Death and Burial (Archaeology)

Anatolia, which has a very rich cultural heritage in terms of archaeology, had many weapon-bearing burials during the Bronze Ages. Although there are various studies on different topics on burials and weapons, the historical process covering the entire Bronze Ages (Early - Middle - Late) and the weapon-bearing burials within the borders of Anatolian geography; also provides remarkable data in terms of funerary rituals that vary according to regions and periods, the impact of specialization in metallurgical activities on social lifestyles, and cultural interactions that develop with interregional relations. In line with the numerous and various forms of weapons unearthed in the burials and generally identified with warriors; Considering the lifestyles and political conditions of the period, which may include goals such as control of resources and the desire to become a regional power, it is also seen that warriors comes to the fore as an inevitable role in society. In this context, some theoretical views and suggestions are presented for the definition of the concepts of warrior and warrior graves in the light of weapon-bearing burials in Anatolia during the Bronze Ages. Due to the scarcity of studies on the subject, it is aimed to contribute to the literature with this original study, which can also be a reference point for future studies.

Большинство исследованных в настоящее время погребальных памятников курганной культуры юго-восточной Прибалтики были раскопаны восточно-прусскими археологами до Второй Мировой войны. О длительности существования отдельных курганов свидетельствует их размер, количество погребений и наличие в них хронологически разных типов погребального инвентаря. При отсутствии чётко зафиксированной стратиграфии для определения длительности бытования и реконструкции этапов сооружения кургана крайне важным становится анализ его внутренней архитектуры и взаиморасположения погребений в каменных конструкциях.

Table 4. Kazimierza Wielka, zone V. List of the features Nr ob. Lokalizacja (ary) Lokalizacja metrowa Funkcja Chronologia Literatura 1 250/140 SE 258-259/140-141 jama osadowa prahistoria 2 260/140 NW 261-262/147-148 jama osadowa prahistoria Literatura Byrska-Fudali M., Czerniak R., Suchan-Czerniak O., Fudali T. 2024 Wyniki ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych prowadzonych w związku z budową obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej, [w:] G. Dzikowska, J. Górski, A. Witko (red.), Między mainstreamem a prowincją. Ziemia kazimierska i okolice -od prehistorii do współczesności, Kazimierza Wielka -Kraków, 75-92. Czarnowski J. 1905 Miejscowości przedhistoryczne i zarys mapy paleoetnologicznej porzecza lewego Wisły od Przemszy do Nidy, Wszechświat 24, 369-374. Czerniak R. 2000 Materiały z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza odkryte na stanowisku 2 w Jakuszowicach (w latach 1985-1986 podczas ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na tzw. zakręcie), maszynopis pracy magisterskiej przechowywany w Instytucie Archeologii UJ w Krakowie. Czerniak R., Byrska-Fudali M. 2024 Osadnictwo kultury trzcinieckiej na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 249-282. Dąbrowska E. 1964 Sprawozdanie z badań powierzchniowych prowadzonych w 1960 r w dorzeczu Nidy, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 16, 382-392. Grygiel M., Pikulski J., Kalicki T. 2009 Wpływ gospodarki człowieka we wczesnym okresie rzymskim na środowisko wyżyn lessowych na przykładzie rejonu stanowisk w Zagórzycach i Charbinowicach -wstępne wyniki badań, [w:] I. Hildebrandt-Radke, J. Jasiewicz, M. Lutyńska (red.), Zapis działalności człowieka w środowisku przyrodniczym. VII Warsztaty Terenowe IV Sympozjum Archeologii Środowiskowej (Środowisko i Kultura 6), Poznań, 50-53. Górski J. 1991 Osada kultury trzcinieckiej w Jakuszowicach, cz. 1, Badania w Jakuszowicach, Kraków. 2007 Chronologia kultury trzcinieckiej na lessach Niecki Nidziańskiej (Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie 3), Kraków. 2024 Zarys pradziejów ziemi kazimierskiej, [w:] G. Dzikowska, J. Górski, A. Witko (red.), Między mainstreamem a prowincją. Ziemia kazimierska i okolice -od prehistorii do współczesności, Kazimierza Wielka -Kraków, 11-28. Górski J., Jarosz P. 2006 Cemetery of the Corded Ware and the Trzciniec Culture in Gabułtów, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 58, 401-451. Jarosz P. 2024a Na przełomie epok. Kultura pucharów dzwonowatych i mierzanowicka na stanowiskach 3, 5 i 13 w Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 203-248. 2024b Schyłek eneolitu na stanowiskach 3, 5 i 13 w Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 161-201. 2024c Ślady osadnictwa kultury malickiej na stanowisku 13 w Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 77-89. Jarosz P., Byrska-Fudali M., Czerniak R., Szczepanek A. 2024 Grób z Kazimierzy Wielkiej, stan. 3 w świetle analizy chronometrycznej kultury pucharów dzwonowatych na Wyżynie Małopolskiej, Przegląd Archeologiczny 72, 33-51.

