Classics

While the book in no way disavows the usefulness of the typological approach for descriptions and landscapes that is by now traditional (at least in Italy), it also pays homage to the ‘spatial’ approach, declined on the axis of cultural tradition. However, most of the contributions move in a sphere that is already decidedly that of the ‘atmosphere’, as demonstrated by the book’s subtitle, which I have not by chance chosen as the incipit of this § 5. It can indeed be said that the instance of the ‘emotive turn’, originally observable at the level of typological analysis (even if not always unequivocally), is even better substantiated if it is projected on to a horizon of ‘atmospheres’. This horizon is indeed potentially more vague for those who do not have the shield of the typological method, but it is also enormously broader. In other words, the atmosphere of anxiety that horridus/inamoenus is able to provoke, and that the modern interpreter must be able to rediscover, would be unattainable if we did not have the philological tools of ‘typology’ at our disposal, which regulate its retrieval as far as possible, even in iconographic testimonies; but it is equally true that on this basis, ‘atmospheres’ are identified in the book that transcend not only typologies, but also landscapes and even ‘spaces’, recovering suggestions of anxiety in volcanic eruptions, marshy terrain, the animal world, figures of myth and cult, and so on. This is exactly what I had in mind when I decided to allude in the title to the hypothesis of the horridus/inamoenus as a ‘Way of Life’ for the Romans: the fact that they expressed a certain existential anxiety precisely through the use of this interpretive category, both in artistic representations and in literary language.

The essay titled On astrology (περὶ τῆς ἀστρολογίης) in the Lucianic corpus has been the object of contradictory interpretations in the recent scholarly history: disregarded as spurious by many, or a serious text in defense of astrology possibly dedicated to a Stoic patron, a parody of a Ionian philosopher, or a Stoic parody. A crucial step forward is represented by Lightfoot’s study of Lucian’s Ionic, according to which we must accept his authorship of On astrology. In this article I attempt to show that in this short piece we have a parody of an astrological defense—an established subgenre in Lucian’s age—which throughout the majority of the text makes exaggerated use of mythical rationalizations of the type frequently employed in historical works to explain the origin of human practices. Since (a) Herodotus was a paradigmatic case of that practice, (b) because of the Ionic dialect, and (c) considering the kind of parody employed by the writer from Samosata in his other piece in Ionic (On the Syrian goddess) and his frequent practice of strikingly combining different genres in a single work, we can conclude that Lucian also wore the mask of the historian here.

This is the first comprehensive study of the school curriculum in medieval and Renaissance Italy. Robert Black's analysis finds that the real innovators in the history of Latin education in Italy were the thirteenth-century schoolmasters who introduced a new method of teaching grammar based on logic, and their early fourteenthcentury successors, who first began to rely on the vernacular as a tool to teach Latin grammar. Thereafter, in the later fourteenth and for most of the fifteenth century, conservatism, not innovation, characterized the earlier stages of education. The study of classical texts in medieval Italian schools reached a highpoint in the twelfth century but then collapsed as universities rose in importance during the thirteenth century, a sharp decline only gradually reversed in the two centuries that followed. Robert Black demonstrates that the famous humanist educators did not introduce the revolution in the classroom that is usually assumed, and that humanism did not make a significant impact on school teaching until the later fifteenth century. Humanism and Education is a major contribution to Renaissance studies, to Italian history and to the history of European education, the fruit of sustained manuscript research over many years.

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Aspects of Ancient Greek Cult II: Architecture – Context – Music is an interdisciplinary and international conference drawing participants from across the fields of Classical Archaeology, Classical Philology, Ancient History, Architecture and Musicology. The purpose of the conference is to foster a joint, trans-disciplinary investigation of aspects of ancient Greek cult.

