Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor

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This is the proceedings of the online conference on the archaeology of the bone objects during the Roman and Early Byzantine periods which will be held on May 14, 2025, in Izmir, Turkey.
Ancient bone objects were found in relatively large quantities in the entire Mediterranean, from Spain to Syria and Egypt to France, where they were manufactured between the Neolithic and Medieval periods. The art of carving animal bones involves especially antler and horn. However, the spectrum of the worked bone objects recovered from Anatolia, rest of the eastern Mediterranean, Near East, the Black Sea area and Balkans is very varied, and reflects different characteristics of Graeco-Roman and Early Byzantine daily life. In these areas they were also utilised as grave goods secondarily. They were exported or imported over the entire ancient Graeco-Roman and Early Byzantine worlds.
In this conference papers dealing with ancient artefacts or objects manufactured by worked bone, antler, ivory, animal teeth, mother of pearl and cockleshell will be included. Main material groups made by bones are as follows: items connected to personal grooming, weaponry, artifacts used for spinning or in pottery decoration, artifacts related to cosmetics, jewellery, combs, pins for clothing and women’s hair, items related to dressmaking and textile (particularly sewing needles, weaving implements or buttons), parts of soldiers’ equipment, items used for leather working, amulets and other magical items, knife handles, musical instruments, playing stones (e.g., lopsided dices), frames of various kinds (e.g., of mirrors), furniture (including fittings, wood sidings and inlayed decoration), boxes, plaques, writing items (for example, κάλαμοι, calami in Lat.), liturgical and religious items (e.g., crosses and reliquaries), half-finished products and miscellania. Just in the rest of the Roman world, hairpins are the most numerous artifacts made of bone or antler in the Eastern part of the Empire. Gaming pieces represent the other widespread and customary instrumentum category of the worked bones. Several other material groups also used during the processing of bone artefacts, for example, some objects may have been filled with coloured wax to make them to stand out.
So far the study of this material group has been overlooked, whereas there is still a huge amount of unpublished material from excavations, field surveys and museums in the entire Mediterranean and rest of the ancient world. There is a regular conference series of the Worked Bone Research Group (WBRG; cf. <https://www.wbrg.net/>) which include almost all periods and areas. In our e-meeting in 2025 we only focus on bone objects between the fourth century B.C. and the sixth century A.D., and attempt to set out a comprehensive model for the study of bone objects, including their definition, typology, chronology, contexts, function, regional characteristics, production and distribution patterns in the whole eastern Mediterranean geographies, including the Near East, Black Sea area and Balkans. The increasing number of recent finds in the concerned areas over the last thirty years, thanks to the development of preventive archaeology, has tended to challenge our previous observations and assumptions on Graeco-Roman and Byzantine worked bone objects.
It is also our intention to create a complete bibliography of previous publications on bone objects for several areas and chronologies.
We warmly invite contributions by scholars and graduate students from a variety of disciplines related to this material group. Intended to bring together scholars of Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine instrumenta / artefacts’ archaeology to discuss a range of issues concerning this material group characteristics, this video conference should be an excellent opportunity to increase our knowledge about ancient worked bones. The following theme groups are the main questions of the conference which are prescriptive:

- Bone objects from archaeological field projects, museums and private collections,
- Graeco-Roman bone objects in comparison with the bone objects of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic periods, Bronze and Iron Ages,
- Graeco-Roman bone objects in comparison with the Minoan and Mycenaean bone objects,
- Etymology of bone objects in ancient Near Eastern, eastern Mediterranean and Aegean languages,
- Ancient Greek, Latin and Byzantine textual sources on bone objects,
- Typological evolution and design of bone objects,
- Selection criteria for some certain animal genres for bone-working,
- Decoration of bone objects, as detailed chronologies should be established for both the produced forms and their decoration,
- Chronologies of these objects that can highlight the social spread of these products,
- Manufacturing technics, manufacturing tools, major production centres and workshops of bone objects in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods, their organisation and interactions.
- Distribution of bone objects, economic and social aspects: in what type of socio-economic context are they found?,
- Typological and functional features of bone objects during the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods: what might the utilitarian, social and/or symbolic functions or practices of these objects have been?
- Identification of the economic factors that contributed to the standardization in the bone-working,
- What ancient Greeks, Romans and Byzantines thought about afterlife? Bone objects in the eastern Mediterranean funerary contexts,
- The role of monastic or religious economy in Early Byzantine bone-working,
- Commodities and their trade through bone objects,
- Relations of bone objects to metal, terracotta, glass, wooden or stone objects: how did this material group fit in with objects made from different materials, particularly metal, glass, or wood? Can any stylistic links be found between them?
- Roman bone objects in the eastern and western Mediterranean and Europe, and their differences,
- Hellenistic and Roman gravestones and other iconographic media depicting bone objects,
- Conservation of worked bone objects, especially excavated finds: current strategies and future approaches,
- Archaeometric analyses of these objects,
- Miscellanea.

