Hellenistic History

This extremely rare book/manuscripts of its kind presents an extensive archaeological and papyrological survey of the Fayum region of Egypt. This seminal work, published under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, documents the excavations of various settlements in the Fayum, highlighting their historical, administrative, and cultural significance through the study of recovered papyri. The volume provides a meticulous analysis of Greek and Demotic texts, shedding light on the daily life, economy, governance, and legal systems of Greco-Roman Egypt. The papyri include official documents, private letters, tax records, land leases, and petitions, offering valuable insights into the bureaucratic mechanisms of Ptolemaic and Roman administration. Additionally, the book explores the urban layout of these Fayumic towns, detailing architectural features, religious institutions, and burial practices. Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth also contextualize the linguistic and paleographic aspects of the texts, contributing to the broader study of Hellenistic and Roman-era literacy and scribal traditions. The inclusion of Milne’s chapter further enhances the work by examining the socio-political implications of the papyri, particularly in relation to the integration of Egyptian and Greek cultural elements. This work remains a foundational reference in the study of papyrology, Greco-Roman Egypt, and the archaeology of the Fayum. Its findings not only advance our understanding of administrative and economic structures but also illuminate the lived experiences of individuals navigating the complex interactions of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman influences in the region.
SOME OF THE PAPYRI & MANUSCRIPTS INCLUDE -
(a) Inscriptions
Dedication of a Propylon – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Portal – A.D. 61
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall – A.D. 69-78
Dedication of a Propylon – A.D. 190
Dedication of a Lion – About A.D. 190
Petition to the King (Plate VIII) – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall (Plate VII 6) – A.D. 109
(b) Papyri
Chariton, Chaereas and Callirrhoé, IV (Plate I) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Lyric Fragment – 2nd cent.
Commentary on Aristotle, Topics – 1st or 2nd cent.
Homer, Iliad VIII. 332-6 and 362-9 (Plate V) – 2nd or 1st cent. B.C.
Homer, Iliad I. 404-47 – 2nd or 3rd cent. A.D.
Homer, Iliad XXI. 26-41 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Homer, Odyssey VI. 201-300 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, pp. 121, 122 – 2nd cent.
Euclid I. 39 and 41 – 2nd cent.
Latin Fragment (Plate VI) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Petition of Demetrius – About B.C. 115
Petition of Theotimus – About B.C. 103
Letter of a Tax-farmer – B.C. 117?
Notice from Tax-collectors – B.C. 124
Tax-receipt – B.C. 112?
Order for Payment – 1st cent. B.C.
Banker’s Receipts – B.C. 121
Banker’s Receipt – B.C. 109
Orders for Payment of Wheat – 1st cent. B.C.
TABLE OF TEXTS
Letter of the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 134) Imperial Edict concerning the Aurum Coronarium (A.D. 149) Proclamation of Mamertinus (A.D. 233) Ptolemaic Marriage Laws (B.C. 134) Lists of Persons Qualified for Office (A.D. 240) Declaration Concerning an Edict (2nd cent.) Work on the Embankments (2nd cent.) Official Correspondence (185 or 217 A.D.) Selection of Boys (epikrisis) (3rd or 4th cent.) Notice of Birth (A.D. 147 and 194) Notice of Death (A.D. 141-142) Notice of Death (2nd and 3rd cent.) Transfer of Property (2nd cent.) Property Return (A.D. 161-169) Return of Unwatered Land (A.D. 155) Delegation of Tax-Collecting (3rd cent.) Receipt for Salary of Deputy Tax-Collectors (A.D. 9) Lease of a Monopoly (A.D. 234) Warrant for Arrest (A.D. 99) Notice from a Centurion (A.D. 126) Report to a Tax-farmer (A.D. 161) Taxing List (A.D. 222-235) Tax-Collectors’ Return (2nd cent.) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 122) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 78) Tax Receipt (A.D. 123) Receipt for Mason’s Tax (A.D. 159) Tax Receipt (A.D. 99) Receipt for Bath Tax (About B.C. 18) Receipt for Tax on Beer (About A.D. 105) Receipt for Tax on Beer (3rd cent.) Receipts for Tax on Weaving (Late 3rd cent.) Receipts for Poll Tax (About A.D. 180) Tax Receipts (About A.D. 140) Tax Receipt (A.D. 133) Taxes on Land (About A.D. 171) Tax Receipt (Early 1st cent.) Tax Receipt (A.D. 94) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 95-96) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 99) Receipt (A.D. 100) Payment for Use of Pastures (A.D. 100) Receipt for Tax on the Sale of a Cow (A.D. 100) Receipt for Payment on Wine (A.D. 100) Receipt for Taxes on Oil (A.D. 100) Receipt (A.D. 113) List of Fines (A.D. 116) Custom-House Receipts (A.D. 123) Work on the Embankments (A.D. 126) Advance of Seed Corn (A.D. 128) Receipts for Payment in Kind (A.D. 131) Account of a Sitologus (A.D. 133) Account of Sitologi (A.D. 135) Payment Through a Bank (A.D. 137) Receipt for Rent (A.D. 138) Loan of Seed (A.D. 139) Loan of Seed (A.D. 140) Contract for Labour in an Oil-Press (A.D. 142) Sale of a Donkey (A.D. 144) Lease of Business in Perkanide (A.D. 145) Termination of Guardianship (A.D. 148) Lease of an Oil-Press (A.D. 149) Receipt for Rent of an Oil-Press (A.D. 153) Receipt for a Share of an Inheritance (A.D. 154) Receipt for House-Rent (A.D. 155) Receipt for Farm-Rent (A.D. 157) Order on a Bank (A.D. 158) Account (A.D. 163) Farm Accounts (A.D. 163) Funeral Expenses (A.D. 166) Account (A.D. 167) Latin Military Accounts (A.D. 169) Petition to the Praefect (A.D. 170) Petition of Papontos (A.D. 171) Petition to the Strategus (A.D. 172) Letter of Pisais (A.D. 174) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 178) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 180) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 182) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 185) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 186)