The keynote speakers are Erik Hansen, Professor emeritus, the Royal Danish
Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, Mark Wilson Jones, Senior
Lecturer in Architecture at the University of Bath and Dominique Mulliez,
former Director of École Française D’Athènes. Final remarks will be delivered by Richard Hamilton, Paul Shorey Professor Emeritus of Greek at Bryn Mawr
College and founder and Senior Editor of the Bryn Mawr Classical Review.

This article looks at Byzantine dogs for the first time from the animal's point of view, i.e. not for what our textual sources tell us about their contribution to Byzantine human history, society, and culture, but for what they may enable us to trace regarding the dogs' own sensory and emotional experience, reactions and dispositions, individuality and agency. Methodologically this is made possible by using methods and insights from Animal Studies, especially by exploiting the benefits of a modern biological and ethological understanding of the nature of dogs, and of posthumanistic approaches that collapse the human-animal divide.

The present study gives a comprehensive portrait of the accusativalpassival type of the composite-predicate (or support-verb) construction in the history of Latin. Taking stock of properties shows them to only minimally serve as a touchstone distinguishing between Latin composite predicates and syntagmatically identical verb + direct object constructs. The intricate issue of idiomaticity and the prospects of establishing its parameters are discussed, concluding that although characteristics such as figurativity of the verb or direct-object incorporation indicate this status, the closed corpus of Latin securely allows only for a quantitative parameter, or familiarity, for this kind of a complex predicate. We are looking from the diachronic perspective at individual support verbs, primarily capere and habere, in the evolvement of their function and status-grammatical or lexical-phraseological-as well as at other sets of verbs, figurative ones and verbs otherwise departing from their basic meaning. The support verb emerges as the cardinal constituent of the construct, determining the function of the complex, and as considerably autonomous, being capable of representing, in anaphoric contexts, the entire construction. A reconsideration of the opposition between composite predicates and their monolexematic counterparts brings up again their added value as to exhaustiveness, clarity, perspective, and focus of the message conveyed through a composite predicate.

One of the most influential books of sixteenth century England was John Foxe\u27s Acts and Monuments, commonly known as The Book of Martyrs. For over a hundred years what has readily been available to students has been either Stephen Cattley\u27s or Josiah Pratt\u27s nineteenth century editions. In 1993 the British Academy agreed to produce a complete critical edition of the work, which will be of enormous value to scholars and students. Once a director, research assistant, and committee were selected, they began to identify scholars who were doing research on Foxe and his influence. They arranged a colloquia at Cambridge University in 1995 to discuss the significance of Foxe and most of the papers there presented comprise this thorough and thought-provoking volume. A number of the most influential scholars of early modern English religious and cultural history are represented in this collection

In the year of 2017, the National Museum of Serbia bought a marble statue of Hercules, found near Ruma, in Srem, at the tripoint of the villages of Buđanovci, Dobrinci and Sibač. In the Roman period, this area belonged to the wider city territory of an important centre -Bassianae. The statue is preserved up to the knees, while the lower parts of the statue's legs are missing. It can be presumed, on the basis of the preserved attributes, that the statue represents the eleventh Labour of the hero-god Hercules, since he is shown with apples from the Garden of the Hesperides. This particular Labour hasn't been frequently depicted in Roman sculptural repertoire and the statue from Bassianae represents a unique complete figural composition in the territory of the Roman provinces in today's Serbia so-far.