On these themes and questions, all approaches and methods susceptible to bring some progress to our current knowledge are of course welcome: archaeology, physical anthropology, archaeozoology, osteoarchaeology, bioarchaeology, palaeohistology, ancient history, history of art, cultural anthropology etc.
A special focus of the workshop is the identification of workshops from different regions, cities and areas, in particular capital cities (such as Byzantium, Ephesus, Pergamum, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Alexandria, Athens, Rome etc.) with main workshops. A regional approach will enable us to understand the influences and contacts between workshops. Were these exclusively urban activities, or also rural? What motivated their establishment? Political powers, raw materials, the development of urban centres and the urban elite (merchants, craftsmen, religious orders, etc.) or economic outlets? And, are there any imitations or copies in certain localities suggesting competition between workshops?
Another important topic is the manufacturing techniques which were varied and depended on the composition and morphology of each raw material type as much as on the artefact to be produced. Regardless of the raw material, the manufacturing process of an ancient bone object was usually multi-stage:

1. Selection and acquisition of the raw material;
2. Preparation of the raw material, including cleaning, drying and cutting into pieces;
3. The appropriate working processes using instruments like knives, chisels, files, lathes and bow-drills;
4. Finishing the worked objects by grinding, polishing and colouring.

The previous finds reflect that mostly manufacturing techniques were related to an organized production where the different manufacturing stages were standardized and predefined, which can be identified as a chaîne opératoire. Particular attention should be paid to these technical aspects, which are the integral parts of the uniqueness of most of the ancient worked bone objects.
We also need to look at the distribution of these objects on a local, regional, and even supra-regional scale, and trade networks. Some have crossed the overseas, such as Anatolian products unearthed in England. How can these exchanges be explained?

This is the fifth chapter of the study on what is called the Eastern Mediterranean Hoard (EMH), the contents of which started to appear in commerce in late 2018 and continued to be dispersed until late 2021. Apart from rumours circulating online at the time—suggesting an enormous hoard included an unusually large number of Athenian tetradrachms and some staters—there is no information about its discovery. Due to the large number of coins from the region, Cilicia and Pamphylia are considered the most likely locations where the hoard was found. Unlike in earlier times, when coin dealers often consulted prominent academics and shared details about their inventory, this hoard was quietly dispersed without such collaboration. The present study represents four years of meticulous detective work, piecing together fragmented clues to reconstruct the hoard's contents.

Dernekler, topluluklar veya birlikler, insanları belirli ortak amaçlar doğrultusunda bir araya getiren ve kent yaşamında dikkat çeken örgütlenmeler ya da sosyal ağlardır.
Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kentleri de bu tür dernekler açısından zengin bir tarihsel geçmişe sahiptir.
Çeşitli araştırmacıların katkıda bulunduğu bu kolektif kitap, mezar stelleri, onurlandırma yazıtları gibi epigrafik buluntuların ya da çeşitli Eskiçağ kaynaklarının etkili şekilde kullanılması yoluyla Eskiçağda Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kentlerindeki dernekler ve birlikler üzerine odaklanmakta, bu sayede kentsel yaşamdaki toplumsal ve sosyo-ekonomik ağları görünür kılmayı amaçlamaktadır.

***

Associations, communities or unions are organisations or social networks that bring people together for certain common purposes and attract attention in urban life. Anatolian and Eastern Mediterranean cities have a rich historical background in terms of such associations.
This collective volume, to which various scholars have contributed, focuses on associations and unions in ancient Anatolian and eastern Mediterranean cities through the efficient use of epigraphic finds such as funerary stelae, honorary inscriptions, and other ancient sources, and aims to make visible the social and socio-economic networks in urban life.

his paper explores the Roman methods of annexing Central Anatolia into their empire,
particularly focusing on the emergence and development of urbanism as a proxy for
cultural, political, and economic integration, particularly in the historical regions of
Galatia and northeastern Pisidia. After the annexation of Galatia in 25 BCE, the Romans
strategically established new colonies and cities as regional urban centers in areas with
different settlement patterns prior to their arrival. These urban centers, equipped with
sophisticated infrastructure and extensive urban frameworks, served as pivotal focal
points for the cultural, economic, and religious integration of local societies into the
Roman Empire. Over time, these urban centers underwent gradual expansion, with the
addition of new monuments and public spaces, and societies living in the highlands
began to occupy fertile lands around these new cities. By employing a comparative
approach to the society and urban development of two Augustan-era foundations in
Central Anatolia—Ankara and Pisidian Antioch (Yalvaç, Isparta, Turkey)—this study
aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of urbanization in integrating
diverse populations and marginal areas into the Roman Empire and transforming
settlement patterns in the countryside.

This thesis aims to explore the methods adopted by the Romans to annex the Central Anatolian Plateau into their empire after their arrival in 25 BCE. Specifically, this study will use the emergence and development of urbanism as a proxy for cultural, political, and economic integration, focusing on the regions of Galatia and northeastern Pisidia. After the annexation of Galatia in 25 BCE, the Romans expanded their territory in Galatia and northeastern Pisidia by establishing new colonies and cities as regional urban centers in areas with different settlement patterns prior to their arrival. These new urban centers, with their sophisticated infrastructure and extensive urban frameworks, served as focal points for the cultural, economic, and religious integration of local societies into the Roman Empire. They were gradually expanded with new monuments and public spaces over different periods. By employing a comparative approach to the urban development of two Augustan-era foundations in the Central Anatolian Plateau—Ankara and Pisidian Antioch (Yalvaç, Isparta)—this thesis will contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of urbanization in integrating diverse populations and marginal areas into the Roman Empire. It will also offer a nuanced view of the long-term evolution of urbanism in this historically rich region by examining the transformation from pre-Roman settlements to sophisticated Roman urban centers.

