerous sessions at the 1990 meetings of the Association of American Geographers. In total, eight sessions were specifically devoted to historical geography with an additional ten paper sessions of related interest in cultural geography, environmental geography, cartography and archives. The result was an absorbing number of innovative papers set against a format of traditional topics on Canada, the American West, Historical Cartography and Urban Geography. The comments that follow below are but a sample available to this reviewer and those taken from the published abstracts of the AAG Program guide. Foremost among the sessions were those specifically titled "Historical Geography". These included "Canadian Historical Geography" chaired by John P. Radford of York University with a focus of papers on Ontario, Toronto and Montreal. A related session on Interpreting North America organized by Cathy E. Kindquist of University of British Columbia assembled two keynote papers on the "Canadian Archipelago and Borderlands" by R. Cole Harris and Victor Konrad. Harris emphasized that the concept of a Canadian periphery to American cores should be reformulated in a wider global context that saw the transcontinental expansion of European encounter with the New World, while Konrad saw the borderlands concept as part of a larger cultural pluralism that crossed specific political boundaries in broader regional patterns encountered east to west. A related session was chaired by David Hornbeck, Jr. of California State University at Northridge, organized by Martin Kenzer of the University of Southern California. Titled "Problems and prospects of continental sharing", it centered on archival evidence of U.S. and Canadian geographic thought. G. Malcolm Lewis presented a compelling series of Native drawn maps and European cartography to show the locational imagery of Amerindians as underlying early exlorer's conception of the North American frontier. Cotton Mather spoke to the topic of "Continental sharing by the United States and Canada", as William R. Code outlined the "National distinctions of North American urbanism" in a carefully specified study that showed the limits of U.S. and Canadian comparisons between the Great Lakes cities and Sunbelt-Rocky Mountain suburban regions, and between the industrial towns of Ohio and Ontario. A series of sessions were devoted to historical geographies of the American West. Most obvious was the session chaired by Richard Jackson of Brigham

A tese aqui apresentada diz respeito a uma “discussão filosófica acerca do tema do desenvolvimento”. Esta se caracterizou por uma abordagem que identificasse formalmente os limites dos esforços teóricos existentes sobre o desenvolvimento. Para isso, optou-se pela leitura fenomenológica dos sentidos e significados históricos e semânticos do desenvolvimento desde o pensamento de Heidegger. Com efeito, ela serviu para: diagnosticar os fundamentos do desenvolvimento econômico, denominada como a Questão do Desenvolvimento; e prognosticar uma nova compreensão do desenvolvimento a partir do próprio locus (o fenômeno do habitar) da conceitualidade ocidental, ou seja, rever os
fundamentos ontológicos para o desenvolvimento. O procedimento utilizado, a fim de descrever o desenvolvimento como um fenômeno, revelou duas estruturas (capítulos): uma ôntica, cujo diagnóstico é o desvelamento do fenômeno do desenraizamento; e uma
ontológica, desde a qual o desenvolvimento é intentado em sua possibilidade ontológica, qual seja o desenvolvimento local. Deste modo, a discussão ôntico-ontológica do fenômeno do desenvolvimento permitiu abrir os seguintes problemas, respectivamente: a crítica da ideia de sujeito moderno e o lugar do homem no desenvolvimento, o problema
do território (a matematização e a desterritorialização do local) e o problema da erradicação do desenvolvimento por meio da Economia global; e, diante disso, é possível teorizar uma superação do sentido moderno da Economia e recolocá-la, ontologicamente, desde um geodesenvolvimento. Por meio desta realocação, pensa-se ser possível projetar uma ontologia do desenvolvimento

Since the 1990s, the main international organizations dedicated to the conservation of nature and geosciences have included geoconservation among their areas of research. Gradually but increasingly, Chilean institutions linked to geology are working in this line, with the common hypothesis being that the country has a significant geoheritage. However, an exhaustive recollection of the geoconservation initiatives currently being developed in Chile throws that statement into question. The analysis of that background information and its subsequent comparison with works developed by other countries in Latin America and Europe shows the still incipient state of geoconservation in Chile. The inferred causes of this underdevelopment are the lack of public politics on geoconservation, the meager collaboration between the institutions that develop the currently ongoing initiatives, and the limited knowledge from the academic and professional world in Earth sciences related to what and how to conserve.

Em “Interfaces Territoriais da Violência na Amazônia Paraense”, o leitor é convidado a desvendar as complexas tramas que tecem o fenômeno da violência em uma das regiões mais fascinantes e contraditórias do Brasil.

Fruto de pesquisa meticulosa do NEPEVA, esta obra revela como o tráfico de drogas reconfigura territórios urbanos, transformando periferias e comunidades em palcos de disputas de poder. Através de análises rigorosas e relatos impactantes, o livro expõe as feridas abertas pela violência e, ao mesmo tempo, ilumina iniciativas como o Programa Territórios pela Paz, que busca resgatar espaços dominados pelo crime.

Da metrópole de Belém às pequenas cidades e comunidades rurais, os autores mapeiam não apenas a geografia do medo, mas também os caminhos da esperança. Esta obra essencial oferece um olhar humano e científico sobre a violência, contribuindo decisivamente para o debate sobre segurança pública e justiça social na Amazônia brasileira.

Uma leitura fundamental para quem busca compreender e transformar realidades marcadas pela desigualdade e pelo conflito.

