Forensic Anthropology

Coral atolls have been considered the most precarious landforms thus having an extremely severe environment for human settlements in the Oceanic realm. It appears that atoll islets of foraminiferal sand and coral shingle accumulated on reef flats are considerably weaker than high islands with regard to sea-level change and climatic fluctuation, but there also seems to be variety to their vulnerability. In fact our excavation on Laura, the largest and widest islet in Majuro atoll, Marshall Islands, has revealed that its earliest colonization surprisingly dated back to 2,000 BP, and agricultural pits for cultivation of aroid species -probably Cyrtosperma -were constructed some centuries later at the least, while a smaller islet shows a much younger age of 360 BP. The long-lasting landscape of pit agriculture comprising remarkable undulation and rich vegetation, which appears to be the richest and most diverse part of the present atoll environment, can be viewed as a symbol indicating the islets are in good condition in aspects of both land formation and human subsistence. Here, we will discuss this landscape as a historical product invented through the entanglement between two agencies, nature and human. Understanding this will be also helpful in framing policies regarding anticipated sea-level rising in the future.

Περίληψη Η ανατοµία αποτελεί τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο της ιατρικής εκπαίδευσης, ωστόσο η πρώτη επαφή των φοιτητών µε το ανθρώπινο σώµα συνοδεύεται από πολυδιάστατες προκλήσεις. Η παρούσα εργασία διερευνά τις ψυχολογικές, εκπαιδευτικές και ηθικές διαστάσεις της ανατοµικής διδασκαλίας, µε έµφαση στη σύγκριση µεταξύ του ελληνικού και αιγυπτιακού εκπαιδευτικού συστήµατος. Αξιοποιώντας δεδοµένα από το Πανεπιστήµιο ASU Cairo, προτείνονται στρατηγικές για τη βελτιστοποίηση της διδακτικής προσέγγισης.-Εισαγωγή Ιστορική Αναδροµή Από την εποχή του Γαληνού έως τη σύγχρονη εποχή, η ανατοµία έχει εξελιχθεί από µια εµπειρική πρακτική σε µια επιστήµη βασισµένη σε ακριβή δεδοµένα. Η χρήση πτωµάτων για εκπαιδευτικούς σκοπούς, που καθιερώθηκε κατά την Αναγέννηση, έθεσε τα θεµέλια για τη σύγχρονη ιατρική αλλά και ηθικά διλήµµατα. Στόχοι Έρευνας 1. Ανάλυση των συναισθηµατικών εµποδίων των πρωτοετών (π.χ. άγχος, αποστροφή). 2. Αξιολόγηση της συµβολής ψηφιακών εργαλείων (3D µοντέλα, εικονική πραγµατικότητα). 3. Σύγκριση των εκπαιδευτικών προγραµµάτων Ελλάδας και Αιγύπτου.-Κεφάλαιο 1: Θεωρητικό Πλαίσιο Ορισµός και Σηµασία της Ανατοµίας Η ανατοµία δεν αποτελεί απλώς τη µελέτη δοµών, αλλά τη γλωσσοµάθεια του σώµατος ως «κειµένου» που αποκαλύπτει ασθένειες και λειτουργίες. Οι πρωτοετείς φοιτητές απαιτείται να κατακτήσουν:-**Οστεολογία**: Ταυτοποίηση και λειτουργία οστών.-**Μυολογία**: Κατανόηση µυϊκών συστηµάτων. Εκπαιδευτικά Συστήµατα: Ελλάδα vs.

En el 2022, como parte del proyecto de extensión «Plataforma de formación integral en torno a la construcción del Sitio de Memoria La Tablada», se estableció la primera aula universitaria del país en un espacio represivo de la dictadura, declarado como sitio de memoria en el 2019. La Tablada, con su significativo trasfondo histórico como principal mercado ganadero del país y también como sitio de reclusión, representa una narrativa de horror, violencia y confinamiento. En esta historia sobresale el establecimiento de un centro clandestino de desaparición y tortura entre 1977 y 1984 —motivo por el cual se declara como sitio de memoria— y las sucesivas instalaciones de cárceles durante el período democrático. El artículo detalla la experiencia de la plataforma de formación integral, que incluye la creación del Aula Abierta y la organización del seminario Memoria, Territorio e Integralidad, en el que participaron estudiantes de diversas facultades de la Universidad de la República: Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo, Facultad de Psicología, Facultad de Información y Comunicación y Facultad de Artes. El Aula Abierta es concebida como un punto de encuentro entre la comunidad universitaria y las comunidades que respaldan y contribuyen al desarrollo del Sitio de Memoria La Tablada, este espacio fomenta el intercambio de conocimientos y prácticas formativas integrales. Precediendo a esta descripción, el artículo ofrece un contexto sobre la génesis del Sitio de Memoria La Tablada y resalta la labor de extensión llevada a cabo por el grupo interdisciplinario Espacialidad y Memoria en colaboración con los distintos colectivos que conforman su comisión. Concluye reflexionando sobre la relevancia del enfoque interdisciplinario y la formación integral en el abordaje de temáticas sensibles como estas, particularmente en los procesos de acompañamiento en la construcción de sitios de memoria.