Endowments (or foundations) are a widespread phenomenon in antiquity. The present work assembles all known ancient Greek endowments from the Classical and Hellenistic periods, presenting the texts in Greek and in translation. The main aim of the volume is to discuss endowments in their political, social, economic, cultural and religious contexts, thus contributing to our understanding of society and economy of these periods.
Endowments were donations or bequests of property whose income was intended to fund specific purposes defined by the donors. The donated property was to be preserved intact, in order to guarantee that the intentions of the sponsor would be served in perpetuity. The recipients of the endowments were usually civic communities, sanctuaries or associations. The book discusses important aspects on the vocabulary and terminology of the endowments, their legal, economic and administrative characteristics, the identity of the donors (Hellenistic kings or private individuals), and the various purposes served by them. This analysis shows that the endowments fall within the broad phenomenon of euergetism that offered benefits to both the endowers and the recipients.
https://media.dav-medien.de/sample/9783515139168_p.pdf

Bu calismada I. O. 547/46 yillarinda Pers hâkimiyeti altina giren Bati Anadolu kentlerinin kendi sikkelerinin yani sira bastiklari Pers sikkeleri incelenmistir. Ayrica Bati Anadolu’da ele gecen Pers definelerinden yola cikarak Pers sikkelerinin yayilim alani kronolojik olarak degerlendirilmis ve Perslerin sikke basimina yaklasimi sorgulanmistir

Antik çağda savaşların galibiyet ya da mağlubiyetini belirleyen en önemli unsurlardan biri şüphesiz ki orduların etkin saldırı ve savunma silahlarına sahip olmalarıdır. Savaşlardaki galibiyet yalnızca sayıca üstünlüğün sonucu değildir. Galibiyete aynı zamanda taktiksel anlamda kıvrak bir zeka ve günün şartlarına uygun kuşatma, saldırı ve savunma silahlarının profesyonellikle kullanılması ile ulaşılabilmiştir. Bu çalışmada gerek antik Hellen ve Roma kaynakları gerekse arkeolojik verilerden edinilen bilgiler aracılığıyla Pers ordusunda kullanılan silahlar belirlenerek incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Pers toplumunda, askerlik, soylu sınıfından köle sınıfına kadar zorunlu bir görev olarak benimsenmiştir. Başta antik Hellen yazarı Herodotos olmak üzere Strabon ve Ksenophon gibi yazarlar Pers çocuklarının küçük yaşlardan itibaren uzun ve zorlu eğitimlerden geçerek eğitildiğini bildirmektedir. Bu eğitimlerde özellikle ata binmek, ok atmak ve mızrak kullanmak gibi kişinin fiziksel açıdan kendini güçlendirdiği antrenmanlar öne çıkmaktadır. Zorlu süreçlerden sonra ordu içinde aktif görev alan Pers askerleri temelde ok, yay, kısa kılıç ve mızrak gibi hafif ancak hareket kabiliyetini kısıtlamayan silah ve teçhizatlarla donatılmışlardır. Egemenlik alanı geliştikçe gerek savaşla gerekse olağan süreç içerisinde karşılaştığı toplumlarla ilişkiler kuran Persler, bu toplumlara ait silah ve ekipmanlardan esinlenmiş ve bunları kendilerine uyarlayarak yeni formlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Akinakes, sagaris ve kopis gibi örneklendirebileceğimiz bu silahlar, Pers ordusundaki askeri birlikler tarafından uzun süreçler boyunca kullanılmıştır.

The argument of this paper will be that the conceptualisation of church order and organisation found in the Middle Recension of the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch refl ects the pagan political theology of the Greek city states of Asia Minor in what has become known as the Second Sophistic 1. This term itself, fi rst used by Philostratus, is currently applied to a fairly distinct historical phenomenon 2. Those who called themselves Sophists after their education were to play by means of their distinctive kind of rhetoric a signifi cant political role in the societies of Hellenic Asia Minor 3. But what was the social reality that sophistic, rhetorical persuasion sought to construct, perpetuate and extend? From about the time of the Emperor Domitian, who died in 96, until the Severans and the circle of Julia Domna, we fi nd in such writers as Dio Chrysostom, Aelius Aristides, Philostratus, and Diogenes Laertius, combined with supporting epigraphic and numismatic references, the following justifi cation for the Hellenic way of life: The Greek city states of Asia Minor were united in a common Hellenic civilisation that was, on Rome's own admission, superior to its own 4. Philosophy itself was a wholly Greek discovery 5. The citystates were autonomous, self-governing communities, just as Athens had been in fourth century during the period following victory in the Persian wars. Those societies could hang together by force neither in their individual internal 1 I wish to express my indebtedness to some of the highly original arguments on Ignatius' use of Homonoia being advanced by J.-P. Lotz in a doctoral thesis being prepared by him for publication. 2 Philostr., VS 481, who distinguished the ¢rca…a sofistik¾ kaˆ t¦ filosofoÚmena with ¹ d{ met' ™ke…nhn deutšra d{ m©llon prosrhtšon, whose founder he considered Aeschines, Demosthenes' opponent, to have been. Discussed in S. Goldhill, Introduction, Setting the Agenda, in: S. Goldhill (ed.), Being Greek under Rome. Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic, and the Development of Empire, Cambridge 2001, 14. See also T. Whitmarsh, 'Greece is the World'. Exile and Identity in the Second Sophistic, also in: Goldhill, Being Greek, 270f. 3

During the period of Roman rule in the Central Balkan Roman provinces, among other oriental cults, like the Syrian cult of Sol Invictus or the Persian cult of Mithras, Asia Minor deities and theologies were considerably favoured. Epigraphic and archaeological evidence confirms the existence of the cults of Magna Mater, Attis, Iuppiter Dolichenus, Sabazius, Iuppiter Turmasgades, Iuppiter Melanus, Mēn, and Artemis of Ephesus. However, in the eastern parts of the Central Balkan Roman provinces, certain religious syncretism is emphasized, which can be connected to the strong Thracian influence in the mentioned territory. This paper examines the ways and the degree to which Thracian culture penetrated the religious beliefs and funerary rites of the population that inhabited the eastern parts of the Central Balkans in Antiquity.