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Ancient inscriptions, papyrus fragments, Greek manuscripts, Latin texts, Egyptian documents, historical petitions, tax receipts, royal decrees, imperial edicts, official correspondence, legal contracts, property sales, land leases, financial transactions, ancient banking, rent agreements, tax collection, tax farming, poll tax, beer tax, oil tax, weaving tax, embankment work, funeral expenses, military accounts, Roman administration, Ptolemaic laws, marriage contracts, inheritance declarations, transport agreements, slave trade, ancient economy, ancient bureaucracy, land ownership, property rights, legal disputes, ancient archives, manuscript preservation, historical documentation, archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, classical studies, antiquity research, government records, royal inscriptions, Greek literature, Homeric texts, philosophical commentaries, Aristotle’s works, Euclidean geometry, Demosthenes’ speeches, rhetorical studies, ancient law, taxation policies, banking history, economic history, ancient trade, ancient commerce, financial records, record keeping, treasury archives, administrative orders, imperial policies, papyrology, classical philology, manuscript studies, textual criticism, Greek philosophy, Roman law, historical edicts, Egyptian taxation, Seleucid administration, Byzantine documentation, legal antiquities, land surveys, agrarian history, ancient labor, work contracts, agricultural leases, temple inscriptions, religious dedications, votive inscriptions, burial records, birth records, census data, official reports, centurion reports, war proclamations, military orders, frontier administration, logistics records, resource management, tax exemptions, mining industry, public finance, state control, urban administration, town councils, judicial proceedings, civil administration, household economy, scribal traditions, secretarial practices, document authentication, notarized agreements, cultural heritage, museum collections, manuscript conservation, text restoration, archival research, document dating, paleography, historical linguistics, legal anthropology, cross-cultural exchanges, Mediterranean history, Middle Eastern records, Hellenistic period, Late Antiquity, early Christianity, Jewish history, Greco-Roman society, Alexandrian scholarship, ancient libraries, intellectual history, book trade, script development, cursive writing, literary papyri, historical chronicles, documentary evidence, historical methodologies, philological studies, state records, municipal governance, temple economy, sacred laws, civic duties, public administration, economic papyri, tax evasion, legal penalties, financial disputes, fiscal policies, trade regulation, commodity pricing, state monopolies, banking receipts, coinage systems, treasury accounts, merchant contracts, trade guilds, craft taxation, resource allocation, tribute payments, military financing, public works, infrastructure projects, bridge construction, road maintenance, naval logistics, harbor management, trade route control, shipping records, import duties, export taxes, commodity exchanges, warehousing, merchant associations, guild records, domestic trade, foreign commerce, diplomatic correspondence, international treaties, cross-border taxation, financial oversight, regulatory frameworks

The chapter examines some examples of inscribed documents from the Hellenistic cities, most notably laws and decrees, which lay out actual archaiologiai (taken as local histories) of the communities in which they were enacted. In turn, they also detail a civic history of the community which is inextricably connected to Athens and its legacy. The chapter considers two case studies. First, the republication in Iasos and Troizen of Attic decrees from the Classical age. By republishing these documents relating to the Persian Wars and the Persians in the fifth and early-fourth century, these decrees draw an ancestral history of the city in which Athens plays an important role. Secondly, the chapter canvasses the cultural milieu of a couple of renowned anti-tyrannical laws (from Eretria and Eresos). These laws and their conceptualisation of tyrant killing reveal a close interaction with the Athenian cultural perception of tyranny and the threats it poses (e.g., in Eresos, through the medium of the Peripatetic Phainias). The chapter thus unveils how some crucialpieces of the early Hellenistic documentary record engage with the intellectual elaborations of the past and the cultural primacy of Athens.

