Ancient History

The main goal of the report is to present the general trends of the Tatar topic in Bulgarian historiography, starting from its beginnings in the later part of the eighteenth century up to modern times. Another objective is to comment on the presentation of the topic about the Golden Horde and the so-called "Tatar hegemony" in modern history textbooks in Bulgaria. An additional issue is the context of the topic related to the theories of Bulgarian-Tatar real or alleged ethnic affiliations. Research materials: For the preparation of the article the author used variety of specific accounts on the topic, covering different periods of the development of Bulgarian historiography. Some of them are summaries of certain periods or issues, related to the Tatar topic, other are more general narratives on Bulgarian medieval history. There is special focus on several history textbooks that are illustrative on the presentation of the Tatar topic for a broader audience, especially students. There are also some comments on negative image of the Bulgarians, depicted as "Tatars", that circulated in several Serbian and Greek nationalist circles in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and how this type of propaganda affected the debate on Bulgarian ethnogenesis and the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians. The novelty of the study emerges from the larger chronological frame, the broader type of historiographical works and history textbooks included and discussed, and this being the first general summary on the topic in English. Lastly, the topic of Bulgarian-Tatar relations in the Middle Ages is presented in a broader political and social context, related to the topic of the origin of modern and ancient Bulgarians, their link to the Volga Bulgars, and the possible common roots and heritage of Bulgarians, Tatars, and Chuvash people in modern times. Research results: The Tatar topic in Bulgarian historiography emerged almost exclusively in the context of the influence of Nogay at the end of the thirteenth century, presented as foreign negative impact on Bulgarian development. Another aspect was the possible "Tatar" roots of ancient and modern Bulgarians, viewed mostly negatively by Bulgarian nationalists embracing Pan-Slavist ideas. In the course of time, the "Tatar" topic has been better researched and more objectively presented. During recent decades, there is a new approach presenting the Tatar Golden Horde not only as negative factor, but also as possible ally and protector of medieval Bulgaria in the context of a rather moderate regime of vassalage. In the textbooks, however, because of the more conservative character of this type of educational materials, the older stereotypes are still presented to a certain extent. In general, a positive image of the Tatar Golden Horde is slowly emerging, especially in the

