Roman History

Junto a esculturas fúnebres situadas en iglesias y conventos extremeños, encontramos animales que custodian al finado. En la Baja Edad Media comienzan a colocarse esculturas de animales -perros y leones-en las esquinas de los sarcófagos o a los pies de la escultura del difunto. Eran los protectores del fallecido en el Más Allá. Aunque algunos autores consideraban que se colocaban allí para evitar que el difunto volviera y así proteger a los vivos. Tanto el perro como el león son guías en el reino de los muertos. No obstante, el león tiene otro significado más, es un símbolo de fuerza y justicia. Un sencillo rastreo por el registro arqueológico realizado en varios lugares donde se han localizado felinos nos transporta a contextos funerarios y rituales de la antigüedad. No olvidemos la asociación egipcia de los chacales y perros salvajes con deidades funerarias y los propios mitos de los egipcios acerca de ellos. Los dioses chacales persistieron en Egipto hasta la época romana, como se ve en los sarcófagos. En lo referente a los leones y su asociación con la muerte, podemos citar los leones de Fu, unos animales míticos que tienen su origen en la tradición budista y que, consecuentemente, están bastante difundidos en el Sudeste Asiático (China, Japón, Corea, Tailandia...). Son conside-rados como un símbolo de protección contra malos espíritus (demonios), malas energías y malas personas. Por esta razón se solían adornar palacios y edificios con figuras de leones.

Review of a book about three important writers of the Second Sophistic (Dio of Prusa, Aelius Aristides, Lucian) presenting some problematic claims about them (according to the author, they cared only for self-presentation, and nothing about their lives or the people they interacted with can be known for sure from their work).

Este libro trata sobre la política de guerra y el uso político de la paz durante los gobiernos de Trajano y Adriano, analizando las distintas fuentes documentales.
This book discusses war policy and the political use of peace during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, analyzing various documentary sources.

This article traces the evolution of the well-known Legiones Cannenses from a citizen army into a professional force, possibly the first in the history of the Roman army. I shall focus on three main aspects
of this transformation. First, I shall deal with the split of the legionaries from civic life, in the wake of the battle of Cannae. The Roman senate in 215 BCE decided to strip the survivors of the battle of their civil
rights and sent them to garrison Sicily. The decision of the Senate created a mercenary force, different from the rest of the Roman army. Then, I shall examine the peculiar commitment of the soldiers to some of the most important warlords, such as Marcellus, Scipio, and Flamininus, who in turn were in command of the Legiones Cannenses during the Second Punic War and the Second Macedonian War. The last topic discussed in this part are the changes in the tactical composition of the Legiones Cannenses, evident in the African campaign. By then, the tactical composition of the Legiones Cannenses looked very much akin to that of the Late Republican legions. The cohors had taken the place of the manipulum as the main tactical unit.

This book assumes, as do earlier studies, that the reconfiguring of Luxor Temple as the spine of a military camp, and the placement of the Roman paintings at its center, took place Chapter 2 figure 2.1 Plan of Luxor Temple showing Roman fortifications. dating the luxor camp and the politics of building in the tetrarchic era susanna mcfadden

E ntregamos una de las fuentes epigráficas más i�portantes y notables de la antigüedad romana. Se trata del llamado "testamento político" del emperador Augusto, que él mismo con seguridad dictó, y que fue instalado frente a su tumba, una vez fallecido. No sabemos por qué extraña circunstan cia, los traductores de lengua española no lo han considerado hasta la fecha, conociéndose sólo una, la de un colega chileno publicada en 1984 1 . Bajo Luis XIV, los franceses Tournefort (1701) y Lucas (1705), nos proporcio narán las primeras copias de este documento. Pero la primera publicación seria será realizada en el siglo XIX, por Georges Perrot y Edmond Guillaume, al regreso de una misión científica en la que participaron en 1861 en los territorios de Bitinia y Galacia. Una veintena de años después, Humann, cónsul de Alemania en Esmirna, en posesión de excelentes testimonios, actualmente conservados en el museo de Berlín, permite a Mommsen establecer el texto de su edición de 1883, sobre la base de la totalidad de la inscripción. El "Monumento de Ancyra" deviene ilustre, y es motivo de interés para la investigación. Es encontrada la totalidad del texto latino, además de fragmen tos del texto griego. Más adelante, cierto número de fragmentos pertenecientes a otras copias de la Res Gestae, son descubiertos en Apolonia y en Antioquía de Pisidia, estos últimos hace pocos años; también se encontrarán en Galacia. La posibilidad de cotejar los textos de Antioquía y Apolonia, permiten comprobar, y eventualmente completar, algunas de las lagunas del texto de Ancyra. Sobre los restos encontrados en Apolonia, cabe destacar la importancia de la misión anglo-americana de 1930, dirigida por M.