Giriş: Antiokheia'nın Kuruluşu Libanius'un okulunu incelemeden önce kentin kuruluşundan bahsedebiliriz ki Libanius da 11. söylevinde kentin kuruluş hikayesini anlattığı için konu daha da ilgi çekici olmaktadır. 1 Antiokheia (=Antakya) kenti, tarih boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış, farklı kültürleri içinde barındırmıştır. Antiokheia'yı da kapsayan Syria bölgesinin uzun yıllar Pers egemenliğinde kaldığı görülmektedir. MÖ 334 yılında Asya Seferi'ne çıkan Makedon Kralı III. Alexandros (=Büyük İskender), MÖ 331 yılında Gaugamela'da Pers İmparatoru III. Darius'u mağlup etmiş ve Syria'nın da içinde bulunduğu tüm Pers topraklarını ele geçirme fırsatı yakalamıştır. 2 Ancak MÖ 323 yılında Büyük İskender'in Babylonia'da ölmesi büyük bir yönetim krizini ortaya çıkarmıştır. 3 Büyük İskender'in generalleri, imparatorluğu yönetmek için büyük mücadeleler vermiştir.

Although the Parthian State was founded by Arsaces in 239/238 BC, it became an Empire in 165/164 BC when Mithridates I came to power. The formation of the Empire in a very short time can be explained by several reasons. During the reigns of Mithridates the First and Mithridates the Second the Parthians greatly expanded their borders. With the decline of the Seleucid rule in Mesopotamia and Syria, the Parthians consolidated those areas and approached Armenia politically. This alliance later formed the basis of the Roman-Parthians wars because this expansion of the Parthians also attracted the attention of Rome. The conquest of Scythia territory by Parthians was referred to ancient sources as a power equivalent to Rome. Moreover, during the imperial period, the Parthians also stand out as the dominant political actor in the East. Even the Chinese Emperor Wu both signed an trade agreement with Mithridates the second and made an alliance against the Hsiung-nu danger. Therefore, the Parthians being the dominant power in Mesopotamia and Syria changed the destiny of many states in the Near East.

Standing under the portico of the Paisley Town Hall, completed in 1882, and looking south east towards the West Façade of Paisley Abbey, built in the 13 th to 15 th Century, it is possible to compare two historical periods in Scottish building where the use of stone was unavoidable. Walking further into the historic centre of Paisley, or any other town or city in Scotland, reveals the ubiquitous use of uncovered natural stone in our architecture, and also the problems that it faces. The challenge in maintaining the essential integral character of our towns for the future, and to recognise and enhance their values is a complex one, but not our challenge alone. Much hard work is still needed to characterise, assess and propose conservation approaches that are compatible with the existing fabric and prevailing philosophies, in Scotland and around the world. We sought to bring the 13 th Congress to a damp Scotland of decaying stone structures, to share our stone-built heritage with the conservation community and also to focus on the needs of stone conservation for our built heritage in Scotland. We hope that by bringing some global attention to the issue, in the country were, arguably, modern geology began, we demonstrate the sharing of our common heritage and our values in seeking its understanding and protection. In these volumes you will find the proceeds of the work of many people, the conservators, practitioners and even academics and researchers whose concern is the protection of our stone-made cultural heritage. The Permanent Scientific Committee (PSC) of the Stone Congresses worked to review each contribution followed by revision by the authors. The editing effort by ourselves involved direct improvements to text, in many cases, and by one of us in particular to the formatting. However, beyond the title pages and abstracts, after review by the PSC and revision by the authors, proof correction was limited. The contents and accuracy of the papers are therefore the responsibility of the authors.

The Messapian necropolis of Monte D'Elia is related to one of the most important ancient settlements in the Salento Peninsula (in south Italy). In order to understand the extension and layout of this necropolis in the various periods of its use, a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) prospection was undertaken in some important sample areas by a team of the Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritage of the National Research Council of Italy. The analysis of the GPR measurements revealed many anomalies that could be ascribed to archaeological structures (tombs), as well as other anomalies of presumable natural origin or referable to modern features. The data collected were georeferenced in the digital archaeological map of the site and integrated with a virtual reconstruction of the surveyed area.

Antiochos IV Epiphanes's persecution of the Judaeans in the 160s BC is perceived as an enigma in Hellenistic history. The restrictions on the observance of Judaism seem to constitute the first known persecution of a people and its religion in its own land. The most popular theories state that the king himself was not the initiator of the attack on Judaism. If, however, we see this persecution not as an isolated event but in the context of his life, the event may make more sense. Antiochos IV's hostage-ship in Rome in the 180's BC as one of the provisions of the Treaty of Apameia structured his life and influenced his ambitions and policies. It was his special relationship with Rome that may be read into many events in his life including his rise to power, and the Day of Eleusis, and may help explain Roman actions after his death. As Goldstein suggested, Antiochos IV may have modelled his persecution of the Judaeans on one against the Bacchants in Rome and Italy when he was a hostage there. Antiochos could have learned a great deal about religious persecution as a means of defining a society and achieving greater power for the state. What primarily motivated Antiochos IV, as both Bringmann and Gruen have emphasized, was the assertion of power in a chaotic situation and so he responded to political instability in Judaea with a show of force that would resound throughout his huge and politically-restless kingdom.