Identification of an individual is an important aspect in Forensic Medicine. It includes various parameters like determination of Age, Sex, Race, Stature etc. The Anthropometry of the individual helps a lot in the identification. The stature of an individual can be measured easily if whole of the body or skeleton is present. However, it becomes difficult when fragmented bodies or some parts of body or skeleton are brought for examination. The relation of foot length with the stature of the individual can be very helpful is such cases. This study was carried out on the medical students of a tertiary care institute of Himachal Pradesh to determine the relationship of their foot length with the stature.

Extreme fragmentation can complicate the inventory of human skeletal remains. In such cases, skeletal mass can provide information regarding skeleton completeness and the minimum number of individuals. For that purpose, several references for skeletal mass can be used to establish comparisons and draw inferences regarding those parameters. However, little is known about the feasibility of establishing comparisons between inherently different materials, as is the case of curated reference skeletal collections and human remains recovered from forensic and archaeological settings. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of inhumation, weather and heat exposure on the skeletal mass of two different bone types. This was investigated on a sample of 30 human bone fragments (14 trabecular bones and 16 compact bones) was experimentally buried for two years after being submitted to one of four different heat treatments (left unburned; 500 o C; 900 o C; 1000 o C). Bones were exhumed periodically to assess time-related mass variation. Skeletal mass varied substantially, decreasing and increasing in accordance to the interchanging dry and wet seasons. However, trends were not the same for the two bone types and the four temperature thresholds. The reason for this appears to be related to water absorption and to the differential heat-induced changes in bone microporosity, volume, and composition. Our results suggest that mass comparisons against published references should be performed only after the skeletal remains have been preemptively dried from exogenous water.

The practice of cremation is often interpreted as an alternative to inhumation, taking place shortly after an individual’s death. However, cremation could be a final stage in complex mortuary practices, with previous steps that are obscured due to the heating process. This project reports on experimental scoping research on a set of experimentally heated femoral fragments from modern and archaeological collections of the University of Coimbra. Sixteen recent femur samples from eight individuals, as well as five femur samples from an archaeological skeleton from the medieval-modern cemetery found at the Hospital de Santo António (Porto), were included in this research. Samples presented five different conditions: unburnt, and burnt at maximum temperatures of 300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C. Each sample was prepared to allow observation using binocular transmitted light microscopes with ×10, ×25 and ×40 magnifications. Results indicated that, if burial led to bioerosion, this will r...

Sex diagnosis is a crucial element in the analysis of skeletal remains from forensic and archaeological contexts. Thus, researchers have developed several methods using different anatomical regions to estimate sex. Despite such variety of methods, sexing of collective cremated human skeletal remains is still challenging due to heatinduced size changes and fragmentation, along with the typical commingling of collective contexts. This study aims to examine the potential of burned tooth crowns for odontometric sex estimation. To that end, heat-induced size changes were quantified in experimentally burned teeth. Then, odontometric sex estimation was performed in a set of theoretical samples of pre and post-burned tooth crowns. Results show burned tooth crowns undergo variable but consistent and statistically significant expansion, which is due to micro-fracturing. Such heat induced size changes are of sufficient magnitude to impact odontometric sex diagnosis and sex ratios of the theoretical samples. Yet, sexing using burned tooth crowns may still be useful to estimate the minimum number of females in a given sample. Further, the effect of heat-induced size changes may be calculated and removed using scanning.

The assessment of sex is crucial to the establishment of a biological profile of an unidentified skeletal individual. The best methods currently available for the sexual diagnosis of human skeletal remains generally rely on the presence of well-preserved pelvic bones, which is not always the case. Postcranial elements, including the femur, have been used to accurately estimate sex in skeletal remains from forensic and bioarcheological settings. In this study, we present an approach to estimate sex using two measurements (femoral neck width [FNW] and femoral neck axis length [FNAL]) of the proximal femur. FNW and FNAL were obtained in a training sample (114 females and 138 males) from the Luís Lopes Collection (National History Museum of Lisbon). Logistic regression was used to develop a model to predict sex in unknown individuals. The logistic regression model correctly predicted sex in 85.3% to 85.7% of the cases. The model was also evaluated in a test sample (96 females and 96 males) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (University of Coimbra), resulting in a sex allocation accuracy of 80.1% to 86.2%. This study supports the relative value of the proximal femur to estimate sex in skeletal remains, especially when other exceedingly dimorphic skeletal elements are not accessible for analysis.

Warping has been used to determine the pre-burning condition of human skeletal remains. In the literature, this modification has been associated more often with the burning of fleshed and green bones, but it also arises during the burning of dry bones. The objective of this paper was to assess if bone collagen content has a significant effect on the occurrence of warping in a sample of experimentally burned human bones. The presence of collagen was analyzed in two different samples through a vibrational spectroscopy technology-FTIR. One of them was composed of 40 archeological bones from the seventeenth to twentieth centuries AD. The other one was composed of bones from 14 skeletons belonging to the 21st century identified skeletal collection. The results confirmed that the amide I band assigned to the collagen was much more intense in bones presenting heat-induced warping. Nonetheless, although significant (p = 0.040), the collagen content was not as useful as other variables to th...