subject to intentional manipulation; (2) trends in linguistic choices based on origin; and (3) interactions between linguistic and material features of the monuments. Multivariate SNA thus proves essential in tracking the spread of linguistic traits across a multilingual region and linking this diffusion to the socio-cultural identities of the speakers. The study is organized into four sections: (1) data preparation and error minimization strategies; (2) Pamphylia's multilingual context and inscriptions; (3) interpretation of SNA results; and (4) potential applications of SNA in future research.

Partenariats institutionnels : Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica Établissement éditeur : EFR Établissements porteurs de l'opération : EFR, en collaboration avec Halma UMR 8164 (CNRS, ULille, MCC). Étude archéologique du môle nord-sud de Portus Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l'étranger , Italie 1 organisationnelles particulières dues aux protocoles sanitaires anti-Covid 19. Outre les membres de l'équipe, étudiants, enseignants et professionnels, nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement nos précieux interlocuteurs du

Abstract
The study of ornaments from the Second Iron Age in southern Gaul, based on an inventory as complete as possible of the objects known in the coastal departments (from the Pyrenees to the Rhône), allows us to measure the contribution of ornaments to our knowledge of the ethnic and cultural components of the pre-Roman settlement: against a remarkably stable indigenous background, Iberian influences gave way, during the 5th century, to an original Celtic component, more pronounced in the following centuries. The identification of Celtic groups in southern Gaul from the middle of the 5th century BC is not the least contribution of this systematic approach.
Résumé
L'étude des parures du Deuxième Age du Fer en Gaule méridionale, basée sur un inventaire aussi complet que possible des objets connus dans les départements du littoral (des Pyrénées au Rhône) permet de mesurer l'apport des parures à notre connaissance des composantes ethniques et culturelles du peuplement préromain : sur un fond indigène remarquablement stable, les influences ibériques cèdent le pas, au cours du Ve siècle, à une composante celtique originale, plus affirmée aux siècles suivants. La mise en évidence de groupes celtiques en Gaule du Sud dès le milieu du Ve siècle av. J.-C. ne constitue pas le moindre apport de cette approche systématique.

The Magdalena Lake Basin of Jalisco, Mexico, has a rich cultural history from the Early Formative to Protohistoric Periods (1500 BCE-1600 CE). We investigated the relationship between climate chronologies, lake-level variations, and cultural changes before European contact. Chronostratigraphic reconstructions identified lake-forming periods reflecting regional and local paleoclimate sequences and coincide with variations in site location, numbers, and size, derived from our regional archaeological survey. Populations increase during high lake levels and decrease during low lake levels. An Early Archaic lake (~6800-5060 BCE) gives way to lowered lake levels in the Middle (~4980-3790 BCE) to Late Archaic (~1800 BCE). Pollen evidence for agricultural clearing appears at the end of this low period. The highest lake level, 1367 masl, occurred during the Middle Formative, followed by Late Formative/Classic lakes between 1361 and 1364 masl. The Epiclassic Period (~600-1000 CE) experienced low lake levels, coincident with a pan-Mesoamerican drought. Dated tephra layers (500-600 CE) several centimeters thick significantly impacted lake ecology and human populations. Tephra age and geochemical properties do not match the primary candidate at the nearby Ceboruco Volcano in the 10th century CE nor any other known eruption during this time period.

