Roman Epigraphy

This paper reviews the inscriptions left in Rome by some Eastern
hostages during the Julio-Claudian period. It is a very small but very interesting corpus of inscriptions, which has been extensively studied from a historical point of view. In this paper we will try to see what religious information can be deduced from this corpus, understanding the inscriptions as presentations that individuals make of themselves and their social image, using a methodology derived from Pragmatics and the presentation of individuals in social networks.

This volume gathers the proceedings discussed in a 2023 Workshop organised at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid by the Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología in collaboration with the Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità of Sapienza Università di Roma. These papers address problems of an onomastic nature from a legal (not linguistic) perspective: the basic idea is that Roman onomastics cannot be dissociated from the legal status of people. An attempt is being made to valorise the less common names which are distant from the classic Roman onomastic system based on the tria nomina. The Spanish situation is compared with that of Northern Italy, whose inscriptions also present various problems of interpretation. More than answers and solutions, this volume aims to reopen the discussion on topics related to “Romanization” that are always fascinating.

Torreparedones se ha convertido en los últimos años en uno de los yacimientos arqueológicos más importantes de Andalucía, gracias a los trabajos llevados a cabo en los años 80-90 del siglo pasado, por un grupo de arqueólogos de las universidades de Córdoba, Complutense de Madrid y Oxford y, sobre todo, a las investigaciones que viene desarrollando el Ayuntamiento de Baena desde 2006. Uno de los sectores mejor conocidos y de mayor interés científico lo encontramos en el santuario meridional ibero-romano donde se documentaron restos de dos edificios destinados al culto. Ambos debieron construirse en época romana, el primero en el período republicano (o a finales de la época ibérica) y el segundo, en época altoimperial durante el reinado de Claudio, quedando abandonado a fines del siglo II d.C. Destaca el hallazgo de 350 exvotos de piedra que representan tanto figuras humanas como miembros del cuerpo. Se ignora el nombre de la divinidad indígena (¿Tanit?) que, en época romana, se sincretizó en-DeaCaelestis/Juno Lucina/Venus Verticordia/Salus. Su imagen era un betiloestiliforme, una columna con capitel foliáceo colocado en la pared norte de la cella.

Excusatio is used several times in the Latin sources 2 to refer to the act of publicly presenting a satisfactory excuse, pretext or exemption, for not taking up office or for not accepting undertakings, after being elected to a magistracy. Through this procedure, which was common in Republican and Imperial Rome, candidates or magistrates-elect could thus turn down different offices: an aristocrat who had stood for election could eventually withdraw his candidacy; 3 a senator could refuse to attend a Senate session or to sit on a quaestio when his presence was required; 4 a young girl who met the requirements to become a Vestal Virgin could, depending on her family situation, choose not to participate in the Vestal sortitio; 5 magistrates could decline to cast lots for their provinces during their term of office or to govern the province they had just been assigned; and so forth. It is this last type of excusatio, with which it was possible to relinquish a provincial governorship, that is discussed here. The focus is placed on the curule 1 I would like to warmly thank Francisco Pina Polo for inviting me to this conference and Thomas MacFarlane for his careful proofreading of my text. All dates are BCE, unless otherwise stated. 2 E.g. Caes.

En este artículo planteamos una exposición de la presencia de los dioses, lo sagrado y el sentimiento religioso en la vida del soldado romano, dentro del límite geográfico hispano. Lo haremos diferenciando dos esferas: por un lado, la «pública», impuesta a todo soldado e imbricada en su relación tanto con otras personas como con el espacio; por otro lado, la privada, dando un ejemplo de un tipo de culto atendido por iniciativa propia de los soldados.

When we think of Romans, Julius Caesar or Constantine might spring
to mind. But what was life like for everyday folk – those who gazed up at
the palace rather than looking out from within its walls? In this book,
Jeremy Hartnett offers a detailed view of an average Roman, an individual
named Flavius Agricola. Though Flavius was only a generation or
two removed from slavery, his successful life emerges from his careful
commemoration in death: a poetic epitaph and life-sized marble portrait
showing him reclining at table. This ensemble not only enables
Hartnett to reconstruct Flavius’ biography, as well as his wife’s, but also
permits a nuanced exploration of many aspects of Roman life, such as
dining, sex, worship of foreign deities, gender, bodily display, cultural
literacy, religious experience, blended families, and visiting the dead at
their tombs. Teasing provocative questions from this ensemble,
Hartnett also recounts the monument’s scandalous discovery and extraordinary afterlife over the centuries.

