Roman History

Déployée à partir d’un terrain sud-américain, l’anthropologie politique de Pierre Clastres pose de manière tranchante la question de la présence de l’État : ce dernier se situe-il dans la société ou au dehors ? Quel est le degré intrinsèque de verticalité que suppose son existence ? Par le biais de telles interrogations, Clastres a exploré les possibilités de sociétés sans État, ou plutôt activement « contre l’État ». L’objectif de cet article est de prendre au sérieux la théorie clastrienne ainsi que l’idée centrale d’une énergie du politique qui s’opposerait à l’État, afin de déterminer si de telles réflexions peuvent être utilisées (et à quel prix heuristique) pour mieux saisir les ambivalences de la polis athénienne, de la res publica romaine ou encore des pouvoirs de l’empereur romain.

The volume  Orosius. Seven books of histories against the Pagans  (Pisa University Press 2024) by Marco Di Branco won the  Sheikh Zayed Book Award, one of the world’s most prestigious prizes dedicated to Arabic literature and culture for the category Translation, dedicated to translations from or into Arabic.

The award, which recognises the important role of translators in enriching culture and promoting dialogue between peoples, honours intellectuals, authors and publishers who have distinguished themselves for their contributions to literature, culture and knowledge. This year’s award received a record 3,151 nominations. The award ceremony will take place during the Abu Dhabi International Book Fair in May.

This thesis argues that the historical figure now worshiped as “Christ” was a Roman-invented counterfeit designed to erase and replace the revolutionary, anti-monetary movement founded by Judas the Galilean and his brother James the Just. Drawing upon the Dead Sea Scrolls, suppressed early church writings, and the work of scholars like Robert Eisenman, this study exposes how the so-called “Fourth Philosophy”—a spiritual-communal resistance rooted in Pythagorean principles and Torah-observant purity—posed the most existential threat ever faced by the Roman imperial economy. In response, Roman and Temple authorities collaborated to forge a new religious identity: a pacified, Rome-compatible “Christ” figure inserted retroactively into sacred texts and used to reset time itself. This fraud, attributed in part to the apostle Paul—whose teachings subverted the Torah and glorified submission to empire—resulted in the global dominance of a counterfeit messiah whose attributes more closely align with the archetype of Belial, the deceiver warned against in both the Dead Sea Scrolls and the letters of Paul himself. By recovering the suppressed legacy of James the Just and the anti-money revolution at Qumran, this work reveals the catastrophic consequences of the “Christ” deception on human consciousness, autonomy, and historical memory, and offers a path toward awakening by confronting the fraud that reset time.

suoi interessi di studio sono rivolti all'erudizione e alla grammatica antica, alla tradizione e studio dei classici, in particolare di Cicerone, nella cultura e nella scuola antiche. Organizza da vari anni il Simposio Ciceroniano di Arpino, che raccoglie gli interventi di studiosi italiani e stranieri su tematiche ciceroniane e ha pubblicato numerosi lavori sulla ricezione di Cicerone in epoca antica. Il volume contiene gli Atti del XIII Simposio Ciceroniano, svoltosi nel maggio 2024 in occasione del XLIII Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas, e raccoglie tre relazioni. La prima, di Alice Borgna, è dedicata alle vicende familiari di Quinto, nipote di Cicerone e di Attico, e ci fornisce uno spaccato delle dinamiche familiari che coinvolgono un giovane su cui pesano i legami sociali e politici fra due importanti famiglie come quelle cui appartengono i suoi due zii. La seconda, di Barbara Del Giovane, ci introduce in un aspetto forse meno noto della personalità dell'Arpinate: l'uso dell'ironia e dell'umorismo, valorizzato nel mondo antico e del quale restano numerose testimonianze. Infine Alfredo Casamento descrive, a partire da un episodio narrato nella IX Filippica, l'importanza che Cicerone attribuisce alle statue onorarie come testimonianza delle virtù civili di un personaggio, destinate, pur nella loro impossibilità di costituire una memoria perenne, a fornire stimolo e impulso all'esercizio di tali virtù.