We have critically investigated the ATR-IR spectroscopy data behavior of burned human teeth as opposed to the generally observed behavior in human bones that were subjected to heat treatment, whether deliberate or accidental. It is shown that the deterioration of the crystallinity index (CI) behavior sometimes observed in bones subjected to high temperature appears to be of higher frequency in the case of bioapatite from teeth. This occurs because the formation of the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) phase, otherwise known as whitlockite, clearly ascertained by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns collected on the same powdered specimens investigated by ATR-IR. These results point to the need of combining more than one physicochemical technique even if apparently well suitable, in order to verify whether the assumed conditions assessed by spectroscopy are fully maintained in the specimens after temperature and/or mechanical processing.

The potential of the petrous bone for sex estimation has been recurrently investigated in the past because it is very resilient and therefore tends to preserve rather well. The sexual dimorphism of the lateral angle of the internal auditory canal was investigated in two samples of cremated Portuguese individuals in order to assess its usefulness for sex estimation in burned remains. These comprised the cremated petrous bones from fleshed cadavers (N = 54) and from dry and disarticulated bones (N = 36). Although differences between males and females were more patent in the sample of skeletons, none presented a very significant sexual dimorphism, thus precluding any attempt of sex estimation. This may have been the result of a difficult application of the method and of a differential impact of heat-induced warping which is known to be less frequent in cremains from dry skeletons. Results suggest that the lateral angle method cannot be applied to burned human skeletal remains.

The determination of the original condition of human remains prior to burning is critical since it may facilitate the reconstruction of circumstances surrounding death in forensic cases. Although the use of heat-induced bone changes is not a completely reliable proxy for determining pre-burning conditions, it is not completely devoid of potential, as we can observe a clear difference in the occurrence of such features between fleshed and dry bones. In order to quantify this difference and determine its true value for forensic research, the frequencies of heat-induced warping and thumbnail fractures were documented on modern cremations of cadavers from recently deceased individuals and from the cremations of skeletons previously inhumed. The effect of age, sex, time span from death to cremation, duration and temperature of combustion on those frequencies was statistically investigated. Results demonstrated that the heat-induced features were significantly more frequent in the sample of cadavers. In addition, warping was determined to be the most useful indicator of the pre-burning condition of human remains. Temperature of combustion was the only variable having a significant effect on the frequency of both features suggesting that fluctuation of temperature, along with collagen preservation and recrystallization of the inorganic phase, is paramount for their occurrence. Both warping and thumbnail fractures may eventually be used for the estimation of the pre-burning condition of human remains in lack of other indicators but their reliability is far from absolute. Ideally, such inference must be supported by other data such as skeletal representation, objects or defleshing marks on bones.

Weight is often one of the few recoverable data when analyzing human cremains but references are still rare, especially for European populations. Mean weights for skeletal remains were thus documented for Portuguese modern cremations of both recently deceased individuals and dry skeletons and the effect of age, sex and the intensity of combustion was investigated using both multivariate and univariate statistics. The cremains from fresh cadavers were significantly heavier than the ones from dry skeletons regardless of sex and age cohort (p < .001 to p = .003). As expected, males were heavier than females and age had a powerful effect in female skeletal weight. The effect of the intensity of combustion in cremains weight was unclear. These weight references may, in some cases, help estimating the minimum number of individuals, the completeness of the skeletal assemblage and the sex of an unknown individual.

Sex determination of human burned skeletal remains is extremely hard to achieve because of heat-related fragmentation, warping and dimensional changes. In particular, the latter is impeditive of osteometric analyses based on references developed on unburned bones. New osteometric references were thus obtained which allow for more reliable sex determinations. The calcined remains of cremated Portuguese individuals were examined and specific standard measurements of the humerus, femur, talus and calcaneus were documented. This allowed for the compilation of new sex discriminating osteometric references which were then tested on independent samples with good results. Both the use of simple cut-off points and of logistic regression equations provided with successful sex classification scores. These references may now be used for the sex determination of burned skeletons. Its reliability is improved for contemporary Portuguese and thus has important repercussion for forensic research. Nonetheless, the more conservative use of these references may also prove valuable for other populations as well as for archaeological research.

Complete and accurate human skeletal inventory is seldom possible in archaeological and forensic cases involving severe fragmentation. In such cases, skeletal mass comparisons with published references may be used as an alternative to assess skeletal completeness but they are too general for a case-by-case routine analysis. The objective is to solve this issue by creating linear regression equations to estimate the total mass of a skeleton based on the mass of individual bones. Total adult skeletal mass and individual mass of the clavicle, humerus, femur, patella, carpal, metacarpal, tarsal, and metatarsal bones were recorded in a sample of 60 skeletons from the 21st century identified skeletal collection (University of Coimbra). The sample included 32 females and 28 males with ages ranging from 31 to 96 years (mean = 76.4; sd = 14.8). Skeletal mass linear regression equations were calculated based on this sample. The mass of individual bones was successfully used to predict the app...

