Ancient History

History is based on scholarly study on the one hand and an account of events or the narrative text, on the other. The objective study of the history of human societies and the task of narrating the deeds of human beings obviously started in the Western Anatolia. The pioneers of such studies were Greek Historians. Hecataeus of Miletus, who is considered to be the first to achieve revealing social

Bu çalışmada Pausanias'ın Periegesis tes Hellados (Yunanistan'ın Tasviri) adlı eserinde geçen ikisi ölümlü, diğerleri ise mitos kahramanı niteliğinde yirmi sekiz kült kurucu kadın ele almmıştır. Yazar tanrılar, kahramanlar, ölümlüler, eski dinsel gelenekler ve şenlikleri etkileyici biçimde günümüze aktarmış: Özellikle ünlü tapınakları, kahraman mezarlarını ve kehanet merkezlerini engin bir bilgelikle işlemiştir. Yunancadan gelen "heroine" kelimesi, genelolarak bulundukları toplumda insanüstü özellikleriyle diğerlerinden ayrılan kadm kahramanları tanımlar. Toplumda eriştikleri büyük bir dinsel saygınlıkla imgelem gücünün, düşüncenin, edebi ve sanatsal yaratıcılığın gelişimine katkıda bulunmuş olan kahramanlar, insanüstü ama asla tanrısalolmayan bir varoluş tarzı göstermişlerdir. Erkek kahramanlara benzer bir biçimde, kült kuran kadın kahramanlar da, yeryüzünde oturan, tanrılar gibi ebediyen orada yaşayan ve güç bakunından da tannlara yaklaşan ölmüş insanlann ruhlarından başka bir şey değildir.

Historiography, which has ııow becoıııe a fıeld of scholarly stııdy, was fornıerly an effort to nıerely register current eveııts and infornı the coıning generations through tlıe chronicles lıanded down. As a result of hunderds of years' developnıent in the method of tlıinking, there appeared the writers oflocal history amoııg whom

Des del punt de vista de Pasolini, la tragèdia de Medea equival a la tragèdia del món contemporani i el cinema és la semiologia de la realitat. La seva Medea esdevé, així, un mite antic farcit de signes que requereixen la interpretació d’espectadors atents. L’objectiu d’aquest article és proposar interpretacions raonades basades en l’anàlisi minuciosa de les imatges i dels discursos verbals (lógoi) del guió de Pasolini, sempre des del coneixement de les explicacions donades pel mateix director publicades en entrevistes, articles i altres textos.From Pasolini’s point of view, Medea’s tragedy is likewise the tragedy of the contemporary Western world and cinema is the semiology of reality. His Medea thus becomes an ancient myth pregnant with signs to be interpreted by attentive viewers. The aim of this article is to put forward reasoned interpretations based on a close analysis of the images and verbal discourses (lógoi) of Pasolini’s script, ever mindful of the explanations given by t...

Des del punt de vista de Pasolini, la tragèdia de Medea equival a la tragèdia del món contemporani i el cinema és la semiologia de la realitat. La seva Medea esdevé, així, un mite antic farcit de signes que requereixen la interpretació d’espectadors atents. L’objectiu d’aquest article és proposar interpretacions raonades basades en l’anàlisi minuciosa de les imatges i dels discursos verbals (lógoi) del guió de Pasolini, sempre des del coneixement de les explicacions donades pel mateix director publicades en entrevistes, articles i altres textos.From Pasolini’s point of view, Medea’s tragedy is likewise the tragedy of the contemporary Western world and cinema is the semiology of reality. His Medea thus becomes an ancient myth pregnant with signs to be interpreted by attentive viewers. The aim of this article is to put forward reasoned interpretations based on a close analysis of the images and verbal discourses (lógoi) of Pasolini’s script, ever mindful of the explanations given by t...

Since 2017, the French Archaeological Mission in Bahrain has been engaged in a research project at Abu Saiba, a major necropolis from the Tylos archaeological period of the island . The site appears as the typical, roughly circular, low mound generally constituting a Tylos cemetery, with a diameter of c.70 m and a height of c.4-5 m. Fifty built graves have already been identified and eighteen were excavated by a team including a bio-archaeologist. The presence, above several of them, of a sandy mound covered with flat stones -a traditional marker of high status -shows the importance of the community buried there. The organization of the cemetery as well as the architecture of the tombs are discussed here, and special attention is paid to the burial rituals. Looting in antiquity was extensive but not systematic, and the few grave-goods recovered (glazed vessels, daily life items, jewellery, and adornments) indicate a main occupation covering the end of the first century BC and the first century AD. The identification of recurring Bronze Age pottery between the graves is puzzling and could indicate the existence, at a lower level, of an earlier cemetery from the early Dilmun phase.