The thesis deals with glass vessels from the Roman auxiliary fort at Iža, bridgehead of Brigetio. The finds come from both phases of its existence (175 – last quarter of the 4th century), and also from the postvalentinian period (till the half of the 5th century). The main goal of the thesis was to create detailed analysis of the glass vessels within context of the glass-production in the northern Pannonia. The finds consists of 3216 glass
fragments, but only 25 % of them were identified typologically. Most of them were used for drinking. Other vessels served as a container for olis, cosmetics and ointments, to serve liquids and food, to store liquids and for other purposes. Vessels, which are from the period till the half of the 3rd century, were most probably produced in the glass workshop in Brigetio. Origin of the later artefacts is questionable. Some of them could be imported from other provinces.

Dernekler, topluluklar veya birlikler, insanları belirli ortak amaçlar doğrultusunda bir araya getiren ve kent yaşamında dikkat çeken örgütlenmeler ya da sosyal ağlardır.
Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kentleri de bu tür dernekler açısından zengin bir tarihsel geçmişe sahiptir.
Çeşitli araştırmacıların katkıda bulunduğu bu kolektif kitap, mezar stelleri, onurlandırma yazıtları gibi epigrafik buluntuların ya da çeşitli Eskiçağ kaynaklarının etkili şekilde kullanılması yoluyla Eskiçağda Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kentlerindeki dernekler ve birlikler üzerine odaklanmakta, bu sayede kentsel yaşamdaki toplumsal ve sosyo-ekonomik ağları görünür kılmayı amaçlamaktadır.

***

Associations, communities or unions are organisations or social networks that bring people together for certain common purposes and attract attention in urban life. Anatolian and Eastern Mediterranean cities have a rich historical background in terms of such associations.
This collective volume, to which various scholars have contributed, focuses on associations and unions in ancient Anatolian and eastern Mediterranean cities through the efficient use of epigraphic finds such as funerary stelae, honorary inscriptions, and other ancient sources, and aims to make visible the social and socio-economic networks in urban life.

Во трудот се презентирани конзерваторско-реставраторските работи со делумна реконструкција на објектот Стоа, од класичниот период на археолошкиот локалитет Вардараски Рид – Гевглија. Конзерваторско реставраторските работи се изведени во 2001, 2002 и 2008 година, врз основа на претходно изработени два Елаборати за конзервација, реставрација и реконструкција во 2001 и 2008 година. Клучни зборови: стоа, конзервација, реставрација, реконструкција, супструкција, суперструкциј

The Roman conquest of Gaul initiated a prolonged and uneven process of cultural transformation, often framed in terms of "Romanization." This term, while widely used, encompasses a complex spectrum of interactions between Roman imperial power and indigenous Gallic traditions. Central to this process is the interplay between cultural imposition (the “push” of Roman norms) and voluntary adoption (the “pull” of Roman prestige). While the mechanisms and extent of Romanization remain debated, archaeological and literary evidence clearly indicate that Roman cultural influence became increasingly visible in Gaul over time.

Contributi e saggi pubblicati in questo volume sono stati valutati preventivamente secondo il criterio internazionale della Double-blind Peer Review. I diritti di traduzione, riproduzione e adattamento totale o parziale e con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche) sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. L'editore è a disposizione degli aventi diritto per eventuali riproduzioni tratte da fonti non identificate.

This volume gathers the proceedings discussed in a 2023 Workshop organised at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid by the Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología in collaboration with the Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità of Sapienza Università di Roma. These papers address problems of an onomastic nature from a legal (not linguistic) perspective: the basic idea is that Roman onomastics cannot be dissociated from the legal status of people. An attempt is being made to valorise the less common names which are distant from the classic Roman onomastic system based on the tria nomina. The Spanish situation is compared with that of Northern Italy, whose inscriptions also present various problems of interpretation. More than answers and solutions, this volume aims to reopen the discussion on topics related to “Romanization” that are always fascinating.