suoi interessi di studio sono rivolti all'erudizione e alla grammatica antica, alla tradizione e studio dei classici, in particolare di Cicerone, nella cultura e nella scuola antiche. Organizza da vari anni il Simposio Ciceroniano di Arpino, che raccoglie gli interventi di studiosi italiani e stranieri su tematiche ciceroniane e ha pubblicato numerosi lavori sulla ricezione di Cicerone in epoca antica. Il volume contiene gli Atti del XIII Simposio Ciceroniano, svoltosi nel maggio 2024 in occasione del XLIII Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas, e raccoglie tre relazioni. La prima, di Alice Borgna, è dedicata alle vicende familiari di Quinto, nipote di Cicerone e di Attico, e ci fornisce uno spaccato delle dinamiche familiari che coinvolgono un giovane su cui pesano i legami sociali e politici fra due importanti famiglie come quelle cui appartengono i suoi due zii. La seconda, di Barbara Del Giovane, ci introduce in un aspetto forse meno noto della personalità dell'Arpinate: l'uso dell'ironia e dell'umorismo, valorizzato nel mondo antico e del quale restano numerose testimonianze. Infine Alfredo Casamento descrive, a partire da un episodio narrato nella IX Filippica, l'importanza che Cicerone attribuisce alle statue onorarie come testimonianza delle virtù civili di un personaggio, destinate, pur nella loro impossibilità di costituire una memoria perenne, a fornire stimolo e impulso all'esercizio di tali virtù.

A filosofia estoica, florescer no contexto turbulento do Império Romano, encontrou em Lucius Annaeus Seneca um de seus expoentes mais proeminentes. Vivendo sob o reinado de Calígula, Cláudio e Neroperíodos marcados por instabilidade política, corrupção e excessos de poder-, Sêneca (c. 4 a.C.-65 d.C.) transpôs a serenidade teórica do estoicismo para a prática de uma vida pública complexa e, paradoxalmente, de uma busca pessoal pela virtude e pela sabedoria. Sua obra, vasta e diversificada, inclui tratados filosóficos, peças teatrais e poemas, mas são suas Cartas a Lucílio que oferecem um acesso privilegiado à sua filosofia prática, à sua jornada pessoal de autoaperfeiçoamento e à aplicação do estoicismo na vida cotidiana.

Темата го опфаќа перидот од раѓањето па се до заоѓањето на антиката во Брегалничкиот басен односно периодот од 5 век пред н.е. па се до крајот или првата деценија на 7 век, период кога со аваро словенските напади биле уништени и запалени сите доцноантички населби и утврдувања. Во рамките на античкиот период покрај тоа што се употребуваат и усовршуват градежни техники од праисторијата (opus caementicum, opus incertum и други), се појавуваат и нови техники на ѕидање (opus guadratum, opus mixtum, opus testaceum, opus vitatum, opus emplektion, комбинирана техника на ѕидање во која се вклучени две или три градежни техники). Во трудот ќе бидат обработени градежните техники кои се констатирани на археолошките локалитети, по пат на рекогносцирање или археолошки истражувања во долината на река Брегалница, со акцент на градежните техники на одбранбените ѕидови од фортфикициите, сакралните и профаните градби на Виничко кале и градот Баргал

Апстракт: Со археолошките истражувања во рамките на капиталниот проект Баргала 2007 – 2011 година, во рамките на Епископиумот на градот Баргала, дополнета е сликата за економијата на овој доцноантички град, со откривањето на работилницата за стакло. Оваа работилница откриена е во кула 7 од фортификацијата на градот Баргала. Во кулата откриена е печката за производсвто на стакло со димензии 1.90 Х 1.60 м. Печката може да ја поделиме на два дела: долен дел ложиште и горен дел изграден од тули . Врз основа на откриените монети во Епископиумот, целата економија во Епискоиумот (винаријата, производството на железо), па и работилницата за стакло, најверојатно биле користени во периодот на големите аваро – словенски напади почнувајќи од Jустинијан I (527-565 па се до првата деценија на 7 век односно до Mаврикиj Тибериj (582-602). Клучни зборови: Баргала, економија, епископиумот, работилница, печка, стакл

Археолошките истражувања во Киселичка Пештера беа реализирани, во рамките на проектот Пајонски утврдувања и населби по долината на река Брегалница. Во пештерата досега не се вршени археолошки истражувања. Во трудот ќе бидат презентирани резултатите од сондажните археолошки истражувања во внатрешноста на пештерата, реализирани во 2017 година. Клучни зборови: пештера, сонда, слој, јам

