Local Economic Development

The paper explores the existence of differences in local economic outcomes between local government units with and without entrepreneurial zone in Croatia. The analysis is based on the data related to the business results of entrepreneurs, local government budgets and local development during 2004-2016 period. Bivariate statistic methods have been used to analyse whether the differences in business results of entrepreneurs, fiscal performance and level of development at the local level have been determinate by the existence of entrepreneurial zone in the local government unit. The results of this research reveal that entrepreneurial zones are important for the local economic outcomes. The results of empirical analysis confirm that local self-government units with entrepreneurial zones are more successful than units that do not have an entrepreneurial zone. The differences are particularly pronounced when looking at fiscal performance of local government units and business results of entrepreneurs. Investment in establishment of entrepreneurial infrastructure is also positively correlated with the level of local development and level of unemployment.

The paper analyzes the processes involved in the design and development of new products, in different business scales, depending on the approach offering the perspective of industrial design, marketing and engineering, by describing the methodologies proposed by other authors. From the conclusions reached in the analysis of a series of casoss, a methodological approach that integrates the sequence of steps comprising the process of developing products and linking tools proposed by the mentioned disciplines to meet the expectations formulated their field. RESUMEN. El trabajo analiza los procesos implicados en el diseño y desarrollo de nuevos productos, en distintas escalas empresariales, según el enfoque que ofrecen la perspectiva del diseño industrial, del marketing y de la ingeniería, mediante la descripción de las metodologías propuestas por distintos autores. A partir de las conclusiones alcanzadas en el análisis de una serie de casoss, se formula una propuesta metodológica que i...

Background: Approaches such as social innovation were visible during many of the responses that public-sector organisations, civil society, communities, and the private sector collaboratively implemented to address the issues of unemployment and the impact of economic challenges during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The use of social innovation as an approach to local economic development by South African municipalities, however, reveals a research gap in terms of a conceptual framework for enabling such use. Aim: This article explores a conceptual framework for using social innovation as an approach to local economic development by South African municipalities. Setting: Conventional top-down local economic development approaches by South African municipalities have become inadequate for dealing with contemporary local economic development challenges. Such inadequacy calls for municipalities to rethink and adapt their approach to dealing with economic challenges and to developing and implementing their local economic development strategies. Methods: Through an interpretivist paradigm, the adopted methodology is underpinned by a qualitative research approach. Content analysis was performed of relevant research documents concerning social innovation and local economic development. From this content analysis, a conceptual framework was developed through an inductive approach. The findings illustrate that the praxis for using this conceptual framework is vested in the interconnected nature of its attributes, antecedents, and consequences, which will contribute to the achievement of certain local economic development outcomes. This article suggests that a conceptual framework could contribute to stimulating future research concerning the phenomenon and can serve as an impetus and direction for research inquiry.

Uzun ve titiz araştırmaya dayanan bu çalışma, bu özenli sürecin sonucunda akademik doyuruculuğa ulaşmıştır. Akademik bilginin kamuoyu içerisindeki tartışmaları beslemesi durumunda bunun hem tartışma kültürünü hem de içeriğini zenginleştireceği açıktır. Bu bakımdan Dr. Ozan YETKİN tarafından hazırlanan kitabın yerel yönetimlerde personel rejimi konusunda önemli bir eksiği gidereceği, önemli bir ihtiyaca yanıt vereceği düşüncesiyle, her kesimden tüm okurlara, araştırmacılara, öğrencilere faydalı ve aydınlatıcı olmasını diliyorum. Dr. Aykut ACAR Ocak 2025 -KÜTAHYA vii Önsöz Doktora eğitimi, bir akademisyenin kariyerindeki en yoğun dönemlerin başında gelmektedir. Bu çabaların sonucunda ortaya çıkan doktora tezi ise her akademisyenin hayatında özel bir yere sahiptir. Şu an okumakta olduğunuz bu kitap, altı senelik yoğun bir sürecin ardından ortaya çıkan "Türkiye'de Belediye Personel Sisteminin Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri: Büyükşehir Belediyeleri Üzerinden Bir İnceleme" başlıklı doktora tezimin gözden geçirilmiş halidir. Doktora eğitimimi, yoğun ve öğretici bir sürecin ardından "doktor" unvanı alarak nihayete erdirmenin hissettirdiklerini tarif etmek epey zor olmuştu. Aynı şekilde bu çalışma ile ilk kitabımı yayınlamış olmanın bende oluşturduğu hisleri kelimelere dökmekte de zorlanıyorum. Ancak bugünlere kimlerin katkılarıyla geldiğimi biliyorum ve onlara bir teşekkür borçluyum. Öncelikle çalışmanın bugünlere ulaşmasında bana her zaman yol gösteren doktora tez danışmanım Dr. Aykut ACAR'a; Jüri üyesi olarak tez savunmasına iştirak eden ve görüşleriyle eserin nihayete kavuşmasına katkı sağlayan Prof. Dr. Özgür ÖNDER, Prof. Dr. Bilge Kağan ŞAKACI, Prof. Dr. Şeniz ANBARLI BOZATAY ve Prof. Dr. Derya ERGUN ÖZLER'e; Akademik kariyer yolculuğunda her zaman omuz omuza yürüdüğümüz, akademik kariyerimin her aşamasında görüş ve düşünceleriyle bana katkı sağlayan dostlarım Öğr. Gör. Dr. Erkan ÇAKIR ve Doktorant Muhammed Enes ZORLU'ya çok teşekkür ederim. Son olarak aileme de sonsuz bir teşekkür borçluyum. Her koşulda, her zorlukta, hiçbir karşılık beklemeden her zaman arkamda duran anneme, babama ve kardeşime ne kadar teşekkür etsem az kalır. Ayrıca doktora sürecinde yaşadığım her türlü zorluğun en yakın şahidi olan, bu süreç boyunca hak ettiği ilgiyi kendisine gösteremediğim, akademik uğraşlar viii dışında hayatın geri kalan tüm yükünü üzerimden alan kıymetli eşim Ayşe YETKİN'e her zaman yanımda olduğu, bu süreç içerisinde karşılaştığım zorluklara benimle birlikte göğüs gerdiği için minnettarım. Bu çalışmayı anneme, babama, kardeşime ve eşime ithaf ediyorum.