The aim of this contribution is to provide an overview, the result of years of research, of the study and re-examination of some Roman age burials that have yielded terracotta figurines among their grave goods. The aim is to summarise the currently known examples of devotional funerary coroplastics in Sardinia, showing how, among the various toys found in children's tombs, some of them go beyond a simple playful meaning, to become true dedications to deities with protective value. The choice of some of them, by the relatives of the deceased who deposited them as grave goods, is motivated by ethnic as well as religious reasons.

Among the new coin legends that have appeared on Julia Domna’s bronze and (very rare) silver coins throughout the reign of her son Caracalla (211–217) the most interesting seem to be two rare accusatives: CEREREM (dupondius and As RIC IV Caracalla 596) and IVNONEM (quinarius RIC IV Caracalla 378; sestertius RIC IV Caracalla 585; dupondius and As RIC IV Caracalla 599). This paper aims to place such accusatives in a literary and epigraphical context and argues that the accusatives on the reverses of Julia Domna’s coins should depend on the verb form consecravit or dedicavit being understood, and the legends of the entire coins are to be read as IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG(usta) / CEREREM (or IVNONEM) [consecravit/dedicavit]. In the second part of the article, I discuss iconographic variants of types RIC IV Caracalla 596; BMCRE V Caracalla 220–222 and RIC IV Caracalla 585 and 599; BMCRE V Caracalla 208 and 224.

Review of a book about three important writers of the Second Sophistic (Dio of Prusa, Aelius Aristides, Lucian) presenting some problematic claims about them (according to the author, they cared only for self-presentation, and nothing about their lives or the people they interacted with can be known for sure from their work).

In June 2017, the DICAM of the University of Messina carried out a new campaign of archaeological excavations at the site of Blanda Julia (Tortora, CS). The investigations concerned the areas partially excavated in 2016 to better understand the development of the city Forum (areas 1000, 3000 and 4000), and a new area (6000) between the Plateia A and the three buildings on the south side of the Forum (temples A, B and the Capitolium).These new investigations helped us to define the Forum plan and its relationship with the residential area and, as regards area 6000, to shed new light on the archaic phase of the settlement on the Palecastro hill.

Termin hermaphroditus (pl. hermaphroditi) określa w łacinie osobę, która miała żeńskie i męskie organy płciowe 1 . Jest on kalką greckiego rzeczownika ὁ ἑρμαφρόδιτος (ho hermafróditos) 2 . W źródłach łacińskich używa się na określenie obojnaków również słowa androgynus (pl. androgyni). Również i ono jest kopią greckiego rzeczownika ὁ ἀνδρόγυνος (ho andrόgynos), będącego złożeniem słów: ἀνήρ ("mężczyzna") i γυνή ("kobieta") 3 . Autorzy 1 Szerzej na temat rozumienia pojęcia "hermafrodytyzm" zob. D. Lewandowska, Androgyn czy hermafrodyta? Studium nad hermafrodytyzmem w źródłach antycznych, Warszawa 2019, s. XIII-XVII. 2 W mitologii greckiej imieniem Hermafrodyt określano syna Afrodyty i Hermesa, którego wychowywały nimfy w lasach Idy we Frygii. Mając piętnaście lat, rozpoczął wędrówkę po świecie, która przywiodła go nad jezioro w Karii. Tam zakochała się w nim nimfa o imieniu Salmakis. Hermafrodyt odrzucił jednak jej miłość. Kiedy młodzieniec kąpał się w jeziorze, Salmakis objęła go w wodzie i poprosiła bogów, aby połączył ich ciała. Ci wysłuchawszy jej prośby, połączyli Hermafrodyta i Nimfę w nowej postaci o dwoistej naturze. O micie tym wspominają Ovid., met.

MASADA New Evidence:
By David Ramati
One of the most controversial subjects in Jewish history is the famous story of the Jewish defense of Masada during the 2nd Temple period. It was the last major Jewish fortification destroyed in that war. Current research shows that the traditional views held some decades ago are now challenged. I am including the most recent archeological discoveries and theories about what really happened and have accredited their authors. This information is also in the public domain, and I have included supporting links.