Amara West, built around 1300 BC, was an administrative centre for the pharaonic colony of Upper Nubia. In addition to producing hand-and wheel-made pottery, respectively in Nubian and Egyptian style, Amara West also imported a wide range of ceramics from Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean. A scientific of 18 Mycenaean style ceramics was undertaken to study provenance and aspects of production technology. Neutron activation analyses (NAA) results show that the pots were imported from several workshops in in Greece and Cyprus. Thin section petrography and scanning electron microscopy, used with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), show that different recipes were used to make the fabrics and paints of Mycenaean ceramics, reflecting both technological choices and the range of raw materials used in the different workshops. The petrographic and SEM-EDX results support the NAA provenance attributions.

Fieldwork at Amarna in autumn 2017 and spring 2018 included excavation at a previously uninvestigated pit-grave cemetery, the North Cliffs Cemetery, on the low desert near the North Tombs. Initial results suggest the burials here are closer in character to those at the South Tombs Cemetery (excavated 2006–13) than at the North Tombs Cemetery (excavated 2015, 2017). Several post-excavation projects continued on materials from the North and South Tombs Cemeteries, including skeletal remains, coffins, hair, textiles, head cones, pottery and botanical materials, in addition to the ongoing recording of Kom el-Nana relief fragments and pottery from the Stone Village. A new site management programme, in partnership with the Ministry of Antiquities, was also launched.

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The various policies developed by the Ottomans and British for governing the indigenous Bedouin tribes of the Negev/Naqab and Beersheba (southern Palestine) region between 1900 and 1948 are examined using primary sources. Whereas Ottoman attempts to pacify the tribes in southern Palestine and Transjordan were somewhat ineffective, the British Mandate achieved a degree of control and stability by incorporating tribesmen into the Palestine Police, strengthening the frontier areas and enhancing inter-territorial tribunal arrangements between Beersheba, Sinai and Transjordan. The Negev/Naqab region extends from Beersheba to Aqaba, covers 12,577 km 2 and comprises half of Mandatory Palestine. 1 The indigenous Bedouin, who populated the region for generations as pastoral semi-nomads, 2 belonged to eight leading tribal confederations: Tiyaha, Tarabin, 'Azazma, Hanajreh, Jbarat, Sa'idiyeen, Aheiwat and Jahalin. 3 Under the Ottoman rule, Bedouin tribes in 1914 included around 55,000 people. 4 The Ottomans had controlled Palestine since 1519, and until 1900 Ottoman-Bedouin relations had been dominated by Bedouin clashes with the policies of the Ottoman state, resistance to state regulations and control over the desert trade routes. 5 Despite ongoing disputes among Bedouin tribes, Ottoman attempts to stabilise the Naqab had been ineffective, 6 and only after Beersheba was

In Federated Reinforcement Learning (FRL), agents aim to collaboratively learn a common task, while each agent is acting in its local environment without exchanging raw trajectories. Existing approaches for FRL either (a) do not provide any fault-tolerance guarantees (against misbehaving agents), or (b) rely on a trusted central agent (a single point of failure) for aggregating updates. We provide the first decentralized Byzantine fault-tolerant FRL method. Towards this end, we first propose a new centralized Byzantine fault-tolerant policy gradient (PG) algorithm that improves over existing methods by relying only on assumptions standard for nonfault-tolerant PG. Then, as our main contribution, we show how a combination of robust aggregation and Byzantine-resilient agreement methods can be leveraged in order to eliminate the need for a trusted central entity. Since our results represent the first sample complexity analysis for Byzantine fault-tolerant decentralized federated non-convex optimization, our technical contributions may be of independent interest. Finally, we corroborate our theoretical results experimentally 1 for common RL environments, demonstrating the speed-up of decentralized federations w.r.t. the number of participating agents and resilience against various Byzantine attacks.

Russian writer Vladimir Sorokin's fiction transcends national borders both physically and figuratively. Not only is he widely read abroad, but also the settings of his works have stretched across the whole Eurasian continent, exploring Russia's place in the global order. Sorokin's foray into the future of Russian statehood stemmed from his resentment at the popularity of Eurasianism—a conservative neo-imperialist ideology—in post-Soviet Russia. This talk will concentrate on how Eurasianist ideas influenced contemporary literary production, and how Sorokin uses them to interrogate Russian society. Sorokin's Telluria (2013) imagines how Eurasianism, by competing and, at times, collaborating with nationalist, fundamentalist religious, and segregationist ideas, results in a complete geopolitical remake of the Eurasian continent.

