Economic Development

En Baja California Sur (BCS), México, el 99.67% de las empresas clasifican como micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYME). Como resultado de los problemas que enfrentan –interno, uno cardinal, acceso al financiamiento y externo, marco regulatorio– exhiben una tasa de mortalidad del 30% en el primer año de vida, según estadísticas oficiales.
Estas empresas son parte esencial de la columna vertebral económica de las sociedades donde están enclavadas, y juegan un papel relevante en la reducción de la pobreza, redistribución de riquezas y generación de empleos. Sin embargo, se desconocen sus principales rasgos y aporte a la sociedad; además de que no se les confiere la atención que ameritan, ya que el mercado privilegia a la gran empresa. Con base en información de los censos económicos 2015 y 2019, en esta tesis se ofrece un estudio analítico de tipo retrospectivo longitudinal que sugiere un aporte débil de las MIPYME al valor social en BCS, debido a que la dimensión ambiental es una tarea pendiente para el entramado productivo y porque ese tipo de empresas tampoco garantiza la satisfacción de las necesidades sociales. Esto revela la necesidad de diseñar políticas públicas eficaces dirigidas al apoyo y fortalecimiento de estas empresas, que, al final, se traduce en mejoramiento humano.

This article looks at a detailed approach to optimal government policies, given the implications for monetary policy and fiscal policy. The analysis has three distinct stages. In the first phase of analysis / modeling, we abstain from physical capital, in which case the economy tends towards a steady state, and optimal government policy can be analyzed in static (pure) state. In the second phase, we introduce the capital (variable) notion, thus reintroducing the dynamics into the analysis model. Finally, we will look at some aspects of the timeliness of optimal policies and the continuity of governmental policy (monetary and fiscal) decisions.

This chapter argues that it is possible to introduce important inputs for regional development and regional development policy with the help of transnational learning. Transnational learning can improve the practice of regional development network and give seeds for new development path in the case of negative lock in of the path or external crisis. By reflecting, externalizing and translating the good practices of other regions, combining them with existing elements and internalizing the new practice, the absorptive and development capacities of regional actors increase and a positive knowledge spiral important especially for peripheral regions can be started. units. The territorial approach is useful when discussing regional development and learning, as well as the development policies of the regional development network. The relational approach, on the other hand, can be used in the analysis of emerging transnational learning networks. Regional and local development can be seen as a process of interplay between resources, networks and institutions. Development is path-dependent and based on learning, and there can be both positive and negative lock-ins in a regional development path. This chapter discusses how regional actors can escape negative lock-ins and external crises with the help of transnational learning. Transnational learning can lead to the discovery of new directions and the creation of new emerging regional structures, for instance through new practices employed by regional actors. The chapter also examines the preconditions for effective transnational learning, such as regional strategies, as well as reflexive regional actors who draw upon structures with absorptive and development capacities. It also considers how these absorptive and development capacities can be improved through transnational inputs enabling a learning spiral. In this chapter, learning is seen as a process of knowledge creation and conversion. Knowledge types, including 'know-how', 'know-what', 'know-why' and 'know-who', introduced by Lundvall and Johnson, are applied in a regional context, especially in regional and local development and development policies. The SECI model, proposed by Nonaka and Takeuchi and introduced by Mariussen in chapter 1 of this volume, will be used in this chapter for analyzing transnational learning inputs in regional development strategies and practices, the preconditions for the creation of development paths, and the absorptive and developmental capacities of regional actors. By reflecting on, externalizing, and translating good practices from other regions, combining them with existing elements and internalizing the resulting new practice, the absorptive and development capacities of regional actors increase and a cumulative knowledge spiral, important especially for peripheral regions, can be initiated. The article suggests a broad typology of regions apt for transnational learning based on different innovation modes.

This study compared the cost and feasibility of alternative methods of milk preservation i.e. cooling and lactoperoxidase system (LPS) in Kenya. Data was collected from 4 milk coolers (3 large scale plants with potential chilling capacity ≥20,000L/day and one small-scale plant with capacity=1200L/day) and some milk market agents involved in LPS trials (2 farmers groups and 2 private milk collection agents)between 2002 and 2004. Capacity utilisation in milk cooling plants tended to be low (on average 48-71% in the large-scale coolers and only 25% in the small-scale plant). Costs of cooling were higher than those for preservation using LPS: Costs ranged from K.Sh1.10 K.Sh1.30 per L in large-scale chilling plant to about K.Sh2.40 in the small-scale plant, compared costs of KSh1.02 KSh1.09 per litre for LPS. The cost of cooling increased with decreasing capacity utilisation. Electricity costs were high accounting for up to 30% of the cost of cooling. The spoilage of milk in the small sc...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The Brazilian National AIDS Program is widely recognized as the leading example of an integrated HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment program in a developing country. We critically analyze the Brazilian experience, distinguishing those elements that are unique to Brazil from the programmatic and policy decisions that can aid the development of similar programs in other low- and middle-income and developing countries. Among the critical issues that are discussed are human rights and solidarity, the interface of politics and public health, sexuality and culture, the integration of prevention and treatment, the transition from an epidemic rooted among men who have sex with men to one that increasingly affects women, and special prevention and treatment programs for injection drug users.