En los epigramas de Marcial son frecuentes las referencias a la comida y al juego; en especial en los libros XIII y XIV, titulados Xenia y Apophoreta respectivamente, en alusión a los regalos sorteados e intercambiados en los banquetes ofrecidos durante las fiestas Saturnales, celebradas en diciembre. Las composiciones de ambos libros están asociadas con la comida, el regalo, el juego y la diversión, que caracterizaban los días de dichas festividades. Pero, además, los libros XIII y XIV tienen, por una parte, un fin lúdico en sí mismos, pues sirven para jugar y como juego, tal como los acertijos y las adivinanzas o los billetes de rifas y tómbolas; y por la otra, ofrecen una «preceptiva del juego», una literatura lúdica cuyo tema central es el juego. En este trabajo se analizan estas dos dimensiones.

Between 2021 and 2024, the excavation of the enclosures of M. Tullius and M. Alleius Minius, located at Porta Stabia, made it possible to study the city's entrance and its development between the 2nd century BC and the Imperial period. It was possible to identify 2nd century BC backfills with an external constructed surface, cut into by what appears to be a ditch at the beginning of the 1st century BC. Most notably, the various trenches revealed that these areas, located east of the city's access road, were filled with urban waste before the construction of a platform at the beginning of our era, designed to accommodate the funerary monuments of the city's nobility, starting with M. Tullius and M. Alleius Minius.

Hoc quoque laboris praemium : scritti in onore di Gino Bandelli / a cura di Monica Chiabà-Trieste : Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014.-XXVIII, 591 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Polymnia : studi di Storia romana ; 3) ISBN 978-88-8303-552-4 (Print ed.) E-ISBN 978-88-8303-560-9 (Digital ed.) Civiltà latina-Scritti in onore 937 (ed. 22)-STORIA ANTICA. ROMA I contributi contenuti in questo volume sono stati sottoposti a peer review I testi pubblicati sono liberamente disponibili su: http://www.openstarts.units.it © Copyright 2014-EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE Proprietà letteraria riservata I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale di questa pubblicazione, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm, le fotocopie o altro), sono riservati per tutti i Paesi Autore e editore hanno operato per identificare tutti i titolari dei diritti delle illustrazioni riprodotte nel presente volume e ottenerne l'autorizzazione alla pubblicazi...

The work, Dialogue between the Emperor Hadrian and Epictetus the Philosopher, is a fictional dialogue consisting of seventy-three questions and answers, probably written in the 2nd or 3rd century AD. It features the Roman emperor Hadrian as the questioning pupil and the Stoic philosopher Epictetus as the responding teacher. Most of the questions can be divided into two main categories. The smaller part is written in the form of riddles. The others are definitions. The questions deal with a variety of topics: things to do with death (e.g. gravedigger, funeral pyre), definitions of various metals (gold, silver, iron), useful things (e.g. letter, picture, sword), relationships and emotional terms (e.g. friendship, hope, love), celestial objects (sun, moon, sky, stars, earth), and realities related to seafaring (sea, ship, sailor), nightlife (sleep, night, pillow) or religion (god, sacrifice). This work was particularly influential in the development of medieval dialogue. The most famous adaptation is the Enfant Sage, which originated in the 13th century somewhere in the region of Provence.

This paper aims to investigate the political and economic resources of the civic élite of Luna between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, from the post-Sullan Republic to the Julio-Claudian age. Service in local institutions and wealth defined the role and significance of the domi nobiles in their civic contexts. Unfortunately, their inscriptions mainly dealt with civic offices and withheld almost any information about their economic interests. This study compares the archaeological findings from Luna and its surroundings with the inscriptions mentioning the holders of the highest post in local institutions – the duumvirate. The excavations promoted by the University of Pisa near Porta Marina brought to light two domus (A and B), which belonged to some members of the local élite between the 70s BC and the 70s AD when a small temple on a podium superseded the atrium of domus B. A comparison between contemporary archaeological and epigraphic evi-dence from inside and outside the city reveals a consistent picture of local history, providing some relevant insights into the political and economic resources of the civic élite of an Italian town at the dawn of the Impe-rial age.