Join us for a panel discussion of Andrew Danielson's new book "Edom in Judah: Trade, Migration, and Kinship in the Late Iron Age Southern Levant" (Cambridge University Press, 2024), 5pm–7pm EST, May 5, 2025, Plimpton Room, Barker Center, Harvard University. Panelists include Andrea Berlin, Andrew Danielson, Céline Debourse, Julia Rhyder, and Jason Ur. All are welcome!

e inédita de los miembros de su comunidad académica. Para más información, visite el sitio www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar Esta iniciativa está a cargo de BIBHUMA, la Biblioteca de la Facultad, que lleva adelante las tareas de gestión y coordinación para la concreción de los objetivos planteados. Para más información, visite el sitio www.bibhuma.fahce.unlp.edu.ar Licenciamiento Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.5

Irtysen fue un importante artesano y escultor que vivió durante el reinado de Mentuhotep II (2009–1959 a.C.). Su importancia histórica radica en su famosa estela autobiográfica encontrada en Abidos donde describe sus habilidades artísticas y técnicas como artesano real.

No meaningful relationship was found between sex, marital status, parenthood status, living arrangement, health insurance situation, health personnel availability, positive family history of cardiac disease, co-existence of another disease, difficulty in providing of the drugs, side effects of the drugs, physical condition and attitude and medication compliance. In conclusion, by providing some educational programs about drug regimens, based on the level of cognition, experiences, capabilities, and also the living style of the patients, medication compliance can be improved.

This volume gathers the proceedings discussed in a 2023 Workshop organised at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid by the Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología in collaboration with the Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità of Sapienza Università di Roma. These papers address problems of an onomastic nature from a legal (not linguistic) perspective: the basic idea is that Roman onomastics cannot be dissociated from the legal status of people. An attempt is being made to valorise the less common names which are distant from the classic Roman onomastic system based on the tria nomina. The Spanish situation is compared with that of Northern Italy, whose inscriptions also present various problems of interpretation. More than answers and solutions, this volume aims to reopen the discussion on topics related to “Romanization” that are always fascinating.

Endowments (or foundations) are a widespread phenomenon in antiquity. The present work assembles all known ancient Greek endowments from the Classical and Hellenistic periods, presenting the texts in Greek and in translation. The main aim of the volume is to discuss endowments in their political, social, economic, cultural and religious contexts, thus contributing to our understanding of society and economy of these periods.
Endowments were donations or bequests of property whose income was intended to fund specific purposes defined by the donors. The donated property was to be preserved intact, in order to guarantee that the intentions of the sponsor would be served in perpetuity. The recipients of the endowments were usually civic communities, sanctuaries or associations. The book discusses important aspects on the vocabulary and terminology of the endowments, their legal, economic and administrative characteristics, the identity of the donors (Hellenistic kings or private individuals), and the various purposes served by them. This analysis shows that the endowments fall within the broad phenomenon of euergetism that offered benefits to both the endowers and the recipients.
https://media.dav-medien.de/sample/9783515139168_p.pdf

to mention individual initiatives 2 ) -have made sure to be present on the web and taken the opportunity to offer help to interested users. To name just a few useful examples, one could start with the pages of links offered by the inter national societies for the different subfields -some very complete, such as that of the Association internationale de Papyrologues (AIP, mostly for Greek and Latin papyrology: ); others aiming rather only at what is most useful, such as those of the International Association of Egyptologists (IAE) 3 ), of the Inter national Association for Coptic Studies (IACS) 4 ) and of the International Society for Arabic Papyrology (ISAP) 5 ). For Demotic and Coptic, there is also much information to be found through the Italian portal for ancient writing systems, Mnamon. 6 ) More general resource pages for antiquity might also be useful: the virtual library of the ancient world, Propylaeum, 7 ) has for instance a specific website for the ancient Near East and Egypt, Sisyphos, 8 ) where resources can be browsed, among others, by time period. The Abzu page of the Electronic Tools and Ancient Near East Archives (ETANA) allows to search for any kind of open access data -websites, but also individual books or articles freely available on the web -about the Ancient Near East and the Ancient Mediterranean world: abzubib; while the results are simply alphabetized and their number can be overwhelming for less experienced users, the ability to search by keyword, subject, title, author, type of resource, or any combination of the above, makes it a powerful tool to start navigating the web. Finally, some pioneering pages should be mentioned too, even if only in memoriam, as they have not been updated for a long time and contain many broken links, such as J. Muccigrosso's Papyrology page 9 ) for Greek, and A.A. O'Brien's Demotic texts published on the World Wide Web, still available through the Oriental Institute Research Archives. 10 ) This highlights a problem common to many such pages, as keeping them up to date not only by adding new websites, but also by correcting or deleting broken links remains a time-consuming challenge. Among the many blogs and other information sources devoted to ancient history, a good point to start with is a general feed aggregator, which automatically collects new posts on as many blogs devoted to antiquity as possible: ; this is one of several aggregators set up by T. Elliott to help users discover and follow * ) The authors would like to thank their pool of early readers, Rodney