In the field of wrestling only few skill tests were available to evaluate the skill performance of wrestlers. So researcher has undertaken the study "Development of free style wrestling for junior boys". The purpose of the study was to development of free style wrestling skill test for selection, evaluation and assessment of performance of wrestlers, the normative study was conducted under descriptive research. The study was confined to age group 18 to 19 years' school level male free style wrestlers from Punjab. The researcher used purposive random sampling method. Standard procedures were followed to conduct this research project. The researcher followed step-wise method of construction and establishing standard norms. Researcher analyzed important basic skills used by school level wrestlers of age group 18 to 19 years with help the experts from wrestling field. The newly designed skill test was administered on school level male wrestlers of age group 18 to 19 years from various wrestling club, different schools and practice houses in Punjab and test was revised. After the modification the test was finalized and changes were made after pilot study. Validity, Reliability and Objectivity were established by following procedure given in various books of tests, measurement and evaluation. The data, which was collected by administering tests, was statistically treated to develop norms for all the test items. The normative scales, namely, the Percentile Scale and 7 Sigma Scale were constructed for the male wrestlers of state and national level. The norms were constructed by using Percentile and 7 Sigma Scale techniques analyzed through statistical packages, the scores were further classified into five grades i.e. Excellent, Good, Average, Fair, Poor under Normal Distribution.

The use of isotopic analysis for human mobility, geolocation, and forensic identification has become common over the past two decades, yet its effectiveness depends on the availability of well-documented reference data. Many reference data exist in the literature, but the suitability of these data for forensic applications has not been critically assessed. Here, we compile oxygen and strontium isotope data for North American human tissues (hair, nails, bone, and tooth enamel). We review the geo

From a bioarchaeological perspective, we examine the incidence of traumatic lesions present on skeletons of the inhabitants of the ancient city of El Palmillo, during the Classic period (AD 250-850). El Palmillo was a Zapotec settlement in the Valley of Oaxaca, located in the municipality of Santiago Matatlan. The study sample (n = 16) is composed of 10 females, 5 males, and 1 indeterminate individual. We compare the location of the traumatic lesions, the archaeological context, and the observed significant differences between the sexes. Based on the osteological evidence, we seek to explain why the female skeletons of this site present more facial traumas than do the male skeletons. The texts written about pre-Hispanic Zapotec populations are limited, as are archaeological studies focused on women, so a specific consideration of this sector of the population is important to establish a historical reference. The variation in the presence and location of traumatic lesions between mal...

Objective: The aim of this research was to derive probability formulae based on ridge counts (RC) that could be used to contribute to sex determination in human identification. Methods: A modified technique of obtaining RC that is not influenced by finger patterns was employed. RC from fingerprints of 200 male and 200 female Filipinos aged 18-57 years were collected and analyzed statistically. Results: Males had lower RC compared to females, and there were differences in RC per digit as well. Odds for sex discrimination were obtained for the thumb (

U. Veit / A. Wendowski-Schünemann, Der bronzezeitliche Ringwall ‚Am Kirchhof‘ in Cuxhaven-Duhnen und benachbarte archäologische Denkmäler (unter Mitarbeit von Matthias Halle, Uwe Kraus, Eva-Maria-Pfeiffer, Sascha Schmidt, Dirk Seidensticker, Julian Spohn). Leipziger Schriften Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie 11. Leipzig: Professur für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 2023  [ISBN: 978-3-936394-25-2].

A correct biological profile leads to a better understanding of the past and assists in the identification of human remains within bioarchaeology and forensic casework. Sex estimation forms a critical component of a biological profile. With the advancement of technologies such as geometric morphometrics (GMM), new methods and a deeper understanding of morphological features can be investigated digitally. However, how well do these methods compare to standard visual methods and how easy are they to employ? This research investigates the use of 2-D shape analysis and visual morphological methods for sex estimation using the greater sciatic notch (GSN). A total of 202 adult os coxae were photographed and analyzed from the Spitalfields Coffin Plate Collection housed at the Natural History Museum, UK. Each os coxae was analyzed digitally to extract a "line" for elliptical fourier analysis (EFA) and subsequent discriminant function analysis (DFA). Os coxae were also scored using two well established morphological methods for the GSN. This study found an overall accuracy of 82.81% when using the computational method (EFA and DFA). Lower accuracies were found for the visual methods with the Bruzek method correctly classifying 82.17% and the Walker method resulting in a much lower accuracy at 72.77%. The finding of this study showcases the benefits of using more computational methods such as shape analysis/GMM. However, it has a nearly identical overall error rate to the Bruzek method and higher accuracy than the Walker method and therefore is a suitable and accurate method for sex estimation. As these practices are evolving, practitioners will have to balance the cost/benefit (e.g., time, training, and accuracy) of using the different techniques while continuing to refine and combine approaches for optimal results in biological profiling. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) has found new fields of application in bone medicine, but none of them concerns the forensic practice. This study exposes the potential of pQCT applied to a penetrating lesion in a vertebral body. A pQCT scanner was used for the measurements (XCT Research SA+; Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany). A more precise reconstruction of the path of the lesion within the trabecular bone was reached, with more details concerning the morphological characteristics of the lesion inside the vertebral body, and the elaboration of a 3D model was created, which allowed the operator to define the volume of the lack of tissues related to the lesion. The application of pQCT scan proved to be a potentially useful tool for the assessment of bone lesions, although further studies are needed in order to verify its applicability to forensic context.