RESUMO A partir de alguns fatos estilizados sobre o comportamento do crescimento econômico, emprego e distribuição de renda na América Latina nos anos 90, o artigo examina os principais mecanismos identificados na literatura estruturalista latino-americana sobre as relações entre abertura externa e distribuição de renda. Depois de uma breve análise histórica, argumenta-se que a partir de sua influência no regime macroeconômico, nos preços básicos e na heterogeneidade das técnicas produtivas, a abertura externa dos anos 90 liderou as mudanças distributivas observadas.

1 Ao contrário das décadas anteriores, quando os estudos e as evidências sobre a distribuição da renda limitavam-se a alguns países e a determinados momentos, os dados compilados, normalizados e disponibilizados em agências multilaterais como o Banco Mundial e a UNU/WIDER em estudos como os Deininger e Squire (1996) permitem, hoje, uma comparação inédita da distribuição pessoal da renda entre uma vasta gama de países, bem como a sua evolução intrapaíses, desde o imediato pós-guerra até o final dos anos 90.

Em 1988, o Brasil aprovou uma nova Constituição Federal (CF/88) com importante ampliação dos direitos sociais. Particularmente a extensão da previdência social ao mundo rural e a universalização do sistema nacional de saúde sinalizaram maior intolerância política à extraordinária desigualdade distributiva e elevada pobreza, que historicamente caracterizaram a sociedade brasileira e o seu regime de crescimento. Entretanto, esta intenção distributiva foi delineada em um contexto macroeconômico inteiramente adverso. No ano anterior à promulgação, sob o peso da dívida externa -que desde 1982 interrompera o crescimento e provocara intenso conflito distributivo no país -, o governo decretara moratória dos pagamentos dos juros externos e, nos anos seguintes, o processo inflacionário corroía os salários, a renda e o emprego, ampliando as desigualdades e a pobreza. Com o Plano Real e a estabilização monetária de 1994 houve, nos anos seguintes da década de 1990, alguma recuperação do poder de compra do salário mínimo. Entretanto, o baixo crescimento da renda e do emprego proveniente dos processos de abertura comercial, liberalização financeira e contração dos investimentos públicos novamente bloqueou, neste novo regime de acumulação, as intenções distributivas e uma maior expansão do consumo dos trabalhadores. No Brasil, como de resto na América Latina, após uma "meia década perdida" entre 1998 e 2002, o contexto externo mudou substancialmente no restante da primeira década do novo milênio. A combinação entre a forte alta nas cotações das commodities, a expansão da demanda destas pela China, a redução da taxa de juros nos Estados Unidos e a ampla liquidez financeira internacional destravou as restrições externas da economia brasileira. Neste período, o Brasil pôde elevar significativamente sua taxa de crescimento, seu saldo comercial, aumentar suas reservas internacionais, ao mesmo tempo que reduzia sua taxa de juros doméstica. Foi notável, neste ambiente, a evolução simultânea do salário mínimo real e da formalização do emprego. Neste ciclo expansivo, que se estendeu até 2010, todos os componentes do produto interno bruto (PIB) cresceram a taxas substancialmente mais altas. Entretanto, devido ao seu peso sobre a renda, o consumo das famílias afirmou-se como o principal protagonista desta expansão. Desse modo, parte das intenções consagradas na CF/88, frustradas pelas restrições macroeconômicas e opções de políticas econômicas que lhe seguiram, puderam afinal se afirmar nesta década. Esta expansão da demanda interna foi, porém, acompanhada por elevada penetração das importações. Os investimentos públicos também apresentaram aumento no A análise desta evolução constitui o principal objetivo deste enorme esforço de pesquisa empreendido pelo professor Carlos Aguiar de Medeiros, que buscou compreender não apenas as articulações entre o consumo das famílias e a estrutura da oferta que se afirmaram na economia brasileira na primeira década do século XXI, mas também situar a experiência brasileira em seu contexto histórico e compará-la com outros padrões de crescimento que se afirmaram contemporaneamente nas economias em desenvolvimento. No primeiro capítulo, A natureza estrutural do crescimento econômico recente em economias em desenvolvimento, o autor disseca as conexões apresentadas na literatura keynesiana-estruturalista entre distribuição, crescimento e mudança estrutural. A partir da crítica a essa literatura e das experiências de crescimento econômico observadas em países em desenvolvimento selecionados, examina as relações entre distribuição, crescimento, estrutura produtiva e exportações, considerando a expansão das cadeias produtivas, particularmente na Ásia, e dos países exportadores de recursos naturais. Procura identificar os distintos padrões de crescimento e as mudanças estruturais ocorridas. Diferentes trajetórias nacionais de crescimento resultaram da forma como as estratégias de acumulação se combinaram com as distintas estruturas produtivas. No segundo capítulo, A evolução da composição da demanda das famílias brasileiras entre 2003-2009, o professor busca discutir algumas evidências sobre o processo de expansão e mudanças no padrão de consumo das famílias brasileiras na primeira década do século XXI, a partir da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2002-2003 e de 2008-2009. Mostra que a redução da pobreza, o aumento real do salário mínimo e do emprego assalariado formal, o crescimento do número de famílias no estrato médio da renda e a expansão do crédito ao consumidor ampliaram o tamanho dos mercados de bens correntes e duráveis de consumo, dos serviços modernos e do lazer. Explicita que diversos bens e, sobretudo, serviços, entraram na pauta de consumo tanto das famílias urbanas como -ainda que em menor extensão -das famílias rurais. O autor defende que esta difusão dos padrões de consumo privado -ampliando as dimensões de uma "sociedade de consumo de massa" -se deu a partir de uma articulação estrutural entre o regime macroeconômico, a estrutura dos preços relativos e os salários reais. Contudo, persistiu um elevado comprometimento de parcela da renda com moradia, transportes, saúde e educação, reafirmando-se as carências e a heterogeneidade dos padrões de consumo na sociedade brasileira. No terceiro capítulo, A influência do salário mínimo sobre a taxa de salários no Brasil na última década, Medeiros examina o efeito do salário mínimo sobre o emprego formal, a taxa de salários e a distribuição de renda do trabalho no processo 1. Conforme Piore (1979, p. 202), "the social minimum is a moral standard. Work bellow that wage is considered an indignity to the person who performs it and exploitation on the part of whomever pays it". ("O mínimo social constitui um padrão moral. Um salário inferior é considerado uma indignidade para quem recebe e uma exploração para quem paga", tradução nossa). 1. O autor agradece a Fabio Freitas, do Instituto de Economia (IE) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), o acesso aos dados de sua estimativa da matriz de insumo-produto, bem como inúmeras sugestões e contribuições. Agradece, também, a Fernando Geiger, do Ipea, pela cessão de uma tabela de compatibilização entre as duas Pesquisas de Orçamento Familiar (POFs); e a Rosa Doria, pesquisadora mestranda do IE/UFRJ, pelo auxílio à pesquisa.