Les pavements en mosaïque des deux basiliques du IV8 d'Aquilée, depuis leur découverte à la fin du XIXe siècle (') ont toujours frappé les archéologues par leur beauté et leur richesse iconographique. Us ont fait l'objet d'études si nombreuses, qu'il semblerait ne plus rien y avoir à ajouter (2). Cependant nous essaierons de présenter ici quelques remarques concernant les origines de la typologie du combat de deux animaux, le coq et la tortue; scène qui est exceptionnelle dans l'iconographie paléochrétienne. À la différence des autres représentations enfermées dans un encardement géométrico-floral, cette scène est la seule qui se répète deux fois: dans le quatrième secteur du pavement de la salle Nord et dans le premier de celle du Sud. La scène, dans un octogone au Nord, et dans un carré au Sud, présente au premier plan la tortue à gauche et le coq à droite, affrontés dans l'attitude du combat, avec une colonne entre les deux, au second plan. La colonne de la scène du Nord est posée plu bas que les animaux et surmontée par un chapiteau plat, sur lequel se dresse un vase; tandis que celle de la scène du Sud est représentée sur le même plan que les animaux et soutient, sans aucun chapiteau, une bourse sur laquelle sont écrits les chiffres 8 couché et CCC. L'exécution (*) (*) Les premières fouilles ont été entreprises en 1893 par Karl Lanckoronski, Der Dom von Aquileia -sein Bau und seine Ceschichte,

As características ímpares do clima e do enquadramento espacial da ponta mais ocidental da Europa não foram alheias aos Romanos. A Serra de Sintra teve a designação de Serra da Lua e no sítio arqueológico do Alto da Vigia fronteiro ao mar encontraram-se inscrições dedicadas ao Sol e à Lua, e ao Sol no seu ocaso. este texto parte desses dados históricos para se fazer eco da poesia que se desprende desse lugar.
Versão em língua italiana no nº XXVI(XXX).1-2 de FOLIVM (Miscellanea di Scienze Umane), publicada pela Accademia in Europa di Studi Superiori ARTECOM ONLUS, Febbraio–Agosto de 2024, datado de ‘Roma 2025, p. 10-13, sob o título «In occasu solis, aeternus Sol». ISSN: 2533-1779

LE PIETRE RACCONTANO... IN VALPOLICELLA Guida ai luoghi del vino e del marmo in epoca romana ringraziamenti In questo mio secondo lavoro desidero esprimere un sincero ringraziamento a: Cierre edizioni che mi ha accordato, anche questa volta, una grande fiducia e la massima libertà di progettazione e di scrittura; Alfredo Buonopane, per i numerosi suggerimenti e l'aiuto dimostratomi sempre con grande disponibilità e generosità; Gianni de Zuccato, per l'entusiasmo contagioso ed i preziosi consigli; il dottor Bernd Steidl, curatore della sezione di epoca romana del Archäologische Staatssammlung di Monaco e il dottor Thomas Maurer, direttore del Museo Archeologico di Passau, per la generosa disponibilità nell'utilizzo del materiale fotografico.

This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 L'Acqua e gli Etruschi Città, infrastrutture e approdi, tra acque interne e marittime Il diario di ... borGo. Viaggio tra le attività del Progetto (2022-2024) E. Todini 1. SAGGI Volsinii: dal teatro al porto e altri inciampi volsiniesi P. Tamburini Lago di Bolsena: considerazioni sulla gestione delle infrastrutture portuali e delle vie d'acqua interne in epoca etrusca C. Pisu

The story of the Tilurium tropaeum goes back as far as the final years of the nineteenth century. In 1886, a limestone slab was discovered in Ante Bilić's field as it was farmed, measuring 1.36 × 1.04 × 0.24 meters, followed soon after by another, smaller piece, this one 0.48 × 0.53 × 0.28 meters in size, which apparently came from the same monument (photograph 1). The two fragments have been described and discussed several times by the Split-based researcher Nenad Cambi. In N. Cambi's opinion, the stone slabs bearing a relief sculpture showing a trophy, captives, and an inscription, were part of a tropaeum set up in the camp at Tilurium by the Seventh Legion after the suppression of the rebellion in Pannonia in AD 6-9, or, to be more specific, after Tiberius ex Ilurico triumph in AD 12. However, in this paper I would like to suggest another possible interpretation of the monument. Consequently, I am going to re-analyze all available sources on the conflict and ways of celebrating victory during the Bellum Batonianum.