Raúl Buono-Core Varas * He elegido este tema porque considero que la mejor evocación que puedo hacer de un maestro y amigo de la estatura de Héctor Herrera es viéndolo en la cátedra universitaria, lugar que amó y en que se sintió siempre muy a sus anchas, y desde el cual entregó su saber durante tanto tiempo. Enseñar no es tarea fácil, pero para Héctor Herrera daba la impresión que no le significaba mayor problema. Sabía darle a la cátedra universitaria la dignidad y autoridad que pocos alcanzan. Sus palabras resonaban en el aula con fuerza y vigor, creando una atmósfera de silencio, de respeto y de admiración, con un dominio escénico que posibilitaba el conocimiento, y el saber penetraba todos sus espacios imponiéndose como un manto erudito y refinado. En este trabajo haré justamente eso, y me referiré a la lección inaugural que él dictara el 14 de abril de 1972 a los alumnos de primer año del

La diplomacia romana en la monarquía: una escuela para la diplomacia moderna * Roman diplomacy during the monarchy: a school for modern diplomacy Raúl Buono-Core V.** RESumEn Este artículo tiene como principal objetivo destacar cómo en el período de la monarquía romana ya se pueden ver importantes iniciativas de parte de los reyes, con el fin de mantener buenas relaciones con sus vecinos. Los mecanismos empleados, como las embajadas, los acuerdos y tratados, todos ellos amparados y avalados por el derecho y los dioses, nos permiten distinguir ya fórmulas de carácter diplomático, que se convertirán en las bases de la convivencia de Roma con otros pueblos y culturas, como también, en un sistema para las relaciones exteriores que, en muchos de sus aspectos, los encontramos en la diplomacia actual.

The author analyses Romulus' role, monarch that, albeit having an aggressive image, he expresses himself through formal diplomatic actions, as a governor that, above all, attempts to avoid conflicts with the neighboring peoples. Secondly, the government of Numa Pompilius, pacific and religious king that renounces to the use of force and creates a diplomacy through which he seeks to maintain the best relationships with the peoples of the Lazio, is studied. Romulus lays the foundations of a formal diplomacy and Numa enjoys it and increases it.

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em . Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso.

RAÚL BUONO-CORE V. NO EXISTE NINGUNA OBRA DE SÍNTESIS sobre la diplomacia romana para el período real y republicano. Para Grecia destaca la obra de F. Adcok y D.J. Mosley 1 , y recientemente la de L. Piccirilli 2 . Algunos inventarios sobre embajadas se prepararon a finales del siglo XIX, pero estos no fueron muy profundos; son las listas de A. Thurm o de Th. Büttner-Wobst, este último se ocupa solo de las misiones en Roma, o la más reciente de P. Knibbe quien hace el inventario solo de las embajadas enviadas por el senado hacia el Oriente entre el año 230 y 129 a.C 3 . Existe otro catálogo de delegaciones romanas en el Mediterráneo, pero es incompleto, porque trata solo desde el año 507 hasta el 129 a.C., lo preparó E. Krug; mientras que B. Schleussner se interesa solo en los comités senatoriales de diez miembros encargados de establecer las condiciones de la paz después de las victorias de Roma 4 . Recientemente B.E. Thomason 5 ha trabajado sobre las misiones diplomáticas entre la segunda guerra púnica y Actium, y F. Canali De 1

El presente artículo forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre los diversos aspectos de la diplomacia en la antigua Grecia desde, los orígenes hasta la ocupación romana. Junto con ser la primera diplomacia europea, se estudia las principales características de los embajadores griegos de las diversas polis, pudiéndose constatar, a partir de la evidencias que las fuentes contienen, que fueron personajes de gran responsabilidad, prestigio y conocimientos, extraordinariamente profesionales en el desempeño de sus misiones, que buscaron la paz y el entendimiento, demostrándose en muchos aspectos, que fueron, en gran medida, un fundamento para los diplomáticos modernos.