В статье представлен набор различных нетрадиционных экономических показателей, полученных в ходе опросов, проведенных «Российским экономическим барометром» среди российских промышленных предприятий в первой половине 2019 г. Широкий диапазон исследованных показателей позволяет более точно и взвешенно оценить положение дел в российской промышленности. Ключевые слова: промышленность, промышленные предприятия, факторы, сдерживающие производство и капиталовложения, поставщики, оптовые покупатели, наймы и увольнения, угроза банкротства, конкуренция, источники средств для инвестиций, отношения с банками, производство и инфляция, ожидания спроса.

Modello progettuale per il reinsediamento produttivo di imprese e Pubblica Amministrazione Locale in un ex Ospedale dismesso, in collaborazione con istituzioni, imprese, università, centri di ricerca - in un'ottica di sviluppo integrato, informazione ed animazione locali, orientamento, assistenza specifica - per lo sviluppo di futuri settori strategici, attenti a CSR ed economia socio-solidale.
Progetto focalizzato su una specifica area urbana, con eventi valorizzazione territoriale dell'intera regione urbana.

Gunumuzde uluslararasi iliskiler, ulusal oldugu kadar yerel ve bolgesel yonetimlerce de surdurulmektedir. Bu da yerel diplomasi diye adlandirilmistir. Yerel yonetimler diger ulke yerel yonetimleri ile birlikte ortak faaliyetlerde bulunmak amaciyla dis iliskiler faaliyetlerini yurutmektedir. Belediyeler arasindaki is birlikleri; eslestirme, kardes sehir, ortaklik uygulamalari olarak bilinmektedir. Bu is birligi sekilleri; Uluslararasi aglar (UCLG (Birlesmis Kentler ve Yerel Yonetimler), Eurocities, Saglikli Kentler vb.) seklindeki platformlar, calisma ziyaretleri (Belediye heyetlerinin karsilikli ziyaretleri), sinir otesi is birlikleri (ayni siniri paylasan ulke belediyeleri arasinda ortak bir sorunu cozmeye yonelik duzenlemeler-Eurogios), projeler (Belli bir sorunu cozmek icin proje bazinda ortak calismalar yapilmasi) seklinde aciklanabilir. Tum bu tanimlar dogrultusunda, belediyeler, karsilastiklari sorunlarla ilgili ve kapasitelerini gelistirmek amaciyla, veya uluslararasi ortak p...

Sustainable and well-developed tourism requires the participation of the community both as managers and as supporters of private industry. The existence of local communities in tourism activities is known as community-based tourism (CBT) which requires synergy between the government, local communities, and tourism industry stakeholders. This study aims to identify the tourism potential that can be developed into CBT, analyse the impact of the presence of CBT on socio-economic activities, and analyse the supporting and inhibiting factors for the development of CBT on the people surrounding the beach of Ambon Island. The results show that there are still several places that can be developed into CBT spots that located in districts of Leihitu, South Leitimur, Salahutu, Nusaniwe, and West Leihitu. Managed CBT still has the opportunity to improve facilities and various types of tourism products, especially those related to maritime affairs. The presence of CBT in the coastal area of Ambon Island has positive impacts on the community, new mindsets, behavior and business motivation, as well as increasing community creativity in economic business, especially culinary businesses, lodging, transportation services, and other tourism supporting products.

The Rubber Industry in New Jersey from 1850 to 1908, when the implementation of the Michelin factory in Miltown occurs.
Chapter from the Thesis Dissertation: The Forgotten Years of Bibendum. Michelin’s american period in Milltown: Design, Illustration and Advertising by Pioneer Tire Companies (1900-1930).