Este libro toma al territorio como una puerta de entrada para comprender la forma que asume la lucha de clases en el capitalismo contemporáneo. A partir de un recuento crítico de autores de tradición marxista, Domingo Pérez Valenzuela se propone analizar el papel que juega el territorio al considerar que la empresa privada moderna, como territorio laboral capitalista, es una fracción de espacio geográfico donde surgen las relaciones de poder socio-materiales entre capital y trabajo. Recuperando la propuesta de Thompson y Briken de no separar la economía política de las relaciones laborales, D. Pérez entrecruza a lo largo de su reflexión el control del proceso de trabajo con el control territorial en la perspectiva de consolidar una economía política geográfica del proceso de trabajo (T. Aillón)

Le film Le Cauchemar de Darwin se présente comme un documentaire. Il s'agit en réalité d'une fiction. L'excellent accueil réservé à ce film doit beaucoup aux chocs visuels qui dénoncent les drames que subissent les populations africaines. Mais ces calamités ne forment qu'un amalgame suspect et peu crédible. L'aspect écologique est survolé et les conclusions sont fausses. Il en est ainsi de l'affirmation que la perche du Nil est la cause de l'eutrophisation du lac. Celle-ci date de longtemps (bien avant l'introduction du prédateur) et elle est essentiellement liée aux activités humaines. L'approche économique est, elle aussi, caricaturale ; elle ne peut se limiter à dénoncer le seul intérêt du Nord en laissant de côté les retombées de l'essor de la pêche sur le pouvoir d'achat des communautés riveraines. La malnutrition dans le secteur de Mwanza, dont parle également le documentariste, est une affabulation totale. Enfin, le fil rouge de ce film est le trafic d'armes. Étant incompétents en ce domaine, nous ne saurions attester de la véracité ou non de cette affirmation. Mais plusieurs contre-enquêtes n'ont pas réussi à prouver qu'un tel trafic couvre le transport des filets de poisson.

Sub-Saharan African cities have been growing at historically unprecedented rates. Since the early 1970s, they have received considerable international assistance, involving a succession of major thematic objectives. The main agency involved in urban assistance has been the World Bank. But as its goals have changed, it has been obliged to operate increasingly through a decentralised, more democratically structured local-government system. Overall, the success of this international-assistance regime has been positive but modest, given the overwhelming needs of African cities. Still, African cities are increasingly finding solutions both co-operatively and on their own.

This article investigates the experiences of women’s migrant returnees in the EU-MENA region. It aims to elucidate their navigation of the complexities associated with return and their contributions to the development and empowerment of local women, migrant women, and prospective returnees. It recognizes that women’s migration journeys entail a multitude of challenges, including gender-specific barriers, social norms, cultural expectations, and legal and institutional constraints. Nevertheless, it argues that women’s returns can serve as a transformative process that enhances opportunities for women’s empowerment and agency, particularly as intermediaries of women’s migration. By bridging the knowledge and resource gaps between the EU and MENA regions, these women have the potential to provide valuable insights that inform policies and practices related to migration, development, and gender equality. Additionally, analyzing the dynamics of empowerment and agency among women’s migran...

A retrospective, comparative review of 100 consecutive new outpatients presenting with hyperthyroidism in Cardiff, South Wales, and in Toronto, Canada, was performed. The aim was to quantify the causes of hyperthyroidism with particular emphasis on the prevalence of viral thyroiditis and "silent" thyroiditis. The proportional morbidity of Graves' disease (approximately 70%) was similar in the two groups. Toxic multinodular goitre and toxic adenoma (Plummers' disease) occurred significantly more frequently in Cardiff (25% v 8%), whereas thyroiditis predominated in Toronto (17% v 1%).

The paper studies the citizens' readiness for implementation of crowdsourcing services of a smart city. The main goal is to develop a methodological approach that would enable the identification of those crowdsourcing services based on the Internet of things and mobile technologies that will encourage the participation of citizens. The research focus is on developing countries and cities not yet fully aligned with smart city standards. The methodological approach of examining citizens' readiness was based on an analysis of crowdsourcing models, such as crowd wisdom, crowdfunding, crowdvoting and crowdsensing, and their application in various fields, such as traffic, environmental conservation, utility services and health. The data was gathered in the city of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, for two years through a survey that included a sample of 210 citizens. The results indicate that citizens are ready to accept crowdsourcing services related to environmental conservation (crowdfunding services that support solar energy development and environmental protection) and public transportation (crowdvoting and crowd wisdom services that can improve the state of the public transport). The proposed methodological approach and obtained results could serve as a good basis for initiating the implementation of smart city projects in Serbia and other cities and governments.

Cet article décrit les projets d’aménagement des franges urbaines qui ont été présentés lors de la consultation internationale pour l’avenir de la métropole parisienne, en 2008-2009. Ces propositions avaient notamment pour ambition de réformer les divers types de franges grâce à l’établissement de nouvelles morphologies physiques et sociales à dimension durable. Après un rappel des diverses typologies de franges urbaines dans la ville diffuse européenne, l’article présente les projets des équipes ainsi que la définition de la durabilité qui les sous-tend.

What is Africa's place in China's global geo-strategy, or does it have one? China's engagements with the continent have increased markedly in recent decades but does it occupy a central or peripheral role in China's grand strategy? Recently, there have been debates about whether China has such a strategy, but we argue that part of the confusion around these issues arises from the distinctive nature of that state and the forms of loose coordination it operationalizes. Rather than a strictly defined 'grand strategy', China has a grand, strategic-relational approach to its foreign policy or operates a relational geopolitical code which nonetheless reflects core interests. We bring this perspective to bear on Africa's evolving positionality in China's global geostrategic engagements in order to evaluate its significance.