A rich and unique array of jewelry was revealed during the excavations of Burial 16/H/45 and Tomb 16/H/50, and many of the objects were found complete and in-situ. This chapter presents the context of the jewelry from each burial, followed by a discussion of each type of ornament. Together with the pottery assemblages in Chapters 7 and 8 and the decorated bone inlays in Chapter 9, the jewelry discussed here completes a picture of the material culture of death and burial for elites in second-millennium BCE Megiddo.

The Eneolithic settlement from Șoimuș – Lângă Sat, belonging to the Tiszapolgár communities, revealed, among other types of archaeological complexes (fortification ditches, dwellings, pits with deposits etc.),also two categories of burned pits. THese could be defined,
based on the characteristics and analogies, as ceramic burning pits and storage pits.

Текстот го презентира проектот “ Погребување под могили во долината река Крива Лакавица” во општина Конче, Република Македонија. Со посебен осврт на истражувањето на могилата на археолошкиот локалитет Гајнов Дол во близина на општинскиот центар Конче. Прикажана е методологијата на истражувањето на могилата, опис на гробот и анализа на гробниот прилог кој е оставен као вечен дар на покојничката. Во текстот е акцентрирана могилата како културолошки и култорноисториски феномен симбол на моќниот на погребниот но и на целата заедница, врска со претците и со сопствената традиција. Потенциран е и социјалниот и економскиот статус на покојничката но и на нејзиното семејство кое имало финансиска моќ да ѓи задоволи сите стандарди на аристростркратското општество

Archaeological evidence from funerary contexts is largely ignored in current scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic, despite the important information that burials and cemeteries can provide about how plague might have affected societies. Skeletal (mainly dental) remains are used in the paleogenomic search for victims of plague (Yersinia pestis), but significant contextual information is to be gained from plague-positive graves through bioarchaeological study of the complete individual and their broader funerary context, both of which are largely absent from current scholarship. We argue that future scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic must bring burial archaeology to the growing body of evidence, and archaeologists themselves must lead or be involved in this research. We present three ways in which burial archaeology can be used effectively to study the impact of first-pandemic plague on individuals and communities: by reconsidering whether we should be looking for an archaeology of "crisis" for this disease event, by evaluating burial archaeology (especially of multiple burials) in its proper sociocultural context, and by examining bioarchaeological evidence from entire cemeteries where plague genomes are recovered in any quantity. We conclude by offering an example of how such archaeological evidence can be more inclusively and effectively incorporated into interdisciplinary plague studies, to the benefit of the field.

The abandonment of collective tombs in Middle Bronze Age Crete testifies to substantial transformations in funerary, ritual and social practices on the island. Yet, the processes and timing of this abandonment were not uniform, and each cemetery can potentially offer new insights. While some collective tombs fell gradually into disuse, others were deliberately and ritually terminated. Here, the authors explore the cemetery at Sissi, where gradual abandonment in some areas contrasts with the ultimate demolition and burial of tombs in Zone 9 during a ceremony that marked a major shift in the social history of the associated community.

The article examines a sample of weapons presented in the new archaeological exposition (inv. AF 21658) of the National Museum of History of Azerbaijan (Baku), discovered in kurgan No. 14 Kudurlu (Sheki district), dating from the late 3rd to the turn of the 3rd–2nd millennia BC. The artifact was made from bronze by casting (sizes: 9.5×8.5 cm)
and belongs to the so-called «crescent» / «anchor» axes. The publication has made an attempt to combine all known finds of this type of weapon from the territory of the Near East and the South Caucasus; a summary table was compiled, indicating the region, archaeological site, dimensions and the name of the researcher. Currently, two more bronze axes of this type have been found in the South Caucasus region. The axe head from Kudurlu is most similar in size to the item from Bedeni (Georgia), and also closely resembles the axe from Abydos (Egypt). Perhaps
the axe served not only as a weapon, but also performed a representative function, serving as a kind of a “symbol of power.” A total of 33 similar axe finials are known (32 bronze and one silver), which were discovered both at archaeological sites as well as being displayed in museum exhibits and private collections. The axe finial likely arrived in Azerbaijan from the Near East. The items are dated to the Middle Bronze Age