Background: Recognition of unknown individuals is an essential element in forensics. This study aims to analyze the morphometrics of the sella turcica, foramen magnum (FM), and mastoid process in adult sex determination. In addition, to identify from the previously mentioned parts which is the most efficient single parameter in adult sex determination. In addition, we look forward to correlating the significant efficacy of the previously mentioned parts in sex determination using two or all of them together compared to using one bony part alone. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 Egyptian adults (30 men and 30 women) with multislice computed tomography (MSCT) bone window scans of the head and neck obtained for different purposes were included to obtain cranial measurements of the sella turcica, FM, and mastoid triangle area. Results: The Sella turcica anterior-posterior (A-P) diameter of the adult male cases had a Mean±SD of 14.015±2.15 mm compared to 12.851±1.904 mm among adult female cases. The mean maximum FM width (FMW) of men was 32.183±2.126 mm, while that of women was 30.169±2.530 mm. The men's FM area (FMA) had a Mean±SD of 885.606±124.665 mm 2 ; In women, the Mean±SD were 784.179±140.997 mm 2. The mastoid triangle area's Mean±SD were 778.559±87.218 mm 2 among men compared to a mean of 645.215±88.733 mm 2 among women. Conclusion: This study determined that sella turcica A-P diameter, mastoid area, FMW, FMA, the maximum length of the right and left occipital condyle (LROC), and length of the left occipital condyle (LLOC) showed significantly higher measures in adult Egyptian males. The best single parameter determining the adult sex was the mastoid triangle area with a cutoff level of 647.22 mm 2. The sella turcica A-P diameter, LLOC, and mastoid triangle area represent the best combination of all measured parameters for determining sex in adults. A predictive formula was performed using the best combination in adult cases with an accuracy of 87% in sex determination.

Context vital forensic clues can be found in decomposed remains, but their determination is made all the more difficult by the effects of decomposition essentially making it the bad guy in any autopsy of decomposed bodies.
Accurate forensics has suffered, in part, because the means of doing it have always been underfunded and the ways of determining clues, inadequately studied. Yet here is an effort to change that.
For this study, 43 cases of decomposition that had undergone autopsy at
GMCH Sundargarh between June 2022 and May 2024 were analysed. The
identified stages of decomposition in our cases were early, moderate, and
advanced; we then gathered demographic data and other information from
autopsy of each case. We statistically assessed this information, along with findings from the autopsies, to reach some conclusions about our cases. In this study of 43 cases, 74.4% of the individuals were aged 18 60 years, and 79.1% were male. The breakdown of decomposition occurrences revealed that the majority were found in summer (69.8%). Determining the cause of death proved elusive, with 30.2% of cases being undetermined. The next most frequent ascertainable cause was asphyxia, which was listed for 20.9% of the cases; roughly the same number died from non-penetrating, cranio-cerebral injuries. Overall, the most cases of decomposition had been severely invaded by insects and wild animals (79.1%).
This study emphasizes the intricacies associated with determining the cause of death in remains that have undergone decomposition. It underscores the necessity of employing advanced analytic techniques and an interdisciplinary approach to bolster the effectiveness of death investigations when the body has decayed.

La presente investigación está enfocada en la formulación de una metodología que permita aplicar los métodos y técnicas habitualmente utilizados en los ejercicios de prospección no intrusiva en arqueología subacuática para la localización de entierros ubicados en contextos sumergidos. Específicamente se abordaron tres ejes transversales, incluyendo realizar una caracterización espacial del área de interés (Departamento de Antioquia) con base en la recopilación y análisis de fuentes de información primarias y secundarias que den cuenta de aspectos relacionados con las unidades de paisaje, antecedentes de áreas de existencia antrópica, áreas de habitabilidad y reportes de contextos de enterramientos. Por otro lado, desarrollar una caracterización del fondo subacuático a partir de un levantamiento con sensores remotos en áreas seleccionadas consideradas como unidades mínimas de análisis subacuático sobre las áreas definidas. Finalmente, formular una propuesta metodológica para el desarrollo experimental en un área controlada que permita generar recomendaciones para la implementación de actividades no intrusivas de contextos enterrados sumergidos.