VIOLENCIA Y BENEVOLENCIA EN LA VIDA POLITICA ROMANA DE LA PRIMERA REPUBLICAR) Raúl Buono-Core Varas Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. Chile Este breve análisis se centrará en la Primera República romana, dado que este tema ha sido bien ...

En este período resulta especialmente interesante para la investigación, la rela-ción permanente entre la vida política y la vida religiosa; más aŭn, entre la menta-lidad política y la mentalidad religiosa. Esta idea es contrapuesta a la de quienes sostienen que en este período hay ...

The Archaeological Museum of Lorca houses a collection of Roman coins, including several denarii minted between 49 and 44 BC. This period marks the rise of Julius Caesar to power after the conquest of Gaul and his ultimate victory in the second civil war. The coins minted by Caesar and his followers bear images related to contemporary conflicts and the general’s political ambitions. His appointment as perpetual dictator by the Senate in 44 BC, along with the inclusion of his portrait on minted coins, emulating the style of Hellenistic monarchs, were some of the reasons for his assassination on the Ides of March of that year.
El Museo Arqueológico de Lorca atesora una colección de monedas romanas que incluye varios denarios acuñados entre el 49 y el 44 antes de Cristo, años decisivos en los que Julio César ascendió definitivamente al poder tras la conquista de la Galia y su victoria en la guerra civil. Las monedas acuñadas por César y sus seguidores contienen imágenes que nos hablan del contexto bélico del momento, así como de las ambiciones políticas de César. Su nombramiento como dictador perpetuo y la inclusión de su retrato en vida en monedas, al estilo de un monarca helenístico, terminaron por costarle la vida en las idus de marzo del año 44 a. de C.

Ce premier ouvrage d’une série intitulée Metalla, portant sur le métal dans l’Antiquité, s’attache au domaine latin, du Ve s. av. J.‑C. (Lois des Douze Tables) au VIIIe s. apr. J.‑C. (Isidore de Séville). Reposant sur un dépouillement aussi complet que possible des textes, en tenant également compte des inscriptions et des toponymes latins, ce premier tome, richement illustré, comporte un lexique de plus de 300 mots (le second tome étant consacré à des études par auteur). Chacune des entrées du lexique propose une traduction française appuyée sur des éléments scientifiques, et, autant que possible, l’étymologie du terme latin et son équivalent grec. De très nombreuses citations, traduites et commentées, développent le sens des mots du métal. Le classement des significations, qui tient le plus grand compte des données archéologiques de terrain et de laboratoire, faisant coïncider les textes et les objets, s’efforce de refléter la diversité des emplois du mot ainsi que leur chronologie. L’ensemble permet une approche inédite des mots de l’exploitation minière, de l’industrie métallurgique, et de l’utilisation des métaux dans le monde romain.

The following article serves both as an introduction to and a summary of the present volume. After a brief review of the history
and current state of research on Roman polychromy, we summarise the evidence from the collected essays with the following
objectives: 1. to present new data on raw materials, painting techniques, and traces of paint on the architectural orders; 2. to
categorise the visual eects for which colour was used on architectural elements; 3. to collate observations on the (a) functional,
(b) chronological and (c) regional variation of colour schemes in the architecture of the Roman provinces