O sítio arqueológico da Granja dos Serrões localiza-se no município de Sintra, na zona rural olisiponense, havendo sido alvo de várias recolhas epigráficas desde os anos de 1960, de prospeções de superfície desde 1980 e de escavações arqueológicas entre 1994 e 1995, durante as quais foram identificados diversos edifícios que têm sido interpretados como pertencentes à pars rustica de uma villa.
O notável acervo lapidar da Granja dos Serrões é um dos mais expressivos do ager, incluindo relevantes peças datáveis entre meados do século I a.C. e o II d.C.. Entre elas destaca-se um cipo no qual se encontra gravado o mais antigo epitáfio romano até hoje conhecido em todo o municipium Olisiponense. Juntando-se a estas evidências, que demonstram a existência de uma necrópole com estruturas de tipo monumental, foi ainda escavada uma incineração datável da época de Augusto, a qual nos revela a simultânea presença de sepulturas mais singelas – a menos que tal deposição pudesse constituir a parte soterrada, e, portanto, preservada in situ, de um túmulo originalmente mais complexo.
Além das pedras de cariz funerário identificaram-se elementos arquitetónicos, nomeadamente vários troços de fustes de colunas, e um fragmento de ara consagrada a Júpiter por Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus, flâmine do Divino Augusto e figura proeminente da sociedade olisiponense da primeira metade do séc. I d. C..
Recentemente foi possível efetuar colagens entre diversos daqueles elementos, o que permitiu constatar a existência de duas colunas de adossar com cerca de 3,35 m de altura.
Apresentam-se aqui estes e outros elementos lapidares romanos recolhidos na área e discute-se a possibilidade de os mesmos documentarem a presença de um templo dedicado a Júpiter, hipótese avançada há quatro décadas por J. Cardim-Ribeiro, mas que se afigura agora, com estes novos dados, mais consubstanciada.

O sítio arqueológico do Alto da Vigia localiza-se no município de Sintra, a norte do Cabo da Roca, e está implantado numa pequena colina sobranceira ao Oceano Atlântico e à foz do rio de Colares.
As inscrições romanas aí detetadas nos inícios do séc. XVI, consagradas ao Sol e à Lua por governadores da Provincia Lusitania, permitiram concluir ter existido, neste sítio, um santuário imperial de cariz oficial. Porém, apenas em 2008, quando a equipa do Museu Arqueológico de São Miguel de Odrinhas ali realizou pela primeira vez uma intervenção arqueológica, foi confirmada essa localização.
Os trabalhos realizados desde então possibilitaram reconhecer já um importante conjunto de elementos arquitetónicos, de inscrições, e ainda de algumas estruturas in situ, claramente atribuíveis a um locus sacer com aquelas características, onde, porém – além do Sol e da Lua – também se cultuava o Oceano. As inscrições votivas recuperadas testemunham a realização de cultos oficiais sensivelmente desde a época de Adriano até, pelo menos, à de Aureliano. Porém, um fragmento de lintel epigrafado, porventura ligado às estruturas fundacionais do santuário, poderá fazer remontar tal momento ao segundo quartel do séc. I d.C.
Verificou-se ainda a construção, no Baixo-Império – e após a cessação dos ritos oficiais –, de uma pequena edícula votiva reaproveitando materiais arquitetónicos mais antigos, frequentada desde o século IV a meados do V d.C., no interior da qual se afixara uma tábula epigrafada contendo um carmen que exalta os resplendores celestes.
Pese embora a maioria dos testemunhos daqueles cultos recolhidos na escavação se encontrassem em contexto secundário, reaproveitados como material de construção nas paredes de edifícios do ribat de época islâmica também ali erguido, foram, no entanto, identificados elementos que atestam a presença de aedificia de época imperial naquele sítio. 
Apresentam-se neste estudo os contextos estratigráficos e, sobretudo, o material lapidar de cariz arquitetónico, tais como blocos de construção e fragmentos de coluna – fustes, bases e capitéis –, que, no seu conjunto, comprovam a vertente edilícia deste santuário romano.