В работе на основе проведенного исследования в области оценки эффективности систем управления качеством (СУК) установлено, что в основном подходы к оценке базируются на оценке затрат на качество и направлены на их минимизацию. В свою очередь, об уровне совершенства организации инструментального хозяйства нельзя судить, исходя из суммы затрат, связанных с его деятельностью. «Голая» экономия средств в инструментальном хозяйстве может обернуться значительно большими потерями в основном производстве или замедлить темпы технического прогресса на предприятии. Установлено, что сложность проблемы анализа и оценки эффективности СУК связана с ее многоаспектностью (эффективность может быть рассмотрена применительно к продукции (услуге), процессу или системе в целом) и многоуровневостью (организация в целом, структурное подразделение, процесс, рабочее место). Доказано, что оценка эффективности СУК возможна только на основе показателей, учитывающих интересы и степень удовлетворенности всех заинтересованных сторон, причем в стратегическом плане. Эффективным может являться только то, что способствует реализации стратегии в отношении нескольких или всех заинтересованных сторон одновременно, причем с наименьшими затратами всех видов ресурсов и на протяжении достаточно длительного времени, т. е. деятельность не может быть направлена на удовлетворение потребностей только одной из заинтересованных сторон, например, только потребителей, только акционеров, только персонала или только общества.

Continua-se a actualização da relação de ervas medicinais da serra de Sintra que nos legou o ervanário penaferrinense Domingos Rodrigues.
Na fotografia, a segunda das duas páginas anexadas à «Memória Paroquial de São Pedro de Penaferrim» pelo padre António de Sousa Seixas em 1758.

Un nombre croissant de chercheurs profite des progrès informatiques pour reconstruire les réseaux de transport à l'intérieur de Systèmes d'Informations Géo-Historiques (SIG-H) France, le SIG-H accorde une attention particulière aux temps de parcours ferroviaires. Plus substantielle que l'évolution du linéaire d'infrastructures entre 1860 et 2010, la baisse des temps de parcours entre les 231 unités urbaines analysées est bien l'expression de la « révolution de la vitesse ». Si près de 32h en moyenne étaient nécessaires pour connecter par train une paire de territoires en 1860, il ne faut plus que 5h en 2010. Ces informations ouvrent de vastes perspectives d'études.

RESUMEN: El trabajo aborda la problemática de la estacionalidad del turismo, y su incidencia en Santander. Se trata de un tema siempre ligado al sector turístico, que supone una gran ventaja competitiva para aquellas empresas y ciudades que se anticipan y realizan una correcta planificación para evitarlo. Se plantea la visión de varios autores sobre el tema, junto con ejemplos de cómo han enfrentado este inconveniente otras ciudades consiguiendo resultados satisfactorios. Más a fondo, se realiza una comparativa con la ciudad de San Sebastián. Para concluir se sacarán una serie de conclusiones acerca de la situación en la que se encuentra Santander en lo referente a estacionalidad, y se proponen una serie de medidas encaminadas a eliminarla o minimizar su incidencia.ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the issues related to the tourism seasonality and the impact of this phenomenon in the city of Santander (Spain). This topic is particularly linked to the tourism industry and constitutes a c...

Persky, Felsenstein, and Carlson explore a new framework for evaluating state and local economic development efforts. They propose a method, referred to as the "job-chains approach," that they say clarifies the potential justifications for economic development subsidies as well as the limitations surrounding these efforts. This innovative approach addresses not only the number of job vacancies created as a result of a subsidized business investment or expansion, but also the extent to which gains are achieved by the unemployed and the underemployed, whether skilled or unskilled.

Placing universities at the heart of our innovation system, Will Hutton, Chair of the Big Innovation Centre What does it take to make the electric dream a reality? Suzanne Gray, Project Manager, Mini E Turning pioneering ideas and technologies into commercial success, Phil Cooper, Managing Director, Venture Wales Enabling innovation to flourish, Dr Graham Spittle, Chief Technology Officer and Vice President, IBM Software Group Europe India: a nation built on geeky graduates, Angela Saini, Award winning science journalist and author Reinvigorating the city through knowledge and talent: Greater Manchester's universities, Mike Emmerich, Chief Executive, New Economy Little to lose and much to gain, Sam Laidlaw, Chief Executive, Centrica Empowering the regional economy through technology education, Nick Wilson, Managing Director, Hewlett Packard UK and Ireland Universities and the five drivers of productivity, Ed Cox, Director, IPPR North Higher Education and economic growth -a Scottish perspective, Dr

El artículo parte de la tesis que las sociedades urbanas contemporáneas no se dan cuenta del entorno natural que les rodea, han optado por desembarazarse de él suplantándolo por un medio completamente artificial, desconociendo que es precisamente a la naturaleza a quien debemos la materia prima para crear nuestro mundo.

Creemos que es necesario un recobrar analítico de la conciencia para percatarnos de los grandes estragos que hemos causado al medio ambiente. Y que dicho razonamiento debe conducirnos a una redefinición del modus vivendi, y crear una consciencia epistémica especial que nos haga moralmente conscientes del consumo.