This is a kedaga (shield) symbol from Karur. The graffiti inscription reads the following: Read from right to left. The first symbol indicates the "Thunderbolt," the weapon of Varuna. The second symbol indicates the karkida moth offering to Pithrus (Ancestors). The third symbol represents the shield (kedaga). This means that an offering was made to Pithrus to protect them in heaven or hell, depending on their karma. At this juncture, I am compelled by instinct to recount an incident that occurred in my life. I was working in Trichy in 2017 and went to Srirangam to perform my Pithru karma on the day of Sarvapithri Amavasya, which falls in September (the date varies every year depending on the Amavasya, the new moon Date). It was overcrowded, and I was trapped in the crowd, unable to move in any direction. I returned without offering my respects to my parents. Still, that feeling of failure is lingering within me.

Discurso pronunciado por la Dra. Dña. Silvia Nicolás Alonso leído en el solemne acto de su recepción pública como Académica Correspondiente de la Academia de Ciencias Veterinarias de Castilla y León, celebrado el día 19 de marzo de 2025 en León.

Şahika Tekand’ın Studio Oyuncuları ekibi için yazıp yönettiği Ölüyor mu ne?, 28. İstanbul Tiyatro Festivali’nde prömiyerini yaptı. Sezon boyunca da oynamaya devam edecek olan çağdaş komedya, çağdaş dünya yapılarının bir sarmal gibi sürmekte olan ilişkilerini Aristofanes’e, Eugene Ionesco’ya, Samuel Beckett’e şapka çıkarırcasına gözler önüne seriyor ve bunu yaparken seyir yerindekileri oturdukları yere mıhlıyor. İnsanlar, tanrılar, “liminal”[1]olanlar ve sesli komutlar… Oyunun her anını yönlendiren komutlar, yalnızca sahnede ilerleyen bir düzenin değil, aynı zamanda tanrıların, insanların, doğanın, yapıların ve liminal olanların döngü içindeki konumlarının nelere tekabül ettiğine dair güçlü bir okuma sunuyor. Komutların siyasal, toplumsal, ekonomik, kültürel ilişkiler düzeninin kendisi olarak okunması, seyircinin tanrılarla, özellikle Zeus ile kurduğu ilişkiyi yeniden tanımlarken,  düzenin eleştirisine odaklanmasını sağlayan bir etken olarak düşünülebilir. Bir taraftan da “yönetmenin eli” olarak üçüncü karakter olan komutların seyirci için konumlandığı yer, bu alanda oyunun tüm anlamını değiştirebilecek bir potansiyele sahip.

Fatimid art is known for the production of luxury artifacts, particularly rock crystal vessels. The appearance in 2008 of the Francis Mills Ewer, which seemed to belong to a famous group of 6-8 rock crystal ewers attributed to Fatimid Egypt, prompted an investigation of the techniques used to carve them. A comparison of the carving technique of the Francis Mills Ewer with that of the other members of the group offers the best criterion for determining whether the new ewer belongs to this group. To this end, the traces of manufacture (mainly polishing and carving) were analysed on a group of fourteen artifacts. The topography of the surfaces has been measured with a confocal rugosimeter using silicon replicas. To identify and characterise the multi-scale wear signature and the traces left by the tools, a Fourier isotropic filtering technique was applied. Using these complementary methods, we were able to confirm that the Francis Mills Ewer belongs to the Fatimid group.