Berterame 1.2.12 -The videogame in VR set in Matera -D. Colangelo 1.2.13 -The church of holy cross called "of purgatory": an usability enhancment -A. Illiano, A. Corvino 1.2.14 -"Marmora" project: caracterisation and provenance on historical marbles in the Apulia artistic and archaeological sites (Southern italy) -G. Fioretti, P. Acquafredda Section 2 CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION SCIENCE Chapter 2.1 -Analytical investigation Paragraphs 2.1.1 to 2.1.7 presented in Oral session 3 Paragraphs 2.1.8 to 2.1.

Determining the provenance of the stones used for ancient architectures is very important in order to reconstruct many social and economic questions linked to the life of a city. This paper integrates previous and new archaeometric data about marble and alabaster quarries in south-western Phrygia (Lykos valley), and offers a review of some results of the research activities carried out between the years 2013-2018 and aimed to reconstruct the building stone procurement strategies adopted in the city of Hierapolis in Phrygia across a broad chronological time span from the Hellenistic age to the Byzantine period. The research activities based on a multidisciplinary approach, integrating the archaeological and art-historian study of the monuments, the topographical investigation of the quarries, and the archaeometric characterisation both of extraction sites and marbles and alabasters used in the building sites of the urban area and in the necropolises.

Civic benefaction formed an integral part of the civic culture in the ancient Greek and Roman polis. Especially in the second century CE under Roman rule, wealthy citizens would donate sums of money for religious rituals, the oil used in the gymnasium, or the construction of a public building. Some acts of benefaction created ephemeral events; others were material and lastingly transformed the urban landscape. In many cases, however, the benefactor was honoured by different social groups, associations, or civic institutions with a mixture of a golden crown, a (gilded) bronze or marble statue with an accompanying inscription recording their good deeds, or reserved seats at public events at the theatre. Benefaction was, as such, a multitemporal phenomenon. Using theories of time developed by American philosopher George H. Mead and British sociologist B. Adam, I will show the integrated multi-temporality of civic benefaction in the ancient polis in the Roman period. I will especially dive into the potential future-oriented thinking involved with benefaction and the effect this had on the nature of civic benefaction.

Research conducted since 2005 in the territory of Hierapolis in Phrygia, aimed at the production of the archaeological map and the reconstruction of ancient settlement pattern, is based on the extensive use of optical high-resolution satellite imagery 1 . This was necessary due to the limited availability of aerial photographs and the possibility of using only maps which are not recently updated and of a scale inadequate for fieldworks, such as the official map of the Republic of Turkey, at a scale of 1:25,000, updated to the 1990s and available only in raster format. In particular, various panchromatic (PAN) and multispectral (MS) QuickBird-2 images (with spatial resolution of 0.60 m and 2.40 respectively, and in standard ortho-ready format), acquired between 2002 and 2009, have been used and processed; moreover, some pan-sharpened World-View-2, GeoEye-1 and Pléiades images in real colour, acquired in more recent years and available on Google Earth, with spatial resolutions of about 0.50 m, have also been employed. Satellite images have been used in place of aerial photographs to detect anomalies and paleo-environmental and archaeological traces (constantly checked during surveys to confirm the interpretation and determine their dating and anthropic origin), and for the production of "base cartography" (ortho-images, space-maps and topographic maps derived from satellite images) to be used during the exploration of the territory and for the positioning of the archaeological evidence in a GIS dedicated to the territory of Hierapolis. Besides to recent satellite images, various space photographs taken by US spy satellites in the 1960s and 1970s have offered an interesting documentation of the territory before the transformations of the last decades, produced by the extension of urbanized areas, the construction of infrastructures, and the spread of mechanized agriculture 2 : these images have made it possible to acquire data on ancient remains (such as roads and agricultural divisions) that are now destroyed. Moreover, the recent possibility of gaining access to high-resolution SAR images, acquired by two Cosmo-SkyMed satellites in 2013, made it possible to assess the effectiveness of these remotely-obtained data in relation to the different types of archaeological evidence present in the urban area, in the necropolises and in the area surrounding the city 3 . G.S.

The paper presents an overview of the marble supply strategies in hierapolis from a diachronic prospective, evaluating the results of the archaeometric analyses carried out on artefacts from the city. in particular, the study focuses on the public building sites between the Augustan and the Severan ages, where extensive use of local marbles was identified; on the contrary, there were very limited imported materials, which came from the denizli, Aphrodisian and especially dokimeian quarries. The research also concerns a diachronic evaluation of the exploitation of the local quarries of Marmar Tepe, hierapolis-Gök dere and Thiounta in order to produce architectural elements for the building sites and sarcophagi of the necropolises.