Roman architecture was characterised by a rich palette of colours, achieved through the use of natural coloured stones and painting. Evaluating the use of colour in Roman architecture addresses
an important part of the built environment. Unlike black-and-white photographs or line-art reconstruction drawings, architecture was conceived, perceived and experienced in colour. Although
such statements are accepted by most archaeologists and architectural historians today, details about functional, chronological, and regional variation in Roman architectural polychromy remain to be discovered. This conference volume is the fi rst book entirely dedicated to the polychromy of architectural orders in the Roman provinces. Its objectives are to present new data on raw materials, painting techniques, and traces of paint on architectural orders, to explore the visual effects for which colour
was used on architectural elements and to collate initial observations on the functional, chronological and regional variation of the applied colour scheme in the various areas of the Roman Empire.
The volume brings together the contributions of twenty-fi ve archaeologists, ancient historians, art historians and chemists. The collected essays encompass a wide chronological frame from the 2nd
century BC to the 3rd century AD and cover a vast geographical range from modern Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria to Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Libya

El Barrio Colón o Bol de la Virgen se ubica en el extremo oriental de la bahía de Levante de Águilas, una zona bien resguardada de los vientos dominantes de Levante. Se conoce la presencia de restos arqueológicos por distintas noticias y aparición fortuita al llevar a cabo obras de infraestructuras desde mediados del siglo xx, si bien las actuaciones con metodología arqueológica son relativamente recientes. La última intervención se realizó en Barrio Colón número 7. Esta excavación permitió identificar, además de los restos contemporáneos, dos fases de ocupación en la finca: una de época andalusí temprana (maqbara y herrería) y otra tardorromana relacionada con la presencia de dos caleras que muy posiblemente estén vinculadas al programa constructivo de isla del Fraile. Este último horizonte arqueológico en la parcela es el objeto del presente trabajo.

On one of the inscriptions that were erected during governor Publius Cornelius Dolabella to commemorate completion of huge infrastructure building project of road-network that connected Salona, capital of provincia Illyricum (Superior) with its continental interior, toponym castelllum Daesitiatium HE... is mentioned as the final destination of one of the constructed roads. Ever since the earliest publication of the mentioned inscriptions, named after the governor Dolabela, the search for the location of this castle, and probably the settlement, has been going on. A large number of theories and proposals were offered related to the route of the road from Salona to castelllum Daesitiatium HE...... and its location. What was known with certainty until now is that the castle must have been located somewhere in the territory of Upper Bosnia, which in the Late Iron Age and early Principate belonged to the Illyrian nation Daesitiates.
Our proposal is based on route of the road from Salona, through the military base 7th legion in Tilurium, to Duvanjsko polje and from there via Ravan plain entered region Rama from where it stretched along the upper reaches of the Neretva river all the way to today's Konjic. From there, the road would rise all the way to the pass on the Ivan mountain, from where it would descend into the Sarajevo area where, since the final phase of the Neolithic, and continuously through all the metal eras, there was a developed economic, communication, demographic, socially and politically important settlement complex "Debelo Brdo". The distance between Salona and the aforementioned settlement complex would also correspond to the distance of 156 Roman miles (from Salona to the castelllum Daesitiatium HE...) that is written on Dolabella inscriptions. The settlement complex "Debelo Brdo" shows all the features that qualify it for identification as a castelllum Daesitiatium HE... On Debelo Brdo itself, there are very visible traces of a Roman military fort that existed for a very long time, until the very end of 6th century.
Two objects with engraved monograms, probably in Greek letters, were also found on Debelo Brdo. It may be possible to read the abbreviation ΔHC (DES) on one of them. If such a reading were correct, it would be another valuable piece of evidence to confirm the thesis that the settlement complex "Debelo Brdo" is in fact the settlement with the castle that bears the Daesitiates name. By the way,  name of this nation in Greek language and script also begins with ΔHC, for example in historiographic work of Cassius Dio. The mentioned reading of one of the monograms would point to this location and identify it with the toponym Desnik, which is written in the work of Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus on ruling the empire.
In the fourth decade of 13th century, a cathedral church dedicated to St. Peter, was erected in this area, and in 14th and 15th century there was also an open settlement with a market place. Since the last decades of 15th century and during the first decades of 15th century.  this settlement, with its millennial tradition of the village way of life, is absorbed into the city named Sarajevo.