Les marchés dérivés de produirs agricoles. Présenration et PersPectives de développemenr dans I'Union européenne Mors-clés: gcsûon du ns.luc, produrrs dérrvés, marchés à rerme, perspcctvcs curopéenncs aratil'e pradr.tt uhith dzpenù an theil dit't'utian Mte u'ithin rhe tndattn This t a long proceu uhere rbe fttare eqùlihiun of kchùqw it diffiruh n loruat Résumé -L artrcle présenrc uoe réflexion sur le développement pore0ticl dcs Insrfu_ ments prrvés de gestion du lsque négociés sur dcs marchés de gré à gré ou sur des mar- chcls ccntraLsés Après une description succincce cr un essai de classiIcation dc ccs rns- trumenrs donr Ia valeur d'échange dépend du prrx d'une marchandlsc sous Jacente (d oir le nom de produrts clérivés), les principales préoccuparrons rhéoriqucs sont prÈ- scntées, depuls l'efficience informatronnelle de marché jusqu à la couvenure oprrmale du rrrque sut porteteurlle de produrt ' derrves Enin, les perspecrives de dé"eloppement dcs produrts dérivés de marchandises agrr- coles dans IUnion curopéenne sonr analysées à partir dc rrois rnterrogauom: quelles possibilités de coexrsrence des produirs dclrivés er des instrumenrs de la Polirique agricolc commune, quelles possibilités dc cocxisrcnce des formes de gestion du risque mutualisre cr individuelle au sein des organisarions, enlin quel avenir pour les conrrârs rnnovanrs qur conce.nent par exemple les droits à produirc, lcs droits à pol-Luer ou I assurance sur les rendements agrcoles 1 * ENSA-INSFA, I)conottie, gettian et sciences sociaht,65, rue de St Brieuc, )5042 Rennet aedex,

Le concept de système d'innovation est un concept relativement récent, d'abord utilisé pour mesurer les différentes performances technologiques mais depuis peu appréhendé pour comprendre la croissance et le développement économique des nations. Les processus d'innovation et d'apprentissage du Sud se distinguent de ceux des économies développées. Le transfert technologique se réalise par la construction de capacités technologiques et d'efforts nationaux d'absorption et de diffusion des connaissances étrangères. Mais cette construction passe également par la création de processus d'apprentissage plus microéconomiques fondés sur les connaissances indigènes des acteurs du Sud. Au-delà même, l'objectif à terme serait d'appréhender les processus d'innovation sous la forme de réelles constructions de compétences dans l'objectif de promouvoir le développement économique. Le papier présenté sera articulé en trois parties : la première associera les S.I. avec ses caractéristiques dans le Sud, la seconde reviendra sur les stratégies d'innovation des P.E.D via les capacités technologiques et la troisième démontrera l'intérêt de construire des compétences à des fins de développement économique.

This paper exploits cross-country variation in the degree of geographical isolation, prior to the advent of sea-faring and airborne transportation technologies, to examine its impact on the course of economic development across the globe. The empirical investigation establishes that prehistoric geographical isolation has generated a persistent beneficial effect on the process of development and contributed to the contemporary variation in the standard of living across countries.