The paper provides an overview of the supply of marbles in imperial-age Hierapolis. Five public buildings, with both civic and religious functions, and the so-called Tomba Bella are investigated. The data gathered help to complete the general panorama regarding the criteria adopted by public and private patrons of architecture in the period from the 1 st to the 3 rd centuries AD. KeyworDs: public and private buildings, imperial era, building sites, marble, Hierapolis.

lazzarInI 2015, with previous bibliography; see also Koralay in this volume (119-130). 2 attanasIo, pensaBene 2002. 3 BrIllI ET ALII 2015 and BrIl-lI ET ALII in this volume (101-118). 183 aBstraCt -the paper focuses on the archaeometric characterisation of the marble samples taken from artefacts of the urban area and the necropolises of hierapolis. a multi-methodological approach (petrographic analyses, analyses of the stable C-o isotopes, and cathodoluminescence analyses) was applied to determine the provenance of the marble used in the different monuments of the Imperial and Byzantine era. first, the paper presents the sampling strategies, the analytical methods applied and the instruments used in the project. then, for each monument, the various proposed provenances are discussed in relation to the general framework of the marble varieties extracted from the local district.

together with marbles and travertines, the local polychromatic breccia with a reddish matrix was extensively used in the city and necropolises of Hierapolis between the Imperial and the proto-byzantine eras. It was quarried immediately to the north of the urban area. the paper offers a complete overviews of the various quarry sites and discusses the use of this coloured stone in the public and private buildings of the city. Furthermore, an archaeometric study concerns the alteration phenomena detected in some pillars from the stoa-basilica, which are representative of two varieties of polychromatic breccia in terms of the compactness of the matrix microstructure.

For the quarries of Denizli and aphrodisias, the traditional minero-petrographic and isotopic analyses have been enriched with analyses based on cathodoluminescence, almost entirely absent from the literature. 29 on these quarries see DItaranto in this volume, 87-100. 30 these archaeometric analyses were coordinated by giovanni Quarta (Cnr-Ibam), mauro brilli (Cnr-Igag) and maría pilar lapuente mercadal (uea-ICaC) respectively. 31 attanasIo 2003, 201-208 (quarries of thiounta); attana-sIo, brIllI, ogle 2006, 177-179 (quarries of hierapolis), 179-183 (quarries of thiounta). 32 In attanasIo, pensabene 2002, the lack of knowledge of the marble of marmar tepe and the characterisation of only few samples of thiounta marble probably led to an overestimation of only few samples of the role of the quarries of aphrodisias (marble from which sometimes displays characteristics similar to the two hierapolis marbles mentioned above) in the procurement of building stone for the building sites of hierapolis. In this regard, see sCarDozzI in this volume, 421-438.

Lo studio dei terremoti antichi e delle loro testimonianze é stato generalmente condotto in maniera frammentaria e isolata. Quasi sempre, questi fenomeni sono stati indagati senza tentare un raífronto fra i varí episodí catastrofici: fonti sporadiche e approssimate hanno scoraggiato gli storici, e i pochi tentativi di studiare l'insieme della documentazione si sono risolti in aridi elenchi di fonti e date1. La ricerca si é svolta in due separate direzioni: da una parte lo studio delle antiche concezioni sismologiche, dall'altra quello delle testi monianze sui vari terremoti2. Entrambi gli argomenti, pri vad di un contesto piü ampio, si sono rivelati piuttosto mar ginali negli studi di antichistica. Una serie di pregiudizi ha finito per imporsi, e in certi casi i malintesi si sono molti plicati a catena3. Comunque, anche se tuttora manca un re 1 Fra i cataloghi sismici veri e propri v. H. Nissen, Italische Landeskunde I. Land und Leute, Berlin 1883, 283-288, per l'ltalia; A. Hermann, s. v. Erd beben, Reallex. f. Ant. u. Chr., V (1962), 1070-1113, solo a partiré dall'era cri stiana; l'annuncio di una raccolta delle fonti latine e greche é in Ν. Ν Ambraseys, Value of Historical Records of Earthquakes, Nature, 232, 1971 374-379. 2 Sulle antiche concezioni scientifiche vi é un breve saggio, assai super ficiale, di L. Chatelain, Théories d'auteurs anciens sur les tremblements des terre, MEFR,

Για τον ιδανικό ελληνιστικό βασιλιά, όπως παρουσιάζεται μέσα από τις επιγραφές και τους παπύρους, βλ. Schubart 1936. Κατά τον Noreña 2011, 315, τα βασιλικά ιδεώδη στην ελληνιστική εποχή διαμορφώνονταν αφενός μέσα από τον διάλογο μεταξύ βασιλέων και βασιλικής αυλής και αφετέρου μεταξύ βασιλέων και κοινοτήτων εντός της επικράτειάς τους. 135. Αν και η χρονολόγηση του έργου παραμένει επίμαχη, φαίνεται πως τοποθετείται τον 3ο αι. π.Χ.

5 σῆμα δέ, κεἰ τέχνα Φρύγιον λίθον ἔργῳ ἐλέ[γχει], ψεύδεται· ἐγ γαίης τῆσδε πέφυκε λίθος (CIG 4377, ll. 11-12; IGR III, 362) «The monument deceives, because although the workmanship makes it appear to be Phrygian stone, in reality the stone comes from this land» ANCIENT QUARRIES AND BUILDING SITES IN ASIA MINOR -ISBN 978-88-7228-819-1 -© 2016 • Edipuglia s.r.l. -www.edipuglia.it 8 see DI GIaCoMo in this volume, 33-42. 9 see lIMonCellI in this volume, 43-60. 10 see the papers by DITaRanTo, bRIllI ET ALII and koRalay in this volume, 87-130. 11 see the various papers in Chapter IV. 12 For an example of this approach, see also lonG in this volume, 681-692. 13 In this regard, see PonT in this volume, 733-742. 14 see the various papers in Chapter V. 15 see MasChek in this volume, 393-402. 16 In this regard, see D'anDRIa in this volume, 27-32. 17 see the various papers in Chapter VI. In this regard, see also MaTTeInI in this volume, 753-760.