La justificación en occidente de este proceder parcial hacia los entes naturales tiene dos fuentes, una de origen religioso y otra en el ámbito filosófico: La primera no solicita la eliminación del cristianismo o su doctrina, pero sí su renovación y encausamiento, así se propone el modelo de San Francisco como el esquema a seguir, debido al cuidado y comprensión que mostró por todas las creaturas. Lo segundo es exponer que frente a los problemas producidos por el desarrollo tecnológico en la naturaleza, no se debían seguir buscando soluciones para estos en la ciencia y la tecnología.

Il candidato, sottoponendo il presente lavoro, dichiara, sotto la propria personale responsabilità, che il lavoro è originale e che non è stato già sottoposto, in tutto o in parte, dal candidato o da altri soggetti, in altre Università italiane o straniere ai fini del conseguimento di un titolo accademico. Il candidato dichiara altresì che tutti i materiali utilizzati ai fini della predisposizione dell'elaborato sono stati opportunamente citati nel testo e riportati nella sezione finale 'Riferimenti bibliografici' e che le eventuali citazioni testuali sono individuabili attraverso l'esplicito richiamo al documento originale.

Municipal mergers have become a worldwide phenomenon in the past few decades, primarily advanced to exploit economies of scale. While most evaluations of municipal mergers have focused on the efficiency of local public goods provision, it is rare in the literature to explore how such mergers promote economic growth in a developing country context. This research investigates the economic consequences of a policy experiment of city–county mergers (che xian she qu) in China during the period 2000–2004. Using comprehensive datasets at city, county and firm levels, we present evidence that the merger significantly increases local economic development, and the magnitude of the effect depends on local endowments related to agglomeration forces. The results are robust to a number of different model specifications. We further verify that improved transport infrastructure and urban agglomeration economies after merger are potential contributors to the positive merger effects.

This study is based on the historical journey of panu di tera as an element of material culture in Cape Verde. It analyzes the cultural production chain from the artisan to the trade circuit, where cultural heritage represents aesthetic intention and its value. It is understood that new paradigms have allowed open spaces in which to think about a different relationship between the creative economy and economic development, taking into account the possibility of dissemination as well as the preservation of natural and cultural heritage. It assumes that it is possible to seek economic sustainability in an environment such as Cape Verde, through the practical application of the concept of collaborative creativity, which encourages the creation of jobs in the creative industry and helps improve the employability of young people in the fashion industry.

celem opracowania było określenie stopnia aktywności turystycznej seniorów--obcokrajowców przebywających na terenie województwa podkarpackiego latem i jesienią 2012 r. Badania przeprowadzono w ramach międzynarodowego projektu tOUrage -Wsparcie dla turystyki seniorów w regionach Peryferyjnych, w którym brało udział 12 partnerów z dziesięciu krajów europejskich. Badania ankietowe przeprowadzono w wybranych miejscach województwa podkarpackiego, zarówno w turystycznej bazie noclegowej, jak i w atrakcjach turystycznych. W czasie badań wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety przygotowany przez koordynatora projektu, zaakceptowany i dostarczony kierownikowi badań przez przedstawicieli Urzędu Marszałkowskiego Województwa Podkarpackiego. seniorzy najczęściej wypoczywają przez 1-2 tygodnie, zwykle latem i jesienią, w towarzystwie małżonka lub znajomych. Podróż i zakwaterowanie organizują zwykle indywidualnie, opierając się na swoich doświadczeniach oraz opiniach krewnych lub znajomych. Największymi przeszkodami w wyjazdach turystycznych seniorów są obawy dotyczące bezpieczeństwa podczas podróży i w miejscu pobytu oraz finanse i zdrowie.

Komoditi Unggulan merupakan komoditas andalan yang memiliki posisi strategis untuk di kembangkan di suatu wilayah yang penetapannya didasarkan pada berbagai pertimbangan baik secara teknis (kondisi tanah dan iklim) maupun sosial ekonomi dan kelembagaan (pengusaan teknologi, kemampuan sumber daya, manusia, infrastruktur, dan kondisi sosial budaya setempat). Berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden No 28 Tahun 2008 Tentang Kebijakan Pembangunan Industri Nasional. Bahwa setiap wilayah yang terdapat di Republik Indonesia harus mampu menciptakan komoditi unggulan berbasis daerah. Sasaran yang ditujukan dari Peraturan Presiden tersebut yaitu para pelakuk usaha Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM). Kabupaten Majalengka merupakan suatu wilayah yang sedang melaksanakan pembangunan wilayah baik itu dalam pengembangan infrastruktur maupun pengembangan ekonomi daerah. Namun dalam menjalankan amanat Peraturan Presiden tersebut Kabupaten Majalengka masih belum memiliki satu komoditi unggulan untuk menunjang p...