In this study the authors have tried to gather a lot of informations about the clay lamps
discovered in canabae legionis from Apulum in last three decades with the occasion of
archaeological researches or accidental findings. It’s about with mark or without one. They were
analyzed more than seventy clay lamps, majority found in archaeological diggings carried in last
three years in some locations and areas where the settlement of canabae legionis was developed.
Majority are types X Loeschcke, XVII Iványi and VIII Loeschcke, VII Iványi. One of them is type
IV Loeschcke, VB Deneauve and it is an italic import.
All artifacts were dated on the basis of archaeological context, a thing rarely met so far in
the publishing of this kind of material at Apulum. The authors have tried to render some results of
archaeological researches made by some archaeologists from Alba Iulia since 1995-2000.
Analyzing the archaeological excavations carried out over nine years we allow at this stage of
research to shade some conclusions that we could help to make an overview of the development of
a significant part of canabae situated to the south and southwest from roman legionary camp. I
noticed that the brooches and coins at least a level (if not two), located between -1-0,4 m depth
dated to between the last two large, three decades of the second century A.D. and the first three
decades of the next. But there are situations when the date on some complex are closer, such as
housing investigated in 1995. A housing is given prior to the existence of at least two layers of
culture under these levels which have been dated on the basis of certain types of artifacts. It's
present levels below -1 m depth.
As I mentioned in previous pages the finding of a strong profiled brooch in a secondary
position we could point to a housing during the second century A.D. until the last decades of the
century respectively. So the layers of culture present in one meter deep in the archaeological zone
could be timed to logically during the second century A.D. until the end of it. Unfortunately we
have other items that date to indicate the exact beginning of the housing in the south and
southwest of camp.
Publication of lamps discovered at the settlement of canabae is a welcome and useful
approach that makes us understand the importance of this trade, given the extent of production of
local products who took scale after the half of second century A.D., fact proven by archaeological
discoveries show that rare import products. Not appropriate now to make statistics to determine
the percentage of differences between local and import. This will be useful only after several years
of archaeological research that will bring to light many artifacts of this kind.
We hope that the future archaeological diggings will bring us new proves and informations
about the first civil community from Apulum, developed around the legionary camp.

Retrouvee par hasard a Lyon, une urne cineraire en plomb porte une inscription mentionnant un certain Severus, flamine. Mais si l'urne est authentique, l'examen minutieux de l'inscription montre que cette derniere est un faux, sans doute realise au depens des Jesuite, dans le Cabinet desquels l'objet est mentionne des 1724.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Dá-se a conhecer um fragmento de estela prismática com coroamento semicircular, de gabro, encontrada numa casa da Rua D. Manuel I, em Beja, durante a realização de obras, há mais de 30 anos. Possui epitáfio de época romana, muito incompleto, com as letras DMS.

En este trabajo centro mi interés en la metáfora y el símil como tropos de los que se sirvieron los juristas romanos tanto para crear los términos técnicos propios de su ciencia, como para argumentar las respuestas del particular diálogo que entablaban cada vez que otro jurista, un juez, un magistrado o un particular les pedían asesoramiento. Se trata de la continuación de un estudio previo acerca del uso, en sentido metafórico, del término jurídico pignus en las fuentes de la literatura clásica de invención de los siglos III a. C.-II d. C., como la poesía y la comedia. En él, a partir del cotejo de las fuentes literarias con las jurídicas, he puesto de manifiesto cómo este vocablo (pignus, prenda, en español), procedente del Derecho romano –donde da nombre a un derecho real de garantía nacido por obra de la jurisprudencia y de los pretores ̶ se asentó en el lenguaje literario y en el común, adquiriendo carácter de topos generador de muchas derivaciones metafóricas y pasando, desde entonces, a formar parte de nuestro actual acervo epistemológico y lingüístico. Ahora me propongo analizar unos textos de la literatura jurídica (Digesto de Justiniano) en los que aparece el mismo término, usado en sentido técnico, pero formando parte de una locución preposicional metafórica: pignoris loco. Este análisis nos aportará un nuevo ejemplo acerca de cómo el lenguaje del Derecho, el de la literatura creativa y el común se retroalimentan.

Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra sólo puede ser realizada, salvo excepción prevista en la ley, con la autorización de sus titulares. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (art. 270 y siguientes del Código Penal).

The place of smaller corporate entities within the greater body of the state is a Hobbesian problem that concerned the Roman imperial state. Questions that must be answered concern the nature and extent of this relationship. This essay argues that the formal concerns of the Roman state with chartering and regulating such entities-the example of private collegia is investigated-was rather limited. The nature of this limited concern has implications for the nature of the exercise of state power and for the position of a broad range of corporate bodies, including Christian churches, that were nested under the aegis of the imperial state of the Principate. In a much-quoted judgment, Thomas Hobbes opined that certain corporate bodies 'are, as it were, lesser commonwealths in the bowels of a greater, like worms in the entrails of a natural man.' In his words, we find a judgement on the nature of the emerging national state that