La presente propuesta metodológica busca determinar si se forman sitios antrópicos producto del depósito de cadáveres o segmentos corporales humanos en medios fluviales en contextos de conflicto y, en caso de que sí se conformen, fortalecer la comprensión del proceso de formación de sitio. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estimado de la capacidad de búsqueda e identificación de dichos sitios antrópicos a partir de herramientas propias de prospección, generalmente sonares usados en la arqueología subacuática para mapear lechos acuáticos. Se buscó entonces, traducir todo esto en un sistema comprensible e integrado de los datos obtenidos mediante observación directa sobre situaciones experimentales, generando respuestas en dos direcciones: 1) Qué vestigios son susceptibles de ser interpretados como el resultado de la inmersión de un cadáver en un medio determinado mediante el uso de sensores remotos y ; 2) cómo es la situación espacial en la que se encuentran los restos humanos en relación con otros elementos que constituyen un sitio. Cabe resaltar, igualmente, que esta propuesta metodológica se pensó inicialmente para cualquier cuerpo fluvial del ámbito colombiano con características similares, partiendo de un proceso experimental que se desarrolló en el Río La Miel, en el área de la vereda La Habana del municipio de La Dorada Caldas, en el punto conocido como la Moya de Doña Lucrecia. Este sitio fue elegido como el lugar del experimento por diversas razones, relacionadas con información aportada por la comunidad e investigaciones realizadas en este sector por el equipo de EQUITAS y el Instituto Javeriano del Agua durante 2019 y 2020

toegang Ger[rit] Kleis / Schokland / Pieter Nagel B i b l i o g r a f i e versie versie 8 0 Peter Nage, diverse l gedichten in het Algemeen Handelsblad Dichtershoek tussen 16 januari 196-22 jili 1961 1 Pieter Nagel, 'Inhoud' ; 'Gespeel' In: Een 10 voor de tieners 2. Gravenhage/Rotterdam 1961. p. 116-117. 2 Pieter Nagel, 'Apotheose' ; 'Ik heb geen gedicht' In: Fase, Literair Maandblad. jrg.1 (1962) nr.1. p.7. 3 Pieter Nagel, (gedichten) In: Vermoeden van tijd, poëzie van de jongere generatie. Samengesteld en ingeleid door Rob H.

Stature estimation is an important step to create a biological profile for human identification of unknown individuals in forensic anthropological practice, and it is well known that the long bone length is highly correlated with this feature. The purpose of the present study is to develop formulae for height estimation, based on simple linear regression model for humerus, femur and tibia in Mexican contemporary population. Stature was taken in 56 males and 30 female corpses as well as maximum length of three long bones of the limbs after autopsy following the Menéndez et al. (2014) criteria, at the Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Based on this data, equations for each sex and for the three long bones were developed, obtaining a highly significant (p < .001) linear regression models with correlation coefficients of r = 0.820 for female femur and r = 0.855 for male tibia. In this manner, the new formulae provide better and reliable results of stature estimation for the contemporary population of Mexico.

Introduction: Lip print patterns are individualistic and unique and can be used for identification of individuals. Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the different types of lip patterns, know the most common one and to know whether it has any gender predilection among adults of Sebha city. Materials and Methods: A total of 104 adults aged 18-35 years participated in this study. Lip prints were recorded and analyzed for lip print patterns. Statistical analysis was carried out using the computer software Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 (Chicago, Illinos, USA). Results: Type I lip print pattern was seen in 53.37% and 60.07% of lip quadrants in males and females, respectively. 27 (25.96%) subjects had same lip print pattern in all the four quadrants. Conclusion: Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's Type I lip print pattern was most common type of lip print pattern in the studied population, whereas Type I' was found to be the least common.

How can we conceptualize and investigate the relationships between territories and the production of situated knowledge in the field of violence? This interview addresses this question and attempts to outline some possible strategies, based on the experience of a Mexican journalist. Marcela Turati’s 2023bookSan Fernando:Última paradaallows us to talk about the ways in which borders constitute complex nodes of human, economic, political,and criminal flows, where diverse ecologies, landscapes, territories,and social practices intersect. The violence recounted in her book shows how these nodes are also devices for selecting vulnerable or disposable people, who can be killed or disappeared without the state pursuing those responsible or seeking justice, what Turati calls “an authorized crime.”

Extreme fragmentation can complicate the inventory of human skeletal remains. In such cases, skeletal mass can provide information regarding skeleton completeness and the minimum number of individuals. For that purpose, several references for skeletal mass can be used to establish comparisons and draw inferences regarding those parameters. However, little is known about the feasibility of establishing comparisons between inherently different materials, as is the case of curated reference skeletal collections and human remains recovered from forensic and archaeological settings. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of inhumation, weather and heat exposure on the skeletal mass of two different bone types. This was investigated on a sample of 30 human bone fragments (14 trabecular bones and 16 compact bones) was experimentally buried for two years after being submitted to one of four different heat treatments (left unburned; 500 o C; 900 o C; 1000 o C). Bones were exhumed periodically to assess time-related mass variation. Skeletal mass varied substantially, decreasing and increasing in accordance to the interchanging dry and wet seasons. However, trends were not the same for the two bone types and the four temperature thresholds. The reason for this appears to be related to water absorption and to the differential heat-induced changes in bone microporosity, volume, and composition. Our results suggest that mass comparisons against published references should be performed only after the skeletal remains have been preemptively dried from exogenous water.