Во трудот се презентирани конзерваторско-реставраторските работи со делумна реконструкција на објектот Стоа, од класичниот период на археолошкиот локалитет Вардараски Рид – Гевглија. Конзерваторско реставраторските работи се изведени во 2001, 2002 и 2008 година, врз основа на претходно изработени два Елаборати за конзервација, реставрација и реконструкција во 2001 и 2008 година. Клучни зборови: стоа, конзервација, реставрација, реконструкција, супструкција, суперструкциј

The determination of the potential risks and dangers as well as their degree of danger on the archaeological sites in the upper flow of the river Bregalnica is of strategic importance to them. Thus, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the profile of the potential hazards and the elements of risk on archaeological sites will contribute to preventing them from destruction and damage. Towards all this adding and capacity, communication and coordination with the subjects of culture, protection and rescue, crisis management and others those involved in this issue with a responsible and effective implementation of the necessary measures to prevent and deal with assessed risks and hazards will enable more efficient protection and rescue of archaeological sites in case of their occurrence

This article takes a closer look at the great musical forms dedicated to Saints Cyril and Methodius. These are mainly liturgical compositions related to the worship of the two saints. This group includes a medieval Mass propria (e.g. Parchment Missal no. 212 of the Cracow Chapter) and the Baroque-Classical Mass by Michael Haydn (1758). In the 19th century, the repertoire was expanded to include cantatas (Křížkovsky, Surzyński, Dinew) and hymns (Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Borodin, Pipkov), which are linked to the process of national awakening of Czechs, Slovaks, Croats and Bulgarians. The 19th and 20th centuries also saw the creation of numerous arrangements of the Ordinarium Missae in Glagolitic. These include Leoš Janáček's monumental "Glagolská mše" (1926) and related works by Czech and Croatian composers (Říchovski, Foerster, Kožušníček, Douša, Janda, Kozinović, Novak, Sokol, Hanuš, Láník). This collection is enriched by stage works: the opera of Zhivka Klinkova (1981/2021) and oratorios and cantatas from the 20th and 21st centuries (Dinew, Širola, Krška, Andrašovan, Tučapský, Procházka, Krák). These works are based on Glagolitic liturgical tests and poetry and prose related to the upsurge of national thought in the 19th century. They show Sts Cyril and Methodius not only as preachers of the Gospel and missionaries to the Slavic peoples but also as teachers of culture, dialogue and reconciliation, and above all, as founders of the foundations of Slavic national identity. The article presented here contributes to the current theological reflection in the field of aspectual hagiology.

The paper proposes the first edition of 13 marginalia of iological content which are found on the folios of the ms. Par. gr. 2205 (11th cent.) transmitting Paul of Aegina’s chapters on venomous animals (Epitome medica v). Their edition serves the purpose of identifying their source through a textual comparison with both Philumenus’ De venenatis animalibus and Aetius of Amida’s Libri medicinales xiii, the latter being a compilation of the former.

Si presenta una serie di pavimentazione in laterizio (ma anche in altri tipi pavimentali) d'età romana, documentata soprattutto da scavi condotti fra XIX e primi decenni del XX secolo nella Valle dell'Albegna (territorio di Magliano in Toscana), a Talamone, a Sovana. Emerge un quadro assai ricco delle tipologie pavimentali disponibili per complessi urbani e insediamenti produttivi rurali.

Dear All,

We are happy to announce that the Second Summer School in Classics “Crete Past and Present” will take place in Rethymnon in June 2025. This year’s summer school is entitled “Crete on Stage” and will explore ancient theatre in Crete and beyond, Cretan myths, and the most important archaeological sites of the island. Our guest speaker in this year’s Summer School is Professor Costas Panayotakis, who teaches Classics at the University of Glasgow.
Deadline for Applications: 30th of April 2025

Please see details below and forward them to all who may be interested.