The discovery of a child burial in Brno-Slatina containing both complete and disarticulated animal remains represents a unique funerary practice with no direct analogies. The grave was located near a prominent limestone crag; it had been secondarily opened, and no grave goods were found. Based on radiocarbon dating, its chronology corresponds to the Late Eneolithic. In addition to anthropological, zooarchaeological, and taphonomic analyses, the find was assessed within the larger spatial context of the Morava River basin, where new, specific settlement patterns, diverse burial practices, and three distinct pottery styles (Jevišovice, Bošáca, and Globular Amphora) emerged. In a broader sense, these burial practices can be interpreted as a reflection of the growing presence of steppe populations who came into contact with indigenous Neolithic societies.

Convegno dottorale: "Ricostruire la memoria. Percorsi e approcci multidisciplinari", Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2-4 aprile 2025.

Abstract:
Nello specchio della storia della riorganizzazione ed inventariazione dell'archivio del monastero della SS. Trinità di Cava de' Tirreni, è possibile indagare la costruzione dell'identità dell'ente religioso attraverso i processi di produzione e di tutela della memoria dell'antica signoria monastica che adesso aveva fatto capo fino alla fine del XV secolo. La "ricostruzione della memoria" appare così come la risultante di una serie complessa di operazioni che, nel contesto delle frizioni politico-sociali su scala locale e dei processi generali di rinnovamento della scienza archivistica, stimolarono negli archivari della Trinità riflessioni degne di interesse per la storia della diplomatica

U. Veit / A. Wendowski-Schünemann, Der bronzezeitliche Ringwall ‚Am Kirchhof‘ in Cuxhaven-Duhnen und benachbarte archäologische Denkmäler (unter Mitarbeit von Matthias Halle, Uwe Kraus, Eva-Maria-Pfeiffer, Sascha Schmidt, Dirk Seidensticker, Julian Spohn). Leipziger Schriften Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie 11. Leipzig: Professur für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 2023  [ISBN: 978-3-936394-25-2].

Desidero ringraziare i miei genitori Emanuela e Mauro, per avermi consigliato e sostenuto in questo mio percorso di crescita professionale e personale, mia sorella Sion per essermi sempre stata vicino in tutti i momenti della vita, mia nonna Adele e tutta la mia famiglia. Ringrazio tutti i gnari di Isorella che mi accompagnano da sempre. Ringrazio il professore Emanuele Marcello Ciampini e la dottoressa Francesca Iannarilli dell'Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia che mi hanno aiutato nella stesura della mia tesi di laurea triennale, punto di partenza del presente elaborato. Ringrazio il professore Paolo Del Vesco, che con i suoi consigli e le sue indicazioni mi ha aiutato a realizzare questa tesi. hanno assistito e hanno scansionato, con pazienza, tutti gli articoli e le foto di cui avevo bisogno. Un grazie a tutte le persone che mi hanno ispirato e accompagnato nella vita, a partire dalle maestre e i maestri delle scuole elementari fino alle professoresse e ai professori dell'università. Infine, un grazie speciale a Irene, che mi è stata vicina e mi ha sostenuto in tutti questi anni.

This paper will focus on Byzantine law and its long-term influence on the legal tradition of a large part of Europe. What is Byzantine law and why is Justinian’s reign crucial for the formation of Byzantine law? How did Byzantine law evolve in the centuries after Justinian? Which sources of Byzantine law survived the longest and why? These are some of the questions that I will try to address in this paper. Since it is the First Conference for Byzantine Studies in Switzerland I plan to examine some subjects that are related to ‘Byzantine law and Switzerland’.