The “surname” of one of the most famous Carthaginian generals—Hamilcar “Barca”—has a unique connection with a toponym at the foot of Monte Pellegrino, in Palermo—fiefdom “Barca”—the site of the fortress where the Punics remained during the crucial years of the First Punic War (247-244). After examining the status quaestionis on the origin of the nickname, the article carries out a diachronic study of the territory. Starting from the Arabic toponym Barqah attested by al-Idrīsī and those of the map of the anonymous Arabic manuscript Book of curiosities, it attempts to find its origin by comparing it with possible Latin, Greek and Phoenician toponyms, and proposes a number of solutions, including one linked to the name of the fortress “Heirkte,” whose possible Phoenician name has emerged, which may have overlapped with that of Hamilcar’s nickname.

Between 2009 and 2011, the substantial remains of a Roman sanctuary were revealed in the southern part of the ager Rusellanus, in the modern territory of the city of Grosseto. Within the protected area of the Regional Park of Maremma and located originally on a promontory facing the mouth of the Ombrone River, the sanctuary was dedicated to the cult of Diana Umbronensis, a deity previously unknown in this part of Tuscany; its denomination appeared for the first time back in 2003, when an inscription was recovered in the immediate proximity of the sanctuary.

Presentamos en las siguientes paginas los estudios y obras mas relevantes que desde el siglo XVIII se han publicado sobre la vida y obra de Cn. Pompeyo Magno y C. Julio Cesar. La amplia produccion historiografica y la diversidad de interpretaciones sobre dichos personajes nos ha llevado a defender la existencia de varios Pompeyos y Cesares.

As part of a comprehensive archaeological survey of the area around the site of Glac in the north-west of Serbia, a detailed examination has been undertaken of the pattern of drainage and settlement location east of Roman Sirmium. The research question posed is whether there is any archaeological, geomorphological or hydrological evidence for the textual references to drainage and land reclamation works attributed to the emperor Probus. The role and function of the Kudoš Canal and the Jarčina Channel are explored as a prelude to the later consideration of agricultural development and land subdivision during the late Roman period.

Situated in the border area of several powerful neighbors, the polis territory of Ambrakia was exposed to numerous territorial claims from its early history onwards. A close reading of the story of the quarrel of the gods fighting over the possession of the city reveals that the passage must be understood as an illustration of those various interests in the city prior to the Roman conquest. Yet it was precisely when the domination of Greek states in the region came to an end that the Ambrakiots undertook a remarkable border-management initiative including at least three boundary regulations dating to the 160s BC. This article asks for the reasons behind this initiative and emphasizes the political room for maneuver the Ambrakiots exploited after the Third Makedonian War.

This article aims to interpret some anomalies concerning Pseudo-Skylax’
description of southwestern Crete. In the first part it will be pointed out that the author not only takes into account the correct location of the places mentioned but also tries to emphasize the political relations between the cities. The second part argues that the peculiarities concerning the island of Crete can be understood in the context of sympoliteia relationships between the cities mentioned in the Periplous, especially between Lissos and Hyrtakina. Furthermore, it is tentatively suggested that Pseudo-Skylax may be regarded as the earliest witness regarding the league of Cretan cities known by the name of Oreioi.

Titres et résumés argumentés. Cette bibliographie présente mes ouvrages publiés depuis un peu plus d'une vingtaine d'années environ, qu'ils soient imprimés chez divers éditeurs ou en ligne et accessibles librement, ou les deux. La liste comporte 48 ouvrages plus 4 comme directeur de la publication. En fin de liste je donne également les références de quelques articles que j'estime devoir mentionner parmi les quelque 600 contributions données à une cinquantaine de revues françaises et étrangères, ainsi qu'aux blogs ou carnets d'hypothèses.

GIFT FROM NOSTRO SIGNORE. PONTIFICAL MOSAIC AND E
DIPLOMACY DURING THE 18TH CENTURY
In the 18th century easel painting in mosaic officially entered
the ceremonial of the Roman court as a gift reserved by the
popes to rulers or members of royal rank. Equipped with
a gilded metal frame, full of political and symbolic plastic
ornaments, these artworks include the excellence of the
mosaic manufacture that has its production centre in the
Studio del Mosaico Vaticano, established in 1727 and active
under the Fabbrica di San Pietro. The specimens belonging to
the category, whose history has currently been reconstructed,
are presented here in the light of the diplomatic events of
which they were protagonists and in a Chronological Prospect
which proposes a synthetic cataloging for the period 1725-1797.