This paper analyzes the interaction between the distribution of human capital, technological progress, and economic growth. It argues that the composition of human capital is an important factor in the determination of the pattern of economic development. The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the human capital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growth are determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technological externality. In early stages of development the local home environment externality is the dominating factor and hence the distribution of income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of development the global technological externality dominates and the distribution of income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stages of development may be a necessary ingredient for future economic growth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designed to enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development. An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity, may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followed by equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality in the short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the long run.

This research explores the effects of within-group heterogeneity on group-level productivity. It establishes that observed genetic diversity of 230 worldwide ethnic groups, as well as predicted genetic diversity of 1,331 ethnic groups across the globe, has a hump-shaped effect on economic prosperity, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. Moreover, the study demonstrates that variations in withinethnic-group genetic diversity across ethnic groups contribute to ethnic and thus regional variation in economic development within a country.

To examine the role of human capital in economic growth in coastal provinces of Southern Central Vietnam (SCV), the research employs data from balance sheets of eight provinces in this region and a neoclassical growth model with an extended Cobb-Douglas production function including the following variables: output, capital, labor, human capital and other macroeconomic variables that have effects on economic development. The estimation results based on the fixed effect model show that the economic growth is affected by capital, labor, human capital, FDI, public expenditure, and agricultural production. Of this variable, the human capital is represented by average schooling year of laborers with an estimated effect of nearly 0.43% per a one-percent increase in the average schooling year.

We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes, caramel, and salt were added. To protect consumers, milk inspectors were tasked with enforcing a well-defined MQS. Using citylevel data for the period 1880-1910, we find that milk inspections reduced mortality from waterborne and foodborne diseases by 12-19 percent. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that MQSs can improve consumer health when directly applied to an experience or credence good.

Federal Indian law emerges from the late eighteenth century onward as a corpus that departs distinctively from the central core of U.S. law. While the latter is grounded, in the first instance, in the civil rights of the individual, understood in the Lockean sense as having a fundamental property in him or herself and thus as always an actual or potential property holder (the paradigm of property in Locke being real estate);' the former' impacts in the first instance on the community, the federally recognized "tribe" or "nation. 4 Thus, since the foundational Marshall trilogy-Johnson v. M'Intosh,5 Cherokee Na•6 Jono v. •~t hrkeN