It is possible to participate online. See the attached programme or visit the following site:
https://byzantion.ch/actualites/

Рассматриваются  подходы  к  изучению  сложносоставных  луков,  распространенные  в археологической литературе. Чаще всего можно встретить ссылки на методику А. М. Савина и А. И. Семенова. Для данных авторов характерен формат тезисов, а не статей. Непосредственно методика  описана  предельно  кратко,  фактически,  выделены  всего  два  признака:  соединение деталей встык и наличие уступа на оборотной стороне. Проверка показывает, что выделенные ими  признаки  крайне  редки,  а  целью  цикла  работ  были  вовсе  не  луки,  а  попытка  навязать этническое (и на этом основании хронологическое) определение форме погребального обряда. При  разделении  интересовавших  их  степных  погребений  авторы  опираются  на  изменение ориентировки могильных ям, которой приписывается этническое («хазарские» vs «болгарские») значение, а совсем не на луки. В публикациях А. М. Савина и А. И. Семенова нет реальных находок  с  конкретными  отличиями  конструкции:  нет иллюстраций,  перечня  (карта  его  не заменяет), по которому можно было бы проверить выводы. Варианты типологии сложных луков предлагались  и  другими  авторами,  часто  также  преследовавшими  цель  навязать функциональному  предмету  этничность.  В  отдельных  работах  заметно  стремление  выделить как можно большее число типов. Наиболее полную сводку находок луков Восточной Европы собрал  Е. В.  Круглов,  формально  высказавший  приверженность  методу  А. М.  Савина  и А. И. Семенова,  но  при  этом  полностью  изменивший  понимание  типологических  признаков. Метод А. М. Савина и А. И. Семенова не работает. Для конкретных археологических остатков оптимально подходит двухуровневая классификация, в настоящий момент сформулированная В. В. Горбуновым, основанная на принципе количество ‒ форма. Существенно, что говорить о реальном хронологическом значении луков не приходится.

The article deals with different approaches to the study of composite bows that are common in archaeological studies. The bibliography and historiography of bow finds is extensive. In terms of typology of the remains (details) of bows, two leading approaches can be identified: taking into account the number and shape of parts, and taking into account design features. Most references are related to the methodology of A.M. Savin and A.I. Semenov. However, the authors formulated their method very briefly. A review of the finds showed that the features they identified (protrusion of overlay on the side) are extremely rare. Savin and Semenov’s publications do not contain real finds with specific design differences, such as illustrations or a list (and the map does not substitute it) to verify their conclusions. The real purpose of the series of works was not to create a typology of bows but rather to attempt to impose ethnicity on a particular way of burial rite. The most complete summary of Eastern European bow finds was collected by E.V. Kruglov. He expressed his commitment to the previously established method. However, in his works, the typological features were changed to a great extent (protrusion of overlay of the central part up). These signs are very rare and cannot be applied to collections. The methods of Savin and Semenov are not applicable. The number, location, and shape of the overlays remain the most significant features of archaeological bows, which are complemented only by technological features (reverse surface processing). For specific archaeological remains, a two-level classification is optimal, currently formulated by V.V. Gorbunov, with some modifications. It is important to note that there is no significant chronological distinctions between bows.

Archeologia średniowiecza. Życie i śmierć na pograniczach średniowiecznej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Przeszłość ma przyszłość!/ The Past Has a Future! 6th Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw Warsaw (31.03–04.04.2025), Książka abstraktów

The Oiz Megalithic Station extends along the southern slope of the Oiz mountain range.  It includes the following monuments: dolmens of Probazelaiburu 1 and 2, dolmen of Ama Birjiñen Baso, cromlech of Iturzurigana and tumulus of Ipiñarrieta. In 2009, they were classified as a Cultural Asset, with the category of Monumental Complex.

