Roman Archaeology

While the book in no way disavows the usefulness of the typological approach for descriptions and landscapes that is by now traditional (at least in Italy), it also pays homage to the ‘spatial’ approach, declined on the axis of cultural tradition. However, most of the contributions move in a sphere that is already decidedly that of the ‘atmosphere’, as demonstrated by the book’s subtitle, which I have not by chance chosen as the incipit of this § 5. It can indeed be said that the instance of the ‘emotive turn’, originally observable at the level of typological analysis (even if not always unequivocally), is even better substantiated if it is projected on to a horizon of ‘atmospheres’. This horizon is indeed potentially more vague for those who do not have the shield of the typological method, but it is also enormously broader. In other words, the atmosphere of anxiety that horridus/inamoenus is able to provoke, and that the modern interpreter must be able to rediscover, would be unattainable if we did not have the philological tools of ‘typology’ at our disposal, which regulate its retrieval as far as possible, even in iconographic testimonies; but it is equally true that on this basis, ‘atmospheres’ are identified in the book that transcend not only typologies, but also landscapes and even ‘spaces’, recovering suggestions of anxiety in volcanic eruptions, marshy terrain, the animal world, figures of myth and cult, and so on. This is exactly what I had in mind when I decided to allude in the title to the hypothesis of the horridus/inamoenus as a ‘Way of Life’ for the Romans: the fact that they expressed a certain existential anxiety precisely through the use of this interpretive category, both in artistic representations and in literary language.

Uni ver zi tet u No vom Sa du -Teh no loš ki fa kul tet No vi Sad Ar he o loš ki in sti tut In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d. Čla no vi pro jekt nog ti ma Mo De Co2000: dr Emi li ja Ni ko lić, ru ko vo di lac pro jek ta, Ar he o loš ki in sti tut, Be o grad dr Mla den Jo vi čić, Ar he o loš ki in sti tut, Be o grad dr Sne ža na Vu če tić, Uni ver zi tet u No vom Sa du, Teh no loš ki fa kul tet No vi Sad, No vi Sad dr Jo nja ua Ra no ga jec, Uni ver zi tet u No vom Sa du, Teh no loš ki fa kul tet No vi Sad, No vi Sad Lji lja na Mi li čić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad Iva na De lić-Ni ko lić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad dr Ne ven ka Mi ja to vić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad dr Bi lja na Ilić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad U pe ri o du od 2020. do 2022. go di ne Аrhеоlоški in sti tut, Теhnоlоški fаkultеt Nоvi Sаd i In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la re a li zova li su nаučnо-istrаživаčki prојеkаt Dizајn mаltеrа zа kоnzеrvаciјu -rimskа grаnicа nа Dunаvu 2000 gоdinа kаsniје (Mor tar De sign for Con ser va tion -Da nu be Ro man Fron ti er 2000 Years af ter) -Mo De Co2000, fi nan si ran kroz prоgrаm PRO MIS оd strаnе Fоndа zа nаuku Rеpublikе Srbiје (broj pro jek ta 6067004). Prојеkаt Mo De Co2000 је оbјеdiniо nаučnа istrаživаnjа istоriјskih mаltеrа sа prеdlоzima zа pripre mu i pri me nu kom pa ti bil nih kоnzеrvаtоrskih mаltеrа nа studiјi slučаја Grаnicе Rimskоg cаrstvа -Dunаvski limеs u Srbiјi (Fron ti ers of the Ro man Em pi re -the Da nu be Li mes (Ser bia)), kојi prеdstаvlја јеdinstvеni niz аrhеоlоških nаlаzištа i spоmеnikа kulturе u Srbiјi uz re ku Du nav, trеnutnо nа prеliminаrnој li sti Unеskоvоg svеtskоg nаslеđа. Rezul ta ti istrаživаnjа mal te ra do ne li su sa zna nja o upotre blje nim teh no lo gi ja ma za iz ra du mal te ra u rimskom pe ri o du koja su za tim primenjena u pri pre mi mo de la mal te ra za kon zer va ci ju gra đe vi na. Nаučnа istrаživаnjа iz оblаsti аrhеоlоgiје, istоriје аrhitеkturе i kоnstrukciја su оbјеdinjеnа sа istrаživаnjimа iz * ** ** Ste re o mi kro sko pi ja i mineraloško-petrografske ana li ze ** * **