Centre for Diwolopncnt Studios Ullook, Trivandnan 695 011 me notion that the backvardn2sa of k . & -a,miculture m y bo *:x?l.?inad ir. terms of tho i n s t i t u t i o n a l , an_d mDro 3;.xtfcul;crly, the mxricot 51r9chrro within wAoh i t fmctians, is not wholly s :lo-/el one, elescnts of r ~c h an' expl~~ation 5einc found in a numbcr of 13th c c n b f m i t i w On the 9 . This e.mroach him recently bean amlied 5;-zcrvc~?l axthors, pc"ztic'-lmly iktra&?a,-j (1984), cnh B a d u r i (1984). The l ~t t a r has wstmetiad,. elntl..osised and d~relcrped dl1 tho elomcnts coLmonl;r t o b e fcuncl i n tkcorios d 'forced cmmercialisation', and a c l o s e scnitiry of hia view i~ a L I C C C S ~W ~ ~li.inad t o &iecussion of tho ovolxtior, of m r k a t e in r a n . . Iildia. BhRcfuri's model may c qiewcd r a c q o s c d of t ; r o I l i s t i n c t p'vta: one ?* secks t o explain tho cencsls of tho o:rstern o l forcod comorce, ~n d the @ t h e to oxemino its strucCmJ feature, onco it is cstablisherl. i i c ttm t m e a are not necesearily ~e l ~t u d , nnr2 $he b\Gli of .the cook is ckrotcrl t o the Word, M c h tho author c v f d o ~t l y r e , -& : Q the 13hre s : ~i c c m t . I s h a l l humor, examine thm both. The bogFnninRs of forced commerce, according t o R . W w i , l i e 91 2, p. tation w h w e a Bmall peasantry is faced w i t h a h3avy tsx t~u*dc?, and c.mpellod t s ern, for subsistence. Lyul i s not, rt t h i s t i n e , a ?kuf<e%??l= c w w d i t y , t.Stephcnoe kllego, Dclhi; currently ~t Cer,%rc for D c v c l c ~> o n t Stttdies. e v i t L i g of t ! s paper has bean made posni'olc by m y tenure ~3 F i ~l + i i ~& ?.nlirr at the Centre; I have benefitted from the co;.monts on XI e=lic,c version ea3 k a seminar L? I.iovml~er 7986. I am espocL.:Llj-matof.!!. 50 C,.a.F.ed* f o r ks detailed c m o n t s on t k c rirnft. Re~ponsiSLLi?~ f o r crzors, 1.7 0;' 20~!roa, pc1w:valy -mint. . h a ~f n ~. 3 y o n m m t a t of coritzwts an M a de';.tm/t;o,eta % the ) r r e Z y increasing cost of policing alii crf&i:.g 5:-3ao contracts not ocnaidged. How, thoso snforcment ooets mount to n0W.W more p8r8Ond'iiibaq for the moneyl&~~rbut t!!len t h i nuinbOx d r hif3 oli&ta , .. \ill nnocem&ydbe l h i t o d , as VLU b e the c a p % ' mplcyed, sod, in sbaolute .ll *.-, tha ycow;.4oae. If bailiff o or &.me are eailoyed; &on 0b.Gi0~6ly . . , ! I -ccrta Glue. Finally, them 1 . elso ct v.ariablo d e m o of personal ::i m by the *lendor, whioh '& nay fair2y p ? ~n n o t o be an' ~O T O ~S * . . Thus, costs of *. I'cazezcnt k c r e , z s k g stce.nl:l as $he. p a ~s a n t is ~~8 i ? @ d towards o r bolarr ainLrmzn mzbeistencc , & . s c:-st8 w i l l be& t o exceod a r e t u r n s ~. t some ?oints. If t h e 'peasants' i?cme i s lcw, and h f s surplus.mall, t h t s p0ir.t is reach~rl fairly coon. D;;endlns on t!ie oppcrhvritics and re* 51 ether linoc of t u s i r ~c a e , the moneylender not fin5 it profitable. to .vsdr ? ~i t h s the system of forced c m e r c e . X t my be, ob3ected t h t the argument has EO f,.r nor considcred.the p o n s i b i l i Qthat the lender wishes t o secure a t i e d lz'~crur:supply, m d nct ::,c~cljcon;moil:;i~s or l a d . This however prcsuqcs t ! ~t the lcndor i s cn~a&rd i n ~r o h c . t i c n of son2 k h d , an3 can u t i l i s e l a b v u -?his would not be t r u e af 1-11 rnor~dj1cnc!crs. b c t h e r i o z o , nin-rubsixtencc for the labourer w i l l havo t? 3; prmidcd, m b t h c r ~f . c ? x the ;sndc~g.'.~ in~oae:.fron t h i s source* cannot ~: : c e ~d t5o dif f c.renco bctwaan ;.~xki.$ wc-.wd, 3sb:~ztcnc.e. cast'-2 hvh;i'ch c&' rlc:mcoly be a very l.+qe FX.. --~-: d wh:=h ~ras r ~e r : ? ? . . ~~ alre'ady being delivered i ? icLxi by the debtor-tcr.;~!.',, xYo woul.r! in a t l y CCIP\~ rcquire loss supcrviaion This f,?;Liu--c t o car,;td2r the c c s t c ?.nd roi;;LTlfic of the rc~ncyler?dcr ttc~3cer.s the ~o r l e l ~~~l y t i c a l l y in t h a t it fails t o f C l y cor,cl lcr the intcrcstr of vha2 i s evidently t h o stronger p a t y in the arr:;?:.r.:nent, a d 5herofnrc, t o lodk a t the more i ~p o r t a n t of the p o s s i b i l ? t i c s f o r the brcxkrlcwn of k!ic s y s t d vhich 'than nccesearily becmes self-enclosed and porcnninl. So fcv t h i a paper has confined i t s e l f 8 t o c k . ' , t i c i s w the lc.ric?J. .7 tr~c.t.arc cf tiie 'forced comerci a l i s a t i o n ' mod.cl, !tit:: only periplicx-J. ~efercrc t o ;.ctual k~ibltoric~al c a n r ~i t i o t ~~; I nm propoeo t o "mrninc-the -1c5W.l U s t o l y of a puticular region, and to show t h a t t h e r?volution of mxketa may be explained The region in question i s whaj I term 'Vplaqd 1~74:arrcaiit&', o r t h e 5 w r t i m of that s t a t e which l i c e above t h e Wc~trrfi G1;:tu. Before Ir.dependence t:lir m a Uvided &?long three administratic?!is: the r e s t e m C i u t r i c t s were cdcr thc 3o;rtbay Guvernment, Vi-bhEl fr)~;;r~d p a r t of: %he C.P. dz hrar, and t h e r u t i c e u t ~r n distkicta wore rvlcd by the Niz~ic c f 93eraba.d. 2ho agciculkro :f ! U s rogior! mm a m o s t wholly dependent on .the r e r . 8 an9 nas th'crcforc --*1y r r c c d o u s , w i t h frequent, failures of c r o p . T~warda %he' end of 19th cma.oimn oE cotton production ir. the ,areas m ~i t a b l e tor it, lent a degree of L~vaacy t o tho ectmorngrbut t h t ~ w a s by no mema a p&ic*darly p r o ~~m 8 : " . , as tho cmpxativo t:,olc. belc1.1 ahowr. 3lyn's -cerroqr4ind1 include3 !: c s.m,ro, mid oamparati-rciy ,,,rosperc,uc prwinco ol Gujzxat, and h i d 'Central Oubut of Ali Crma ir Various Provinces of India,