Dates: Sunday 15 June (Arrival) – Saturday 21 June (Departure)
Location: Student Cultural Center “Xenia” – Rethymnon City Centre
Course format and length: in-person attendance, 5 days, 6 hours per day
Language of instruction: English
Eligibility: Students of all disciplines and all study cycles are encouraged to apply.
Requirements for Participation: Good oral and written communication skills in English (B2 and above).
Fees: 550€. The fee covers: (a) Shared twin accommodation in a hotel in Rethymnon Old Town (6 nights). (b) Breakfast and light lunch (5 days). (c) Welcoming Reception and Summer School official dinner. (d) Organised visits to archaeological sites (including transportation) and entrance tickets to museums and archaeological sites.

The Summer School in Classics at the University of Crete offers a unique opportunity to immerse yourself in Cretan culture and history, while enjoying the stunning beauties of the island. It includes the study of ancient literary texts and inscriptions, organised visits to major archaeological sites, and group activities in a multicultural environment.

Right at the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, on the crossroads of the trading routes that connect south Europe with north Africa and the near East, Crete developed a marvellous civilisation in the Bronze Age. The island’s rich history and culture exercises an enduring fascination: the famous myths of gods, heroes, and monsters, and of tragic love affairs have inspired art and literature throughout the centuries. Surviving material culture attests to the island’s rich past: the exquisite art produced during the Bronze Age, including elaborate pots and abundant pieces of gold jewellery, are a marvel to see in the renewed collection of the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion. The famous Minoan palaces have been a source of inspiration for scientists investigating the natural phenomenon that brought the Minoans to their legendary fall. The earliest and most substantial surviving documents of ancient Greek law outside Athens come from Crete. Byzantine and Ottoman monuments are tokens of the island’s diverse heritage.

This year’s summer school is entitled “Crete on Stage” and will explore ancient theatre in Crete and beyond, Cretan myths, and the most important archaeological sites of the island. Our guest speaker in this year’s Summer School is Professor Costas Panayotakis, who teaches Classics at the University of Glasgow. He will give a two-hour session on “Roman drama in performance”, in which he will present images associated with the material culture of Roman theatre in its various forms. He will talk about the theatre-related mosaics and the inscriptions of mime-artists found in Crete as well as about the ancient theatre of Aptera to the east of Chania which the students will visit with him and other instructors during the Summer School. Costas will also lead a two-hour workshop with the students on “Crete and the Cretans in the Roman literary imagination”.

This year’s program also includes a half-day hands-on seminar on AI and Classics conducted by Maria Papadopoulou, Assistant Professor in Digital Humanities and Classics, University of Crete & TALOS Lab Director (UCRC, UoC), and members of the Talos Lab. This hands-on workshop will introduce students to knowledge graphs, focusing on the practical application of knowledge representation of Ancient Greek texts. The session will center on manually extracting and structuring information from Ancient Greek summaries of Classical tragedies.

Program Structure:
The Summer School will offer a variety of sessions on the following topics:
Day 1) Greek and Roman Theatre (three sessions)
Day 2) Excursion to the ancient theatre of Aptera and the Archaeological Museum of Chania.
Day 3) Myth, Cretan Women, Emotion and Gender (four sessions)
Day 4) AI and Classics: Hands on Seminar (two sessions);
The myth of the Labyrinth and the Minoan palaces (two sessions)
Day 5) Day Excursion to important archeological sites of Crete: visit to the archaeological excavation of Lyktos; visit to the archaeological site of Knossos with on-site lectures; visit to the archaeological museum of Heraklion.

