Physical Anthropology

Περίληψη Η ανατοµία αποτελεί τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο της ιατρικής εκπαίδευσης, ωστόσο η πρώτη επαφή των φοιτητών µε το ανθρώπινο σώµα συνοδεύεται από πολυδιάστατες προκλήσεις. Η παρούσα εργασία διερευνά τις ψυχολογικές, εκπαιδευτικές και ηθικές διαστάσεις της ανατοµικής διδασκαλίας, µε έµφαση στη σύγκριση µεταξύ του ελληνικού και αιγυπτιακού εκπαιδευτικού συστήµατος. Αξιοποιώντας δεδοµένα από το Πανεπιστήµιο ASU Cairo, προτείνονται στρατηγικές για τη βελτιστοποίηση της διδακτικής προσέγγισης.-Εισαγωγή Ιστορική Αναδροµή Από την εποχή του Γαληνού έως τη σύγχρονη εποχή, η ανατοµία έχει εξελιχθεί από µια εµπειρική πρακτική σε µια επιστήµη βασισµένη σε ακριβή δεδοµένα. Η χρήση πτωµάτων για εκπαιδευτικούς σκοπούς, που καθιερώθηκε κατά την Αναγέννηση, έθεσε τα θεµέλια για τη σύγχρονη ιατρική αλλά και ηθικά διλήµµατα. Στόχοι Έρευνας 1. Ανάλυση των συναισθηµατικών εµποδίων των πρωτοετών (π.χ. άγχος, αποστροφή). 2. Αξιολόγηση της συµβολής ψηφιακών εργαλείων (3D µοντέλα, εικονική πραγµατικότητα). 3. Σύγκριση των εκπαιδευτικών προγραµµάτων Ελλάδας και Αιγύπτου.-Κεφάλαιο 1: Θεωρητικό Πλαίσιο Ορισµός και Σηµασία της Ανατοµίας Η ανατοµία δεν αποτελεί απλώς τη µελέτη δοµών, αλλά τη γλωσσοµάθεια του σώµατος ως «κειµένου» που αποκαλύπτει ασθένειες και λειτουργίες. Οι πρωτοετείς φοιτητές απαιτείται να κατακτήσουν:-**Οστεολογία**: Ταυτοποίηση και λειτουργία οστών.-**Μυολογία**: Κατανόηση µυϊκών συστηµάτων. Εκπαιδευτικά Συστήµατα: Ελλάδα vs.

En esta investigación se ha realizado una aproximación al tratamiento funerario del sitio arqueológico de Chak Pet, a partir de reconocer las características identitarias biológicas de los individuos mediante el análisis de indicadores osteológicos y su relación con la presencia de elementos conquiológicos no trabajados dentro del mobiliario funerario.

Notre ultime objectif est de retracer géographiquement l'expansion du kiswahili pour comprendre ses liens avec le malagasy. Ceci n'est qu'une des sections de notre projet qui vise à comparer les deux langues afin, non seulement de mettre en évidence la forte présence du kiswahili dans le malagasy, mais aussi de revoir une hypothèse ancienne qui insinuait que le malagasy lui-même est une langue de la famille des bantoues. Comme nous, ceux qui ont

Sex determination of human burned skeletal remains is extremely hard to achieve because of heat-related fragmentation, warping and dimensional changes. In particular, the latter is impeditive of osteometric analyses based on references developed on unburned bones. New osteometric references were thus obtained which allow for more reliable sex determinations. The calcined remains of cremated Portuguese individuals were examined and specific standard measurements of the humerus, femur, talus and calcaneus were documented. This allowed for the compilation of new sex discriminating osteometric references which were then tested on independent samples with good results. Both the use of simple cut-off points and of logistic regression equations provided with successful sex classification scores. These references may now be used for the sex determination of burned skeletons. Its reliability is improved for contemporary Portuguese and thus has important repercussion for forensic research. Nonetheless, the more conservative use of these references may also prove valuable for other populations as well as for archaeological research.