This is the proceedings of the online conference on the archaeology of the bone objects during the Roman and Early Byzantine periods which will be held on May 14, 2025, in Izmir, Turkey.
Ancient bone objects were found in relatively large quantities in the entire Mediterranean, from Spain to Syria and Egypt to France, where they were manufactured between the Neolithic and Medieval periods. The art of carving animal bones involves especially antler and horn. However, the spectrum of the worked bone objects recovered from Anatolia, rest of the eastern Mediterranean, Near East, the Black Sea area and Balkans is very varied, and reflects different characteristics of Graeco-Roman and Early Byzantine daily life. In these areas they were also utilised as grave goods secondarily. They were exported or imported over the entire ancient Graeco-Roman and Early Byzantine worlds.
In this conference papers dealing with ancient artefacts or objects manufactured by worked bone, antler, ivory, animal teeth, mother of pearl and cockleshell will be included. Main material groups made by bones are as follows: items connected to personal grooming, weaponry, artifacts used for spinning or in pottery decoration, artifacts related to cosmetics, jewellery, combs, pins for clothing and women’s hair, items related to dressmaking and textile (particularly sewing needles, weaving implements or buttons), parts of soldiers’ equipment, items used for leather working, amulets and other magical items, knife handles, musical instruments, playing stones (e.g., lopsided dices), frames of various kinds (e.g., of mirrors), furniture (including fittings, wood sidings and inlayed decoration), boxes, plaques, writing items (for example, κάλαμοι, calami in Lat.), liturgical and religious items (e.g., crosses and reliquaries), half-finished products and miscellania. Just in the rest of the Roman world, hairpins are the most numerous artifacts made of bone or antler in the Eastern part of the Empire. Gaming pieces represent the other widespread and customary instrumentum category of the worked bones. Several other material groups also used during the processing of bone artefacts, for example, some objects may have been filled with coloured wax to make them to stand out.
So far the study of this material group has been overlooked, whereas there is still a huge amount of unpublished material from excavations, field surveys and museums in the entire Mediterranean and rest of the ancient world. There is a regular conference series of the Worked Bone Research Group (WBRG; cf. <https://www.wbrg.net/>) which include almost all periods and areas. In our e-meeting in 2025 we only focus on bone objects between the fourth century B.C. and the sixth century A.D., and attempt to set out a comprehensive model for the study of bone objects, including their definition, typology, chronology, contexts, function, regional characteristics, production and distribution patterns in the whole eastern Mediterranean geographies, including the Near East, Black Sea area and Balkans. The increasing number of recent finds in the concerned areas over the last thirty years, thanks to the development of preventive archaeology, has tended to challenge our previous observations and assumptions on Graeco-Roman and Byzantine worked bone objects.
It is also our intention to create a complete bibliography of previous publications on bone objects for several areas and chronologies.
We warmly invite contributions by scholars and graduate students from a variety of disciplines related to this material group. Intended to bring together scholars of Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine instrumenta / artefacts’ archaeology to discuss a range of issues concerning this material group characteristics, this video conference should be an excellent opportunity to increase our knowledge about ancient worked bones. The following theme groups are the main questions of the conference which are prescriptive:

- Bone objects from archaeological field projects, museums and private collections,
- Graeco-Roman bone objects in comparison with the bone objects of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic periods, Bronze and Iron Ages,
- Graeco-Roman bone objects in comparison with the Minoan and Mycenaean bone objects,
- Etymology of bone objects in ancient Near Eastern, eastern Mediterranean and Aegean languages,
- Ancient Greek, Latin and Byzantine textual sources on bone objects,
- Typological evolution and design of bone objects,
- Selection criteria for some certain animal genres for bone-working,
- Decoration of bone objects, as detailed chronologies should be established for both the produced forms and their decoration,
- Chronologies of these objects that can highlight the social spread of these products,
- Manufacturing technics, manufacturing tools, major production centres and workshops of bone objects in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods, their organisation and interactions.
- Distribution of bone objects, economic and social aspects: in what type of socio-economic context are they found?,
- Typological and functional features of bone objects during the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods: what might the utilitarian, social and/or symbolic functions or practices of these objects have been?
- Identification of the economic factors that contributed to the standardization in the bone-working,
- What ancient Greeks, Romans and Byzantines thought about afterlife? Bone objects in the eastern Mediterranean funerary contexts,
- The role of monastic or religious economy in Early Byzantine bone-working,
- Commodities and their trade through bone objects,
- Relations of bone objects to metal, terracotta, glass, wooden or stone objects: how did this material group fit in with objects made from different materials, particularly metal, glass, or wood? Can any stylistic links be found between them?
- Roman bone objects in the eastern and western Mediterranean and Europe, and their differences,
- Hellenistic and Roman gravestones and other iconographic media depicting bone objects,
- Conservation of worked bone objects, especially excavated finds: current strategies and future approaches,
- Archaeometric analyses of these objects,
- Miscellanea.

On these themes and questions, all approaches and methods susceptible to bring some progress to our current knowledge are of course welcome: archaeology, physical anthropology, archaeozoology, osteoarchaeology, bioarchaeology, palaeohistology, ancient history, history of art, cultural anthropology etc.
A special focus of the workshop is the identification of workshops from different regions, cities and areas, in particular capital cities (such as Byzantium, Ephesus, Pergamum, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Alexandria, Athens, Rome etc.) with main workshops. A regional approach will enable us to understand the influences and contacts between workshops. Were these exclusively urban activities, or also rural? What motivated their establishment? Political powers, raw materials, the development of urban centres and the urban elite (merchants, craftsmen, religious orders, etc.) or economic outlets? And, are there any imitations or copies in certain localities suggesting competition between workshops?
Another important topic is the manufacturing techniques which were varied and depended on the composition and morphology of each raw material type as much as on the artefact to be produced. Regardless of the raw material, the manufacturing process of an ancient bone object was usually multi-stage:

1. Selection and acquisition of the raw material;
2. Preparation of the raw material, including cleaning, drying and cutting into pieces;
3. The appropriate working processes using instruments like knives, chisels, files, lathes and bow-drills;
4. Finishing the worked objects by grinding, polishing and colouring.

The previous finds reflect that mostly manufacturing techniques were related to an organized production where the different manufacturing stages were standardized and predefined, which can be identified as a chaîne opératoire. Particular attention should be paid to these technical aspects, which are the integral parts of the uniqueness of most of the ancient worked bone objects.
We also need to look at the distribution of these objects on a local, regional, and even supra-regional scale, and trade networks. Some have crossed the overseas, such as Anatolian products unearthed in England. How can these exchanges be explained?