I argue that Priapus offers a bilingual gloss on the name ‘Tisiphone’ in Horace, Satires 1.8. I trace the folk etymology of the Fury’s name and identify various passages in which Latin authors emphasize a perceived connection between Tisiphone and φωνή, voice. I then demonstrate how this bilingual pun casts Priapus as a narrator capable of learned, Alexandrian wordplay.

Este trabajo examina la producción agrícola en el valle del río Queiles desde el siglo II a.n.e. hasta el siglo IV. Las excavaciones arqueológicas en esta región han revelado una producción vinícola significativa, evidenciada por la presencia de varios torcularia en el territorio de los municipios romanos de Turiaso y Cascantum. Este valle, que formaba parte de la Hispania Citerior Tarraconense, estaba bien conectado a través de rutas comerciales y el río Ebro, facilitando así el comercio y la exportación de productos agrícolas.

Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean and the ancient point of contact between Africa, Italy, Greece and the Eastern world, witnessed two massive slave uprisings in the 2nd century BC. Together with the later revolt of Spartacus in Italy in the 1st century BC, the movements of Eunus-Antiochus of ca. 140/135-132 BC, and that of Salvius-Tryphon and Athenion of ca. 104-100 BC form the triad of great slave wars such as were never seen in antiquity, before or since. Twice in the same
century, during a period of several years, former slaves built states of their own, states that controlled large portions of the island and exchanged blows with the Roman armies, with surprising success. Our main source, Diodorus of Sicily (books 34/5 and 36, preserved in excerpts and fragments), describes these new political structures as recreations of the Hellenistic kingdoms. This tendency is especially remarkable in the case of the First Slave War when rebel leadership brought about, at
least outwardly, a Western replica of the Seleucid monarchy of Syria. Historians of the older generation took notice of these developments, though attempts at deeper analysis were rare. With one significant exception, the newer historiography has either ignored Hellenistic connections of the Sicilian slave revolts, or dismissed them
as marginal. This paper argues that Hellenistic elements in the structure of the two ancient slave revolts are both substantial and historically significant. It was partly the case of simple ethnocultural affinity (the core of the rebels, including most of the leadership came from Syria and Asia Minor), but also of great practical necessity that political entities created by the former slaves took on the form of the military monarchy of the kind prevalent in the Hellenistic East.

La protoforma céltica *bedo-'canal, mina', un sustantivo de resultado derivado de la raíz verbal PIE *bhedh(h2)-'(ex)cavar', gozó de relativa productividad en los dialectos célticos tanto insulares como continentales y en el terreno de los nombres comunes y propios por igual. En el presente artículo tenemos como objetivo, en primer lugar, confeccionar un panorama derivativo crítico de todas estas voces heredadas en céltico y, en segundo lugar, sumar a esta nutrida nómina otras formas que hasta la fecha no han sido analizadas como derivadas de *bedo-, ampliando de este modo nuestro conocimiento sobre las lenguas, la teonimia y la realidad material de los antiguos celtas.