Karia kenti olan Kaunos'ta yapılan kazılar sonucunda, kentin Bizans Dönemi hakkında bilgi veren cam buluntular ele geçmi tir. Toplam 100 parçadan olu an cam grubunun büyük bir kısmını kadehler, ikinci büyük grubunu kandiller ve geriye kalan bölümünü ise çe itli masa kapları olu turmaktadır. De erlendirilen parçaların içinde, Erken Bizans Dönemi'ni yansıtan tipik formların yanında, huni a ızlı i e ya da konik gövdeli kandiller gibi Geç Roma Dönemi cam gelene inin devamı niteli indeki formlar da yer almaktadır.

This short article highlights the discovery of a Roman canal in the polder Rijnenburg in Utrecht (NL) in 2024. With an estimated length not much over 1 km, the canal cleverly connected the Rhine with the first active river branch to the south, a forerunner of the Hollandse IJssel. For some time, starting in the mid-first century, Roman army personnel appears to have been active at sites guarding the end-points of the canal, the northern one possibly taking the form of a fortlet. The fieldwork was part of a multidisciplinary survey and assessment of the archaeological potential of a fossile channel-belt immediately south of the Roman frontier along the Old Rhine. This survey produced evidence of dense population in first and second centuries.

In one of the most important mining centres of the ancient Central Balkans, known as Municipium DD (contemporary small town of Socanica), the remains of a temple dedicated to Emperor Hadrian’s companion, Antinous were discovered along with different epigraphic monuments and archaeological objects. In this paper, through architectural and archaeological analysis, a proposed interpretation of the temple’s appearance and archaeological objects dated to the same
period as the temple and discovered in the sacral place or its vicinity, is presented. The interpretation of all finds shows that
the 2nd century temple belonged to the Ionic order of temples, which is a significant fact bearing in mind Emperor Hadrian’s respect and love for the Greek culture and art. The temple of the young Bythynian Antinoeion in Municipium DD lasted only briefly (it was presumably later transformed into Jupiter’s temple or a Capitolium) and the imperial effort of spreading the cult of Antinous from the mentioned mining site was carried on not only by the mining administrators and miners, but also other high
officials in the city administration, high officials in the Roman army, etc. The establishment of the Antinous cult far away from its heartlands in Asia Minor, Greece and Rome, attests to Hadrian’s continued wish to spread the cult of his companion in all parts of the Imperium and to offer a hellenophonic vision of a heterogeneous Roman Empire.
Key words - Antinous, Municipium DD, Hadrian, Moesia Superior, temple

During the period of Roman rule in the Central Balkan Roman provinces, among other oriental cults, like the Syrian cult of Sol Invictus or the Persian cult of Mithras, Asia Minor deities and theologies were considerably favoured. Epigraphic and archaeological evidence confirms the existence of the cults of Magna Mater, Attis, Iuppiter Dolichenus, Sabazius, Iuppiter Turmasgades, Iuppiter Melanus, Mēn, and Artemis of Ephesus. However, in the eastern parts of the Central Balkan Roman provinces, certain religious syncretism is emphasized, which can be connected to the strong Thracian influence in the mentioned territory. This paper examines the ways and the degree to which Thracian culture penetrated the religious beliefs and funerary rites of the population that inhabited the eastern parts of the Central Balkans in Antiquity.

A monumental altar was found in the very centre of Belgrade, ancient Singidunum, in 1932, with iconographic scenes of the sacrificial procession for a ritual animal sacrifice - immolatio. The scenes depict the procession of sacrificial animals to the altar known as pompa, by the victimarii, but also represent priests of a lower rank (flamines minores), with ritual utensils like a wine-pitcher, patera and acerra, used for the ritus of purification which precedes the sacrifice and for ritual acts during the sacrifice. The altar from Singidunum represents a unique monument with the described iconography in the territory of Moesia Superior and it has only been published in catalogue form to date, never fully analysed or interpreted. Through the analysis of its iconography, typology, function, geographically closest analogies and possible context of its finding, new conclusions regarding the praxis of public ritual sacrifice are brought to light related to the period from the second half...