for an Invited Paper for the APR15 Meeting of the American Physical Society Global Entrepreneurship, Creating and Working Across Cultures SURYA RAGHU, Advanced Fluidics In this presentation we will discuss the opportunities and challenges for those young scientists who would like to take up entrepreneurial careers -particularly for ideas, inventions and products that have potential of global markets. While some ideas can have immediate global "takers" -others need to be "tuned" in to local contexts. The impact on economic development and sustainability are also associated with global markets -particularly in the developing countries. Involving and learning to work with cross-cultural teams go a long way in identifying such needs and opportunities and developing solutions or products that meet these needs.

for an Invited Paper for the APR15 Meeting of the American Physical Society Global Entrepreneurship, Creating and Working Across Cultures SURYA RAGHU, Advanced Fluidics In this presentation we will discuss the opportunities and challenges for those young scientists who would like to take up entrepreneurial careers -particularly for ideas, inventions and products that have potential of global markets. While some ideas can have immediate global "takers" -others need to be "tuned" in to local contexts. The impact on economic development and sustainability are also associated with global markets -particularly in the developing countries. Involving and learning to work with cross-cultural teams go a long way in identifying such needs and opportunities and developing solutions or products that meet these needs.

El desarrollo económico local es un proceso que ha recibido creciente atención en las últimas décadas. En Chile, el tema se ha posicionado en el centro del debate institucional a raíz de las innovaciones introducidas en la Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Gobierno y Administración Regional, en la que se señala que corresponde a los gobiernos regionales promover y apoyar la implementación de oficinas comunales de fomento productivo e innovación para la competitividad. Para conocer el rol de las municipalidades en la promoción del desarrollo económico local, en los últimos cinco años la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) realizó investigaciones en la materia, lo que ha permitido identificar y analizar aspectos críticos de ese rol. Estas investigaciones y la implementación de un convenio de colaboración entre la Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE) y la CEPAL sirven de base para la formulación de una propuesta de plan de fortalecimiento de las oficinas comunales de desarrollo productivo, que abarca aspectos centrales de las actividades realizadas por las municipalidades, como la modalidad de organización, la coordinación multinivel, la dotación de personal, la formación profesional y el apoyo a la gestión.

Los convenios de colaboración son una de las modalidades que adopta la gobernanza multinivel en Chile, principalmente entre el nivel local (municipal) y el nacional, y han sido mencionados como una de las principales herramientas en el análisis de la gobernanza multinivel de la política de desarrollo productivo del país. Existe una gran diversidad en las características que asumen los convenios de colaboración multinivel, lo que hace posible pensar que pueden adaptarse a las diferentes necesidades y requerimientos del complejo proceso de desarrollo económico local en cada contexto particular. El análisis de los convenios se convierte, a su vez, en un potente insumo para pensar en la profundización de la coordinación multinivel en un contexto en el que se hace cada vez más necesaria la flexibilidad de la política y la adaptación a los irregulares cambios que se producen en cada territorio, ocasionados por elementos como la migración, el cambio climático, la aceleración del cambio tecnológico y la creciente interconexión global de las redes de producción y consumo.

El objetivo de la reciente reforma fiscal en la CDMX es aumentar la recaudación de impuestos actualizando el registro catastral, de modo que se pueda cobrar de manera justa y proporcional el impuesto predial. Sin embargo, la medida es ambigua y engañosa en su planteamiento al partir de información inexacta e inexistente, para fundamentar la decisión de segmentar su aplicación a propietarios de clase media y clase alta.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى إبراز تكتيكات التسويق الإلكتروني كمقاربة مفاهمية حديثة لبناء ملاءمة إستراتيجية متكاملة في منظمات الأعمال الخدمية، من خلال التعرف على الإدارة الإستراتيجية، إستراتيجية التسويق، الملاءمة الإستراتيجية، تكتيكات التسويق الإلكتروني الخدمي. وكذا، إبراز مقاربة تكتيكات التسويق الإلكتروني الخدمي ودورها في بناء ملاءمة إستراتيجية في منظمات الأعمال من خلال تقديم مقترح علمي وعملي. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج كان من أهمها: أن تكتيكات التسويق الإلكتروني تساهم بشكل فعال في تعزيز تفاعل العملاء وزيادة المبيعات من خلال تخصيص العروض والاتصالات المباشرة، كما أن الابتكار التكنولوجي يلعب دوراً حيوياً في تحسين القدرة التنافسية للمنظمات من خلال استراتيجيات كالتنويع والتجديد التكنولوجي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تبرز أهمية ملاءمة الاستراتيجيات التسويقية مع التحولات السوقية لضمان الاستدامة والنمو المستمر. لذ اقترحنا ضمن توصيات الدراسة إلى ضرورة تطوير وتكييف تكتيكات التسويق الإلكتروني باستمرار لتواكب التطورات التكنولوجية والسوقية، وتعزيز الابتكار التكنولوجي في استراتيجيات التسويق الخدمي لزيادة الكفاءة والتنافسية. كما تشدد على أهمية توفير التدريب المستمر للعاملين في مجال التسويق الإلكتروني لضمان فعالية الاستراتيجيات المعتمدة. This research aims to highlight electronic marketing tactics as a modern conceptual approach to building comprehensive strategic alignment in service-oriented business organizations. The study examines strategic management, marketing strategy, strategic alignment, and service-oriented electronic marketing tactics. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of these tactics in achieving strategic alignment within organizations through a scientific and practical proposal. The study's key findings indicate that electronic marketing tactics significantly enhance customer engagement and increase sales by personalizing offerings and direct communication. Furthermore, technological innovation plays a crucial role in improving organizational competitiveness through strategies such as diversification and technological renewal. Moreover, aligning marketing strategies with market shifts is essential for ensuring sustainability and continuous growth. Based on these findings, the study recommends the continuous development and adaptation of electronic marketing tactics to keep pace with technological and market advancements, and the enhancement of technological innovation in service marketing strategies to improve efficiency and competitiveness. The study also underscores the importance of providing ongoing training for employees in electronic marketing to ensure the effectiveness of the adopted strategies. Keywords Tactics; Marketing; Electronic; Adaptation; Strategy. Jel Classification Codes : L25; M31; L86; L2.