2 Cf. p. ex. A. M. RABELLO, Il problema dei matrimoni fra ebrei e cristiani nella legislazione imperiale e in quel la délia Chiesa (IV-VI secolo), p. 213. 3 La distinction entre mariage mixte (avec impedimentum prohibens) de deux chrétiens.-l'un catholique, l'autre non catholique, d'une part, et mariage avec disparité de culte d'un chrétien avec un non-chrétien (avec impedimentum dirimens), de l'autre, remonte à la fin du 12 e siècle, aux activités des juristes Gratianus, Petrus Lombardus, Bemardus de Pavia et Hugo de Pisa (cf. p. ex. Ch. LEFEBVRE, Quelle est l'origine des expressions « matrimonia mixta » et « mixta religio » ?, pp. 359-373 ; G. KUMINETZ, Katolikus házasságjog : különös tekintettel a latin egyház jogára {Droit catholique matrimonial, particulièrement celui de l'Église latine), p. 20). A l'époque des débuts du christianisme donc cette distinction n'existant pas, il semble légitime d'appliquer le titre ou du mariage mixte ou de la disparité de la religion indifféremment à chaque mariage contracté avec un non catholique. Cf. p. ex. l'emploi du terme par A. M. PETRÜ, De impedimento disparitatis cultus in iure orientait antiquo, pp. 6-8, qui englobe tous les mariages de ce type dans la catégorie du disparitatis cultus, ou J. А. Авво, De impedimento mixtae religionis canone 72 Trullanae synodi sancito atque de forma a Graecis orthodoxis servanda in matrimonio ineundo, 589-600. 4 Pour cela cf. p. ex. P. ARNAUD-LINDET, Remarques sur l'octroi de la civitas et du conubium dans les diplomes militaires, pp. 282-312 ; P. WEAVER, The Status of Children in Mixed Marriages, pp. 145-169. 5 Cf. p. ex. S. TREGGIARI, Roman Marriage. Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, pp. 45-50. Sur le problème des mariages nationalement mixtes cf. p. ex.

This paper investigates the chronological, contextual, and literary placement of the Dialogus de Oratoribus, a work by the Roman historian Tacitus. The work is atypical for this author, and scholars tend to situate it amongst his earlier works, the Agricola and Germania, both written shortly after the death of the emperor Domitian in 96 CE. Why did Tacitus write a dialogue on the merits and decline of public oratory, deliberately modeled on Cicero, and give it a dramatic date of 75 CE, six years into the "happy" reign of the emperor Vespasian? What is the significance of the characters and their positions? Why does the debate end not only without resolution, but even with a flourish of contradictions? This study uses the letters of Pliny the Younger to establish a call-and-response between the two authors and thereby establish a terminus post quem for the Dialogus of 108-109, or contemporary to Book 9 of Pliny's Epistulae. Tacitus' use of Ciceronian intertext, referents, and historical context helps to situate the Dialogus in theme and tone as closer to the mature disillusionment of the Annales. The Dialogus' character of Vipstanus Messalla not only acts as a bridge from Tacitus' Histories to the Dialogus, but, more importantly, by his kinship with one of the most infamous delatores (imperial prosecutorial informants), Messalla acts as a bridge between the Dialogus and the Annales; both works share an atmosphere of menace and fear attendant upon acts of speech. Lastly, this paper examines Tacitus' concern with his own literary placement and the gloria that only the written word can achieve. Does this glory come only with risking one's life to speak the truth? The trial of the historian Cremutius Cordus, in Annales 4, speaks to that concern, and the speech of Cremutius in the senate triggers a comparison with the historian's depiction in an early work by Annaeus Seneca, his Consolatio ad Marciam, a "letter" written to Cremutius' daughter. Seneca is a pivotal figure in the Neronian hexad of the Annales, and his name is strangely absent from the various catalogues of authors and orators in the Dialogus. Curiatius Maternus of the Dialogus, a tragedian, the man who announces that his Thyestes will say whatever his Cato has left out, acts as a metonym for tragedy and champion of the written word and thus connects the Diaolgus to the Annales further. His literary relationship to Seneca, a tragedian and Stoic philosopher, tutor and victim of the emperor Nero, becomes increasingly clear and compelling if one examines Annales 14 as a tragedy with close paralells to the praetexta Octavia and Seneca's Oedipus. A look at the suicide scenes and last words of Seneca, the poet Lucan (nephew of Seneca), the author Petronius, and Thrasea Paetus, the Stoic and biographer of Cato, will close the study. Throughout, a close look at diction, semantics, and other narratological devices will work to establish a strong connection between the Dialogus and the Annales and thus cement the Dialogus' placement as not only the penultimate work of Tacitus, but an announcement for his upcoming grand finale, the Annales. 'Is it your opinion, Winston, that the past has real existence?' -George Orwell, 1984. ! v appreciate more and more. And I cannot leave out two good friends, Professor Heather Cox Richardson and Jonathan M. Myers, for offering their unflagging support and editorial expertise. Maximas vobis gratias ago.