Junto a esculturas fúnebres situadas en iglesias y conventos extremeños, encontramos animales que custodian al finado. En la Baja Edad Media comienzan a colocarse esculturas de animales -perros y leones-en las esquinas de los sarcófagos o a los pies de la escultura del difunto. Eran los protectores del fallecido en el Más Allá. Aunque algunos autores consideraban que se colocaban allí para evitar que el difunto volviera y así proteger a los vivos. Tanto el perro como el león son guías en el reino de los muertos. No obstante, el león tiene otro significado más, es un símbolo de fuerza y justicia. Un sencillo rastreo por el registro arqueológico realizado en varios lugares donde se han localizado felinos nos transporta a contextos funerarios y rituales de la antigüedad. No olvidemos la asociación egipcia de los chacales y perros salvajes con deidades funerarias y los propios mitos de los egipcios acerca de ellos. Los dioses chacales persistieron en Egipto hasta la época romana, como se ve en los sarcófagos. En lo referente a los leones y su asociación con la muerte, podemos citar los leones de Fu, unos animales míticos que tienen su origen en la tradición budista y que, consecuentemente, están bastante difundidos en el Sudeste Asiático (China, Japón, Corea, Tailandia...). Son conside-rados como un símbolo de protección contra malos espíritus (demonios), malas energías y malas personas. Por esta razón se solían adornar palacios y edificios con figuras de leones.

This paper inserted within a geoarchaeological study, provides a model for the investigation and the support of past dynamics of a mountainous landscape in the Aures region (Algeria) during the Holocene. It introduces the first analysis based on the detailed mapping of morphological features of the study area in relation with a typo-morphology theoretical model that was confronted with data from archaeological research. Our results suggest that the choice of the prehistorical movement processes has been driven by the outcrop of some deposits and the presence of specific landforms, such as high and low-relief areas. This approach was applied to a sector with controversial archaeological evidences (the valley of Wadi Abiod), where geological and morphological analyses support archaeological research in the reconstruction of the ancient pathways during the Holocene. This integrated approach can help archaeologists to understand and then discover ancient courses crossing complex in impe...

The cemetery complex at Shatby, Alexandria began its existence with the foundation of the Hellenistic city in the 4th century B.C.E. It consists of dug into the bedrock burial chambers with once richly decorated walls, carved
columns and false doors, evidencing for the importance of its buried individuals, probably belonging to the elites of the Alexandrian city. Excavated at the beginning of the 20th century and since then abandoned, the site is now vitalised and opened to the public following massive interventions that cleaned the area, consolidated the walls and created a comprehensive site management plan, thanks to the Alexandrian Necropolis Project, run by the Archaeological Society of Alexandria. The APAC Labs team of the Cyprus Institute conducted a comprehensive 3D documentation of the site, in order to create a digital twin aimed at capturing the current conservation conditions at the site and create a monitoring system of its architectural features, frescoes decorations and other remains. The poster will present the 3D documentation workflow and its results.

Archaeological evidence from funerary contexts is largely ignored in current scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic, despite the important information that burials and cemeteries can provide about how plague might have affected societies. Skeletal (mainly dental) remains are used in the paleogenomic search for victims of plague (Yersinia pestis), but significant contextual information is to be gained from plague-positive graves through bioarchaeological study of the complete individual and their broader funerary context, both of which are largely absent from current scholarship. We argue that future scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic must bring burial archaeology to the growing body of evidence, and archaeologists themselves must lead or be involved in this research. We present three ways in which burial archaeology can be used effectively to study the impact of first-pandemic plague on individuals and communities: by reconsidering whether we should be looking for an archaeology of "crisis" for this disease event, by evaluating burial archaeology (especially of multiple burials) in its proper sociocultural context, and by examining bioarchaeological evidence from entire cemeteries where plague genomes are recovered in any quantity. We conclude by offering an example of how such archaeological evidence can be more inclusively and effectively incorporated into interdisciplinary plague studies, to the benefit of the field.