Instructors from the University of Crete
Myrto Aloumpi
Eva Astyrakaki
Athina Kavoulaki
Nikos Litinas
Stelios Panayotakis
Maria Papadopoulou & members of the Talos Lab
Manolis Patedakis
Dimos Spatharas
Georgia Tsouni

Deadline for applications: Sunday April 30, 2025
For more information, please visit:

https://www.philology.uoc.gr/ref-summer-school-dc/crete-past-and-present

https://en.uoc.gr/announce/summerschoolsofcrete.html

For any queries, please do not hesitate to contact us at:
summerschool.classics@uoc.gr

To apply, please send your CV and Cover Letter to the following email: summerschool.classics@uoc.gr

Des del punt de vista de Pasolini, la tragèdia de Medea equival a la tragèdia del món contemporani i el cinema és la semiologia de la realitat. La seva Medea esdevé, així, un mite antic farcit de signes que requereixen la interpretació d’espectadors atents. L’objectiu d’aquest article és proposar interpretacions raonades basades en l’anàlisi minuciosa de les imatges i dels discursos verbals (lógoi) del guió de Pasolini, sempre des del coneixement de les explicacions donades pel mateix director publicades en entrevistes, articles i altres textos.From Pasolini’s point of view, Medea’s tragedy is likewise the tragedy of the contemporary Western world and cinema is the semiology of reality. His Medea thus becomes an ancient myth pregnant with signs to be interpreted by attentive viewers. The aim of this article is to put forward reasoned interpretations based on a close analysis of the images and verbal discourses (lógoi) of Pasolini’s script, ever mindful of the explanations given by t...

Des del punt de vista de Pasolini, la tragèdia de Medea equival a la tragèdia del món contemporani i el cinema és la semiologia de la realitat. La seva Medea esdevé, així, un mite antic farcit de signes que requereixen la interpretació d’espectadors atents. L’objectiu d’aquest article és proposar interpretacions raonades basades en l’anàlisi minuciosa de les imatges i dels discursos verbals (lógoi) del guió de Pasolini, sempre des del coneixement de les explicacions donades pel mateix director publicades en entrevistes, articles i altres textos.From Pasolini’s point of view, Medea’s tragedy is likewise the tragedy of the contemporary Western world and cinema is the semiology of reality. His Medea thus becomes an ancient myth pregnant with signs to be interpreted by attentive viewers. The aim of this article is to put forward reasoned interpretations based on a close analysis of the images and verbal discourses (lógoi) of Pasolini’s script, ever mindful of the explanations given by t...

The paper’s topic is about the events of classical archaeology in Rome between the second post-war period and the years
of the economic boom. By examining publications, research, scholars and cultural policies of the time, an attempt is
made to reconstruct the historical plot of a decade of fundamental importance for Italian and European cultural history

Propaganda deployed as ‘information warfare’ is an increasingly common trend in 21st century conflicts. However, the sophisticated manipulation of images, records, and ritual are well-attested in the historical record for over four thousand years. The ancient world is worth careful study because its use of propaganda was aimed as the fundamental generation of knowledge that would then be handed down as the valid historical record of kingdoms, rulers and peoples. One of the most fascinating examples of this was Alexander the Great’s effort to build a transnational empire cemented by formulating an elevated religious status for himself that could appeal to Greeks, Macedonians, Egyptians and Persians. Alexander’s agendas were complex, and if ultimately unsuccessful in his own lifetime, nonetheless shaped dominant historical accounts for over two millennia. They were far more sophisticated than President Trump’s populism or President Putin’s effort to build a Eurasian civilizational-ide...

The drinking party at Medius' in Babylon on 31 May 323 B.C., marking the onset of Alexander's terminal illness, is explored from contemporary and later texts. Close reading of fragments by Nicobule and Aristobulus, set beside the reticence of the court daybooks (Ephemerides) and the studied vagueness of secondary sources, clarifies in detail the sequence of events. Justin, Plutarch and the author of the Liber de morte Alexandri cast light on the silence imposed by the King's successors. A narrative emerges of the day itself, the spread of rumour, the two false explanations for Alexander's death that were successively propagated, and the third explanation, most probably correct, that Aristobulus was first to publish.