This study explores the Roman Bronze Lion as a possible early map, linking it to later cartographic traditions like the Leo Belgicus. The carvings appear to depict the Low Countries, showing detailed geographical features such as rivers and coastlines. These engravings may have served as navigational aids for travelers and reflect a long tradition of prehistoric European map-making. Comparisons with ancient stone maps suggest continuity in mapping practices across millennia. If the artifact is based on pre-Roman designs, it indicates advanced spatial awareness in prehistoric societies. Further research could deepen our understanding of early European trade, settlement patterns, and long-distance travel.

The proposed study is devoted to the bronze and silver coins on the reverse seals of which the name ΣKOΣTOKОY is inscribed.
The work includes all the coins (bronze rulers and silver city coins) known to date. The study is divided into two parts.
The first part consists of two chapters.
The first chapter deals with the individual aspects of the earliest coins. These are the bronze ruler coins of the type "head of Apollo / horseman, running right", inscription ΣKOΣTOKOY inscribed above horseman.
In the second chapter of the first part, all known posthumous autonomies are covered
Lysimachus tetradrachms and drachms signed in the cut with the inscription ΣKOΣTOKOY.
In the second part of the study, the problems of the late ruler bronze coins of the type "bust of the ruler / horseman, walking right", inscription ΣKOΣTOKOY are examined.
Over the past two centuries, many researchers have published specimens of both the bronze and silver coins with the inscription
ΣKOΣTOKOY on the reverse stamps.

Arykanda antik kenti, Antalya ili, Finike ilçesi, Arif Köyü sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Yamaç Hamamı, Devlet Agorası'ndan Akropolis'teki Ticaret Agorası'na doğru batıya yönelerek çıkan dar bir merdivenli yolun batısında yer almaktadır. Yamaç Hamamı'nın kuzeyindeki kazılar, 2012 yılında başlatılmış ve 2017 yılına kadar devam etmiştir. Bu alanda yedi açmada (YHK1-7) kazılar yapılmış ve bu kazı çalışmalarında toplam yetmiş yedi adet sikke ele geçmiştir. Bu sikkelerden okunabilen altmış yedi sikke MÖ 4. yüzyıl ile MS 4. yüzyıl aralığına tarihlendirilmektedir. Yamaç Hamamı'nın kuzeyindeki kazılarda yoğun yangın tabakaları saptanmıştır. İmparator Probus Dönemi sikke verilerindeki kesinti ve tahribat katmanları, kentin Akropolisi'nin MS 278 yılında saldırıya uğrayarak tahrip edildiğine işaret etmektedir. İmparator Probus Dönemi'nde MS 278 yılında Isaurialılar'ın Lykia'ya saldırmaları bölge genelinde yaklaşık bir yıl süren sıkıntılı bir sürece neden olmuştur. Bu dönemde bölgede bazı üst düzey askerlerin söz konusu ayaklanmayı bastırmak için görevlendirildikleri hem tarih kaynaklarından hem de yazıtlardan öğrenilmektedir. Arykanda Akropolisi'nde sur içinde, sur dışında ve Yamaç Hamamı'nın kuzeyinde tespit edilen yangın tabakaları da söz konusu dönemde Isaurialılar'ın saldırıları ile bağlantılı olmalıdır. MS 3. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde yaşanan bu olaylar sırasında Arykanda Akropolisi'nin ve yakın çevresinin önemli bir bölümünün çıkan yangınlar ile tahrip olduğu, geleneksel konut alanının yavaş yavaş terk edilerek kentin güneyinde daha alt kottaki teraslara taşındığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Este libro recoge los casos considerados seguros de subdependencia en los que hay libertos de libertos, abordando también una cuestión metodológica sobre la selección de los casos seguros para descartar aquellos que no pueden ser considerados como tales.
This book compiles the cases considered certain of subdependency in which there are freedmen of freedmen, also addressing a methodological issue regarding the selection of certain cases to discard those that cannot be considered as such.