Уредник Митко Б. Панов МеѓУнароден наУчен коМитет Флорин курта (Универзитет во Флорида) ЕлизаБЕта ДиМитрова (Универзитет Св. Кирил и Методиј, Скопје) ХрвојЕ Грачанин (Универзитет во Загреб) ДраГи ЃорЃиЕв (Институт за национална историја, Скопје) јанЕ коџаБашија (Универзитет Евро-Балкан, Скопје) виктор лилчиќ (Управа за заштита на културно наследство / Унив. Св. Кирил и Методиј,) ЃузЕПЕ Маино (Универзитет во Болоња) ГЕорГи николов (Универзитет во Софија) Митко Б. Панов (Институт за национална историја / Универзитет Евро Балкан, Скопје) каролин С. Снајвли (Гетисбург колеџ) ДонатЕла БијаЃи Маино (Универзитет во Болоња) витоМир МитЕвСки (Македонска академија за науки и уметности, Скопје) ЕнДрју роуч (Универзитет во Глазгов) алЕкСанДар СПаСЕновСки (Универзитет Св. Кирил и Методиј, Скопје) Маја јакиМовСка-тошиќ (Институт за македонска литература, Скопје) Секретари на редакција ДраГан ЃалЕвСки (Институт за национална историја, Скопје) иГор ПанЕв (Универзитет Евро-Балкан) EditEd by Mitko B. Panov

ГОРОД БРАНХИДОВ Для изучения античной письменной традиции об истории Средней Азии и Афганистана очень важен вопрос о городе Бранхидов на границе Бактрии и Согдианы. В настоящее время часть исследователей считает сведения о нем историчными 1, а часть их отвергает 2 .

Текстот го презентира проектот “ Погребување под могили во долината река Крива Лакавица” во општина Конче, Република Македонија. Со посебен осврт на истражувањето на могилата на археолошкиот локалитет Гајнов Дол во близина на општинскиот центар Конче. Прикажана е методологијата на истражувањето на могилата, опис на гробот и анализа на гробниот прилог кој е оставен као вечен дар на покојничката. Во текстот е акцентрирана могилата како културолошки и култорноисториски феномен симбол на моќниот на погребниот но и на целата заедница, врска со претците и со сопствената традиција. Потенциран е и социјалниот и економскиот статус на покојничката но и на нејзиното семејство кое имало финансиска моќ да ѓи задоволи сите стандарди на аристростркратското општество

Темата го опфаќа перидот од раѓањето па се до заоѓањето на антиката во Брегалничкиот басен односно периодот од 5 век пред н.е. па се до крајот или првата деценија на 7 век, период кога со аваро словенските напади биле уништени и запалени сите доцноантички населби и утврдувања. Во рамките на античкиот период покрај тоа што се употребуваат и усовршуват градежни техники од праисторијата (opus caementicum, opus incertum и други), се појавуваат и нови техники на ѕидање (opus guadratum, opus mixtum, opus testaceum, opus vitatum, opus emplektion, комбинирана техника на ѕидање во која се вклучени две или три градежни техники). Во трудот ќе бидат обработени градежните техники кои се констатирани на археолошките локалитети, по пат на рекогносцирање или археолошки истражувања во долината на река Брегалница, со акцент на градежните техники на одбранбените ѕидови од фортфикициите, сакралните и профаните градби на Виничко кале и градот Баргал

Апстракт: Со археолошките истражувања во рамките на капиталниот проект Баргала 2007 – 2011 година, во рамките на Епископиумот на градот Баргала, дополнета е сликата за економијата на овој доцноантички град, со откривањето на работилницата за стакло. Оваа работилница откриена е во кула 7 од фортификацијата на градот Баргала. Во кулата откриена е печката за производсвто на стакло со димензии 1.90 Х 1.60 м. Печката може да ја поделиме на два дела: долен дел ложиште и горен дел изграден од тули . Врз основа на откриените монети во Епископиумот, целата економија во Епискоиумот (винаријата, производството на железо), па и работилницата за стакло, најверојатно биле користени во периодот на големите аваро – словенски напади почнувајќи од Jустинијан I (527-565 па се до првата деценија на 7 век односно до Mаврикиj Тибериj (582-602). Клучни зборови: Баргала, економија, епископиумот, работилница, печка, стакл

Во трудот се презентирани конзерваторско-реставраторските работи со делумна реконструкција на објектот Стоа, од класичниот период на археолошкиот локалитет Вардараски Рид – Гевглија. Конзерваторско реставраторските работи се изведени во 2001, 2002 и 2008 година, врз основа на претходно изработени два Елаборати за конзервација, реставрација и реконструкција во 2001 и 2008 година. Клучни зборови: стоа, конзервација, реставрација, реконструкција, супструкција, суперструкциј

Digitized analog photos from the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, taken in the years 1940–1941, are presented in this paper, together with information gathered from administrative documents regarding the project of safe storage and salvaging of museum antiquities during World War II. Between the last months of 1940 and April
1941, the antiquities of the National Archaeological Museum in Athens were assembled, carefully packed and placed in boxes buried in the museum basements or pits excavated below the floor of museum exhibition rooms for safe storage away from war dangers. This official project of hiding the antiquities underground was crucial for their salvaging and protection from war air raids and led to the preservation of works of cultural heritage.