Antik çağda depolama amacıyla kullanılan pithoslar üretim teknikleri açısından uzmanlık gerektiren özel kaplardır. Yunanca πίθος, Latince ise dolium olarak adlandırılan bu kap formu sadece şarap depolamada değil, aynı zamanda tahıl ve farklı ürünlerin depolamasında da kullanılır. Bölgesel ekonomiyi ve üretim çeşitliliğini ve kapasitesini göstermesi açısından pithosların boyutları,kullanım ve depolama ünitesiyle belgelenmesi çok önemlidir. Geniş gövde yapısına sahip pithosların antik çağ üretim şekilleriyle bugün arasında çok az fark olduğu gözlenmiştir. Avanos’da üç kuşak (nesil) boyunca pithos üretimi yapan Afacan Ailesi bu saklama kapları üzerine ailenin üretimlerini gösteren bezek ve mühür basma dışında gövdede kabartma ve kazıma tekniği ile uyguladıklarıbezeklerle antik çağ örneklerine benzer üretimleriyle öne çıkarlar. Avanos çömlekçiliği ve usta geleneğinde her usta kendi kilini hazırlar, kil reçetesini nesilden nesile aktarır. Özellikle kalın cidarlı ve ağır olan bu kapların hamurları özel
olarak hazırlanmakta, sucuk yöntemi ile yapılan gövde büyüklüğüne göre bazen de çarkta yapılıp birleştirilmekte, birleşme yerlerini güçlendirme amacıyla kabartma bezek eklenmektedir. Bu çalışma, Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin farklı kesimlerinde uygulanan pithos üretim teknikleri üzerinden Avanos çömlekçiliği ve üretim tekniklerini, Aydın Afacan üretimleri üzerinden belgelemiştir.

Fundada en la segunda mitad del siglo VII a.C., la Málaga fenicio-púnica y romana se convierte en uno de los principales puertos del SE peninsular, gracias papel en la ruta hacia el Estrecho de Gibraltar, y también a su posición estratégica en el sector norte del mar de Alborán, con una especial relación con de Rusaddir (Melilla). Su posible identificación con la Mainake de las fuentes clásicas encaja con el elevado número de cerámicas griegas recuperado en las excavaciones del Cerro del Villar y del centro histórico de Málaga. Ya en época romana, fuentes arqueológicas y epigráficas, insisten en su importancia en el comercio de aceite y salsas de pescado. Esta rica información
contrasta con la muy escasa documentación arqueológica sobre las infraestructuras portuarias de la ciudad que se analizan en este trabajo a partir de la geoarqueología, cartografía moderna y topografía de determinados hallazgos entre la desembocadura del río Guadalmedina y la ladera sur del monte Gibralfaro

2000 s.r.l.-Milano, 1994. Un libro molto piacevole a leggersi e a sfogliare per le tantissime immagini interessanti. Una scorribanda nei tre millenni di storia agrigentina. Diviso in 5 parti, per semplificare possiamo dire, mezzo millennio per capitolo. Intessuto con grande maestria dagli Autori. Agrigento è la città dove ho cominciato a pensare sulle questioni della vita in maniera pratica, ho frequentato per cinque anni il liceo (scientifico) e ogni mattina che passavo dalla Valle dei Templi, vi devo dire che non ero insensibile, non mi ero abituato a quella magnificenza e maestosità della storia. Ancora oggi mi incutono timore, quasi religioso, come un richiamo all'armonia. Io non so se anche i "giurgintani", così li chiamiamo in siciliano gli agrigentini, provano come un richiamo, un rimprovero per come hanno trattata la loro città: la Magnifica! Così veniva chiamata dagli antichi… Presi, come sono stati da generazione in generazione, dalle circolari ministeriali, dallo scatto di promozione di impiegatucci pubblici, dal galoppinaggio elettorale, dal loro misero giardinetto davanti la loro porta, tanto da non accorgersi quanta bruttezza hanno tutta attorno a loro. Ad Agrigento si è perso il sentimento dell'armonia… Il libro va letto come la narrazione della città di Agrigento con tutti i suoi alti e bassi. Sono arrivati i Geloi ("gilisi") e per paura dell'espansione di Selinunte, considerato che non potevano espandersi verso Camerina fondarono Akragas. (581 a.C.). A questo punto viene spontaneo pensare, questo bel territorio splendido, fertile lo hanno trovato libero? Dove erano, ce n'erano i siciliani? Gli storici scrivono a pagina 6: "era stata da millenni

During the archeological excavations carried out from 1993 to 1995 at C.da Portinenti, at Lipari Island, a pottery workshop dated to Roman age-including a kiln dump containing both Richborough 527 type amphora wastes and ceramic shreds-was discovered. The Richborough 527 amphorae had been used to transport local volcanic and hydrothermal products throughout the Roman Empire. Here, we present the results of a multidisciplinary archaeometric study carried out with the aim to shed light on the provenance of the raw materials used in the production of the Richborough 527 amphorae. To achieve this goal, amphora wastes and a sample of yellow clays stored in the archeological excavation area have been analyzed, and the data were compared to those available for clays coming from Lipari and from the Messina Province. The overall results indicate that (i) a volcanic sand from Portinenti Valley was used as temper in the ceramic mixture; (ii) the geochemical features and the fossils present in the ceramic paste are compatible with marine Pleistocene clayey deposits of the Messina Province and incompatible with the clays of Lipari island; (iii) the yellow clays found in the excavation area were not used to produce the Richborough 527; and (iv) the analyzed wastes are the results of a poorly controlled firing temperature during the ceramic artifact production.

Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Kein Teil des Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Inhalte und die Bildrechte der Beiträge sind von den jeweiligen AutorInnen zu verantworten.

The excavation in 2007 of a cemetery of the Hellenistic times (from the end of the 4th century BC) in the wider region
of Piraeus (the biggest harbor of Greece), brought to light 93 graves and 88 skeletons the remains of which were macroscopically
studied from the anthropological point of view. The study demonstrated - among other pathological findings - a high rate of porotic
hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia (47,8%), both these lesions being possibly connected (besides other factors), with the infectious
disease of malaria. This fact (viewed within an ecological frame) motivated the theoretical approach of the particular characteristics
of the environment of Piraeus, that may have been determining factors for malaria in antiquity; apart from the existence of a vast
marshy area in ancient Piraeus (Alipedon), there also were other equally aggravating natural factors for the dispersal of the disease:
the lack of running water or the repeatedly overflowing Kifissos river along with the transformation of the coastline, to mention but
a few. Among the anthropogenic factors associated with the occurrence of the disease, are included the Long Walls - that major defensive
work stretching between Athens and Piraeus -, the methods of cultivation in that time, as well as the role of the Harbor itself.

El presente trabajo expone el estudio arquitectónico y del programa decorativo de la domus altoimperial denominada como Casa de las
Garzas hallada en la intervención de urgencia realizada en el año 2000 en Plaza Pineda nº 2, Córdoba. Los restos de la vivienda constatan
la existencia de una serie de dinámicas que definen su desarrollo entre los siglos I y III d.C., con la construcción de una nueva domus que
amortiza parcialmente la existente, continuando en uso tal y como se desprende de las reformas del programa ornamental y el material
cerámico recuperado. El estudio arquitectónico y decorativo define la funcionalidad de las estancias y profundizar en el conocimiento de la
edilicia privada del límite sur entre la nova y la vetus urbs. Asimismo, el programa pictórico, permite ahondar en las implicaciones decorativas
de los esquemas de fondo blanco y su desarrollo en el sur de Hispania.

Pittura e miti nelle domus di Cremona, Irene Bragantini I temi egittizzanti nelle Domus del Ninfeo e dei Candelabri dorati, Irene Bragantini Pictores: la figura del pittore nel mondo greco e romano, Mario Grimaldi La domus romana, spazio pubblico e privato, Amedeo De Lisi Le domus di Cremona, Marina Volonté La Domus del Ninfeo: lusso e potere, Lynn Arslan Pitcher Le decorazioni dipinte del Cubiculum di Arianna, Elena Mariani Un gesto per il sonno ebbro. Un'iconografia per Dioniso, Arianna e altri ebbri Dei Marco Brunetti Rinnovamento e gusto per l'antico: la Domus dei Candelabri dorati di via Colletta Nicoletta Cecchini Gli affreschi dalla Domus dei Candelabri dorati, Elena Mariani Il "larario" della Domus dei Candelabri dorati, Federica Giacobello Appendice RisonAnze del mito …e dalla beltà di essa acceso l'elesse sua sposa… Arianna e Dioniso nelle arti figurative fra Cinquecento e Settecento, Gabriele Barucca Parla con lei: il sogno che si discioglie nell'acqua a Villa d'Este, Andrea Bruciati i RestAuRi L'intervento conservativo e il riassemblaggio di alcuni frammenti pittorici dalla Domus dei Candelabri dorati, Marie-Claire Canepa Il restauro del Cubiculum di Arianna, Maria Chiara Ceriotti Le pitture murali delle domus romane di Cremona: lo studio dei pigmenti,

Si passa in rassegna e si rintracciano materiali emersi dagli scavi nella necropoli etrusca del IV-III secolo a.C. di Talamone intorno al 1877. Particolarmente affascinante è la storia della situla Czartorysky, con la storia di Tyro al pozzo, di cui si segnala la presenza attuale a Cracovia.

During the study of the complex found in Piazza San Francesco in Catania, it was possible to isolate some fragments of seated female figures that are still unique. Among the fragments preserved are the front parts of the bare feet and the complete forearms of the hands of at least two large seated figures. All the fragments in question have technical characteristics which suggest that the figures were constructed by joining an internal structure, probably made of wood, to limbs and heads made of clay. This paper attempts to reconstruct the figures, which are probably acropelina. This term refers to figures structurally similar to the more valuable acroliths, whose limbs were generally made of marble, as in the case of the acroliths of Morgantina, which are the best known examples of a sculptural tradition that was particularly widespread in western Greece. The final remarks discuss the meaning and function of such artefacts from a ritual point of view.

Τhe Prepalatial cemetery at Livari in south-eastern Crete (c. 2800–2000 BC) is located in a remote area without any major centres in the vicinity. Despite the geographic isolation, the funerary practices and the material culture suggest interaction with areas across the island. The type of the circular tholos tomb shows affinities with the Mesara and the Asterousia in south-central Crete whereas certain classes of material culture find close typological parallels in other parts of Crete and the Cyclades. Stylistic
similarities are not sufficient to identify the origin of the artefacts and substantiate connectivity between areas. Petrographic analysis of a broad array of pottery samples has demonstrated interesting connections between this remote community in the far east of Crete and the rest of the island. The
results allow us to reconsider issues of identity, regionalism, connectivity and movement of people, goods and ideas at the beginning of the Cretan Bronze Age.