Bu araştırma, Türkiye’de birbirinden farklı aktörleri ve profilleri içinde
barındıran kültür ekosisteminin genel bir resmini çizmeyi amaçlıyor.
“Katılımcı, kapsayıcı, eşitlikçi, hak temelli bir kültür ekosistemini
ortaklaşa kurmak için ne tür eylemlere, mekanizmalara ve girişimlere
ihtiyaç var? Kimler kültür politikalarının geliştirilmesinde rol oynuyor?
Bu süreçte kısıtlar, fırsatlar, zorluklar neler? Yerelde faaliyet yürüten
kültür profesyonellerinin ihtiyaçları neler?” sorularına yanıt arıyor.

Syria faces a convergence of environmental devastation and socioeconomic collapse a er fourteen years of conflict. Widespread deforestation, driven by illegal logging for fuel and the fallout from military operations, has erased entire forests and ecosystems (Clivillé Morató, 2024). Climate change impacts-including persistent droughts and water scarcity-have compounded the crisis, decimating agricultural output and triggering food insecurity. Over half of Syria's prewar population has been displaced by conflict (Alexander, n.d.), intensifying pressure on natural resources as communities struggle to survive. The economy, once diverse and robust, has contracted by over 60% since 2010, with the Syrian pound in freefall and inflation among the highest in the world (Alexander, n.d.). These interconnected challenges threaten Syria's environmental sustainability and the well-being of its people. Our value proposition is our multidisciplinary approach and deep regional expertise. We bring together environmental scientists, economists, agricultural experts, and humanitarian researchers who have extensive experience in conflict-a ected regions. This team is uniquely suited to analyze Syria's complex crisis in a holistic manner. We will provide fresh insights by combining remote-sensing analysis of environmental damage with on-the-ground socioeconomic assessments. By engaging with local stakeholders and leveraging credible data, we will identify practical solutions that balance ecological restoration with urgent humanitarian needs. We are committed not only to diagnosing the problems but also to formulating clear, evidence-backed recommendations for reforestation programs, climate adaptation, agricultural revitalization, and economic recovery. In summary, our team o ers a thorough investigation into Syria's deforestation, water crisis, displacement impacts, agricultural decline, and economic instability. We will deliver a wellrounded research report highlighting key findings and actionable strategies. Our goal is to aid policymakers and partners in prioritizing interventions that can halt environmental destruction, bolster food and water security, and set Syria on a path toward sustainable recovery. With our proven dedication and cross-sector expertise, we stand ready to contribute meaningfully to alleviating Syria's environmental and socioeconomic hardships.

The article seeks to systematize knowledge on the principles of financing microprojects implemented by the NGO sector in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in 2017-2022 on the example of the "Społecznik" program carried out with funds from the budget of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship through a literature review and analysis of available regional reports. The discussion and conclusions elaborate on the topic of NGO financing, with a particular focus on foundations and associations, from the perspective of their importance to strategies for building and strengthening local communities and enhancing regional economies. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to achieve the goal, the following research questions were formulated: 1. Definition of basic terms related to the topic of the article: financing of micro-projects implemented by NGOs 2. What are the reasons why the phenomenon of implementation of grassroots social initiatives is important for the management strategy of NGO financial support? The structure of the article corresponds to the stated objectives. The introduction describes the genesis, research problem and basic definitions related to the phenomenon of grassroots local community initiatives, including micro-projects. A literature review of socioeconomic issues related to types of NGOs, their sources of funding and NGO needs was conducted. Findings: Micro-project financing under the advance payment system, is an important element in the management of social economy entities in regional economies, hence this choice of keywords. Practical implications: NGO's can influence the local economies in a variety of ways, for instance, by initiating development projects, supporting social entrepreneurship, providing social services, or raising public awareness. Their activities contribute to increasing the potential of the local economy, creating jobs and improving the quality of life of local residents.