Bu calismada I. O. 547/46 yillarinda Pers hâkimiyeti altina giren Bati Anadolu kentlerinin kendi sikkelerinin yani sira bastiklari Pers sikkeleri incelenmistir. Ayrica Bati Anadolu’da ele gecen Pers definelerinden yola cikarak Pers sikkelerinin yayilim alani kronolojik olarak degerlendirilmis ve Perslerin sikke basimina yaklasimi sorgulanmistir

Although the Parthian State was founded by Arsaces in 239/238 BC, it became an Empire in 165/164 BC when Mithridates I came to power. The formation of the Empire in a very short time can be explained by several reasons. During the reigns of Mithridates the First and Mithridates the Second the Parthians greatly expanded their borders. With the decline of the Seleucid rule in Mesopotamia and Syria, the Parthians consolidated those areas and approached Armenia politically. This alliance later formed the basis of the Roman-Parthians wars because this expansion of the Parthians also attracted the attention of Rome. The conquest of Scythia territory by Parthians was referred to ancient sources as a power equivalent to Rome. Moreover, during the imperial period, the Parthians also stand out as the dominant political actor in the East. Even the Chinese Emperor Wu both signed an trade agreement with Mithridates the second and made an alliance against the Hsiung-nu danger. Therefore, the Parthians being the dominant power in Mesopotamia and Syria changed the destiny of many states in the Near East.

Μετά την οριστική αποτυχία της μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας, η επανάσταση του 1922 οδήγησε τη χώρα σε εκλογές (Δεκέμβριος 1923) από τις οποίες προέκυψε η Δ' Εθνοσυνέλευση, η οποία με ψήφισμά της στις 25.3.1924 κήρυξε έκπτωτη τη δυναστεία των Γλυξβούργων εγκαθίδρυσε ο πολίτευμα της αβασίλευτης δημοκρατίας. Ακολούθως, διενεργήθηκε δημοψήφισμα με το οποίο ο λαός επικύρωσε την πολιτειακή μεταβολή. Το αβασίλευτο πολίτευμα, η λεγόμενη "Β' Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, διάρκεσε μέχρι  τον Νοέμβριο 1935.

Going beyond traditional schemas, this article seeks to reconstruct the history of Epirus between the end of the fifth century, circa 430 B.C., and the definitive Roman domination of the region in the year 167 B.C. In this respect, the theorodokoi lists for Epidaurus, Argos and Delphi do not prove the existence of numerous independent States throughout Epirus in the fourth century, and neither do they confirm the disappearance of the koinon of the Molossians or the emergence of a form of organisation prior to unification, namely the symmachia of the Epirotes, which would have excluded the Chaonians. Thus, during the last third of the fifth century, a symmachia would have emerged under the hegemony of the Chaonians, one that would have included the rest of the Epirote peoples and other peoples from North-West Greece. Subsequently, the weakening of Chaonian power and the emergence of other Epirote ethnes, especially the Molossians under the royal Aeacid Dynasty, would have led to a unified Epirus in the form of a State known as “The King and the Epirotes”, without any need for intermediate aggregation. This would have been made up of the monarch and the three koina of the large Epirote ethnic communities: the Chaonians, the Molossians and the Thesprotians. Following the end of the monarchy in 232 B.C., the subsequent Epirote Confederacy would have maintained and included these three koina.

Antiochos IV Epiphanes's persecution of the Judaeans in the 160s BC is perceived as an enigma in Hellenistic history. The restrictions on the observance of Judaism seem to constitute the first known persecution of a people and its religion in its own land. The most popular theories state that the king himself was not the initiator of the attack on Judaism. If, however, we see this persecution not as an isolated event but in the context of his life, the event may make more sense. Antiochos IV's hostage-ship in Rome in the 180's BC as one of the provisions of the Treaty of Apameia structured his life and influenced his ambitions and policies. It was his special relationship with Rome that may be read into many events in his life including his rise to power, and the Day of Eleusis, and may help explain Roman actions after his death. As Goldstein suggested, Antiochos IV may have modelled his persecution of the Judaeans on one against the Bacchants in Rome and Italy when he was a hostage there. Antiochos could have learned a great deal about religious persecution as a means of defining a society and achieving greater power for the state. What primarily motivated Antiochos IV, as both Bringmann and Gruen have emphasized, was the assertion of power in a chaotic situation and so he responded to political instability in Judaea with a show of force that would resound throughout his huge and politically-restless kingdom.

Study of the late priestly historical literature of the cities of Uruk and Babylon. The work is divided into three parts. The first focuses on the texts of Uruk and the second on Babylon. The last part is an essay on the evolution of the conception of history in the late period and the increasingly important place of Marduk in historical texts.