This extremely rare book/manuscripts of its kind presents an extensive archaeological and papyrological survey of the Fayum region of Egypt. This seminal work, published under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, documents the excavations of various settlements in the Fayum, highlighting their historical, administrative, and cultural significance through the study of recovered papyri. The volume provides a meticulous analysis of Greek and Demotic texts, shedding light on the daily life, economy, governance, and legal systems of Greco-Roman Egypt. The papyri include official documents, private letters, tax records, land leases, and petitions, offering valuable insights into the bureaucratic mechanisms of Ptolemaic and Roman administration. Additionally, the book explores the urban layout of these Fayumic towns, detailing architectural features, religious institutions, and burial practices. Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth also contextualize the linguistic and paleographic aspects of the texts, contributing to the broader study of Hellenistic and Roman-era literacy and scribal traditions. The inclusion of Milne’s chapter further enhances the work by examining the socio-political implications of the papyri, particularly in relation to the integration of Egyptian and Greek cultural elements. This work remains a foundational reference in the study of papyrology, Greco-Roman Egypt, and the archaeology of the Fayum. Its findings not only advance our understanding of administrative and economic structures but also illuminate the lived experiences of individuals navigating the complex interactions of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman influences in the region.
SOME OF THE PAPYRI & MANUSCRIPTS INCLUDE -
(a) Inscriptions
Dedication of a Propylon – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Portal – A.D. 61
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall – A.D. 69-78
Dedication of a Propylon – A.D. 190
Dedication of a Lion – About A.D. 190
Petition to the King (Plate VIII) – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall (Plate VII 6) – A.D. 109
(b) Papyri
Chariton, Chaereas and Callirrhoé, IV (Plate I) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Lyric Fragment – 2nd cent.
Commentary on Aristotle, Topics – 1st or 2nd cent.
Homer, Iliad VIII. 332-6 and 362-9 (Plate V) – 2nd or 1st cent. B.C.
Homer, Iliad I. 404-47 – 2nd or 3rd cent. A.D.
Homer, Iliad XXI. 26-41 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Homer, Odyssey VI. 201-300 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, pp. 121, 122 – 2nd cent.
Euclid I. 39 and 41 – 2nd cent.
Latin Fragment (Plate VI) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Petition of Demetrius – About B.C. 115
Petition of Theotimus – About B.C. 103
Letter of a Tax-farmer – B.C. 117?
Notice from Tax-collectors – B.C. 124
Tax-receipt – B.C. 112?
Order for Payment – 1st cent. B.C.
Banker’s Receipts – B.C. 121
Banker’s Receipt – B.C. 109
Orders for Payment of Wheat – 1st cent. B.C.
TABLE OF TEXTS
Letter of the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 134) Imperial Edict concerning the Aurum Coronarium (A.D. 149) Proclamation of Mamertinus (A.D. 233) Ptolemaic Marriage Laws (B.C. 134) Lists of Persons Qualified for Office (A.D. 240) Declaration Concerning an Edict (2nd cent.) Work on the Embankments (2nd cent.) Official Correspondence (185 or 217 A.D.) Selection of Boys (epikrisis) (3rd or 4th cent.) Notice of Birth (A.D. 147 and 194) Notice of Death (A.D. 141-142) Notice of Death (2nd and 3rd cent.) Transfer of Property (2nd cent.) Property Return (A.D. 161-169) Return of Unwatered Land (A.D. 155) Delegation of Tax-Collecting (3rd cent.) Receipt for Salary of Deputy Tax-Collectors (A.D. 9) Lease of a Monopoly (A.D. 234) Warrant for Arrest (A.D. 99) Notice from a Centurion (A.D. 126) Report to a Tax-farmer (A.D. 161) Taxing List (A.D. 222-235) Tax-Collectors’ Return (2nd cent.) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 122) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 78) Tax Receipt (A.D. 123) Receipt for Mason’s Tax (A.D. 159) Tax Receipt (A.D. 99) Receipt for Bath Tax (About B.C. 18) Receipt for Tax on Beer (About A.D. 105) Receipt for Tax on Beer (3rd cent.) Receipts for Tax on Weaving (Late 3rd cent.) Receipts for Poll Tax (About A.D. 180) Tax Receipts (About A.D. 140) Tax Receipt (A.D. 133) Taxes on Land (About A.D. 171) Tax Receipt (Early 1st cent.) Tax Receipt (A.D. 94) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 95-96) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 99) Receipt (A.D. 100) Payment for Use of Pastures (A.D. 100) Receipt for Tax on the Sale of a Cow (A.D. 100) Receipt for Payment on Wine (A.D. 100) Receipt for Taxes on Oil (A.D. 100) Receipt (A.D. 113) List of Fines (A.D. 116) Custom-House Receipts (A.D. 123) Work on the Embankments (A.D. 126) Advance of Seed Corn (A.D. 128) Receipts for Payment in Kind (A.D. 131) Account of a Sitologus (A.D. 133) Account of Sitologi (A.D. 135) Payment Through a Bank (A.D. 137) Receipt for Rent (A.D. 138) Loan of Seed (A.D. 139) Loan of Seed (A.D. 140) Contract for Labour in an Oil-Press (A.D. 142) Sale of a Donkey (A.D. 144) Lease of Business in Perkanide (A.D. 145) Termination of Guardianship (A.D. 148) Lease of an Oil-Press (A.D. 149) Receipt for Rent of an Oil-Press (A.D. 153) Receipt for a Share of an Inheritance (A.D. 154) Receipt for House-Rent (A.D. 155) Receipt for Farm-Rent (A.D. 157) Order on a Bank (A.D. 158) Account (A.D. 163) Farm Accounts (A.D. 163) Funeral Expenses (A.D. 166) Account (A.D. 167) Latin Military Accounts (A.D. 169) Petition to the Praefect (A.D. 170) Petition of Papontos (A.D. 171) Petition to the Strategus (A.D. 172) Letter of Pisais (A.D. 174) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 178) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 180) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 182) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 185) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 186)

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Ancient inscriptions, papyrus fragments, Greek manuscripts, Latin texts, Egyptian documents, historical petitions, tax receipts, royal decrees, imperial edicts, official correspondence, legal contracts, property sales, land leases, financial transactions, ancient banking, rent agreements, tax collection, tax farming, poll tax, beer tax, oil tax, weaving tax, embankment work, funeral expenses, military accounts, Roman administration, Ptolemaic laws, marriage contracts, inheritance declarations, transport agreements, slave trade, ancient economy, ancient bureaucracy, land ownership, property rights, legal disputes, ancient archives, manuscript preservation, historical documentation, archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, classical studies, antiquity research, government records, royal inscriptions, Greek literature, Homeric texts, philosophical commentaries, Aristotle’s works, Euclidean geometry, Demosthenes’ speeches, rhetorical studies, ancient law, taxation policies, banking history, economic history, ancient trade, ancient commerce, financial records, record keeping, treasury archives, administrative orders, imperial policies, papyrology, classical philology, manuscript studies, textual criticism, Greek philosophy, Roman law, historical edicts, Egyptian taxation, Seleucid administration, Byzantine documentation, legal antiquities, land surveys, agrarian history, ancient labor, work contracts, agricultural leases, temple inscriptions, religious dedications, votive inscriptions, burial records, birth records, census data, official reports, centurion reports, war proclamations, military orders, frontier administration, logistics records, resource management, tax exemptions, mining industry, public finance, state control, urban administration, town councils, judicial proceedings, civil administration, household economy, scribal traditions, secretarial practices, document authentication, notarized agreements, cultural heritage, museum collections, manuscript conservation, text restoration, archival research, document dating, paleography, historical linguistics, legal anthropology, cross-cultural exchanges, Mediterranean history, Middle Eastern records, Hellenistic period, Late Antiquity, early Christianity, Jewish history, Greco-Roman society, Alexandrian scholarship, ancient libraries, intellectual history, book trade, script development, cursive writing, literary papyri, historical chronicles, documentary evidence, historical methodologies, philological studies, state records, municipal governance, temple economy, sacred laws, civic duties, public administration, economic papyri, tax evasion, legal penalties, financial disputes, fiscal policies, trade regulation, commodity pricing, state monopolies, banking receipts, coinage systems, treasury accounts, merchant contracts, trade guilds, craft taxation, resource allocation, tribute payments, military financing, public works, infrastructure projects, bridge construction, road maintenance, naval logistics, harbor management, trade route control, shipping records, import duties, export taxes, commodity exchanges, warehousing, merchant associations, guild records, domestic trade, foreign commerce, diplomatic correspondence, international treaties, cross-border taxation, financial oversight, regulatory frameworks