This report describes the progress of minority students in the Maryland's system of higher education. Part 1 includes a statewide analysis, by staff from the Maryland Higher Education Commission, of 4-year trends in the performance measures related to minority achievement that are included in the most recent performance accountability report. Individual institutions making progress toward benchmarks, as well as those falling short of their goals, are cited. Part 2 includes analyses of the institutions' reported activities to improve the recruitment, retention, and graduation of minority students, especially African Americans, and the recruitment and retention of minority faculty and staff. The analysis is based on brief reports submitted by each institution, with emphasis on those efforts that have already demonstrated success. The individual reports from institutions, unedited, follow the analysis. An appendix contains nine data tables.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

The article analyses the impact of government intervention in the agricultural sector on food security comparatively. The authors conclude that, since 1992, the aggregate volume of agricultural products in these countries has dropped dramatically since the government intervention in agriculture has diminished in most republics of the former Soviet Union. On the other hand, the role of agriculture in the country's economy is decreasing as the GDP per capita increases in the majority of countries. On the contrary, the share of agriculture in GDP is high in countries with relatively small GDP per capita. The authors conclude that the choice of the "optimal place" of the agricultural sector in the economy of the country is important. A method for measuring government intervention in the agricultural sector is proposed. Based on this method, the degree of government intervention in the agricultural sector in some countries is evaluated comparatively. Assessments show that government intervention in the agricultural sector, one of the most liberal sectors of the economy, is widespread in both developed and developing economies. The contact line between the food security index and liberalization of foreign trade, GDP per capita and the level of agricultural development and the level of government intervention in the agricultural sector were estimated by the regression method. The authors came to the conclusion that the level of liberalization of foreign trade and economic growth play a special role in ensuring food security. If the country does not have a competitive advantage in the agricultural sector, there is no need to give strategic priority to this fi eld and to increase government intervention, and liberalization of foreign trade is more appropriate for food security.

In this paper we present an analytical review of the capital adequacy regime and the present state of capital to risk-weighted asset ratio (CRAR) of the banking sector in India. In the current regime of Basel I, Indian banking system is performing reasonably well, with an average CRAR of about 12 per cent, which is higher than the internationally accepted level of 8 per cent as well as India's own minimum regulatory requirement of 9 per cent. As the revised capital adequacy norms, Basel II, are being implemented from March 2008, several issues emerge. We examine these issues from the Indian perspective.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of age, gravidity, and gestational age on peripheral malaria parasitemia and functional T helper (Th) cell heterogeneity in pregnant women. Methods: Maternal age, gravidity, and gestational age were recorded and peripheral venous blood collected from 175 women attending antenatal clinics in south western Cameroon between March and September 2002. The blood was checked for malaria parasitemia by light microscopy and plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐4 and human interferon (IFN)‐γ were measured by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Malaria parasites were detected in 45 (25.4%) of 174 women, with rates similar for different age groups, trimesters of pregnancy, and gravidity. The geometric mean parasite density was 565, and parasite density was significantly higher in younger than in older women. For all groups combined, the mean IL‐4 level was significantly higher than the mean IFN‐γ (P = 0.0004), irrespective of the presence and...

This paper studies the effects of market liquidity and other factors on investment of non-financial companies listed on Vietnam's stock exchange for the 2008-2013 period by adopting different measures of investment and liquidity, and considering the impact of interaction between liquidity and others, including issuing, financial constraints, and growth opportunities, on firm investment. The estimated results of DGMM with fixed effects and interacting variables prove that stock market liquidity negatively relates to the investment. We do not find any compelling evidence of the liquidity-investment nexus among firms with tighter financial constraints and better investment opportunities. However, we do find the relations between firm investment and financial leverage and also firm investment and cash flows.

Las opiniones expresadas en este documento, que no ha sido sometido a revisión editorial, son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y pueden no coincidir con las de las organizaciones involucradas. Tampoco refleja la opinión oficial de la Unión Europea quien ha colaborado con ayuda financiera para la elaboración de este documento.

Este documento ha sido elaborado por los consultores Massiel Guerra y Christian Nicolai, junto con Valeria Jordán y Martin Hilbert de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Se agradecen las contribuciones de Hernán Galperin de DIRSI (Diálogo ...

In the last three decades, Chile has suffered drastic changes in its economic, political, and social structure. Implantation of a neoliberal economic model, democratic recovery after defeating the armed forces in the ballot boxes (the plebiscite of 1988) and national reconciliation (amendment of the violation of human rights) make up the Chilean mosaic. As an applauded model by some and criticized by others, this article tries to reflect the advances and obstacles of Chilean development. It analyzes the democratic recovery and political stability, the economic growth, and the social perception about these changes. Chile continues to be a case of particular relevance for Latin America.