Room: d'Enghien Hall Chairs: Gianluca Quarta, University of Salento, Italy 12 Concerning the extinction of the wild horse in Italy and the newly introduction as domesticate: recent evidence from Grotta dei Cervi -Porto Badisco (Otranto, south Italy)

Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen 16. Pergamon -Kyme -Priene: Health and disease from the Roman to the late Byzantine period in different locations of Asia Minor Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen 17. Toothache, back pain, and fatal injuries: What skeletons reveal about life and death at Roman and Byzantine Hierapolis Henrike Kiesewetter 18. Health and disease of infants and children in Byzantine Anatolia between AD 600 and 1350 Michael Schultz and Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz 19. Infant and child skeletons from the Lower City Church at Byzantine Amorium F. Arzu Demirel 20. The wrestler from Ephesus: Osteobiography of a man from the Roman period based on his anthropological and palaeopathological record

The issue of the rise of the thematic system of administration sparked off an intense debate that has engaged scholars for the past few decades. Those inclined to the view of a one-time reform have argued that the themata formed administrative units into which the Byzantine state was divided in the 7th century, and that the strategoi, who served as governors and commanders of particular themata, combined civil and military authority. However, it now seems that the changes in provincial administration were gradual, having been implemented over a period of more than three centuries. At some point in time, army units became permanently based in specific areas which evolved into military districts and which were then referred to by the names of those units. At the same time, the system of the Late Roman provinces headed by the praetorian prefects, the proconsuls and the praesides/consulares (archontes) continued to operate until the dawn of the 8th century. These officials must have retained at least some of their civil-judicial functions, since the state finances had been centrally administered by the mid-7th century. However, during that period, the military officials began to play an increasing role in civil administration, which affected not only the power held by the old civil officials, but also the extent to which their activity was reflected in primary sources.
From the 730s to the 750s Leon III and Konstantinos V introduced a number of reforms that consolidated the new system. The emperors dissolved the old provinces (most likely altogether) and abolished the office of provincial governor. At the same time, the terms thema and strategia, which were used synonymously, began to appear on various seals. Soon after that, the entire civil administration was reorganized along thematic lines. New officials were appointed (protonotarios, chartoularios, anagrapheus, etc.) to control the finances of the themata. However, judicial authority was left in the hands of the military governors. A century later, after a period of internal turmoil, possibly during the reign of Theophilos (829-842), the government appointed new judicial officials with a view to undermining the power of the strategos. These new officials were initially referred to by classicizing names (anthypatos, praitor). By the early 10th century, the Greek title krites (judge) had become dominant.

The term Roman Republican Portraits encompasses not only a uniquely Roman character but also a wide range of variables, reflecting its eclectic nature across different regions and periods within the territories under Roman rule. As evidenced by the limited number of surviving works, Republican portraiture underwent significant development throughout the 1st century BCE. Scholars consider this period the starting point of a distinctive Roman portrait style. The cultural interactions resulting from Roman expansionist policies can be traced in the stylistic characteristics of Republican portraiture. Following the conquest of the Greek world, particularly in the 1st century BCE, realistic portraits-referred to as Republican portraits-began to appear across the Mediterranean, including Anatolia. Most Anatolian-origin portraits reflect the influence of the Western Anatolian Hellenistic tradition. This study focuses on a male portrait found in Ephesus, examining its stylistic features and artistic context. The portrait represents an older man with distinctive characteristics, including deep nasolabial folds, sagging cheeks, prominent cheekbones, and a carefully sculpted fatty tissue under the chin. The portrait shares stylistic similarities with some examples found in Delos. The deep-set eyes, dramatic expression achieved through chiaroscuro effects, the sculpting of the hair, and the arrangement of facial wrinkles suggest a connection between the Ephesus Portrait and Roman administrator or merchant portraits discovered in Delos. Although some broken areas make it difficult to assess certain details, an analysis of the preserved sections indicates that the Ephesus Portrait can be dated between 80 and 50 BCE. In this context, the work stands as an important example that merges the realistic approach of Roman Republican portraiture with influences from Hellenistic art.

The commencement of construction works on the outskirts of the ancient town of Nusaybin has resulted in the unearthing of an ancient necropolis. In March 2023, the Mardin Museum organised an expedition with the objective of exploring the site’s potential and preserving the archaeological context of the features that had been uncovered. A geophysical survey of the area (covering more than 9,000 square metres) revealed the presence of
pits and scattered structures. The objective of the team was to locate as many burials as possible and extract their contents in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the town planning works currently underway. The exceptional discovery of a gold diadem is discussed in depth in this article. The final report on the excavations is presented here.

Stratonikeia, located in Eskihisar neighborhood of Yatağan District, Muğla Province, was a significant settlement in interior Caria during antiquity. Archaeological investigations have revealed evidence of ancient life and natural disasters, with seismic activity as crucial factor. The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake has heightened awareness of seismic threats to ancient ruins. The North City Gate complex exemplifies patterns of destruction and renewal, as seen after the 139 AD earthquake when Emperor Antoninus Pius provided 25,000 denarii for reconstruction. Construction expanded to include the Fountain Monument, North City Gate, North Colonnaded Street, and other Roman Imperial Period edifices. Following the 365 AD earthquake, repairs were overseen by Maximus of Stratonikeia, with the most recent significant seismic event in 1957. Current excavations continue to reveal evidence of historical seismic events, providing data for heritage preservation. The site's architectural features have been restored using anastylosis methodology to preserve cultural heritage for future generations.