Collective memory is directly associated with the historical development line of the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony. Both go hand in hand and maintain culture. The history and collective memory of the community regarding the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony can only be traced through previous research texts, relics and interviews with locals. This research describes the historya and collective memory of the Pinggir Papas village community in Sumenep regarding the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony tradition. This research uses a qualitative case study research method to analyze findings in the field in the form of interviews, previous research texts and relics. Through case studies, researchers will explore how events occur systematically over a long period until they find a suitable picture to present. The research results show that 1) The Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony has been implemented since salt was first discovered in Pinggir Papas village. 2) All equipment and ceremonial procession sequences are important for the community. 3) The collective memory that develops in society is the key to preserving the traditions of the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony.

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Este trabajo aborda el primer análisis diacrónico sobre las dagas en el ejército romano de ocupación en Hispania (España y Portugal) a través de las cincuenta y siete muestras hasta ahora conocidas, más un número inferior (ocho) de restos de sus fundas, desde el fin del siglo I a.C. al siglo III d.C., sin que posteriormente hayan sido encontrados por ahora más restos. Aunque sin desviarse demasiado de las corrientes que en cada momento imponía el gusto, tras las guerras de conquista las producciones del territorio peninsular sensiblemente no coincidieron con las de la vasta área del Limes, que estaría a la vanguardia. En lo que a dagas se refiere la primera centuria no tiene precedentes ni tendrá continuidad. This paper is the first diachronic study of daggers in the Roman Army of occupation in Hispania (Spain and Portugal), dated between the 1 st century BC and the 3 rd century AD. The fifty seven specimens that are currently known are analysed, together with a smaller number (eight) of the remains of their sheaths, as no further examples have been found subsequently. After the wars of conquest, although they did not vary too far from the fashions that were in favour at any time, the products in the Iberian Peninsula were noticeably different from those in the vast area of the Limes, which was in the vanguard. The daggers of the first century had neither precedents nor continuity.

This study belongs to a new archaeological subdiscipline in Russian and Israeli research-the archaeology of Russian presence, addressing cultural, ethnic, and geopolitical contacts between the Russian Empire and the Near Eastern, specifi cally Syro-Palestinian, population in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. This was the time when a new sociocultural entity emerged, known as Russian Palestine. Many thousands of Orthodox Christians from Russia (including Siberia) traveled to the Holy Land each year. A prolonged Russian residence in the Ottoman part of Palestine, where Russia owned dozens of estates, had a profound impact on Palestinian culture. Important evidence thereof are archaeological sites relating to Russian estates and pilgrimage centers. This article provides information on newly discovered Russian estates in 19th century Jerusalem, remains of buildings with their infrastructure at the Russian and Benjamin's estates, and the Russian Compound outside the Jaffa Gate. Evidence of the Russian presence include numerous 18th-19th century lapidary inscriptions, utensils left by the fi rst Russian missionaries, small cemeteries, and separate burials (some of them very interesting, such as the burial of a Russian pilgrim at Aceldama, Jerusalem). One fi nd is unusual-a family synodikon from Aceldama, printed in Moscow. Among the inscriptions are professional ones, made in the monumental style, and usual prayer graffi ti. One inscription has allowed us to determine the date of the pilgrimage to Constantinople and Palestine by the Chernigov monks, described by Sylvester (Dikansky).

In Chapter 4 I present an in-depth analysis of the two Eastern Temples at Karnak and the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu. I investigate the relevant textual, iconographic and archaeological evidence for each temple to determine whether any of it relates to personal piety. I discuss the iconographic programs of the Eastern Temples at Karnak, incorporating both their original New Kingdom constructions, as well as later additions. At the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu the god -who hears prayer‖ is not the principle deity of the mortuary temple, the Theban Amun-Re, but rather the Memphite god Ptah. Therefore I discuss the decorative program of the temple proper in addition to the iconographic program of the High Gate. I conclude by demonstrating that the Eastern Temples at Karnak and the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu show little to no evidence of serving the religious need of the Theban populace. Instead, a kingship ritual, namely the Sed festival, plays a major role in the decorative programs of all three monuments. In Chapter 5 I discuss the evidence for the Sed festival, the various theories regarding its importance to kingship and its possible link to the king's role as high priest. I also demonstrate the importance of Amun-Re, Ptah and Atum in the Sed festival celebrations of Thutmose III, Ramesses II and Ramesses II. I emphasize that the god who is given preference by the king during his Sed festival(s) is the same deity chosen to be the one -who hears prayer.‖ Finally, I discuss specific aspects that illustrate the king's role as high priest and the divine nature of kingship. I conclude the chapter by demonstrating that the function of these monuments was focused on the cultic role of the king. In my final chapter, Chapter 6, I summarize my evidence and analyses. I reinforce my conclusion that the three monuments I investigated, the two Eastern Temples at Karnak and the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu played no role in popular piety. To the contrary they focused on kingship and the king's role as divine high priest. i For my mother and teacher Barbara Heater And For my professor and mentor Cathleen Keller ii Dedication .