The reconstruction and subsequent rescue archaeological excavation in the baroque chapel of St Barbara in the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Přeštice has resulted in the discovery of one atypical burial in a small bricked vault. The vault contained skeletal remains in a very poor state of preservation. The discovery of the skeletal remains in the chapel was unexpected given the absence of any signs of a grave being present. In this article we describe the attempt to identify the person to whom
the skeletal remains belong. Based on anthropological analysis, these remains were interpreted as probably female over 50 years of age. By combining archaeological context, anthropological analysis and historical sources, the skeleton was interpreted as the remains of Marie Anna Lindauer, a resident of Pilsen and the mother of Josef Ondřej Lindauer, the dean in Přeštice and the bishop in Budweis.

The increasing volume and complexities of migratory flow has led to a range of problems such as human rights issues, public health, disease and border control, and also the regulatory processes. As result of war or internal conflicts missing person cases and management have to be regarded as a worldwide issue. On the other hand, even in peace, the issue of a missing person is still relevant. In 2007 the Italian Ministry of Interior nominated an extraordinary commissar in order to analyse and assess the total number of unidentified recovered bodies and verify the extent of the phenomena of missing persons, reported as 24,912 people in Italy (updated 31 December 2011). Of these 15,632 persons are of foreigner nationalities and are still missing. The census of the unidentified bodies revealed a total of 832 cases recovered in Italy since the year 1974. These bodies/human remains received a regular autopsy and were buried as &#39;corpse without name&quot;. In Italy judicial autopsy is p...

Dental implants for prosthetic rehabilitation with fixed crown or mobile partial/total dentures is a very common oral treatment among the population in Italy as elsewhere. There is a great number of implant systems of different designs. However, a catalogue of radiographic images and a description of the dental implants available in Italy would be useful in order to identify the manufacturer and the type of implant encountered in forensic casework. When an unidentified body is found with one or more implants in the jaws, and no dental record is available, clues gleaned from the type of implants used could give direction to the investigation. In this study Italian implant manufactures were contacted and asked to provide specimen implants. Digital radiographs were taken of all the implants donated at 0º, 30º, and 60º horizontal rotation, combined with -20º, -10º, 0º, +10º, and +20º vertical inclination relative to the radiographic beam and the X-ray sensor. A total of 15 images per im...

Esta investigación tuvo como finalidad, revisar las competencias de los estudiantes en formación que como egresados integrarán equipos multidisciplinares en investigaciones antropológicas en casos de desaparición forzada, que pueden hacer parte de los equipos multidisciplinarios de ciencias forenses; identificar las competencias mínimas requeridas desde la investigación Antropológica Forense para la investigación de casos de personas desaparecidas, con lo cual se planea proponer el diseño de una herramienta virtual tipo simular en las instituciones de nivel superior, que refuerce el conocimiento de nuestros estudiantes desde diferentes estrategias pedagógicas y propenda por una formación que esté actualizando y avanzando según las necesidades de la sociedad.

México enfrenta un momento histórico altamente violento, caracterizado entre muchas cosas por los altos índices de desaparición de personas; ninguna familia está exenta de esta atrocidad, se vuelve una necesidad para las Instituciones Judiciales establecer estrategias y lineamientos para intervenir y disminuir esta problemática. A lo largo del territorio nacional frecuentemente se reportan hallazgos de cadáveres depositados clandestinamente, los cuales son difícilmente identificados, ya sea por las condiciones en las que se encuentran o el nivel de violencia ejercido a los restos. Si se considera que el derecho a la identidad y a la individualización es mundialmente reconocido, se puede decir que privar a cualquier humano de esto es un acto de violencia en diversos niveles, entre ellos el psicológico para el circulo afectivo inmediato y cercano, delito que debe ser 1 Licenciada en Antropología con Especialidad en Arqueología por la UAZ -2006 con la tesis "Un acercamiento a las estrategias militares en el sitio arqueológico El Tuiche, durante el virreinato temprano". Maestra en Arqueología por el Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos del COLMICH 2009, con la tesis "De como los puercos hicieron importante a La Piedad, Michoacán". Doctora en Historia por la Unidad Académica de Historia de la UAZ -2016, con la tesis "La horticultura en Zacatecas y Guadalupe: una visión arqueo histórica. Licenciada en Gestión Cultural en la UdeG. Post doctorado en Arqueología en Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos -COLMICH con la Investigación "Volver a lo verde" enfoque desde la economía ecológica. Ha trabajado en investigaciones históricas y arqueológicas en diferentes estados de la república, así como participado en foros de difusión y divulgación nacionales e internacionales, tanto vía oral como por medios escritos. Ha participado en espacios abiertos de divulgación como rockanrolera.com con arqueología de la música y en radio y televisión pública con capsulas sobre temas de arqueología. Trabaja las líneas temáticas de arqueología histórica, industrial, económica, militar, forense, etnobotánica, modos de vida, patrimonio, paisaje y colonial. Ha colaborado en la