Although the Parthian State was founded by Arsaces in 239/238 BC, it became an Empire in 165/164 BC when Mithridates I came to power. The formation of the Empire in a very short time can be explained by several reasons. During the reigns of Mithridates the First and Mithridates the Second the Parthians greatly expanded their borders. With the decline of the Seleucid rule in Mesopotamia and Syria, the Parthians consolidated those areas and approached Armenia politically. This alliance later formed the basis of the Roman-Parthians wars because this expansion of the Parthians also attracted the attention of Rome. The conquest of Scythia territory by Parthians was referred to ancient sources as a power equivalent to Rome. Moreover, during the imperial period, the Parthians also stand out as the dominant political actor in the East. Even the Chinese Emperor Wu both signed an trade agreement with Mithridates the second and made an alliance against the Hsiung-nu danger. Therefore, the Parthians being the dominant power in Mesopotamia and Syria changed the destiny of many states in the Near East.

la commune de Mouriès s'cttend sur trois régions n:rtulelles r.oisines aux ressources agricolcs cornplérnentaires : dcs ch:rî- nons calcaires au norcl, puis la dépression c1c la vallée des Baux er le cL<br-rt de lir plrrine de galets de Ia Crau vers le sud. Une teile sitr,r:rtion de cont,rct a favorisé tr'ès tôt la fixation de 1a population, cor-nme le montrent cle nombreux vestiges archéo- logiques. La zone archéologiquc la plus notable se trouvc à r-rn peu plLrs de deux kilomètres au nord-est du village de Mouriès. Elle juxtapose un habitat de hautettr, l'oppidum des Caisses, et en contrebas, du côté sud, des sitcs de plaine (habitats et nécro- polcs). Lensemble cou\rre plus dc dix hectarcs. Son occupa- tion, commcncée aux VI'-V' s. ar'. J.-C. s'est polLt'sttivie itrs- qu'à la {in du Bas-Empire1. 'Direcreur rle recherche au CINRS, tilv{il 6573 Aix-eu-Provcnce. -'Profèsseur honorairc. (1) Le terme de C:risses est lc seul à être utilisé par Les ancietls clocritncnts: « montagne cles (laisscs , (recetrsemct.tt f-oncier de 1790). " les Caisscs ' (pl,rrl cadastral de 18J0, lc rom de Jc:rn-Jean r1ésignc le quartier agricole au bas dr.t versant sucl clcs Claisses. Lappellation Caisses cle Saint fean. coLlrilrllment eniplor'ée depuis ljernand Beuoit, cst inerlcte. Llle trouve son origine chez L. Rochetin qrLi, cn 1894, a associé ces deux nor)s en postulant qratuitcmcnt l'cxistencc cl'rrne chapellc sur I'oppirlurr. (lf. L. llochctin, Tindrzr. Unc cles sta- ticrrrs de I:r rtrie aurélie nne clans la Haute I'ror.encc. Ment. Sor. Acad. Vur/txr:, XI\a 1895. p. L8-3,1). Le site est connu dcpr-ris longremps pour sa richesse en monnaies massaliètes mais itussi romaines. Bien peu ont été publiécs ;usqu'à maintenant. Depuis 1e début dcs années 1980, un lot notable d'exemplaires, trouvés en coLlrs de fouille ou clc prospection de surlàce a pu être rér-rni, i1 f:rit l'objet dc cette étude. PRÉSE,NTATION DU SITE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE (rrc. 1) Loppidum dcs Caisses est établi à l'cxtrémité d'une combc amélrâgée par l'érosion dans un chaînon calcaile. Il pouvait ainsi surveillcr Ie débouché par 1e Destet de la travelsée cles Alpillcs qui emprunte le défiIé de La Vallongue. Des falaises abruptes protégeaicnt le vill:rge pr:otohistoriqlte sur trois côtés. A 1'ouest, l'accès par la con-rbe plus vulnér'ablc, était contrôlé par deux remparts successifi ((iateau et (lazenbeek 1999). Lhistoirc cles for-rilles s'ouvrc avec Fernand Ber-roit, qui déqage, en 1934-1935, dc nombreuses habitations de pierrc sèche (Benoit 1t)34 et 1936) Puis, de 1939 à 1942, il étudie un sectelrr du rcmpart prir-rcipal (Benoit 1939 et Bcnoit I948, I 39-140 ; Malcaclal 1985 a et b) ct 1, découvre , en remPloi, des fi-:rgmerrts dc stèles cultuelles datant du premier Âge dLr Fer' 11 anah,sera par ia suite, à plusieurs reprises, Ie syntbolisme dc Mtt ù Lt \DC1L.LS t t\\ t t V11 t.t ^,, 8,, t 2000, D. tîJ-)\q 244 Ért.'Ltt.s n(-'Ht:.oLOGr()ttL5 L)L et,tLLeuEt srrls J.-C. fucueno et Y. Metceo,rr. I '...:.-f -\Y-AE Fig. l. L'oppiduru des Caisses et sott enuirottrrcnLent lrchéolop.irlue ; 1 ) rtglomlrdtion prorohistorique da l'oppidum 2) p i étno nt mériclion a I 3) zone de /a uicropole r/tL chetnin de Cdgdlou (liniru pt.icise, iitto;»trrt',). leul décor: gr:rvé de chevaux er de car.aliers brar-rdissanr Lln iar-e- lot2. Les recherche s ne replendront qu'i\ parriL de 1980 (fouilles Il Àrcelin ct Y. Marcadal). Le remparr iir.r'e alors de nouveaux fi'agments de stèles et s'ar,ère de structure plus cor-r-r- plexe (Marcadal 1992 b; Coignard et lv{arcadal 1998) que cel1e décrite par F. Bcnoit, tandis que les grandes lienes de la chronologie du site sont établies à parril de la foLLilie de dcux quartiers d'habitation séparés (Ga//ia 1986). On rclèr.e ainsi quelques traces d'habitat à l'Âge du bronze Iinal III B. l\{ais 1a première occupation importante se fait surtout au Vt s. ar.. J.- C., avcc un sanctuaire de plein air probable auquel se rappor- teraient 1es srè1es du rempart er des srrllcrures d'habitar. Àplès une longue période d'abandon, un village fortifié s'insralle r.ers (2) F. Bcnoir a lait diposer plusicurs fragments tle srèles, consen.és clepilis au N{usée Réattu cl'Arlcs, puis transférés au Musée de l'Arles antiqLLu; inrrnr.rirc er