In Chapter 4 I present an in-depth analysis of the two Eastern Temples at Karnak and the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu. I investigate the relevant textual, iconographic and archaeological evidence for each temple to determine whether any of it relates to personal piety. I discuss the iconographic programs of the Eastern Temples at Karnak, incorporating both their original New Kingdom constructions, as well as later additions. At the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu the god -who hears prayer‖ is not the principle deity of the mortuary temple, the Theban Amun-Re, but rather the Memphite god Ptah. Therefore I discuss the decorative program of the temple proper in addition to the iconographic program of the High Gate. I conclude by demonstrating that the Eastern Temples at Karnak and the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu show little to no evidence of serving the religious need of the Theban populace. Instead, a kingship ritual, namely the Sed festival, plays a major role in the decorative programs of all three monuments. In Chapter 5 I discuss the evidence for the Sed festival, the various theories regarding its importance to kingship and its possible link to the king's role as high priest. I also demonstrate the importance of Amun-Re, Ptah and Atum in the Sed festival celebrations of Thutmose III, Ramesses II and Ramesses II. I emphasize that the god who is given preference by the king during his Sed festival(s) is the same deity chosen to be the one -who hears prayer.‖ Finally, I discuss specific aspects that illustrate the king's role as high priest and the divine nature of kingship. I conclude the chapter by demonstrating that the function of these monuments was focused on the cultic role of the king. In my final chapter, Chapter 6, I summarize my evidence and analyses. I reinforce my conclusion that the three monuments I investigated, the two Eastern Temples at Karnak and the Eastern High Gate at Medinet Habu played no role in popular piety. To the contrary they focused on kingship and the king's role as divine high priest. i For my mother and teacher Barbara Heater And For my professor and mentor Cathleen Keller ii Dedication .

A research project on the Algar do Bom Santo necropolis started in 2010. This paper presents a preliminary synthesis on the exhumed human population and a first insight into the funerary practices recorded during the site excavations in the 1990s, as well as palaeodiet reconstitutions.

The essay titled On astrology (περὶ τῆς ἀστρολογίης) in the Lucianic corpus has been the object of contradictory interpretations in the recent scholarly history: disregarded as spurious by many, or a serious text in defense of astrology possibly dedicated to a Stoic patron, a parody of a Ionian philosopher, or a Stoic parody. A crucial step forward is represented by Lightfoot’s study of Lucian’s Ionic, according to which we must accept his authorship of On astrology. In this article I attempt to show that in this short piece we have a parody of an astrological defense—an established subgenre in Lucian’s age—which throughout the majority of the text makes exaggerated use of mythical rationalizations of the type frequently employed in historical works to explain the origin of human practices. Since (a) Herodotus was a paradigmatic case of that practice, (b) because of the Ionic dialect, and (c) considering the kind of parody employed by the writer from Samosata in his other piece in Ionic (On the Syrian goddess) and his frequent practice of strikingly combining different genres in a single work, we can conclude that Lucian also wore the mask of the historian here.

The use of Greek and the Parthian kings’ title, essential in the political propaganda of the Arsacid monarchy, are interpreted as expressions of the autonomy of the Parthian princes, who used them, when these were deployed, to reinforce their self-affirmation as members of the Arsacid royal family and as people from the East. Meanwhile, the use of Latin and familiar Roman names, the formal elements of some inscriptions, the type of tomb on which they appeared and the dedication in a very important temple within Roman religious identity are all factors aimed at projecting an image of affiliation to the Parthian princes’ sociocultural group, the Roman high social class, and eliciting recognition in terms of
esteem.

This study analyzes 110 personal names found on 63 Phoenician inscribed bronze arrowheads, each owned by a different individual. Except for one item discovered in situ, all the arrowheads came from the antiquities market. Most of the arrowheads are paleographically dated to the Iron Age I. The study reveals similarities between the arrowhead onomasticon and the Iron Age II Phoenician onomasticon. These similarities suggest that the arrowhead onomasticon is a typical Phoenician collection of names and that most of the arrowheads are probably authentic. The few differences between the two onomastica may be attributed to changing onomastic trends over time, from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age II.