The cemetery complex at Shatby, Alexandria began its existence with the foundation of the Hellenistic city in the 4th century B.C.E. It consists of dug into the bedrock burial chambers with once richly decorated walls, carved
columns and false doors, evidencing for the importance of its buried individuals, probably belonging to the elites of the Alexandrian city. Excavated at the beginning of the 20th century and since then abandoned, the site is now vitalised and opened to the public following massive interventions that cleaned the area, consolidated the walls and created a comprehensive site management plan, thanks to the Alexandrian Necropolis Project, run by the Archaeological Society of Alexandria. The APAC Labs team of the Cyprus Institute conducted a comprehensive 3D documentation of the site, in order to create a digital twin aimed at capturing the current conservation conditions at the site and create a monitoring system of its architectural features, frescoes decorations and other remains. The poster will present the 3D documentation workflow and its results.

Termin hermaphroditus (pl. hermaphroditi) określa w łacinie osobę, która miała żeńskie i męskie organy płciowe 1 . Jest on kalką greckiego rzeczownika ὁ ἑρμαφρόδιτος (ho hermafróditos) 2 . W źródłach łacińskich używa się na określenie obojnaków również słowa androgynus (pl. androgyni). Również i ono jest kopią greckiego rzeczownika ὁ ἀνδρόγυνος (ho andrόgynos), będącego złożeniem słów: ἀνήρ ("mężczyzna") i γυνή ("kobieta") 3 . Autorzy 1 Szerzej na temat rozumienia pojęcia "hermafrodytyzm" zob. D. Lewandowska, Androgyn czy hermafrodyta? Studium nad hermafrodytyzmem w źródłach antycznych, Warszawa 2019, s. XIII-XVII. 2 W mitologii greckiej imieniem Hermafrodyt określano syna Afrodyty i Hermesa, którego wychowywały nimfy w lasach Idy we Frygii. Mając piętnaście lat, rozpoczął wędrówkę po świecie, która przywiodła go nad jezioro w Karii. Tam zakochała się w nim nimfa o imieniu Salmakis. Hermafrodyt odrzucił jednak jej miłość. Kiedy młodzieniec kąpał się w jeziorze, Salmakis objęła go w wodzie i poprosiła bogów, aby połączył ich ciała. Ci wysłuchawszy jej prośby, połączyli Hermafrodyta i Nimfę w nowej postaci o dwoistej naturze. O micie tym wspominają Ovid., met.

Στην "Επισκόπηση τῆς πολιτικῆς μου σταδιοδρομίας"  ο ίδιος ενημερώνει τον Τσάρο Νικόλαο Β΄ για τον διάλογο που είχε με τον Αυτοκράτορα: «…Δυνάμεθα παρά ταῦτα, Μεγαλειότατε, χωρίς να ἐξέλθωμεν τῆς γραμμῆς ἥν ἐχαράξατε, να πράξωμεν κάτι τι δι’ αὐτούς. Οἱ Ἄγγλοι ἵδρυσαν ἤδη ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἑταιρείαν με τον φαινομενικόν σκοπόν την περισυλλογήν και προστασίαν τῶν ἀρχαιοτήτων. Ἄς ἀκολουθήσωμεν το παράδειγμα τοῦτο ἐφαρμόζοντες αὐτό οὐχί προκειμένου περί τοῦ παρελθόντος ἀλλά περί τοῦ παρόντος και τοῦ μέλλοντος, και παρέχοντες βοήθειαν τινα εἰς τούς πτωχούς Ἕλληνας νέους τούς διψῶντας παιδείας…»
Με τον έμμεσο αυτόν τρόπο ο Καποδίστριας και ο Ιγνάτιος υπενθύμισαν σε όλη την Ευρώπη ότι ο ελληνικός λαός ήταν πάντα ζωντανός και τους ζητούσαν την οικονομική βοήθειά τους για τον διαφωτισμό των Ελλήνων, ο οποίος θα οδηγούσε στην πολιτική αναγέννηση του Έθνους. Η Εταιρεία των Φίλων των Μουσών ιδρύθηκε στην Βιέννη το 1815 και ετέθη υπό την προστασία του Μητροπολίτη Ιγνάτιου.

Опубликовано в издании Смирнова С.В. и Захарова Е.В. Монеты государства Селевкидов из российских коллекций. Каталог и исследование. Музейные собрания. Том I. — М.: АНО МНК / Надежный партнер, 2024.  (S.V. Smirnov, E.V. Zakharov. SELEUCID COINS RUSSIAN COLLECTIONS Museum Collections Volume I, 2024)

VERBAL ASPECT, or simply aspect, has been an intrinsic feature of the Hellenic language from primordial times to the present. Modern conceptions of aspect are in fact traceable to works of Aristotle. Today, as in centuries past, speakers of Greek still learn aspect naturally from birth and apply it in their daily speech intuitively and without being particularly conscious of it. Aspect is thus as much a linguistic property of Neohellenic (Modern Greek) as of Κοινή “Koine” and Classical Greek.

This study purports to show that aspectual insights gained through Neohellenic can shed light on issues related to New Testament exegesis. To that end, it comes in two parts. Part One explains how Neohellenic is related to Koine and points out aspect and tense features the Koine and Neohellenic verb systems share. Part Two critiques verbal aspect views by various scholars and offers insights through Neohellenic.