Arkæologien arbejder med materielle fænomener som jordfaste fortidsminder og genstandsfund. Det har som konsekvens, at aktiviteter, der efterlader tydelige spor i undergrunden, står stærkt i datamaterialet, mens de mange aktiviteter, som udspillede sig på landskabets overflade eller i det øverste jordlag, ofte ikke har efterladt håndgribelige spor. Til denne sidste gruppe hører oldtidens og middelalderens marksystemer. De var uden sammenligning de mest omfattende menneskeskabte anlæg i landskabet og grundlag for samfundets fødevareproduktion. Alligevel er stort set alle rester forsvundne i dag. På heder, i skove eller andre steder i landskabet, som har undgået pløjning i nyere tid, findes der rester af ældre marksystemer, men i forsvindende få promiller af den oprindelige udbredelse (Agersnap Larsen 2015; Hatt 1949; Møller 1990; Nielsen 1993; Vinter 2011a, 2011b).
Formålet med denne artikel er at diskutere middelalderens agrare landskab i lyset af de nuværende arkæologiske datasæt sammenholdt med det historiske kortmateriale; to kildegrupper, som peger både frem og tilbage i tid.
De seneste to årtiers omfattende udgravningsaktivitet har gang på gang afsløret, at mange af de såkaldte sent anlagte torper rummede bebyggelse igennem lange perioder af jernalderen. Et andet resultat, som træder tydeligere og tydeligere frem, er, at jernalderens bebyggelse var langt mere udbredt og omfattende, end nogen havde turdet forestille sig (Søvsø 2020a). Til alle disse bebyggelser hørte naturligvis også et marksystem, som i en eller anden form indgik i senere tiders landskabsudnyttelse.
Den digitale tilgængeliggørelse af de historiske kort i årene efter år 2000 har muliggjort præcise rekonstruktioner af det agrare landskab omkring år 1800. Sammenholdt med udgravningsresultater og fund fra metaldetektering er det nu muligt at betragte bebyggelseshistorien i et tidsperspektiv, som omfatter to årtusinder. Denne tidshorisont, af den franske annales-skole institutionaliseret som begrebet la longue durée, muliggør analyser, der isolerer og fremhæver historiens gennemgående strukturer i f.eks. udnyttelsen af det agrare landskab (Braudel og Wallerstein 2009; Søvsø 2020a).
Fokus i artiklen kommer naturligt til at ligge på Sydvestjyske Museers arkæologiske ansvarsområde, primært Esbjerg Kommune. Dette område er kendetegnet ved både en lang antikvarisk tradition, et meget stort antal arkæologiske udgravninger, mange detektorfund samt en komplet digitalisering af Original 1-kortene. Sydvestjyske Museers data er samlet i en forskningsrettet database med GIS-funktionaliteter, som er en forudsætning for de følgende overvejelser

I contributi pubblicati nella collana "Minima medievalia" sono sottoposti a open peer review. The papers published in the series "Minima medievalia" are subject to open peer review. Volume pubblicato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Culture e Civiltà dell'Università degli studi di Verona Book published with the contribution of the Department of Cultures and Civilizations,

Kilti, wer bist du? 2012 begann ein neues Kapitel in der Geschichte Gilchings mit dem Fund von drei Skeletten aus dem Frühmittelalter. In der Woche um den 14. September bargen Archäologen die Individuen an der Römerstrasse, Ecke Steinlacher Weg, neugierig beobachtet von Hunderten von Schaulustigen.

Human being as part of the cultural world is often referred to in historical-philosophical or religious studies writings as Homo religiosus. In the contemporary, modern world, however, this designation sometimes loses its meaning. In the secularised Euro-North American cultural space, people today are often disconnected from the rituals that used to accompany people from birth to death. It is as if the spiritual content of the human being has been emptied and replaced by nothing for the time being. In the aftermath of the covid pandemic, many people have become aware of this emptiness and are trying to return to the tradition of ritualised perception of time. They perceive their finiteness and try to cope with it through rediscovered funerary rituals. Funerary archaeology can facilitate this journey of return. Based on the results of funerary archaeological research, people can understand the meaning and finality of farewell rituals through ancient and not so ancient history.

This article presents the results of rescue archaeological excavations carried out during the construction of the bypass of Strzelce Krajeńskie, Commune of Strzelce Krajeńskie, Lubuskie Voivodeship, at the site Brzoza 46 (AZP 42-14/110). The result of the archaeological excavations was the discovery of a cemetery of the Pomeranian culture from the Halstatt period D. Fourteen graves were discovered, as well as fragments of pottery and 3 metal artefacts.