During the third to mid-second millennia BC in Europe, human culture witnessed dramatic changes. Various
studies indicate that this sociocultural shift had complex and regionally variable biological impacts. Hence,
palaeodemographic analyses of age-at-death and sex from human skeletal remains provide valuable insights
into life span and mortality. This study reconstructs the demographic profile of 322 Final Neolithic (Corded
Ware culture) and Early Bronze Age (Neckar group) individuals from 17 sites in Baden-Württemberg (Southwest
Germany) by using life tables. The results indicate diachronic changes in mortality and life expectancy of
infant individuals, and juvenile and adult females accompanied by regional variations. This suggests generally
improving living conditions from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age, except for increased mortality in
Early Bronze Age juveniles potentially related to adolescent pregnancies.

A thorough knowledge of biological variation in extant primates is imperative for interpreting variation, and for delineating species in primate biology and paleobiology. This is especially the case given the recent, rapid taxonomic expansion in many primate groups, notably among small-bodied nocturnal forms. Here we present data on dental, cranial, and pelage variation in a single-locality museum sample of mouse lemurs from Amboasary, Madagascar. To interpret these data, we include comparative information from other museum samples, and from a newly collected mouse lemur skeletal sample from the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), Madagascar. We scored forty dental traits (n ¼ 126) and three pelage variants (n ¼ 19), and collected 21 cranial/dental measures. Most dental traits exhibit variable frequencies, with some only rarely present. Individual dental variants include misshapen and supernumerary teeth. All Amboasary pelage specimens display a "reversed V" on the cap, and a distinct dorsal median stripe on the back. All but two displayed the dominant grayebrown pelage coloration typical of Microcebus griseorufus. Cranial and dental metric variability are each quite low, and craniometric variation does not illustrate heteroscedasticity. To assess whether this sample represents a single species, we compared dental and pelage variation to a documented, single-species M. griseorufus sample from BMSR. As at Amboasary, BMSR mouse lemurs display limited odontometric variation and wide variation in nonmetric dental traits. In contrast, BMSR mouse lemurs display diverse pelage, despite reported genetic homogeneity. Ranges of dental and pelage variation at BMSR and Amboasary overlap. Thus, we conclude that the Amboasary mouse lemurs represent a single species e most likely (in the absence of genetic data to the contrary) M. griseorufus, and we reject their previous allocation to Microcebus murinus. Patterns of variation in the Amboasary sample provide a comparative template for recognizing the degree of variation manifested in a single primate population, and by implication, they provide minimum values for this species' intraspecific variation. Finally, discordance between different biological systems in our mouse lemur samples illustrates the need to examine multiple systems when conducting taxonomic analyses among living or fossil primates.