Pieter W. van der Horst * This paper is dedicated to Leah Di Segni who over the last fifteen years has been such a dear friend and colleague to me. We shared not only our interest in Samaritanism but also in epigraphy and monasticism in ancient Palestine.

THE GRECO-BACTRIAN MIRAGE 55 Soon after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., three of his generals divided his kingdom among themselves and waged war with one another for the next 300 years. The Ptolemies in Egypt, the Antigonids in Macedonia and Greece, and the Seleucids claiming territory stretching from Israel to India, maintained an impressive, if precarious, hold over their dominions. Known by historians as the "Hellenistic Age" (from the Greek word 'Hellene', meaning 'Greek'), it witnessed the fusion of Greek culture with various ethnic traditions. One of the most unique, though clouded, is that of a Greek civilization on the eastern Iranian plateau and Indus River valley. The Greek kingdom of Bactria, because of it's instability and isolation from the west, encouraged this fusion to it's greatest extent -even to it's destruction. The sketchy history of this region prevents a clear understanding of the history of this province on the eastern frontier of the Seleucid kingdom. We have few resources for reconstructing a framework of the rise and fall of Bactria. The study of coins (numismatics) is one exception. If not the most lucid, coins are certainly the most abundant source of evidence on ancient Bactria. Outside of numismatic evidence lies the more incomplete archaeological and literary evidence. Archaeological findings include city-sites like Taxila in India and more recently, Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan. The excavations have given historians a geographic focus for Greco-Bactrian history creating a broader, though shallower, base of evidence. Literary works include both those of ancient western historians such as Strabo, Polybius, and Justin and those of ancient Indian scholars such as Pâòini and Patañjali. Indian sources, such as the Milindapañha and the Yuga Purâna have also shed some light on the activities of the later 'Indo-Greeks' However, none of the literary sources (both western and eastern) go into any detail on Bactria's history. Unlike the Hellenistic kingdoms in the west, the Bactrian Greeks were separated from their homeland and confronted by extremely strong cultural influences that eventually overcame them. In order to understand the pressures on the Bactrians, we must pay close attention to the earlier history of this region. Before the Seleucids and even Alexander the Great, Bactria was a Satrapy (or province) of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. Due to its remoteness and dry mountainous environment, it became a favorite destination for deporting Greek captives of the Achaemenids. The Greek geographer Hecataeus drafted a map circa 500 B.C. that marked Bactria and India as the edge of the world; Greek historians such as Plutarch reported distasteful

На 17 ноември, 2023 година, во изложбениот простор на Музејот на град Неготино, во форма на прегледна и возбудлива експозиција, беа презентирани археолошки наоди, односно атрактивни примероци на накит од археолошките локалитети на Тиквешката Долина.

Esta pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre a tradição helenística de tratados sobre monarquia (peri basileias) e a sua comparação com trabalhos selecionados de Cícero e Sêneca, circunscritos ao período de transição entre a república e o principado. Espera-se demonstrar que esses trabalhos, Pro Marcello e De Clementia, respectivamente, foram influenciados pela tradição literária peri basileias a partir da imposição de uma nova realidade monárquica de tipo carismático nos dois contextos: no período helenístico e no principado romano. Para melhor compreensão dos tratados do gênero peri basileias como tipicamente helenísticos, lança-se mão da análise de textos inseridos em uma grande tradição monocratológica grega e também de fragmentos de tratados tardios preservados na Antologia de Estobeu. Esses fragmentos são atribuídos a Ecfanto, Diotógenes e Estênidas, e devem ser contemplados nesta pesquisa por causa da sua extensão, da unidade que apresentam a partir do horizonte metafísico de sua filosofia política e de sua apresentação como tratados sobre a monarquia. Estabelece-se, assim, como objetivo, a análise das obras específicas de Cícero e Sêneca à luz do contexto em que se inserem e do pensamento helenístico que as caracteriza.

The term Roman Republican Portraits encompasses not only a uniquely Roman character but also a wide range of variables, reflecting its eclectic nature across different regions and periods within the territories under Roman rule. As evidenced by the limited number of surviving works, Republican portraiture underwent significant development throughout the 1st century BCE. Scholars consider this period the starting point of a distinctive Roman portrait style. The cultural interactions resulting from Roman expansionist policies can be traced in the stylistic characteristics of Republican portraiture. Following the conquest of the Greek world, particularly in the 1st century BCE, realistic portraits-referred to as Republican portraits-began to appear across the Mediterranean, including Anatolia. Most Anatolian-origin portraits reflect the influence of the Western Anatolian Hellenistic tradition. This study focuses on a male portrait found in Ephesus, examining its stylistic features and artistic context. The portrait represents an older man with distinctive characteristics, including deep nasolabial folds, sagging cheeks, prominent cheekbones, and a carefully sculpted fatty tissue under the chin. The portrait shares stylistic similarities with some examples found in Delos. The deep-set eyes, dramatic expression achieved through chiaroscuro effects, the sculpting of the hair, and the arrangement of facial wrinkles suggest a connection between the Ephesus Portrait and Roman administrator or merchant portraits discovered in Delos. Although some broken areas make it difficult to assess certain details, an analysis of the preserved sections indicates that the Ephesus Portrait can be dated between 80 and 50 BCE. In this context, the work stands as an important example that merges the realistic approach of Roman Republican portraiture with influences from Hellenistic art.