Resumen -El mundo cambia todos los días y con él sus interacciones, sus necesidades y las formas en que convivimos. En la actualidad, los índices crecientes de delincuencia, de violencia y de personas desaparecidas en el mundo demandan la intervención no sólo de las instituciones judiciales sino de toda la sociedad. La academia cuenta con los recursos intelectuales y prácticos para generar estrategias que contribuyan a la construcción de sociedades más justas y armoniosas. La Arqueología es una disciplina especializada en la lectura de contextos y el análisis de cultura material que ha contribuido a la reconstrucción de la memoria social de muchos países fortaleciendo vínculos de identidad, valiéndose de esta experticia y respondiendo a la demanda de profesionistas capacitados en la intervención, registro e interpretación de contextos forenses en donde se busca romper la armonía y memoria social, es necesario crear un plan de acción para poder buscar vías para disminuir el impacto de la ruptura. Un laboratorio de investigación, experimentación y entrenamiento en ciencias forenses puede contribuir a la formación de profesionales con una visión crítica y diversificada que expanda las posibilidades de información que un contexto les ofrece y de las estrategias que pueden emplearse para destacar los detalles que lo conforman. Este espacio puede ser no sólo de formación para las nuevas generaciones de arqueólogos o peritos forenses, sino para la capacitación de los que ya se encuentran en función, para tener fuentes de consulta con datos verificables y certeros sobre los procesos que se dan en torno a diferentes escenas y que con base a esto se puedan cotejar o comparar registros para esclarecer algunos detalles sobre procesos penales aún abiertos y sin aparente solución. Es a través de la experimentación que se aprende y es también por medio de ésta que se perfecciona y especializa en alguna habilidad, si bien con las muestras derivadas de proceso penales no se puede experimentar por las implicaciones legales, se propone que en el Laboratorio de Investigación, Experimentación y Entrenamiento en Ciencias Forenses se puedan recrear situaciones específicas para registrar y validar sus procesos para de esta forma construir argumentos sólidos sobre un hecho.

Pour mes recherches historiques et généalogiques, j'utilise très fréquemment le site Internet Geneanet. Il donne accès à de très nombreuses informations, non seulement généalogiques, mais aussi historiques ; on peut notamment avoir accès à des journaux anciens, qui foisonnent de renseignements utiles, par exemple pour l'histoire des familles et des communes. Les compte-rendus des procès, tant d'assises que des tribunaux correctionnels, sont une source inépuisable ; j'y ai recours en particulier pour mieux connaître les lieux, la société dans lesquels mes ancêtres ont vécu.

H. Meller, Goldene Locken für harte Kerle – die Haartracht als Statusanzeiger. Reiche frühbronzezeitliche Bestattung von Osmünde. In: H. Meller/K. Gärtner (Hrsg.), Schönheit, Macht und Tod II. 275 Funde aus dem Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Halle [Saale] 2023) 248–249.

At 33 squirrels, the Furzey squirrel population was much larger than in recent years, recovering from the very low in population of 20 in 2003. Survival in 2006 was average for fully grown squirrels (adults and yearlings) compared with median values for 1987-2006, and was unusually high for juveniles (Table ).

The notion of "life after death" encompasses an infinite belief system across the universe. In most African cultures, death is not the end of life; rather, the reality of human personality exists throughout a person's lifetime and continues after death. Many people believe that the deceased maintain a spiritual connection through blessings and curses among the living. This article focuses on perspectives regarding the handling and storage of human remains in Tanzania, a nation with more than 120 ethnic groups, each with different cultures and religions. Moreover, it examines ritual practices and traditional guidelines established to honor the dead, misconceptions, and unsubstantiated beliefs related to the handling of human remains. It also explores the legal framework of the country, institutional guidelines, and articulated codes of ethics from the relevant societies in Tanzania. Ultimately, the article highlights the relationships among existing perspectives and the potential for implementing the restitution of human remains taken during the colonial era, as well as the challenges that may arise and the mitigation measures that can be adopted.

Despite significant positive developments within topics of biological anthropology, archaeology, and related academic areas in Latin America, we noted a lack of coordination and communication among them. Available publications provide syntheses within different areas of biological anthropology, yet few have attempted integration of the distinct subfields. We decided to address the development and current issues of most major areas of Latin American biological anthropology in a single volume with chapters by distinguished, experienced scholars who live and work in Latin America, are knowledgeable about the topics, have published extensively on them, and who were recommended by specialists within six geographical regions of interest: Brazil and northeastern South America, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northwestern South America, and southern South America. Six subdisciplines within biological anthropology were defined for academic coverage: (1) biodemography and epidemiology...

This study aimed to predict the skeletal growth maturation using convolutional neural network-based deep learning methods using cervical vertebral maturation and the lower 2nd molar calcification level so that skeletal maturation can be detected from orthopantomography using multiclass classification. About 1200 cephalometric radiographs and 1200 OPGs were selected from patients seeking treatment in dental centers. The level of skeletal maturation was detected by CNN using the multiclass classification method, and each image was identified as a cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI); meanwhile, the chronological age was estimated from the level of the 2nd molar calcification. The model's final result demonstrates a high degree of accuracy with which each stage and gender can be predicted. Cervical vertebral maturation reported high accuracy in males (98%), while females showed high accuracy of 2nd molar calcification. CNN multiclass classification is an accurate method to detect the level of maturation, whether from cervical maturation or the calcification of the lower 2nd molar, and the calcification level of the lower 2nd molar is a reliable method to trust in the growth level, so the traditional OPG is enough for this purpose.