In the year of 2017, the National Museum of Serbia bought a marble statue of Hercules, found near Ruma, in Srem, at the tripoint of the villages of Buđanovci, Dobrinci and Sibač. In the Roman period, this area belonged to the wider city territory of an important centre -Bassianae. The statue is preserved up to the knees, while the lower parts of the statue's legs are missing. It can be presumed, on the basis of the preserved attributes, that the statue represents the eleventh Labour of the hero-god Hercules, since he is shown with apples from the Garden of the Hesperides. This particular Labour hasn't been frequently depicted in Roman sculptural repertoire and the statue from Bassianae represents a unique complete figural composition in the territory of the Roman provinces in today's Serbia so-far.

Recent archaeological research at Mušov-Burgstall in the Czech Republic, a key Roman military site during the Marcomannic Wars, has uncovered three armour scales with unique features. While Roman scale armour was usually left plain, these scales are decorated with embossing. They display a stylized laurel leaf, filled in with three dots representing hobnails. Both elements are known as emblematic symbols of the 10th legion used on legionary stamps. For the first time, these symbols are also seen on armour scales that date to the Marcomannic Wars. This discovery reinforces the importance of symbolism in military attire, highlighting its role in group identity and the need for psychological stability amid uncertainty. The finds contribute to a broader understanding of Roman military equipment, demonstrating not only their functional character but also their symbolic aspects.

The thesis deals with glass vessels from the Roman auxiliary fort at Iža, bridgehead of Brigetio. The finds come from both phases of its existence (175 – last quarter of the 4th century), and also from the postvalentinian period (till the half of the 5th century). The main goal of the thesis was to create detailed analysis of the glass vessels within context of the glass-production in the northern Pannonia. The finds consists of 3216 glass
fragments, but only 25 % of them were identified typologically. Most of them were used for drinking. Other vessels served as a container for olis, cosmetics and ointments, to serve liquids and food, to store liquids and for other purposes. Vessels, which are from the period till the half of the 3rd century, were most probably produced in the glass workshop in Brigetio. Origin of the later artefacts is questionable. Some of them could be imported from other provinces.

Denne artikkelen dykker ned i opprinnelsen til Arbëri-befolkningen, med et særlig fokus på de historiske, språklige og arkeologiske bevisene som underbygger teorien om deres illyriske avstamning. Dette synspunktet er anerkjent og støttet i stor grad innenfor albanologien. Artikkelen tar for seg forskjellige historiske perspektiver og utfordringer knyttet til dette spørsmålet, og presenterer både teorier som støtter og de som bestrider ideen om en kontinuerlig kulturell utvikling fra illyrerne til dagens albanere.

Videre vil artikkelen belyse de ulike bidragene fra forskere som har engasjert seg i studiet av denne problemstillingen, og de kontroversene som har oppstått i kjølvannet av deres arbeid. Forholdet mellom illyrerne og Arbëri-folket vil bli analysert i en bredere kontekst, hvor både politiske og vitenskapelige diskusjoner spiller en viktig rolle. Målet er å gi en helhetlig forståelse av de komplekse faktorene som har formet vår kunnskap om Arbëri-befolkningens opprinnelse.

Gjennom en grundig gjennomgang av tilgjengelig forskning og historiske kilder, søker artikkelen å bidra til en dypere forståelse av Arbëri-folkets plass i historien og deres forhold til de illyriske røttene. Ved å undersøke både de støttende bevisene og de motstridende argumentene, håper vi å kaste lys over denne fascinerende og komplekse delen av europeisk historie.

Текстот го презентира проектот “ Погребување под могили во долината река Крива Лакавица” во општина Конче, Република Македонија. Со посебен осврт на истражувањето на могилата на археолошкиот локалитет Гајнов Дол во близина на општинскиот центар Конче. Прикажана е методологијата на истражувањето на могилата, опис на гробот и анализа на гробниот прилог кој е оставен као вечен дар на покојничката. Во текстот е акцентрирана могилата како културолошки и култорноисториски феномен симбол на моќниот на погребниот но и на целата заедница, врска со претците и со сопствената традиција. Потенциран е и социјалниот и економскиот статус на покојничката но и на нејзиното семејство кое имало финансиска моќ да ѓи задоволи сите стандарди на аристростркратското општество

Темата го опфаќа перидот од раѓањето па се до заоѓањето на антиката во Брегалничкиот басен односно периодот од 5 век пред н.е. па се до крајот или првата деценија на 7 век, период кога со аваро словенските напади биле уништени и запалени сите доцноантички населби и утврдувања. Во рамките на античкиот период покрај тоа што се употребуваат и усовршуват градежни техники од праисторијата (opus caementicum, opus incertum и други), се појавуваат и нови техники на ѕидање (opus guadratum, opus mixtum, opus testaceum, opus vitatum, opus emplektion, комбинирана техника на ѕидање во која се вклучени две или три градежни техники). Во трудот ќе бидат обработени градежните техники кои се констатирани на археолошките локалитети, по пат на рекогносцирање или археолошки истражувања во долината на река Брегалница, со акцент на градежните техники на одбранбените ѕидови од фортфикициите, сакралните и профаните градби на Виничко кале и градот Баргал