Hellenistik Dönem tarihine ilişkin son yıllarda Türkçeye kazandırılan eserlerin ortak özelliği, siyasi tarih üzerine odaklanmasıdır. Bu nedenle, pek çok esere imza atan değerli bir Eskiçağ uzmanı olan Sartre’nin bu eseri arkeolojik, epigrafik ve numismatik verilerin ışığında Hellenistik Dönemi Anadolusu’nun yalnız siyasi tarihine değil fakat sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik tarihine de ışık tutan önemli bir kaynak olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Öyle ki her bölümde ilgili konu çerçevesinde birkaç epigrafik metnin de çevirisine yer verilerek
değerlendirilmektedir. Böylece birinci elden kaynakların da tanıklığında konu kapsamlı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Dolayısıyla da bu eserin Türkçeye kazandırılmış olması son derece önemli bir girişimdir. Eser eskiçağ tarihi ve arkeoloji araştırmacıları hem de öğrencileri için referans kaynağı olacak niteliktedir. Ancak kitabın başlığından itibaren çevirisi/tercümesi, antikçağ terimleri, coğrafi ve şahıs adları ve bazı kavramların yazımında tutarsızlıklar ve ne yazık ki çok fazla hata barındırmaktadır. Bunda hiç kuşkusuz çevirmenin Eskiçağ Tarihi terminolojisine hakim olmaması en büyük etkendir. Öte yandan bir başka eksiklik ise son yıllarda hız kazanan bu tür çeviri eserlerin, uzamanları tarafından çevirilen eserlerin dışında, neredeyse tamamının herhangi bir uzman görüşüne/değerlendirmesine tabi tutulmadan
yayınlanıyor olmasıdır. Pek çok çeviri eserde benzer hatalar olmakla birlikte burada incele necek olan eserdeki kadar yoğun hatalar silsilesine şimdiye kadar herhangi bir eserde karşılaşmadığımı belirtmek isterim.

The commencement of construction works on the outskirts of the ancient town of Nusaybin has resulted in the unearthing of an ancient necropolis. In March 2023, the Mardin Museum organised an expedition with the objective of exploring the site’s potential and preserving the archaeological context of the features that had been uncovered. A geophysical survey of the area (covering more than 9,000 square metres) revealed the presence of
pits and scattered structures. The objective of the team was to locate as many burials as possible and extract their contents in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the town planning works currently underway. The exceptional discovery of a gold diadem is discussed in depth in this article. The final report on the excavations is presented here.

Abstract. Çakalca-Karadoğan mound (tell) excavations revealed that the city of Amisos was first colonized by the Miletians in the mid 6th century BC. It is located on Toraman Hill and its surroundings, 16 km east from it. At the end of the 4th century BC, the city was founded here for the second time. Based on the findings from the Archaic and Classical periods unearthed during the Çakalca-Karadoğan excavation carried out in Samsun’s Atakum district, Büyükoyumca District, Kurupelit town in 2009 under the chairmanship of the Samsun Museum Directorate, it has been revealed where the city started to be established during the colonial period. Collection of vessels such as bowls, kylixes, lekythos, scythos, amphorae, plates, etc. were unearthed during the excavations. A total of eleven amphora stamps from different production centres were found among the Hellenistic finds. This article aims to classify and date the stamped amphora handles of Amisos. The identified production centres confirm that the city was founded by the Miletian colonists in the mid 6th century BC. The amphora stamps are the epigraphic evidence of the Hellenistic Period in the settlement, and are important as they document the trade relations established by the city of Amisos with different regions.
Keywords: archaeology, Amisos, Çatalca-Karadoğan Mound, Hellenistic period, amphora stamps.
АМИСОС: АМФОРНЫЕ КЛЕЙМА ЭЛЛИНИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРИОДА
ИЗ ТЕЛЛЯ ЧАКАЛДЖА-КАРАДОГАН
Резюме. В ходе раскопок телля Чакалджа-Карадоган установлено, что город Амисос
был основан выходцами из Милета как одна из греческих колоний в середине VI в.
до н. э. Памятник располагается на Тораманском холме и вокруг него в 16 км к востоку
от холма, где в конце IV в. до н. э. город был заложен во второй раз. Как показывают
находки архаического и классического периодов Древней Греции, обнаруженные
в ходе раскопок телля Чакалджа-Карадоган, которые проводились в районах Самсуна
Акатум, Бююкоюмджа и в городе Курупелит в 2009 г. под руководством
Музейной дирекции г. Самсун, город возник и начал развиваться в период греческой
колонизации. В ходе раскопок обнаружена коллекция сосудов: миски, килики,
лекифы, скифосы, амфоры, тарелки и т. д. К находкам эллинистического периода
относятся 11 амфорных клейм из разных производственных центров. Цель статьи
состоит в классификации и датировании амфорных ручек с клеймами, найденных
в Амисосе. Идентификация производственных центров подтверждает, что город
был основан греками-колонистами из Милета в середине VI в. до н. э. Амфорные
клейма – эпиграфические свидетельства не только существования памятника
в эллинистический период, но также и его торговых контактов с другими регионами.
Ключевые слова: археология, Амисос, телль Чакалджа-Карадоган, эллинистический
период, амфорные клейма.