Buluntuyu oluşturan sikkelerin darphanelere göre dağılımına baktığımızda Antiochia (Orontes) (3), Ticinum (1), Roma (2), Aquileia (1), Thessalonica (2) Heraclea (9), Constantinopolis (38), Nicomedia (42), Cyzicus (42), Antiochia (Pisidia) (81) ve Alexandria (13) darphaneleri sikkeleri yer alır. 74 adet sikkenin ise darphanesi okunamamıştır. Buluntuda en erken tarihli sikke MS 197-198'e tarihlenen Septimius Severus Dönemi'nde, en geç tarihli sikke ise MS 350/55 yılları arasında Constantius Gallus Dönemi'nde darp ettirilmiştir. Buluntuda Antiochia (Pisidia) darphanesi sikkeleri en yüksek orana sahiptir

Cuvinte-cheie: dava, castrum, castellum, Moesia Inferior Rezumat. Poziţia geografică a sitului i-a conferit un loc aparte în preocupările strategice şi economice ale imperiilor şi populaţiilor care au intrat în contact cu spaţiul dunăreano-pontic, fapt dovedit de numărul, varietatea şi calitatea descoperirilor arheologice, fortuite sau datorate cercetărilor sistematice. De aceea, situl de la Bărboşi ocupă o poziţie cheie în evoluţia şi înţelegerea unor fenomene istorice din ultimul secol are erei păgâne şi din primul secol al erei creştine din regiunea Dunării de Jos. Cercetările arheologice moderne au pus în evidență o aşezare getodacică fortificată cu trei nivele de locuire; materialele cele mai timpurii se datează la sfârșitului secolului II a. Chr., iar cele mai târzii din timpul lui Domitianus (81-96), eventual până spre războaiele daco-romane de la începutul secolului al doilea creștin. În aşezarea getică, apărată pe latura accesibilă de un şanţ şi un val cu palisadă, s-au descoperit variate tipuri de complexe (locuinţe, ateliere,gropi etc.), cu un inventar bogat şi variat. Numărul mare al importurilor identificate, coroborat cu amplasarea strategică în zona unor importante artere navale și terestre, a reliefat o intensă activitate economică de desfacere a unor produse greceşi şi, apoi, romane spre popoarele de la nordul Dunării. Suprapusă pe o nivelare care a afectat, în mare parte, vestigiile anterioare, locuirea romană se dezvoltă, inițial, în contextul războaielor dacoromane, în zonă fiind identificate: a) un castellum, ridicat într-o primă etapă din pământ, iar la scurt timp din piatră (din zidul de incintă se mai păstrează o porţiune a laturii estice cu turnul din colţul de sud-est și unele segmente pe celelalte laturi), b) un castrum din piatră situat la vest de castellum, din care au mai putut fi explorate, parţial, doar laturile de vest și nord (dimensiunile probabile 350 x 150 m.).