The editors are very pleased to bring to the quality-of-life research community a new journal, Applied Research in Quality of Life (ARQOL). ARQOL focuses on publishing conceptual and methodological papers dealing with quality-of-life studies in the applied disciplines of the social and behavioral sciences. The field of qualityof-life studies is an interdisciplinary program of research focusing on the conceptualization and measurement of concepts related to quality of life and social indicators. Examples of concepts directly related to quality of life and social indicators include happiness, subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, the good life, the good society, economic wellbeing, family wellbeing, quality of work life, community quality of life, spiritual wellbeing, leisure wellbeing, social wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, and quality of home life, among others. These concepts are applied to specific geographic populations (e.g., quality of life of specific countries, regions, states, provinces, and trading blocks) and demographic groups (e.g., quality of life of children, quality of life of the elderly, quality of life of the poor, quality of life of the homeless, quality of life of the disabled, and quality of life of women). The same concepts are applied to specific institutional sectors (e.g., travel and tourism, hospitality, sports and recreation, food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, architecture, landscape design, education, transportation, telecommunications, healthcare, business administration, public administration, social work, management, marketing, agricultural economics, environmental science, and economic development). ARQOL focuses on applications of quality-of-life concepts to institutional sectors as described above.

El propósito de este trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo de integración de la tecnología GPRS en redes GSM. Se visitaron empresas que operan bajo la tecnología GSM. Las mismas, ofrecen servicios de mensajes cortos, con transmisión de datos de alta seguridad, proporcionando en términos generales un buen servicio. Sin embargo, estas empresas desean ofrecer servicios multimedia de mediana velocidad a sus usuarios, entre los cuales es importante destacar la inclusión en el mercado interactivo de Internet y la capacidad de soportar tanto paquetes de voz como de datos, acercándose así a los llamados servicios de tercera generación(3G). GPRS en la actualidad pertenece a la dos punto cinco generación (2.5G), está basada en la transmisión de información a través de la conmutación de paquetes. Esta tecnología simplemente adiciona dispositivos periféricos a la estructura GSM. Para alcanzar con el objetivo planteado, se realizó el análisis de las opiniones de los expertos en el área de diseño e integración de redes GSM, donde se consideró y se estudió de manera minuciosa cada una de las características de las redes GSM y la integración de la arquitectura GPRS de tal forma que garantizara la incorporación de la GPRS sin la interrupción del servicio móvil y fijo de la empresas. Tomando las siguientes consideraciones: se estudió la red GSM actual de las empresas, luego se determinaron los requerimientos de la empresa (Parámetros de Diseño), estudio de alternativas tecnológicas, tomando en cuenta las recomendaciones de las empresas (Nokia, Ericcson, Siemens, Motorola y Huawei). Asimismo, el proceso de integración con la tecnología seleccionada. En este sentido, se obtuvo como resultado, que este el modelo desarrollado es un modelo confiable, el cual traerá consigo muchos beneficios a las empresa de tecnología GSM, haciéndolas más competitiva en el mercado, ampliando sus servicios y beneficios.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Based on the facts that financial intermediary system has crucial impacts on national economic growth, territorial cohesion and local economic development as well, financial instruments and their intermediary institutions could play a greater role in territorial development. This paper aims to give a brief overview about the financial instruments' role in development policy in the EU and in Hungary, to highlight the special features of the Hungarian delivery system (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013), and to identify the risks and challenges on local economic development in the current development period (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020). The background research was based on the analyses of the Hungarian strategic development policy documents (Partnership Agreement, operational programmes) and the activity data of the institutional system, which managed the repayable funds between 2007-2013.

The 1996 South African constitution guarantees that the government will promote and protect the languages of the San and the Khoe. Of the scores of San and Khoe languages spoken by indigenous peoples when Europeans first arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century, only a handful survive today. The surviving languages are all at risk of dying out in the next generation. The author looks at the conditions that are causing language death, and the possible types of interventions that could reverse the process. He argues that land and natural resource access are essential for maintaining the languages of hunter-gatherers and traditional pastoralists. The South African government is having trouble implementing the constitutional provisions due to the limitations of its language policy paradigm. The paradigm within which language policy and planning is located by the state strongly influences the types of decisions that will be taken to protect or marginalise endangered indigenous languages. The current South African paradigm of a "rights-based" approach to language policy is likely to be less effective than a "resource-based" approach that seeks to identify the inherent value that certain languages bring to the speakers and the broader society. The "resource" approach is also more likely to locate language rights in a broader context of socioeconomic development.

Tässä keskustelupuheenvuorossa kommentoidaan Visa Heinosen ja Mika Pantzarin  Poliittinen talous -lehden numerossa 12:2 julkaistua modernisaatioteoreettista tulkintaa Suomen taloudellisesta kehityksestä. Kirjoittajat perustavat tulkintansa Walt Rostowin modernisaatioteoriaan.  Rostowin teoria muistuttaa Marxin Pääomassa esittämää kapitalismiteoriaa, mutta kääntää sen länsimaista kapitalismia ihannoivaksi esitykseksi. Rostowin käsitys taloudellisen kehityksen kulusta poikkeaa Marxista ennen kaikkea siinä, mikä erottaa traditionaalisen ja modernin. Rostow korostaa teknologiaa, Marx Adam Smithiin nojautuen markkinoita. Suomen taloudellinen kehitys on palautettavissa melko tarkkaan Marxin ”modernisaatioteoriaan”. Heinosen ja Pantzarin tulkinta puolestaan jää kovin epämääräiseksi, koska heiltä jää määrittelemättä modernisaation keskeiset käsitteet, traditionaalinen ja moderni. Edelleen kovin ongelmallinen on heidän tulkintansa, että suomalaisen yhteiskunnan hyvien instituutioiden synnyn taustalla olisivat olleet  johtavien eliittien hyvä tahto ja oikeudenmukaisuuden taju, Läntisten yhteiskuntien demokraattiset instituutiot ja taloudellinen tasa-arvo ovat syntyneet poliittisen taistelun kautta, jossa valtaa pitävät eliitit ovat aina vastustaneet niihin tähtääviä uudistuksia, ja ovat vasta joko sisä- tai ulkopoliittisen pakon edessä suostuneet niihin.