This study examines the labor market situation and impact of third-country nationals working in Hungary, with particular attention to the manufacturing sector. Methodologically, the study is based on specially requested statistical data and interviews with experts with diverse backgrounds. Migrant workers from third countries face numerous challenges, such as indebtedness, strict regulations, and workplace vulnerabilities. Meanwhile, the material struggles of Hungarian workers increase distrust towards foreign laborers.

Ineffective financial management and low transparency in fund allocation undermine the success of LED projects. Improved accountability mechanisms are essential Many LGAs lack trained financial staff and the technical systems necessary to efficiently manage LED funds. Building capacity in financial oversight and Delays in disbursing funds from the central government to local councils significantly affect the timely implementation of LED projects. Streamlining fund approval and disbursement processes is needed to avoid project delays and cost overruns. for ensuring that funds are allocated and used in line with community needs and development priorities. modern accounting practices is crucial for sustaining economic development efforts.

Many LGAs are overly dependent on government grants and international aid, which can be volatile and subject to political and economic fluctuations, limiting the sustainability of LED initiatives. l LGAs have untapped potential in local revenue generation. Expanding the capacity of local authorities to raise their own funds is essential for fostering financial autonomy and ensuring long-term sustainability of LED projects. Collaborations with the private sector can provide LGAs with the necessary capital, expertise, and resources to implement and scale LED initiatives. However, the lack of formalized frameworks for PPPs hinders their potential impact.

We owe members of the Norfolk Island community a debt of gratitude for the warm welcome to our researchers and their willingness to discuss issues of relevance to the completion of our work. This provided an excellent experience for all of us. Special acknowledgements go to the Norfolk Island Regional Council, in particular PJ Wilson and Arthur Travalloni who assisted us closely with the logistics and background information for this research and shared their vast knowledge of the environment on Norfolk Island. We extend our thanks to the Office of the Administrator, Mr Eric Hutchison and Ms Fiona Anderson, and all the members of the Norfolk Island Regional Council who have contributed their time to this research.

Este estudio busca aportar al conocimiento de la relación entre economía y política a través de la utilización de una base de datos de 6.589 proyectos financiados a través de presupuestos participativos en 47 municipalidades de Chile entre 2001 y 2017. Mediante un análisis de regresión multivariada se cuantifica la importancia del componente económico (desarrollo económico local) en las experiencias de los presupuestos participativos en Chile y se busca estudiar los determinantes de esta incorporación, interpretando lo anterior como un tipo de relación entre economía y política en que el mecanismo de presupuestos participativos representa lo político, y los proyectos de desarrollo económico local, lo económico. Los resultados destacan la centralidad de la existencia de población indígena en la comuna: en la medida en que una comuna que realiza presupuestos participativos tiene una mayor cantidad de habitantes que se autodeclaran indígenas, mayor es el monto del presupuesto participativo destinado a actividades productivas. Los resultados reflejan la posibilidad de que la democracia participativa-deliberativa no esté en contradicción con el financiamiento de proyectos de desarrollo económico-productivo. Esto se logra si existe un espacio intermedio, caracterizado por organizaciones socioproductivas que, en gran medida, representan las empresas de la economía social y solidaria.

Utilizando la información contenida en las cuentas públicas del 20% de las municipalidades del país, se estudia la evolución en la ejecución de las políticas de desarrollo económico local para un conjunto de 48 municipalidades, entre los años 2007 y 2015. Los resultados indican que la importancia relativa de las políticas de empleo y capital humano se han reducido, las de emprendimiento se han mantenido, y las de fortalecimiento institucional y sistema productivo comunal se han incrementado. En esto, el rol de los programas y convenios entre las municipalidades y los organismos del gobierno central parecen haber jugado un rol clave.

The Balkan region has proved to be a controversial territory. Through a long history and many controversies, the area rose to a popular destination. Common and uncommon elements make it a unique destination. Tourism has provided a sustainable source of revenue, as in every destination. Public investments are an important element of every activity to flourish and to bring private investments. Through public investments in infrastructure, superstructure, and education, we can provide a better tourist experience. In our paper, we discuss 5 countries of the region, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and the Republic of North Macedonia. All of these destinations drew the attention of other countries and investment institutions like China and Russia. To take a look at public investments and tourism development, we compare core national accounts like the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.), Gross Capital Formation (G.C.F.), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (G.F.C.F.), and the inbound tourism at under investigation countries. Data indicate that there was a slowdown in each country’s economy during COVID 19 but then the production increased (Gross Domestic Product (GDP)). The Gross Capital Formation (G.C.F.) has a stable rate for the first years and then increases for each country. Data for the Gross Capital Formation (G.C.F.) for the tourism industry exist only for Bulgaria and show a decrease and a negative Gross Capital Formation (G.C.F.) indication that assets must have been sold. Data for the Gross Capital Formation (G.C.F.) for the transport equipment and total construction have fluctuations without extreme increases or decreases, showing a stable rate of asset accumulation. The findings from the research conclude that till COVID-19 all the economies had a stable rate of growth, and the decrease in tourism activity had a small impact on the decrease of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), except Bulgaria all the other economies slowed down during COVID era, Gross Fixed Capital Formation (G.F.C.F.) for Montenegro and North Macedonia remained stable for the period under study in contrast of the rest countries that were exhibiting a rise from time to time, the general Gross Capital Formation (G.C.F.) accounts always indicate growth in contrast to sectional accounts as they the total accumulated investments or production. Finally, there is insufficient data for the Gross Fixed Capital Formation (G.F.C.F.) for hospitality and tourism which does not allow the researchers to make any assumption with robust data for either the investments or the capital that occurred in other to be invested in the future.