In 1969, Anselm Kiefer traveled through France and Italy and then published a series of photographs entitled "Besetzungen," or Occupations. These photographs depict the artist "occupying" different European sites, his right arm raised in the Hitler salute. 2 The series starts with Kiefer, shot from below as he stands on top of a government building, performing the Sieg Heil gesture, and ends with the artist facing the Baltic shore, his right arm again raised in the fascist "gesture of conquest." 3 We see Kiefer's back, and both setting and pose recall paintings by Caspar David Friedrich-not one of the mountain landscapes that Nazi artists copied with their granite quarries, but Friedrich's Wanderer above the Misty Sea (ca. 1818). This last shot of the series is preceded by two photographs of Kiefer-facing us as he stands first in front of the Colosseum, then inside (figure E.1). The photographs of Kiefer at the Colosseum follow upon a shot of him, standing amid the ruins of Paestum-those "Doric" temples that Speer admired so much on his Grand Tour to Italy in 1935. Kiefer introduces the theme of the Nazis' neo-Roman mimesis early in the series with two shots: the occupier in Arles's Roman graveyard and the artist in Montpellier, standing in front of

Byzantská říše patřila v době raného středověku k námořním
velmocem, a proto organizace jejího námořnictva, stejně jako
technika stavby lodí, navigace a síť přístavů, odráží komplexitu
této pro impérium životně důležité instituce. Článek se zabývá
otázkou struktury a fungování byzantského námořnictva mezi
4. až 12. stol. Po stručném historickém přehledu, ve kterém jsou
akcentovány události, jež přímo ovlivnily podobu byzantského
námořnictva (např. ztráta východních a afrických provincií, ztráta
a znovudobytí Kréty), následuje popis jeho organizace v rámci
správních oblastí a velitelské struktury. Dále jsou představena
nejtypičtější plavidla, včetně jejich výstroje a modifikací.
Pozornost je věnována také vrakům a nakonec jsou uvedeny
příklady byzantských přístavů a jejich charakteristika, kterou
musely splňovat pro optimální fungování námořních cest.
Vzhled a funkce byzantských přístavů a přírodních kotvišť jsou
demonstrovány na vybraných lokalitách z Kréty.

Revue de l'équipe de recherche ERASME Université Toulouse -Jean Jaurès (UT2J) Anabases dispose d'un Comité de lecture international. Chaque article envoyé à la rédaction est soumis, une fois anonymisé, à l'expertise de deux spécialistes qui rendent un rapport écrit. Les deux rapports anonymisés sont transmis à l'auteur qui tient compte des observations en vue de la publication.

Influential studies in the history of cartography have argued that map-like representations of space were (virtually) unknown in the Classical Mediterranean world and that the cause of this was an absence of underlying cognitive maps. That is, persons in that time/place purportedly had only route/egocentric-type mental representations, not survey/allocentric ones. The present study challenges that cognitive claim by examining the verbal descriptions of plots of land produced by ancient Roman land-measurers. Despite the prescription of a route-based form, actual representations persistently show a variety of features which suggest the existence of underlying survey-type mental models and the integration of those with the route-type ones. This fits better with current views on interaction between types of spatial representation and of cultural difference in this area. The evidence also suggests a linkage between the two kinds of representations.