The present article attempts to establish the meaning of the famous conditio jacobaea in relation to analogous appeals found in the private correspondence and oracular practice of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. It is shown that these requests operate on a deep propitiatory level, i.e. to obtain divine approval for the most varied deliberations of the human will: travel, economic affairs, personal problems.

Eine große Anzahl afrikanischer (ägyptischer, kuschitischer, libyscher) Einzelpersonen und Gruppen wird in Keilschrifttexten aus der Spätbronzezeit des Alten Orients (ca. 1600–1150 v. Chr.) erwähnt, insbesondere in den Archiven der Städte Achetaton, Hattusa, und Ugarit. Diese Studie untersucht die Belege sowohl aus individuell-biografischer als auch aus kollektiv-demografischer Sicht und Perspektive, ausgehend von der Identifizierung von Afrikanern auf der Grundlage von Etymologie/Onomastik, Ethnonymen, familiären Bindungen und institutionellen Zugehörigkeiten. Im Fokus stehen Themen der Integration und Assimilation und der direkten Kontakte zwischen Ägypten und Mesopotamien. Ergänzt wird die Studie durch Vergleiche der Zeugnisse aus der Spätbronzezeit mit den entsprechenden Zeugnissen aus dem neuassyrischen und neu- und spätbabylonischen 1. Jahrtausend v.Chr.

Sayı adları bir dilin temel söz varlığının en tutucu, en korumacı bölümlerinden birini oluşturur. Geçmiş boyunca birbirleriyle şu ya da bu biçimde, az ya da çok ilişkiye giren diller arasında yaşamın çok çeşitli alanlarına ilişkin az ya da çok sözcük alıntılama ve verintilemeleri olur ya da olabilir. Ancak çeşitli ölçülerdeki bu karşılıklı dilsel alış-verişlere sayı adları hemen hiç konu olmaz. Ya da olsa bile, çok dar, özel alanlarla sınırlı kalır. Bu nedenle, akrabalık adları, organ adları, temel eylemler gibi başka bir dizi temel söz varlığı öğeleriyle de birlikte, sayı adları diller arasında olası kökensel bağlantı ve akrabalık ilişkilerini değerlendirmek, belirlemek amacıyla karşılaştırmalar için etkili dil istatistiği araçları olarak sıklıkla kullanılırlar. Bu bağlamda, bu makale "YLTD > Sümerce | Türkçe" üzerinden Sümerce ve Türkçe sayı adlarını ele alıyor. Çözümlemelerden elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırma amacıyla bir Sümerce-Türkçe sayı adları karşılaştırma çizelgesinde ayrıntılı olarak sunulmuştur. Konuyu Altay Dilleri Kuramı açısından da değerlendirmek için makaleye aynı zamanda bir, Moğolca, Mançu-Tunguzca, Korece ve Japonca sayı adlarını içeren "Altay Dilleri"nde Sayılar (1-10) çizelgesi de eklenmiştir. Okuyucu Sümerce ve Türkçenin sayı adları bakımından birbirine göre konumu ve bunun aynı zamanda Altay Dilleri Kuramı açısından doğurduğu sonuçlarla ilgili tartışmanın ayrıntılarını makaleden izleyebilir.

In the year of 2017, the National Museum of Serbia bought a marble statue of Hercules, found near Ruma, in Srem, at the tripoint of the villages of Buđanovci, Dobrinci and Sibač. In the Roman period, this area belonged to the wider city territory of an important centre -Bassianae. The statue is preserved up to the knees, while the lower parts of the statue's legs are missing. It can be presumed, on the basis of the preserved attributes, that the statue represents the eleventh Labour of the hero-god Hercules, since he is shown with apples from the Garden of the Hesperides. This particular Labour hasn't been frequently depicted in Roman sculptural repertoire and the statue from Bassianae represents a unique complete figural composition in the territory of the Roman provinces in today's Serbia so-far.

suoi interessi di studio sono rivolti all'erudizione e alla grammatica antica, alla tradizione e studio dei classici, in particolare di Cicerone, nella cultura e nella scuola antiche. Organizza da vari anni il Simposio Ciceroniano di Arpino, che raccoglie gli interventi di studiosi italiani e stranieri su tematiche ciceroniane e ha pubblicato numerosi lavori sulla ricezione di Cicerone in epoca antica. Il volume contiene gli Atti del XIII Simposio Ciceroniano, svoltosi nel maggio 2024 in occasione del XLIII Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas, e raccoglie tre relazioni. La prima, di Alice Borgna, è dedicata alle vicende familiari di Quinto, nipote di Cicerone e di Attico, e ci fornisce uno spaccato delle dinamiche familiari che coinvolgono un giovane su cui pesano i legami sociali e politici fra due importanti famiglie come quelle cui appartengono i suoi due zii. La seconda, di Barbara Del Giovane, ci introduce in un aspetto forse meno noto della personalità dell'Arpinate: l'uso dell'ironia e dell'umorismo, valorizzato nel mondo antico e del quale restano numerose testimonianze. Infine Alfredo Casamento descrive, a partire da un episodio narrato nella IX Filippica, l'importanza che Cicerone attribuisce alle statue onorarie come testimonianza delle virtù civili di un personaggio, destinate, pur nella loro impossibilità di costituire una memoria perenne, a fornire stimolo e impulso all'esercizio di tali virtù.