This is the abstract of an online lecture with Ms Zoe Tsiami at the Αρχαιολογικοί Διάλογοι which will take place in Rethymno, Greece on 30 May 2025.
Archaeotourism or archaeological tourism, a form of cultural tourism that aims to promote public interest in archaeology while conserving historical sites, is one of the most significant parts of tourism in the eastern Mediterranean. In these countries, on a national and international level, archaeological sites have great social, cultural, and economic value. Archaeological sites are integral parts of regional histories, heritages, and identities. They are also often major tourist attractions. The economic potential has increased the pressure on archaeological sites to accommodate greater influxes of tourists and on the authorities in charge to open up more sites to tourism. Tourism expands local opportunities and brings in revenue, but it can also have serious impacts on sites. Archaeotourism must be considered carefully and entered cautiously. Steps must be taken to maintain the integrity of the site as both a cultural resource and as a subject for research and scholarship. If negotiated properly, many future possibilities lie in the cooperation between cultural managers and tourism experts. In this session we will explore the possibilities and best practices of presenting archaeological research and communicating the importance of archaeological heritage to an interested public as well as share innovative approaches to archaeotourism involving local communities, technology, and more.
In this paper we will examine steps of archaeotourism in Turkey and Greece in its beginning phase in the 1970s based on some key study sites, such as Ephesus, Pergamum, Sardis, Perge and Boğazköy in Turkey, and the region of Crete in Greece. Our goal is to understand if this phenomenon has achieved a benefit to current archaeological science in these two countries. Generally, archaeological tourism’s intent is to not cause more damage to the sites, thus avoiding becoming invasie tourism. When archaeological sites are run by tourist boards, ticket fees and souvenir revenues can become a priority. The trade off between opening a site to the public or remaining closed and keeping the site out of harm's way should be assessed. Damage to irreplaceable archaeological materials is not only direct, as when remains are disordered, altered, destroyed, or looted, but often an indirect result of poorly planned development of tourism amenities, such as hotels, restaurants, roads, and shops. These can alter the environment producing flooding, landslides, or undermining ancient structures.
Keywords: Public Archaeology • Heritage Tourism • Heritage Management • Preservation • Ethics • Tourism • 1970s • Turkey • Greece.

The 2 nd century AD historian Appian of Alexandria plays a crucial role in today's idea of a «Late Republic» which saw its starting point in 133 BC. In looking at the preface of Appian's Civil Wars, the historian's conception of Roman history is being analyzed within its contemporary intellectual and political context. In this analysisand in pursuing recent work on the Greco-Roman historiography of the Roman Empire-, the importance of Greek models of reflection (foremost Thucydides' concept of stasis) is stressed. Besides that, the paper deals with the interest in Appian's work among scholars in 16 th century Italy, especially concerning his idea of 133 BC being a major shift in Roman history. Here, one can retrace the transition of the Alexandrinian's periodization towards modern scholarship.

Kaiserzeitliche Inschriften und Münzen bezeugen eine intensive Rivalität zwischen den beiden pamphylischen Großstädten Perge und Side. Während die epigraphischen und numismatischen Quellen besonders für das 3. Jh. n. Chr. eine deutliche Sprache sprechen, lässt sich anhand der städtebaulichen Entwicklungen der Poleis ein mindestens bis in hadrianische Zeit zurückreichendes Konkurrenzverhältnis nachverfolgen. Der Wettstreit um regionalen Rang und kulturelle Geltung manifestierte sich vornehmlich in kostspieligen öffentlichen Bauprojekten, die sowohl von vermögenden Euergeten als auch von den Gemeinden selbst getragen wurden: Zusammen nutzten diese beiden Akteure urbane Architektur als Kommunikationsmedium gegenüber konkurrierenden Städten sowie den Repräsentanten Roms.
Besonders augenfällig offenbaren sich die Auswirkungen der Konkurrenz auf die Stadtbilder von Perge und Side in der Errichtung zeitlich eng aufeinanderfolgender Bauten gleichen Typs: Die wichtigsten Verkehrsadern beider Poleis erhielten im 2. Jh. n. Chr. fast gleichzeitig flankierende Säulenhallen. Der mit einer Tholos ausgestatteten Agora von Side folgte wenig später das Macellum in Perge, dessen Freifläche ebenfalls ein Rundbau dominierte. Auch die Theaterneubauten der beiden Städte scheinen kaum mehr als ein paar Jahrzehnte auseinanderzuliegen. Ein in Perge unter den Severern errichtetes, monumentales Nymphaeum konterte Side beinahe umgehend mit einem noch größeren Pendant vor den Toren der eigenen Stadt. Andererseits ließ die sidetische Antwort auf die prachtvolle Umgestaltung des Haupttors von Perge in hadrianischer Zeit hingegen etwa ein Jahrhundert auf sich warten, orientierte sich dann aber dennoch an der architektonischen Gestaltung des älteren Konkurrenzbaus.
Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchtet dieser Vortrag die städtebauliche Dimension der Rivalität zwischen den im kaiserzeitlichen Pamphylien um Vorrang streitenden Gemeinden Perge und Side. Einer Diskussion der historischen Zeugnisse folgt der diachrone Vergleich ihrer urbanistischen Entwicklungen, der schließlich Aufschluss über das wechselseitige Verhältnis von Architektur und Konkurrenz gibt und darüber hinaus neue Erkenntnisse zu städtebaulichen Dynamiken im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien formulieren lässt. Dabei zeigen sich neben den direkten Bezugnahmen der aufeinander reagierenden Bauprojekte auch unterschiedliche Gestaltungsstrategien, mit denen sich die einzelne Polis von ihrer jeweiligen Rivalin absetzen wollte.