Во трудот се презентирани конзерваторско-реставраторските работи со делумна реконструкција на објектот Стоа, од класичниот период на археолошкиот локалитет Вардараски Рид – Гевглија. Конзерваторско реставраторските работи се изведени во 2001, 2002 и 2008 година, врз основа на претходно изработени два Елаборати за конзервација, реставрација и реконструкција во 2001 и 2008 година. Клучни зборови: стоа, конзервација, реставрација, реконструкција, супструкција, суперструкциј

Одбраната и заштитата кај човекот е присутна уште од почетокот на неговото постоење. Но во зависност од опасностите и загрозувањата кои биле карактеристични за историскиот период така и се организирала. И на територијата која денес ја сочинува Македонија низ историјата се бележат примери на организирање и функционирање на одбраната и заштитата. Од античкиот период се до Првата светска војна таа го менувала својот облик и начин на функционирање, пред се прилагодувајќи се на тогашните актуелни опасностите и загрозувањата со кои населението се соочувало. За наведениот временски период во трудот ќе биде презентиран начинот на организација и функционирање на одбраната и заштитата во Македонија

Archaeological evidence from funerary contexts is largely ignored in current scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic, despite the important information that burials and cemeteries can provide about how plague might have affected societies. Skeletal (mainly dental) remains are used in the paleogenomic search for victims of plague (Yersinia pestis), but significant contextual information is to be gained from plague-positive graves through bioarchaeological study of the complete individual and their broader funerary context, both of which are largely absent from current scholarship. We argue that future scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic must bring burial archaeology to the growing body of evidence, and archaeologists themselves must lead or be involved in this research. We present three ways in which burial archaeology can be used effectively to study the impact of first-pandemic plague on individuals and communities: by reconsidering whether we should be looking for an archaeology of "crisis" for this disease event, by evaluating burial archaeology (especially of multiple burials) in its proper sociocultural context, and by examining bioarchaeological evidence from entire cemeteries where plague genomes are recovered in any quantity. We conclude by offering an example of how such archaeological evidence can be more inclusively and effectively incorporated into interdisciplinary plague studies, to the benefit of the field.

This chapter analyses the manner in which the Cephallenian poleis
occupied, exploited and defended their territory, and the
development of Cephallenia during the Classical Period. We shall
also investigate the aspects that shaped the identity and political
organisation of the Cephallenians during this period. In this way,
whilst the other islands of the Ionian featured just one polis,
Cephallenia featured four different poleis: Same, Crane, Proni and
Pale that were unequal in terms of size, importance and wealth.
Cephallenia's identity revolved around the tradition of Cephalus as
a shared ancestor and eponymous hero of the Cephallenians, also
reinforcing their awareness of their Hellenic origin. We are dealing
with an ethnic identity, an ethnos, but it did not reach the point of
constituting a federal state in the Classical Period.

Si presenta una serie di pavimentazione in laterizio (ma anche in altri tipi pavimentali) d'età romana, documentata soprattutto da scavi condotti fra XIX e primi decenni del XX secolo nella Valle dell'Albegna (territorio di Magliano in Toscana), a Talamone, a Sovana. Emerge un quadro assai ricco delle tipologie pavimentali disponibili per complessi urbani e insediamenti produttivi rurali.

Sulla scorta delle strutture messe in luce dagli scavi condotti negli anni Settanta del XX secolo, riviste alla luce della relazione degli scavi condotti dal Ridolfi nel XIX secolo, si propone una ricostruzione della storia dell'area poi occupata dal battistero di Lucca, individuando, il particolare, il reimpiego integrale nella struttura di un edificio del II secolo d.C.

The Graeco-Roman site of Tell Timai (ancient Thmuis) in Lower Egypt is among the largest urban tells in the Nile Delta, boasting substantial amounts of preserved earthen architecture. Although earthen architecture made up the vast majority of public and domestic structures in ancient Egypt, it still does not receive the same analytical attention from archaeologists as other categories of evidence. This paper presents a case study for the archaeological investigation of the earthen architecture at Tell Timai. The goal was to develop a methodology that can be implemented in the field by excavators with little geoarchaeological training and limited laboratory access in order to generate useful data for determining building stratigraphy and studying construction processes. Through the close examination and sampling of three buildings of different periods and scales, we tested a new field methodology combining geoarchaeological techniques and mensiochronology. The results provide information useful for stratigraphy and phasing as well as for identifying specific patterns of mudbrick manufacturing, production, and construction during the Graeco-Roman period at Tell Timai. 1 introduction Earthen architecture made up the majority of public and domestic structures in ancient Egypt. Nevertheless, it is Egypt's stone monuments that have traditionally attracted the most attention. While the study of mudbrick architecture in Pharaonic-period Egypt has developed steadily over 1 We would like to thank the Timai team, especially the students who helped with this research, Natalie Marquez and Casey Preston; the resourceful Lori Lawson; and the quftis who tirelessly worked with us, especially our head qufti, Abdul Aziz Farouk. We would also like to thank the Ministry of Antiquities and the inspectors who worked at Tell Timai for their continued support; the anonymous reviewers for the AJA for their feedback; Serena Love and Lisa-Marie Shillito for the long discussions on geoarchaeology and the extension of analytical methods in the field; and Becky Martin and Nick Hudson for their insightful comments and suggestions on an early draft of this paper. Figures are the authors' unless otherwise noted.