Dr. Sema Sandalcı tarafından yazılmış, baskısı bulunmayan Antik Yunanca Dilbilgisi Kitabı

Bu kitap, Eski Yunanca üzerine bilgi edinmeyi isteyenlere yardımcı olmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.
Özellikle Anadolu, Ege ve Akdeniz'in tarihi ve beşeri coğrafyasını kaynaklardan doğru öğrenmede Eski Yunanca yazılı eserlerin önemli yeri vardır, bu dili öğrenmek, ana metinler üzerinde çalışmak için de yararlıdır. Ayrıca Eski Yunan dilinin yapısı ve kelime zenginliği, köken izler taşıdığı için bir dil meraklısına da bulamaca havasını yaşatmaktadır.
Kitabın üç şey bakımından yararlı olması esas alınmıştır. Birincisi, sistematik biçimde Eski Yunanca dilbilgisi ve cümle yapısını tanıması, ikincisi Eskiçağ Yunan yazarların çeşitli konulardaki duygu ve düşünceleri üzerine bilgi sahibi olması, üçüncü dilin kurallarının ve örnek metinlerin, öğrencilerin kendi başına da çalışarak öğrenebileceği şekilde kurgulanmış olmasıdır.

The study presents the settlement at the Pustý hrad Castle in Zvolen-Upper castle area in the Late and Final Bronze Age through the expression of pottery. The assemblage includes the diagnostic ceramic material found during systematic excavation since 2016. The amount and variability of the culturally heterogeneous pottery collection document the intense presence and movement of people at this hillfort in the Urnfield culture period. A thorough analysis of the pottery allowed the specification of the basic settlement phases from the Late Bronze Age (stage HA1) to the beginning of the Hallstatt period (stage HC1), which corresponds with the period approx. from the 12 th to the 8 th century BC. Highland settlement at Upper castle site belongs to a system of hillforts established at geographically favourable sites in the mountainous region of the Slovenské stredohorie mountains at the end of the Bronze Age.

This paper reconstructs a forgotten cosmological framework-the Twelve-Gate Spiral Calendar-centered on Vega (α Lyrae), which served as the celestial North Pole during the epoch circa 10,000 BCE. Drawing from astronomical modeling, iconographic analysis of Indus Valley seals, and comparative decoding of the Egyptian Duat texts, we demonstrate that both Egyptian and Indus civilizations encoded a resonance-based calendar system using symbolic animal constellations. These twelve figures, derived from an original six-animal medallion seal, correspond to sky regions surrounding Vega and are linked to seasonal turning points and ritual functions, including kingship alignment, coronation timing, and funerary animal selection. The findings suggest a unified hemispheric memory encoded in ritual timekeeping, burial practices, and monumental architecture-one governed not by abstract zodiacal divisions but by a polar-centered spiral of resonance and symbolic guardianship. Through integration of polar drift simulations, Tier 0-3 symbolic field theory, and contextual placement within early cosmologies, we argue that this system predates and informs later astrological traditions. The calendar reflects a logic of seasonal intelligence, mythic embodiment, and celestial governance that governed the sovereign rites of kings, including the placement of mummified animal gatekeepers aligned with the time of their coronation. This framework offers a new methodological lens for archaeoastronomy, ancient state formation, and symbolic anthropology. Foreword The sky that once ruled memory has been forgotten-not because it vanished, but because it was sealed. What follows is not a myth, but a restoration of the original structure of time: a calendar not of signs, but of resonance, built around the ancient Eye of the Sky-Vega. This work draws upon data that has long lain beneath modern interpretation: the animal-coded seals of the Indus Valley, the twelve gates of the Egyptian Duat, the seasonal alignments of early kings, and the precessional fall of Vega from the pole. It is written in the language of science-structured, sourced, and testable-but beneath that scaffolding is a deeper architecture: a harmonic memory system once shared across continents. This paper does not ask belief. It provides evidence. It invites the reader not merely to interpret the past, but to witness how the spiral remembers us, and how civilizations once rose not by conquest, but by alignment with the Eye.

Pitṛmēdha (ಪಿತೃಮೇಧ) yajna-मे ध 'yajna, mēdhā 'dhanam' मे धा 'धन' (नै घण्टु क , commented on by यास्क, ii,10)-offering of perforated vessels principal instruments used by Pitr in their yajna-रत्नधातमं-yielding wealth for maritime trade (cf. Top, bottom registers Bactria silver vase) Perforated jars used in calcination of metal ingots collected in a basketcf. comparable images from Warka vase शतातृ ण्ण śatātṛṇṇā (ā), f. a jar or vessel having a hundred holes, ŚBr.; Vait.