The first substantial corpus of developed and complex stone vases emerged on the Greek mainland in the shaft graves of Mycenae (Middle Helladic III – Late Helladic I) and was certainly, in large part, of Minoan origin. However, a Mycenaean industry appeared in the Late Helladic III period, which suggests a link with Minoan technology. Indeed, there is an extremely strong possibility that expatriate craftsmen had gradually transmitted their knowledge to local Mycenaean apprentices. A technological study of a corpus of 24 stone vases from Mycenae, dated to the Late Helladic I/II–III, enables the identification and reconstruction of the manufacturing processes and techniques involved in mainland production. It appears to be the case that a great part of the Mycenaean know-how derives from contact with Minoan craftsmanship. However, if a large number of technical elements (use of tubular drilling for the hollowing process, production of the vessels in several parts) may come from a Mino...

Famously dubbed, according to Plutarch, the "Dancing Floor of Ares" by the 4th century Theban general Epaminondas (Plut. Life of Marcellus 21.2), the region of Boiotia hosted throughout Antiquity a series of battles that shaped the history of the ancient world, such as the battle of Plataia -which ended the Persian Wars in 479 -and the battle of Chaironeia, won in 338 by the Macedonian king Philip II and his son Alexander the Great over a coalition of Greek states. The present volume is devoted to different dances of Ares. Rather than discussing seminal battles through the lens of military history, it investigates regional conflicts and local violence in Central Greece, with a particular focus on the region Boiotia, through the complementary approaches, conceptual approaches and synergies offered by the two research projects. This double perspective allows us to explore the crucial role played by conflict in the shaping of the Boiotian experience. At the same time, the region's relations with various foreign powers (the Achaian koinon, the Macedonian kings, the Romans among others) as well as with its neighbours, such as Athens, Lokris, and Euboia, become visible. Organised as a series of thematic studies involving mythology, genealogy, federalism, political institutions, and geopolitical strategies, our inquiry starts with the Mycenaean period, and runs down through the Classical and Hellenistic periods to conclude with the involvement of the Romans in Central Greece. The Montreal workshop received funding from the Anneliese Maier Research Prize that was awarded to Hans Beck by the German Humboldt Foundation, as well as from the John MacNaughton Chair of Classics, which he held at McGill University at the time. The Fribourg workshop was supported by the Université de Fribourg Fonds du Centenaire and the Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines. The respective teams of research assistants in Montreal and Fribourg did a magnificent job to turn both workshops into a wonderful experience: Corey Straub, Cyrena Gerardi, Emilie Lucas, Daniel Whittle, and Roy van Wijk. As the papers were prepared for publication, we received insightful comments from the anonymous peer-reviewers. Tim Howe offered helpful advice to improve the manuscript of this first volume in the new AHB Supplement Series. To all we offer our heartfelt thanks.

The colonization of planet Earth by neoanthropes is divided into two different but interrelated processes - migrations of carriers of certain genes or languages. If you prefer to study one of these processes, the results will differ significantly from each other. The proposed hypothesis about the settlement of a wide area of ​​Europe and Asia by Homo sapiens is based on the results of ethnogenetic studies conducted using the graphoanalytical method. The territories of formation of the Sino-Tibetan and Nostratic languages ​​found in the same place determine the starting point of the thousand-year migrations of man in Western Asia. Their directions are guessed considering the results of other long-term ethnogenetic, archaeological, anthropological, and genetic studies of recent years.

Une synthèse des données archéozoologiques sur le commerce de poissons dans la partie orientale de la Méditerranée, depuis le Chalcolithique jusqu 'au temps des croisades, est présentée. Cette revue est basée sur des données bibliographiques et sur des ensembles fauniques inédits, étudiés par les auteurs, provenant de 76 sites. Des restes de poissons provenant du Nil, de la Méditerranée et de la mer Rouge sont fréquemment rencontrés sur des sites archéologiques situés en dehors de la distribution naturelle des espèces et indiquent dès lors qu 'il s 'agit de denrées qui faisaient l 'objet de commerce ou d 'échange. Des indications sur le commerce de poissons d 'eau douce d'Anatolie sont également présentées. Les trouvailles ichtyofauniques sont discutées en fonction de la provenance des poissons et des régions vers lesquelles ils étaient exportés. En utilisant les données archéologiques, les indications des artefacts et les informations historiques disponi...