Cilicia, located in the southern part of Asia Minor, was historically divided into two distinct regions: Tracheia and Pedias, based on its topographic features. The term "Pedias" refers to the area extending from Soloi Pompeiopolis or the Lamos River to the Gulf of Iskenderun. Within this region, there are two stone bridges, attributed to the Roman period, that are situated close to each other and display similar architectural characteristics. The first bridge, known as the Kozan Bridge, is located in the Kozan District, while the second, called the Tozlu Bridge, is situated in the Kadirli District of Osmaniye.

Coins are engraved metals like books full of historical, cultural, religious, and mythological information. They are also like written documents that can be analyzed through their motifs through symbolism, and they are the most important guide for researchers in recognizing and familiarizing themselves with religious beliefs in different historical periods. Therefore, studying the images and symbols on them opens a window to ancient periods for researchers. Due to its long reign, the Parthian is one of ancient Iran's most important critical periods. They minted many coins with various motifs. One of the symbols used is the pattern of a palm branch, which from the time of Phraates II can be seen as the reverse of the drama and tetradrachm coins of the Seleucid Mint. This study has investigated the symbol of palm branch in coins of Phraates II in the Seleucid Mint to realize political goals. These coins are kept in Reza Abbasi Museum in Tehran (Iran) and were purchased through private collectors. In this study, 250 Parthian coins were examined, among which 60 coins had palm motifs. The palm branch is considered a mythological plant common between Mesopotamia, and Greek. Parthian king, the branch palms were used as symbols for victory, under the cultural influence of the Seleucid and Mesopotamia.

Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να παρουσιάσει βασικούς τρόπους διαχείρισης της Εναντιωματικής Προκλητικής Διαταραχής (ΕΠΔ) των παιδιών από τον εκπαιδευτικό και τη σχολική κοινότητα γενικότερα. Το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο είναι η οικοσυστημική προσέγγιση, σύμφωνα με την οποία η αντιμετώπιση τέτοιων προβλημάτων είναι αποτελεσματική μόνο με τη συνεργασία σχολείου, οικογένειας και ειδικών ψυχικής υγείας, είτε οι παρεμβάσεις που επιχειρούνται εστιάζονται στο άτομο είτε στην τάξη και το σχολείο. Αρχικά, περιγράφονται τα διαγνωστικά κριτήρια της ΕΠΔ σύμφωνα με το DSM-5 (APA, 2013/2015) και γίνονται σύντομες αναφορές στην αιτιολογία, τις επιπτώσεις, τη διαφορική διάγνωση και τη συννοσηρότητά της. Η κύρια εστίαση της εργασίας είναι οι τρόποι διαχείρισης της ΕΠΔ από τον εκπαιδευτικό και γενικά τη σχολική κοινότητα, όπως αυτές έχουν διαμορφωθεί και εφαρμόζονται σε διεθνές επίπεδο. Γίνεται αναφορά και στη διαχείριση της ΕΠΔ στο ελληνικό εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα. Περιγράφονται (α) ο ρόλος του εκπαιδευτικού, (β) προγράμματα παρέμβασης στην τάξη και στο σχολείο, (γ) ατομικές παρεμβάσεις, (δ) η συνεργασία σχολείου-οικογένειας και (ε) η διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση της ΕΠΔ. Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται ένα πρόγραμμα παρέμβασης στην τάξη για τη διαχείριση του θυμού, καθώς η διαχείριση αυτού του συναισθήματος είναι κομβικής σημασίας για την αντιμετώπιση της ΕΠΔ.

The belief that a lost Greek legacy could be discovered in remote regions of Central Asia has long been popular in Western culture. This paper delves into the adventure tale "The Lost Valley of Iskander" by American pulp fiction author Robert E. Howard (1906-1936). The story unfolds in Afghanistan during the peak of the Great Game, and involves a concealed valley where descendants of Alexander's army have endured across centuries with their ancient culture and ethnic purity intact. I contextualize The Lost Valley of Iskander as an exemplary literary reflection of the European (and American) preoccupation with the presence of Alexander and the Greeks in Baktria and India, highlighting the racial stereotypes Howard employs to juxtapose the ancient Greeks to the surrounding 'barbaric tribes'. At the heart of Howard's story lies the conflation of Classical Greece and contemporary western Europe. On a broader scale, my paper addresses the impact this preoccupation had on modern scholarship (both colonialist and anticolonial historical narratives related to 'Hellenistic' Baktria and India). I contend that in the depiction of the Greco-Baktrian kingdoms as European or 'Western', scholarship, travel writing, and adventure fiction mutually informed one another.