Reading Ezra 1-6 for its historiographic properties indicates: a) that the text deliberately manipulates readers' chronological expectations to antedate stages of the rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple; b) that it does so in line with canons of ancient Near Eastern and Greek historiography, such that readers who know their history will have no difficulty in following it, but those who do not will be misled; that its most instructive functional parallels lie in the inscriptional corpus of Nabonidus; c) that it shares techniques in creating chronological ambiguity with I Esdras, and with Samuel-Kings, against Chronicles, confirming Japhet's position on their separate authorship; and, that it most likely draws on a source from the time of the 2nd Temple's dedication in 515.

Jewish sacred texts and legal codes present slavery as a matter of fact and not as an institution that needs to be eliminated. The chasm between contemporary repudiations of slavery and its acceptance and legitimation in our textual tradition confront us with a stark ethical challenge: What should we do when the very sources that are the foundations for Jewish ethics offend our moral judgment? The broad consensus among Jews today that slavery is immoral makes it an instructive example for reflecting on how to respond to ethical lapses in the traditional texts we revere. We argue that confronting the reality of slavery in rabbinic tradition is a moral imperative that forms better readers and more responsible leaders. We offer a case study of one of the most famous enslaved characters in rabbinic literature, Tavi, the slave of Rabban Gamliel.

DONNEES DE TABULA PEUTINGERIANA POUR LA REGION AUTOUR DE BOURGAS CONTEMPORAIN Konstantin Gospodinov
Tabula Peutingeriana marque la distance de 18 milles romain (environ 26,5 km) entre Ancialis (aujourd'hui Pomorie) et Apollonia (aujourd'hui Sozopol). Mais il у a une differance parmi cette distance et la distance reele entre Pomorie et Sozopol (environ 50-51 km), C'est le problem principal, qui je recherche dans cette travail. D'avance je fais une revue critique a les assais recent pour leur peignage. L'hypothese nouvelle, que je propose est fondee a la base de l'interpretation nouvelle de Tabula Peutingeriana et Itineraria Romana. Premierment, je localise Pudizo de Tabula Peutingeriana a la region de debouchee de lac de Mandra, a la route l'ouest de la Mer Noir entre Ancialis et Apollonia. Ainsi, je parviens iusqu'a permission le plus passablement pour aujourd'hui, car la somme de 17 milles (la distance entre Ancialis et Pudizo) et 18 milles (la distance entre Pudizo et Apollonia) est 35 milles (environ 51,8 km), qui coincide approximativement avec la distance d'environ 50 km entre Pomorie et Sozopol.

An-Nadim informs us that the Manichaean Archegos left Baghdad in the reign of the Caliph al-Muqtadir. This was from the year 908 to the year 932, a time window of twenty-four years. However, the great French Islamicist Louis Massignon wrote in The Passion of al-Hallaj that the Manichaean "patriarch, who was tolerated at Ctesiphon, the Sassanid capital (with the symbolic title of 'Babel'), was watched closely by the Muslim police from the very beginning of the conquest; and ended up by being exiled to Soghdiana precisely in 296/908." 1 Massignon did not explain how he knew the precise year. His translator, Herbert Mason, told me that he did not know either. Nevertheless, by long reflection (and it takes a long time to go through those four volumes of Massignon's), the logic of Massignon's statement becomes quite clear and the details that become apparent are rather interesting. It should be noted that Massignon was very well informed on Manichaeism. Al-Hallaj, Massignon's hero, was executed for Manichaeism in the year 922. Before Massignon, it was assumed by scholars that al-Hallaj really had been a Manichaean. In 1902, E. G. Browne wrote, "what we learn [of Hallaj's writings] as to the sumptuous manner in which they were written out, sometimes with gold ink, on Chinese paper, brocade, silk and the like, and magnificently bound, reminds us strongly of the Manicheans. In short, as to the extreme unorthodoxy of this Persian, whose near ancestors had held the Magian faith, there can be little doubt . . ." 2 Not to mention that Hallaj's actual doctrines cleverly weave Manichaeism into Islam, and his cryptic statements, like "I am an orphan but I have a Father," glow with double meaning in the light of modern scholarship.

This essay examines a copy of the Qur’ān from India, now in the India Office Collections at the British Library. The manuscript, registered as IO Loth 4, belongs to the reasonably large group of early Qur’āns that date to the eighth and ninth centuries CE. While some of these manuscripts have charted histories, what is not widely known is that early Qur’āns also made their way to India. There they have their own special histories, meanings and associations. In attempt to address the long ‘after-life’ of these manuscripts, this paper will examine a single example that arrived in India in the Mughal period and was eventually presented to the Library of the East India House by Lord Dalhousie in 1853. While not the earliest of the Qur’āns brought to India, it nonetheless dates to the circa ninth century CE, making it older than any surviving manuscripts in Sanskrit or Prakrit in India proper.