uring archaeological excavations in 2022. with the goal to obtain data important for the conservation works which were to follow, in the northern part of the thermae of Constantine the Great's villa with peristyle, in a layer of debris discovered north of the apse of room 8 of the thermae, a fragmented relief of white marble was discovered (Fig. ). 1 The layer of debris consisted of thick soil with fragments of stone, marble, ceramic and glass. The two marble fragments represent the middle and lower part of the plate and are well preserved. 2 The iconographic presentation is framed by a double moulding and represents the lower part of a figure dressed in a flowing himation, which covers its left leg, while leaving the right leg uncovered; the figure is standing on a globe. Although the representation of the figure is not complete, it could be said with some certainty that the figure in question represents the goddess Victoria who was often shown in an identical pose -standing with one leg on a globe, her richly plaited dress flowing, and frequently with one leg uncovered. In her hands, the goddess usually holds a palm branch and a wreath, which we can presume was the way in which she was also depicted in the Mediana relief. This particular

During the period of Roman rule in the Central Balkan Roman provinces, among other oriental cults, like the Syrian cult of Sol Invictus or the Persian cult of Mithras, Asia Minor deities and theologies were considerably favoured. Epigraphic and archaeological evidence confirms the existence of the cults of Magna Mater, Attis, Iuppiter Dolichenus, Sabazius, Iuppiter Turmasgades, Iuppiter Melanus, Mēn, and Artemis of Ephesus. However, in the eastern parts of the Central Balkan Roman provinces, certain religious syncretism is emphasized, which can be connected to the strong Thracian influence in the mentioned territory. This paper examines the ways and the degree to which Thracian culture penetrated the religious beliefs and funerary rites of the population that inhabited the eastern parts of the Central Balkans in Antiquity.

Die textkritische Analyse aller relevanten Varianten im Jakobusbrief hat gezeigt, dass RP durchgehend Lesarten bietet, die gegenüber dem Nestle-Aland 28 (NA28) in allen Aspekten überlegen sind. Jeder Vers mit Varianten wird ausgiebig diskutiert.

Katarzyna Marciniak, Janusz Ryba, Barbara Strycharczyk, Anna Wojciechowska, with a contribution by Wojciech Konieczny,
"Disce puer Latine, ego te faciam mościpanie! – oppure le glorie e le sfide della formazione degli insegnanti di latino in Polonia",
"Ars docendi" 22, 2025, Open Access: http://arsdocendi.centrumlatinitatis.org/formazione-degli-insegnanti-di-latino-in-polonia-lateinlehrerausbildung-in-polen-on-the-training-of-classical-languages-teaching-in-poland-marciniak-u-a/#page-content
Text prepared within the European Research Council (ERC) Proof of Concept Grant The Modern Argonauts

In 1969, Anselm Kiefer traveled through France and Italy and then published a series of photographs entitled "Besetzungen," or Occupations. These photographs depict the artist "occupying" different European sites, his right arm raised in the Hitler salute. 2 The series starts with Kiefer, shot from below as he stands on top of a government building, performing the Sieg Heil gesture, and ends with the artist facing the Baltic shore, his right arm again raised in the fascist "gesture of conquest." 3 We see Kiefer's back, and both setting and pose recall paintings by Caspar David Friedrich-not one of the mountain landscapes that Nazi artists copied with their granite quarries, but Friedrich's Wanderer above the Misty Sea (ca. 1818). This last shot of the series is preceded by two photographs of Kiefer-facing us as he stands first in front of the Colosseum, then inside (figure E.1). The photographs of Kiefer at the Colosseum follow upon a shot of him, standing amid the ruins of Paestum-those "Doric" temples that Speer admired so much on his Grand Tour to Italy in 1935. Kiefer introduces the theme of the Nazis' neo-Roman mimesis early in the series with two shots: the occupier in Arles's Roman graveyard and the artist in Montpellier, standing in front of