When we think of Romans, Julius Caesar or Constantine might spring
to mind. But what was life like for everyday folk – those who gazed up at
the palace rather than looking out from within its walls? In this book,
Jeremy Hartnett offers a detailed view of an average Roman, an individual
named Flavius Agricola. Though Flavius was only a generation or
two removed from slavery, his successful life emerges from his careful
commemoration in death: a poetic epitaph and life-sized marble portrait
showing him reclining at table. This ensemble not only enables
Hartnett to reconstruct Flavius’ biography, as well as his wife’s, but also
permits a nuanced exploration of many aspects of Roman life, such as
dining, sex, worship of foreign deities, gender, bodily display, cultural
literacy, religious experience, blended families, and visiting the dead at
their tombs. Teasing provocative questions from this ensemble,
Hartnett also recounts the monument’s scandalous discovery and extraordinary afterlife over the centuries.

À l’occasion de la parution du livre Theater der Macht : die Inszenierung der Politik in der römischen Republik (Munich, C. H. Beck, 2023), cet article revient sur le rôle politique de la plèbe de Rome sous la République dans l’œuvre de son auteur, K. J. Hölkeskamp. En replaçant cet ouvrage, aussi bien dans le débat qui en est directement à l’origine (sur la nature, aristocratique ou démocratique, de la République romaine) que dans un iter historiographique plus large portant sur la place accordée, depuis Mommsen, au peuple ou à la plèbe dans la vie politique républicaine, il tente de mieux cerner l’apport des travaux de K. J. Hölkeskamp à la compréhension de la culture politique des masses urbaines, d’en mesurer l’originalité et la finesse, d’en montrer les limites. Malgré des évolutions notables, sur la durée de sa carrière, dans le discours de K. J. Hölkeskamp, la place accordée aux acteurs non aristocratiques de la vie politique demeure celle d’éternels mineurs, cantonnés à reconnaître et légitimer la grandeur de leurs supérieurs.

Epigraphists, most of whom are specialists in the Imperial period due to the growing number of inscriptions from that time, are familiar with the practice of highlighting the title of consul, abbreviated to COS, in senatorial careers in descending order by placing it at the beginning of the inscription just after the senator's name, even though this magistracy was usually no longer held at the end of a career. 1 This particularity might theoretically suggest that the abbreviation COS is actually short for co(n)s(ularis), rather than for co(n)s(ul), since the consular powers exercised by those who had held the office were the last and highest in the cursus honorum of the Imperial period, ranging from imperial legateships and proconsulships (of Africa and Asia) to the urban prefecture. 2 27 Hurlet 2021a. 28 In the forty-one years between the provincial reform in 27 and the death of Augustus in AD 14, if the princeps and the members of his family (Tiberius, Drusus the Elder, Caius Caesar and Germanicus) are excluded, there were 107 consuls, ordinary and suffect. According to the evidence currently available, of these forty-five are known to have been proconsuls of Africa or Asia. In chronological order (data provided by the "Broughton augustéen" research programme), the list is as follows: M.

La figura de Pablo de Tarso constituye un elemento fundamental en la conformación del cristianismo. Su interpretación acerca del mesianismo de Jesús de Nazaret marcó el devenir del judaísmo del siglo I y generó numerosas disputas en el seno de esta religión. Tras su muerte, muchos fueron los que siguieron las pautas establecidas por él acerca de la interpretación de Jesús como Mesías. Estos primeros seguidores fueron los que escribieron los Evangelios, unas fuentes fundamentales, junto con las epístolas paulinas, en el naciente cristianismo. Así pues, se estaba conformando una nueva religión, cuya fundación recaía en una persona de doble naturaleza, divina y humana (Jesús), y cuya muerte y resurrección determinaba la llegada del Reino de Dios y la expiación de los pecados. Inmediatamente después tendría que venir la parusía o «Segunda venida de Cristo», pero esta terminó retrasándose y llevó a sus seguidores a tener que solucionar algunos problemas. Al final, la larga espera facilitó el desarrollo de ciertas estructuras de mando en el seno de las comunidades primitivas que fueron las que más tarde, junto con la propensión hacia la conformación de un canon testamentario, determinaron el nacimiento de la religión cristiana y su Iglesia.