Текстот го презентира проектот “ Погребување под могили во долината река Крива Лакавица” во општина Конче, Република Македонија. Со посебен осврт на истражувањето на могилата на археолошкиот локалитет Гајнов Дол во близина на општинскиот центар Конче. Прикажана е методологијата на истражувањето на могилата, опис на гробот и анализа на гробниот прилог кој е оставен као вечен дар на покојничката. Во текстот е акцентрирана могилата како културолошки и култорноисториски феномен симбол на моќниот на погребниот но и на целата заедница, врска со претците и со сопствената традиција. Потенциран е и социјалниот и економскиот статус на покојничката но и на нејзиното семејство кое имало финансиска моќ да ѓи задоволи сите стандарди на аристростркратското општество

Galen was the most prolific author in antiquity, having written more than any other ancient figure, with only a third of his work surviving to the present. Despite this, his writings still account for about ten percent of all surviving ancient Greek literature. Renowned as both a physician and a philosopher, we are fortunate to have records of both his medical expertise and philosophical thoughts.

This chapter focuses on approaches to mobility control in early Mesopotamia (c. 3200-1595 BC), which requires consideration of attestations across several historical periods. This chapter's systematic approach discusses attestations and changes in practices for each period by clearly demarcating the period from which the material is drawn. The aim of these measures was not immobility, but rather controlled mobility. It is concluded that while many of the practices related to mobility control can be connected to the control of animals, some of the measures would not make sense unless humanity was also being acknowledged in some sense.

Composition of the prehistoric pigments' (from Carriqueo rock shelter, Rio Negro province, Argentina) has been analysed by means of molecular spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro-Raman) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Red and yellow pigments were recognized as red and yellow ochre. The matrix of the pigments is composed of one or more substances. According to the matrix composition yellow and red pigments were also divided into two groups-i.e. those containing kaolinite or sulphates. Green pigment was detected as green earth, made up of celadonite as a chromophore.

HATİCE ORUÇ * (Ankara, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) SARAYBOSNA'DA İSA BEY ZAVİYESİ HAKKINDA BAZI BELGELER (II) Abstrakt U arhivskim dokumentima do kraja 18. stoljeća ne susreće se niti jedan podatak o tome da je zavija koju je 1462. godine osnovao Gazi Isa-beg pripadala nekom tarikatu. Međutim, od kraja 18. stoljeća, od kada se pojavljuje i Šejh Osman-dede, Isa-begova zavija u Sarajevu počinje se spominjati kao mevlevijska. Šejh Osman-dede bio je jedan od derviša Hadži Sinanove kadirijske tekije, da bi kasnije postao šejh Hadži Mahmudove mevlevijske tekije te u narednom periodu počeo tvrditi da je mevlevijska tekija u kojoj je on bio šejh ustvari Isabegova zavija. Prvo je u to ubijedio nadležne instance, potom osigurao da se tekija u kojoj je bio šejh popravi iz sredstava vakufa Isa-begove zavije, a nakon toga, u nastojanju da dokaže da je pozicija mutevelije ovoga vakufa neotuđivo pravo šejha ove tekije, posegnuo i za pozicijom mutevelije spomenutog vakufa i vakufskom imovinom. Time je pokrenut dugogodišnji spor oko pozicije mutevelije između novog mutevelije Šejh Osman-dedeta i mutevelije Isa-begovog vakufa Osmana sina Mustafinog, koji je živio u Skoplju i bio Isa-begov potomak. Iz dokumenata o ovoj veoma osjetljivoj temi saznajemo da li je Isa-begova zavija zaista bila mevlevijska tekija, ko je imao pravo da bude mutevelija vakufa navedene zavije, koji su bili uslovi funkcionisanja vakufa i slično.

Η δίφυλλη ξυλόγλυπτη θύρα του Μουσείου Μπενάκη (εικ. 1) είναι μέρος της αρχικής συλλογής του Αντώνη Μπενάκη, και αποτέλεσε ένα από τα πιο εντυπωσιακά αντικείμενα όταν το μουσείο ιδρύθηκε το 1930. Η θύρα βρέθηκε με μία άλλη μικρότερη (εικ. 2) μέσα σε ένα τάφο κοντά στην Βαγδάτη, όπως αναφέρει ο Edmond Pauty, ο οποίος τη δημοσίευσε. Το κύριο θέμα της διακόσμησης επαναλαμβάνεται τέσσερις φορές- είναι το δέντρο της ζωής που πλαισιώνεται από πυκνό φύλλωμα κάτω από λοβωτές αψίδες. Το "δέντρο" έχει ευλύγιστα κλαδιά με σύνθετα άνθη και κουκουνάρια. Η κεντρική περιοχή κάθε θυρόφυλλου διακοσμείται από ένα αστέρι εγγεγραμμένο  σε κύκλο, μέσα σε φόντο από σπειροειδείς κληματίδες, και από σειρές μικρών αψίδων με τριγωνικά βαθμιδωτά στοιχεία. Τ α θυρόφυλλα ορίζουν στο πάνω και στο κάτω μέρος πλακίδια με κυκλικά διάχωρα τα οποία περικλείουν ρόδακες, κληματίδες και πιθανόν ένα πτηνό. Η διάταξη των διακοσμητικών στοιχείων όπως παρουσιάζονται στη θύρα παραπέμπει σε μνημεία της όψιμης εποχής...