Поиск оптимальной модели организации местного самоуправления, ко-
торая наилучшим образом отражает интересы местных сообществ, был и остается для
Российской Федерации актуальной задачей, обусловленной тем, что местная власть наибо-
лее приближена к населению и призвана решать большинство проблем, связанных с жиз-
необеспечением граждан. Данная задача рассматривается по материалам мониторинговых
социологических исследований в Красноярском крае, который по многим статистически по-
казателям и данным социологических исследований считается микромоделью Российской
Федерации. Результаты проведенных опросов позволили сделать ряд важных выводов. Во-
первых, переход с 2010 года на непрямые выборы глав местного самоуправления по модели
«сити–менеджер» и «совет–комиссия» не привел к притоку во власть эффективных управлен-
цев, ориентированных, прежде всего, на отстаивание интересов муниципальных образований
и населения. Главы местного самоуправления, будучи недостаточно эффективными и непопу-
лярными среди местных жителей, тем не менее, успешно проходят процедуру непрямых вы-
боров в случае предварительного согласования их кандидатур с краевой властью. Во-вторых,
существенно возросла текучесть среди руководителей местных органов власти. На половине
территорий Красноярского края главы, избранные в 2015 году, не доработали до конца отчет-
ного периода от полугода до трех лет; на посту главы администрации на этих территориях
побывали 2, 3 и даже 4 управленца. Инициаторами досрочных отставок выступают главным
образом правоохранительные органы (каждый пятый руководитель местных органов власти
осужден по уголовной статье) и краевые органы власти. В-третьих, муниципальные руководители теряют популярность у населения, поэтому значительно снизилась явка избирателей на муниципальных выборах. В-четвертых, за десятилетний период не удалось разрешить или
хотя бы снизить остроту социальных проблем, беспокоящих граждан в наибольшей степени.
В-пятых, ухудшаются самооценки населением своего материального положения и социаль-
ного самочувствия. Все это говорит о рисках утраты легитимности местными органами вла-
сти в крупном сибирском регионе.

Using US county-level data, we employ a difference-in-difference approach to model the effect of direct to consumer local foods activity on local economic performance. We find no evidence that growth in local foods activity is linked to economic performance measured by per capita income and some evidence of a decline in employment. These results casts doubts on the notion that the promotion of local foods can improve the performance of local economies. While the local foods market can present viable business opportunities for some producers, the overall size of the market is too thin to influence overall local economic performance.

Lo studio della strumentazione scientifica ha conosciuto, a partire dagli anni Ottanta del XX secolo, una significativa evoluzione epistemologica, generando molteplici filoni d'indagine che hanno attraversato trasversalmente diversi ambiti disciplinari: dalla storia della scienza alla storia dell'arte, dall'economia dei beni culturali alla giurisprudenza della tutela, dalle scienze della conservazione all'archeologia degli strumenti. Tale approccio multidisciplinare ha portato a una sostanziale riconcettualizzazione degli strumenti scientifici storici: questi prodotti dell'ingegno non vengono più interpretati meramente come sussidi materiali alla sperimentazione o cristallizzazioni tangibili di paradigmi teorici, ma si manifestano nella loro natura di complessi dispositivi culturali, depositari di una stratificata semantica storico-sociale. Essi emergono, infatti, come testimonianze materiali di pratiche operative e protocolli metodologici che oltrepassano la mera dimensione tecnico-scientifica per inserirsi in un più ampio contesto socio-culturale con aspetti estetici, educativi e tecnologici. All'interno di questo rinnovato quadro interpretativo, la storiografia scientifica ha progressivamente sviluppato un filone di ricerca specificamente dedicato all'evoluzione della strumentazione, analizzando sistematicamente le trasformazioni delle diverse categorie di strumenti e della loro realizzazione materiale nel corso dei secoli. Questa evoluzione storica presenta caratteristiche distintive per ciascun periodo. In sintesi, si può affermare che nel XVI secolo gli strumenti scientifici si distinguevano non solo per la loro funzionalità nella ricerca di misure empiriche, ma anche per una notevole ricercatezza estetica, che li rendeva oggetti ambiti da mecenati e collezionisti nelle corti europee. Il secolo successivo, quello della rivoluzione scientifica, segnò una svolta decisiva con l'invenzione di strumenti innovativi quali il telescopio, il microscopio, il barometro, la pompa pneumatica e il termometro, che permisero di espandere significativamente le capacità percettive umane, aprendo nuovi orizzonti all'indagine naturale. Fu proprio questa rivoluzione strumentale a porre le basi per i