Étendard de Flobecq / Standaard van Flobecq © Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire / Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis (Bruxelles -Brussel) Abraham Ortelius, Belgii Veteris Typus, 1594 © Museum Plantin-Moretus (Antwerpen) Comité pour la diffusion de la recherche en archéologie gallo-romaine / Comité voor de verspreiding van het onderzoek in de gallo-romeinse archeologie Britt Claes, Musée royaux d'Art et d'Histoire -Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis (Bruxelles -Brussel)

This paper presents a synthesis of the use of dolia, in its different variants, in the province of Baetica, both for the production of olive oil and f0r the fermentation of wine and the maceration f fish sauces. For this purpose, either the production structures (mostly rural, although some of them urban), and especially the typology and problems of the ceramic containers used in them, are analyzed. We reflect on the most appropriate terminology for their definition, combining the data provided by the classical sources and the archaeological evidence, and conclude that,
despite the various existing forms, the reduction in size with respect to the dolia of other provinces is an indisputable reality. Much of the data used, from about 25 sites scattered throughout Andalusia, are unpublished or from recent archaeological research. 

Keywords: oil, salted fish, wine, production structures, technological processes, amphorae, dolia.

Torreparedones se ha convertido en los últimos años en uno de los yacimientos arqueológicos más importantes de Andalucía, gracias a los trabajos llevados a cabo en los años 80-90 del siglo pasado, por un grupo de arqueólogos de las universidades de Córdoba, Complutense de Madrid y Oxford y, sobre todo, a las investigaciones que viene desarrollando el Ayuntamiento de Baena desde 2006. Uno de los sectores mejor conocidos y de mayor interés científico lo encontramos en el santuario meridional ibero-romano donde se documentaron restos de dos edificios destinados al culto. Ambos debieron construirse en época romana, el primero en el período republicano (o a finales de la época ibérica) y el segundo, en época altoimperial durante el reinado de Claudio, quedando abandonado a fines del siglo II d.C. Destaca el hallazgo de 350 exvotos de piedra que representan tanto figuras humanas como miembros del cuerpo. Se ignora el nombre de la divinidad indígena (¿Tanit?) que, en época romana, se sincretizó en-DeaCaelestis/Juno Lucina/Venus Verticordia/Salus. Su imagen era un betiloestiliforme, una columna con capitel foliáceo colocado en la pared norte de la cella.

The paper offers some considerations resulted from studies and fieldworks carried out in recent years in Trentino. They try to reflect about the ways of structuring, settling, and managing the Alpine landscape in Roman times. The main focus is on Valsugana, a large valley that develops to the east of Trento and that has always constituted an important natural communication route linking the Adige River Valley, the Piave river Valley and the Venetian plain. A feature that was particularly exploited and enhanced by Romans for the construction of an important road between Trento and Feltre.

This short article highlights the discovery of a Roman canal in the polder Rijnenburg in Utrecht (NL) in 2024. With an estimated length not much over 1 km, the canal cleverly connected the Rhine with the first active river branch to the south, a forerunner of the Hollandse IJssel. For some time, starting in the mid-first century, Roman army personnel appears to have been active at sites guarding the end-points of the canal, the northern one possibly taking the form of a fortlet. The fieldwork was part of a multidisciplinary survey and assessment of the archaeological potential of a fossile channel-belt immediately south of the Roman frontier along the Old Rhine. This survey produced evidence of dense population in first and second centuries.

In July 2024 the "Investigating the Archaeology of Death in Pompeii Research Project" excavated two sites, one in the funerary area of Porta Nola (next to the tomb of Obellio Firmo) and the other outside the Porta Sarno area (east of the tomb of Marcus Venerius Secundius). The funerary area investigated to the east of the Porta Sarno corresponds with the area excavated in 1998 for the construction of the double tracks of the Circumvesuviana railway line. The 1998 excavations recorded the presence of more than 50 cremation burials, marked by stelae (columelle) and a funerary monument with an arch, delineated by a boundary wall. The tombs were initially dated to the Late Republican period. In order to fully document the funerary area uncovered in 1998, both planimetrically and stratigraphically, a four metre by four metre trench was excavated. This allowed for the mapping of the area, bioarchaeological studies to be carried out, and investigation into when the necropolis was abandoned. Excavations uncovered a monumental tomb consisting of a wide wall with several niches built into the façade and crowned by a relief of a young married couple. The symbolism of the carved accessories of the wife may identify her as a priestess of Ceres. Additionally, the quality of the carving of the sculptures and their archaic characteristics suggest a Republican date, rare in southern Italy.

Las Guerras Astur Cántabras representan uno de los últimos episodios de resistencia indigena frente a la expansión del Imperio Romano en la Península Ibérica.
Estas campañas, lideradas en un primer momento por el emperador Augusto, no solo constituyen un hito militar en la consolidación del dominio romano en Hispania, sino que también reflejan la complejidad de los conflictos entre las legiones romanas y las tribus cántabras y astures, cuyas estrategias guerrilleras y profundo conocimiento del territorio dificultaron la rápida victoria romana. El análisis de estas guerras permite com-prender mejor la transición política, económica y
militar en el noroeste de la península.