Fig. 1. View jron1 the approxi- mate site cif the Arte111is Laphria temple 011 the acropolis cif Patras towards the Laphrion-hi/1 at Kalydon, her original place cif worship, and 1 1esible to the lift of the T /crrassova lvfountain Sacred landscapes of Aetolia and Achaea: synoecism processes and non-urban sanctuaries "On the acropolis of Patrae is a sanctuary of Artemis Laphria. The surname of the goddess is a foreign one, and her image too was brought in from elsewhere. For after Calydon with the rest of Aetolia had been laid waste by the Emperor Augustus in order that the Aetolian people nlight be incorporated into Nicopolis above Actium, the people of Patrae thus secured the image of Laphria. Most of the images out of Aetolia and fi•om Acarnania were brought by Augustus' orders to Nicopolis, but to Patrae he gave, with other spoils fi•om Calydon, the image of Laphria, which even in my time was still worshipped on the acropolis ofPatrae" (Paus. 7. 18. 8-9; translated by Jones 1961). " In this part of the city [agora and the adjoining areas] is also a sanctuary of Dionysos surnamed Calydonian -for the image of Dionysos too was brought from Calydon" (Paus. 7. 21. 1; translated by Jones 1961) .

In the period of the Late Antiquity, Roman emperors issued laws that prohibited different praxis related to paganism and pagan deities. Many of them were connected to the sacrifices (particularly animal sacrifices to the divinities), rituals and different customs, with emphasis on so-called Mystery religions, which encompasses different rituals considered quite bizarre by ordinary Romans. The majority of Roman rulers, starting with Constantine the Great, also prohibited practising magic, night rituals of initiation to particular cults or rituals practised by night, gifting the gods with votive gifts etc. During the reign of Gratian, major changes were made in the context of the relation between the Roman emperor and pagnism - her rejected the title/office of the supreme priest pontifex Maximus, he removed the Victoria altar from the Senate, he refused to finance state pagan cults and he proclaimed cult statues to be considered only the world of art. During the reign of the emperor Theodosius, paganism weakened even more which was mirrored in the destruction of pagan temples and other acts aimed against paganism. In the period of the reigh of Theodosius' heirs, pagan temples became public buildings, while pagan cult statues were marked with crosses (which symbolised the exorcism of demons or baptism of the statue), with the goal to erase every trace of paganism and complete triumph of Christianity.

The drinking party at Medius' in Babylon on 31 May 323 B.C., marking the onset of Alexander's terminal illness, is explored from contemporary and later texts. Close reading of fragments by Nicobule and Aristobulus, set beside the reticence of the court daybooks (Ephemerides) and the studied vagueness of secondary sources, clarifies in detail the sequence of events. Justin, Plutarch and the author of the Liber de morte Alexandri cast light on the silence imposed by the King's successors. A narrative emerges of the day itself, the spread of rumour, the two false explanations for Alexander's death that were successively propagated, and the third explanation, most probably correct, that Aristobulus was first to publish.

Within the history of architecture, the sinewy movement of Mongols occurred between 13 th to 14 th centuries in Iran and Anatolia and also other regions such as Caucasus, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Azerbaijan; but it did not take long time that new buildings and surroundings toward new culture in community came up. The significance of this article is to search and deal with the communal conditions of Iran and Anatolia through Il Khānid period, and get the results as the mutual effects by the existence of Il Khānids in these areas; besides, for better understanding of the artistic and architectural environment in Iran and Anatolia related to my PhD thesis through 13 th and 14 th centuries, the review of communal conditions as the topic of this article looked necessary through this article and also in my PhD thesis. Contemplating the methodology of this article goes through interpretive, analytical, historical and correlations methods by gathering information over library method; therefore, the points mentioned above and considering about the items such as culture, economic, religion, architectural life renewal and social environs in this era as in keywords and obtaining the consequential points of them through Il Khānid period in Iran and Anatolia will be the aim of this essay.

uring archaeological excavations in 2022. with the goal to obtain data important for the conservation works which were to follow, in the northern part of the thermae of Constantine the Great's villa with peristyle, in a layer of debris discovered north of the apse of room 8 of the thermae, a fragmented relief of white marble was discovered (Fig. ). 1 The layer of debris consisted of thick soil with fragments of stone, marble, ceramic and glass. The two marble fragments represent the middle and lower part of the plate and are well preserved. 2 The iconographic presentation is framed by a double moulding and represents the lower part of a figure dressed in a flowing himation, which covers its left leg, while leaving the right leg uncovered; the figure is standing on a globe. Although the representation of the figure is not complete, it could be said with some certainty that the figure in question represents the goddess Victoria who was often shown in an identical pose -standing with one leg on a globe, her richly plaited dress flowing, and frequently with one leg uncovered. In her hands, the goddess usually holds a palm branch and a wreath, which we can presume was the way in which she was also depicted in the Mediana relief. This particular