Questo articolo indaga il panorama culturale ed educativo di Terracina in età romana attraverso l'analisi di un corpus selezionato di iscrizioni latine. Partendo dalla domanda di ricerca su come le vestigia epigrafiche riflettano la cultura e l'educazione a Terracina, lo studio, pur riconoscendo i limiti intrinseci delle fonti epigrafiche, evidenzia testimonianze indirette ma significative di alfabetizzazione, competenze specialistiche, pratiche religiose e valori sociali. La ricerca, che copre un arco cronologico dal II secolo a.C. al V secolo d.C., adotta un approccio metodologico interdisciplinare che integra analisi contestuale, paleografica, semantica e digitale, delineando un profilo parziale ma fondato della cultura e dell'educazione a Terracina. L'articolo si confronta criticamente con le teorie contemporanee sulla cultura epigrafica romana, considerando concetti quali biografie epigrafiche e materialità delle iscrizioni, e problematizzando il rapporto dialettico tra romanizzazione e persistenze locali. La metodologia impiegata include la selezione di un corpus epigrafico dal database EDR, analisi contestuale archeologico-topografica, analisi paleografica e stilistica, analisi semantica e formulare, e analisi comparativa intercoloniale. I risultati evidenziano una diffusa alfabetizzazione epigrafica, valori sociali romani radicati, una mobilità culturale riflessa nelle formule epigrafiche, e indizi indiretti sull'educazione. La discussione confronta Terracina con altre colonie, sottolineando specificità e tratti comuni. In conclusione, l'articolo dimostra il valore euristico delle vestigia epigrafiche per la ricostruzione della cultura e dell'educazione a Terracina, offrendo un contributo metodologicamente rigoroso al dibattito sulla romanizzazione e sull'identità culturale provinciale.

This article investigates the cultural and educational landscape of Terracina in Roman times through the analysis of a selected corpus of Latin inscriptions. Starting from the research question of how epigraphic vestiges reflect culture and education in Terracina, the study, while acknowledging the intrinsic limitations of epigraphic sources, highlights indirect but significant evidence of literacy, specialized skills, religious practices, and social values. The research, spanning a chronological arc from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD, adopts an interdisciplinary methodological approach that integrates contextual, paleographic, semantic, and digital analysis, outlining a partial but grounded profile of culture and education in Terracina. The article critically engages with contemporary theories on Roman epigraphic culture, considering concepts such as epigraphic biographies and materiality of inscriptions, and problematizing the dialectical relationship between Romanization and local persistences. The methodology employed includes the selection of an epigraphic corpus from the EDR database, archaeological-topographical contextual analysis, paleographic and stylistic analysis, semantic and formular analysis, and intercolonial comparative analysis. The results highlight widespread epigraphic literacy, rooted Roman social values, cultural mobility reflected in epigraphic formulas, and indirect clues about education. The discussion compares Terracina with other colonies, emphasizing specificities and common traits. In conclusion, the article demonstrates the heuristic value of epigraphic vestiges for the reconstruction of culture and education in Terracina, offering a methodologically rigorous contribution to the debate on Romanization and provincial cultural identity.

Este traballo é o resultado de estudar a documentación da Sección de Arqueoloxía e Prehistoria que se conserva
na Biblioteca do Instituto de Estudos Galegos Padre Sarmiento. Analízase a súa traxectoria usando
principalmente fontes primarias, facendo un percorrido polas súas fases, membros, funcionamento, funcións,
ámbitos de traballo e algúns dos fitos máis destacables que deixaron pegada na documentación
conservada. Unha aproximación á Sección é un achegamento á historia da arqueoloxía galega do último
terzo do século XX. O traballo ten como obxectivo ampliar a proxección social do que foi a principal institución
arqueolóxica, cando menos, entre finais da década dos sesenta e mediados dos anos oitenta do século
pasado.

This chapter presents some examples of juridical concepts pertaining to Roman law found in epigraphic documents in Greek from Asia Minor, especially from Hierapolis of Phrygia. A peculiar phenomenon of Hierapolis is the tendency to write down in funerary inscriptions excerpts from the wills of the tomb founders, containing provisions mainly concerning the protection of the tomb, burial rights, the establishment of funerary foundations as well as the sanctioning of any violations of these provisions. The city's funerary epigraphy offers a rich body of sources for the study of sepulchral law in the provinces of the Roman Empire.