Fig. 1. View jron1 the approxi- mate site cif the Arte111is Laphria temple 011 the acropolis cif Patras towards the Laphrion-hi/1 at Kalydon, her original place cif worship, and 1 1esible to the lift of the T /crrassova lvfountain Sacred landscapes of Aetolia and Achaea: synoecism processes and non-urban sanctuaries "On the acropolis of Patrae is a sanctuary of Artemis Laphria. The surname of the goddess is a foreign one, and her image too was brought in from elsewhere. For after Calydon with the rest of Aetolia had been laid waste by the Emperor Augustus in order that the Aetolian people nlight be incorporated into Nicopolis above Actium, the people of Patrae thus secured the image of Laphria. Most of the images out of Aetolia and fi•om Acarnania were brought by Augustus' orders to Nicopolis, but to Patrae he gave, with other spoils fi•om Calydon, the image of Laphria, which even in my time was still worshipped on the acropolis ofPatrae" (Paus. 7. 18. 8-9; translated by Jones 1961). " In this part of the city [agora and the adjoining areas] is also a sanctuary of Dionysos surnamed Calydonian -for the image of Dionysos too was brought from Calydon" (Paus. 7. 21. 1; translated by Jones 1961) .

In the period of the Late Antiquity, Roman emperors issued laws that prohibited different praxis related to paganism and pagan deities. Many of them were connected to the sacrifices (particularly animal sacrifices to the divinities), rituals and different customs, with emphasis on so-called Mystery religions, which encompasses different rituals considered quite bizarre by ordinary Romans. The majority of Roman rulers, starting with Constantine the Great, also prohibited practising magic, night rituals of initiation to particular cults or rituals practised by night, gifting the gods with votive gifts etc. During the reign of Gratian, major changes were made in the context of the relation between the Roman emperor and pagnism - her rejected the title/office of the supreme priest pontifex Maximus, he removed the Victoria altar from the Senate, he refused to finance state pagan cults and he proclaimed cult statues to be considered only the world of art. During the reign of the emperor Theodosius, paganism weakened even more which was mirrored in the destruction of pagan temples and other acts aimed against paganism. In the period of the reigh of Theodosius' heirs, pagan temples became public buildings, while pagan cult statues were marked with crosses (which symbolised the exorcism of demons or baptism of the statue), with the goal to erase every trace of paganism and complete triumph of Christianity.

uring archaeological excavations in 2022. with the goal to obtain data important for the conservation works which were to follow, in the northern part of the thermae of Constantine the Great's villa with peristyle, in a layer of debris discovered north of the apse of room 8 of the thermae, a fragmented relief of white marble was discovered (Fig. ). 1 The layer of debris consisted of thick soil with fragments of stone, marble, ceramic and glass. The two marble fragments represent the middle and lower part of the plate and are well preserved. 2 The iconographic presentation is framed by a double moulding and represents the lower part of a figure dressed in a flowing himation, which covers its left leg, while leaving the right leg uncovered; the figure is standing on a globe. Although the representation of the figure is not complete, it could be said with some certainty that the figure in question represents the goddess Victoria who was often shown in an identical pose -standing with one leg on a globe, her richly plaited dress flowing, and frequently with one leg uncovered. In her hands, the goddess usually holds a palm branch and a wreath, which we can presume was the way in which she was also depicted in the Mediana relief. This particular

Although many epigraphical and archaeological monuments of Syrian origin in the territory of Central Balkans' Roman provinces from the period of Roman reign have been discovered in the past, monuments from Palmyra are rare. Therefore, the three monuments of Palmyrene origin from National Museum in Belgrade, are even more important, because they represent valuable examples of Palmyrene funerary art from the Roman period. On two monuments, the very elite of Palmyrene society is represented -two Palmyrene priests dressed in their characteristic clothes with modius on their heads, while the third monument represents a funerary loculus stela of a young girl holding a bird (probably a dove) and grapes. The analysis of the iconography and stylistic traits of the monuments showed that they can be dated to the period of the 2nd-3rd century, during which (particularly during the reign of the Severan dynasty) the imigrants of Oriental origin came in several migration waves to Central Balkans' Roman provinces and inhabited bigger centres, including Singidunum, where they had their enclave.

During the period of Roman rule in the Central Balkan Roman provinces, among other oriental cults, like the Syrian cult of Sol Invictus or the Persian cult of Mithras, Asia Minor deities and theologies were considerably favoured. Epigraphic and archaeological evidence confirms the existence of the cults of Magna Mater, Attis, Iuppiter Dolichenus, Sabazius, Iuppiter Turmasgades, Iuppiter Melanus, Mēn, and Artemis of Ephesus. However, in the eastern parts of the Central Balkan Roman provinces, certain religious syncretism is emphasized, which can be connected to the strong Thracian influence in the mentioned territory. This paper examines the ways and the degree to which Thracian culture penetrated the religious beliefs and funerary rites of the population that inhabited the eastern parts of the Central Balkans in Antiquity.

In the border zone between the Roman provinces of Upper Moesia and Thrace a sanctuary dedicated to Zeus and Hera, defined by the toponymic epithet Souidept?noi, was discovered on the Belava mountain, near Turres (today?s Pirot). The sanctuary presumably encompassed a temenos, an altar and two smaller temples, oriented east-west, with the entrance on the eastern side. Unfortunately, illegal excavations were conducted on the area of the sanctuary by thieves, who stole the small reliefs offered to the deities venerated in the sanctuary, of which the authors of this paper could obtain the data of 31 fragmented votive plates, most of them inscribed. A variety of iconographic schemas, especially the standing divine couple or Zeus and Hera in quadriga, as well as the combination of three onomastics stocks (Thracian, Greek and Latin) illustrate the diversity of traditions and the cultural interferences at work during imperial times. It can be presumed that the sanctuary dedicated to Zeus an...