Over the last years, there has been growing awareness regarding the importance of transparent and effective courts to achieve economic development. However, many Latin American countries find that their judicial system have important deficiencies in terms of access and efficiency. This paper studies the effect of court modernization on caseload clearance rates in Costa Rica. The analysis exploits the fact that the modernization occurred at different points in time. This observed variation in the allocation of the program across time and space provides a potential instrument to identify the causal effect of the modernization on courts efficiency. We find that the program is associated with an increase of 5 percent in clearance rates and with a reduction of 75 dollars per case disposed. The results are robust to alternative specifications.

Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015...

Urbanization and transport have a direct effect on public health. A transdisciplinary approach is proposed and illustrated to tackle the general problem of these environmental stressors and public health. Processes driving urban development and environmental stressors are identified. Urbanization, transport and public health literature is reviewed and environmental stressors are classified into their impacts and which group is affected, the geographical scale and potential inventions. Climate change and health impacts are identified as a research theme. From an Australian perspective, further areas for research are identified.

Knowledge has adopted a preferential role in the explanation of development while the evidence about the effect of natural resources in countries’ performance is more controversial in the economic literature. This paper tries to demonstrate that natural resources may positively affect growth in countries with a strong natural resources specialization pattern although the magnitude of these effects depend on the type of resources and on other aspects related to the production and innovation systems. The positive trajectory described by a set of national economies mainly specialized in natural resources and low-tech industries invites us to analyze what is the combination of factors that serves as engine for a sustainable development process. With panel data for the period 1996-2008 we estimate an applied growth model where both traditional factors and other more related to innovation and absorptive capabilities are taken into account. Our empirical findings show that according to the...

Icons surround us but are so ubiquitous they are difficult to observe. Specifically urban cultural icons are a scientific sub-topic under urban morphology&#x27;s heading and as well are closely related to economic development issues. This study premises that businesses are urban cultural icons which can be computed into four rankings: local cultural icons, focal, zonal, and global cultural icons. And through using dimensional measurement an index is measured. This index can then be used to assess urban morphology. The data set ranges from businesses opening in 1865 to the present. Some are globally-distributed &quot;big boxes&quot;; others are unique one-store shops. The varied data set includes grocery stores, drug stores, prepared food vendors, confectioneries, coffee houses, electronic stores, and an adult entertainment store. Business rankings are premised upon Maslow&#x27;s Hierarchy of Needs, Tönnies, and Oldenburg&#x27;s places to socialize, and node intensity of social conne...

Página 4. Otros patrones de comportamiento financiero 5. Asignación de recursos reales 6. Resultados de los bancos transnacionales 7. Función de los bancos transnacionales durante la crisis de 1982-1983 Capítulo IV RECOMENDACIONES DE POLITICA 1. Políticas financieras y monetarias generales 2. Políticas bancarias generales 3. La poKtica hacia los bancos transnacionales

Several people contributed in various ways to the successful completion of this work. I wish to express my sincere thanks to God for His wisdom and good health that made it possible for me complete this project successfully. My sincere appreciation also goes to my family and friends for their moral support and encouragement during the study. I gratefully acknowledge the efforts of my supervisor Mr. Mirie Mwangi for the professional advice and tireless guidance in the research project. Your critique helped the project take its present form. My special thanks are extended too to all the lecturers at the School of Business and staff at the MBA coordination office and the library staff. The contributions of those not mentioned are, however, equally appreciated. I would also wish to extend my appreciation to my fellow students at the School of Business and all other friends with whom we shared, discussed and exchanged ideas. I acknowledge the authors whose pioneering studies were of help to this work. To all of you kindly accept my appreciation for your great support. May God bless you. The research project is dedicated to my late father and mother.

Accra's traders continue to make use of the hand pushed or hand pulled cart for moving their stock across the city. These non motorised forms of. transport play a key .role in a low income economy: developing economies with their Jarge informal sectors contain a preponderance of enterprises with a restricted capital base which requiire and make use of low cost transport forms. The bicycle though well suited to the small load requirements of much petty trading is not regarded as a suitable mode of transport for women who make up the majority of Ghana's traders. A World Bank project designed to support and promote non-motorized modes of transport is currently being implemented. The paper discusess the practices and prospects of the commercial use of non motorised transport in Ghana. describes the World Bank project which supports and promotes these tansprt forms and discussess' the appropriateness .of non motorised transport modes for developing economies with their large informal sectors and plentiful supply of perry trading enterprises.