This article presents a case of osteomyelitis variolosa from a skeleton excavated in the Western Cemetery at Cirencester (Corinium) in Britain, dated to the 3rd or 4th c. CE. This osteological condition is caused by the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, and is found in some individuals who have survived a childhood smallpox infection, the condition manifesting many years later. The significance of this discovery is that it indicates that smallpox had been introduced into the Roman world, and to Britain in particular, by the late 3rd or 4th c. CE. Rather than postulating a separate and unrecorded introduction of smallpox into the Roman empire, we suggest that this discovery strengthens the case for seeing the 2nd-c. Antonine Plague as an early form of smallpox.

This paper presents four Złota Culture (ZC) niche graves from site 2 in Książnice, and discusses the chronology of the cemetery based on both radiocarbon dates obtained for all the burials and analysis of the ceramics. Separate articles published in this volume deal with the anthropological, archaeozoological and palaeobotanical analyses of the prehistoric material from the site. The ceramic inventories from the graves at Książnice lack CWC characteristics suggesting that graves 1, 2 and 4 ZC belong to the very beginnings of the classical phase of the ZC, when CWC features, including imported pottery, had not yet appeared. Moreover, there are no references to the Baden Culture in the assemblage discussed here. Grave 3 ZC, with pure GAC pottery should be considered as the oldest one, dating to the early phase of the ZC.

Preliminary results of the study of objects 14th-18th centuries of personal piety from the funerary sites on the territory of Belarus are presented. 24 items of the Christian cult were analyzed. Of these: crosses of 19 specimens, icons of 4 specimens, as well as 1 incense. The interpretation of the confessional belonging of the described artifacts is suggested.

Il convegno italo-francese promuove la collaborazione e il confronto scientifico tra giovani ricercatrici e ricercatori del Centro AMA e del Laboratoire ANHIMA, con l'obiettivo di approfondire il complesso rapporto tra guerra, religione e protezione divina nelle società greco-romane. Tale tematica si articola su due principali assi di ricerca: quello rituale e quello materiale. La prima giornata di convegno è dedicata allo studio delle pratiche religiose volte ad interpretare i segni divini e conoscerne il significato, al fine di compiacere la divinità e di renderla propizia nel corso del conflitto. Nella seconda giornata vengono presentati alcuni esempi di impiego di oggetti materiali a scopo difensivo che, dotati di una specifica agentività, garantiscono protezione sul campo di battaglia.

Resumen: El presente artículo aspira a explorar las razones ocultas tras la acusación que experimentó el obispo don Adaulfo II de Iria-Santiago según el testimonio recogido por la Historia Compostellana. Para ello se prestará atención al contexto sociopolítico del reino asturiano del siglo IX, así como al origen familiar del prelado. Se reabrirá la discusión en torno a la naturaleza conversa del mitrado, al igual que la pertenencia de la aplicación del examen questionis de la legislación goda a su caso. Por último, se descartará como prueba de su ascendencia una supuesta lauda sepulcral asociada erróneamente a su persona.

From the later part of the fourth millennium BC, eastern Fennoscandia and the eastern Baltic were inhabited by pottery-using forager groups that relied strongly on freshwater foods. These peoples lived in large multi-room houses located by bodies of water, and occasionally buried their dead in ages-old cemeteries or in settlements that may still have been in use. In this paper, I explore the cosmology of these peoples by investigating graves and burials discovered from the region, and by comparing this detailed data to coeval forager mortuary practices east and west of the study area. I argue that the fisher hunter-gatherer peoples of the European forest zone understood the world in a very similar way. Aside from following the same, ancient core mortuary practices, a shared cosmology seems to materialise in the way these peoples used, circulated and discarded specific objects, such as amber buttons, pottery vessels and axes, according to specific rules. These shared ritual practices likely acted as an important venue of interaction for the people dwelling, moving and migrating in this part of the world during the “age of destruction”.