Examining skeletal materials unearthed from graves at archaeological sites involve complex and multifaceted research challenges, often necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration. Comprehensive studies of individual skeletons can yield crucial insights for identifying and reconstructing factors that influenced the living conditions, health status, and overall biological condition of entire palaeopopulations. The primary goals of anthropological skeletal analysis are to determine the identity of the deceased, understand their lifestyle, identify any diseases they suffered from, analyse their diet and eating habits, assess their level of physical activity, describe their distinguishing features, and determine the cause of death. Conducting in-depth analysis is necessary in order to develop both a basic and an extended biological profile, and to determine the individual’s sex, age at death, and stature. Subsequent stages involve assessing dental status, identifying determinants of physiological stress, evaluating morphometric changes in bones related to habitual and life activities, and examining all skeletal and dental pathologies. Analysing pathological changes in bones often involves difficulties typically encountered in differential diagnosis, including in palaeopathology. Examining observed pathologies solely on bones is often extremely difficult and sometimes impossible to resolve unequivocally. These difficulties arise from the nonspecific nature of changes, similar clinical presentations in various disease entities, the lack of clinical history, and taphonomic factors that have a destructive effect on bones (Miller et al. 1996; Carotenuto et al. 2021). Moreover, it cannot be stated with full certainty that currently known diseases cause the same anatomical and pathological changes in bones as those found in the skeletons of people living in antiquity. This is because the clinical picture of diseases may change over long periods of time (Miller et al. 1996; Carotenuto et al. 2021). When examining skeletal materials from archaeological sites, it is necessary to differentiate the normal anatomical structure of the bone from pathological changes. This helps recognise possible post-traumatic alterations, and – if possible – determine the time and mechanism of their occurrence (whether active or passive), and identify the tool used to inflict the injury. An injury results from energy applied harmfully to the human body (trauma), manifesting as macroscopically perceptible changes, such as breaches in the continuity of tissue structures (Teresiński 2019, 311). Bones may fracture, meaning the continuity of bone tissue can be disrupted as a result of significant mechanical injury that exceeds the tissue’s elasticity limits. In most cases, diagnosing injuries with signs of healing is relatively easy, and indicates that they occurred during the individual’s life. Medical imaging tests (for example, X-rays and computed tomography) further facilitate diagnostics. The identification and interpretation of bone injuries in archaeological material that may have occurred perimortem is often complex, difficult, and sometimes even impossible, which may be due to the poor condition of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries can result from trauma that occurred shortly before death, preventing repair processes from starting (no signs of remodelling). They can also occur shortly after death, in which case the bone still retains its biomechanical elasticity and plasticity (Lorkiewicz et al. 2011; Pechníková et al. 2011; Sorg 2019; Soficaru, Trinkaus 2020). The absence of soft tissues and the inability to assess other injuries accompanying fractures (for example, bruising, haemorrhages, skin wounds, and muscle damage in open fractures) present significant challenges in differentiating and interpreting trauma signs. In cases when the state of skeleton preservation is poor and taphonomic alterations are present, distinguishing perimortem injuries from postmortem injuries caused by secondary excavations or postmortem fragmentation is often ambiguous or even impossible (Pechníková et al. 2011; Ribeiro et al. 2020). Diagnosing and interpreting such lesions in order to distinguish between injuries and taphonomic modifications requires extensive knowledge and experience. This includes understanding characteristics of bone healing, the biomechanical plasticity and elasticity reflected in the morphology of fractures, and the ability to differentiate normal bone structure from bone affected by pathological changes. The environmental context of discovery and the arrangement of the skeleton in situ are also important. Various burial customs observed in different periods and cultures (for example, secondary shafts, or moving skeletons or their parts) can often contribute to the deterioration of remains. However, these customs may also carry significant information in the form of traces left on the bones (for example, marks made by tools). Skeletal bone material from archaeological sites is therefore a rich source of information regarding the history of each deceased person, including their postmortem history.

The discovery of nearly 180-year-old cranial measurements in the archives of 19th century American physician and naturalist Samuel George Morton can address a lingering debate, begun in the late 20th century by paleontologist and historian of science Stephen Jay Gould, about the unconscious bias alleged in Morton's comparative data of brain size in human racial groups. Analysis of Morton's lost data and the records of his studies does not support Gould's arguments about Morton's biased data collection. However, historical contextualization of Morton with his scientific peers, especially German anatomist Friedrich Tiedemann, suggests that, while Morton's data may have been unbiased, his cranial race science was not. Tiedemann and Morton independently produced similar data about human brain size in different racial groups but analyzed and interpreted their nearly equivalent results in dramatically different ways: Tiedemann using them to argue for equality and the abolition of slavery, and Morton using them to entrench racial divisions and hierarchy. These differences draw attention to the epistemic limitations of data and the pervasive role of bias within the broader historical, social, and cultural context of science. America's founding race scientist: Biased science or biased scientist? Samuel George Morton (1799-1851, Fig 1) and his collection of hundreds of human skulls are foundational to the history of scientific racism. Morton, a Philadelphia physician and naturalist, collected and compared crania from across the globe [1,2]. His comparative measurements of "internal capacity" (IC), the volume of the brain case, a proxy measure of brain size, were used to rank the relative intelligence of human races, producing a scientific justification for white, Anglo-Saxon superiority [3,4], manifest destiny [5], and the enslavement of Africans [6,7]. The methods of Morton's internationally recognized [8] cranial race science found legitimization in two occasionally intertwined intellectual currents. One flowed from systematic

The genetic diversity of human populations in Portugal results from several different demographic events that occurred in distinct historical periods. Phoenician migrations reached the Portuguese coast in the 1st Millennium BCE which may have influenced the genetic background in coastal areas. The main objective of this study was to examine if different patterns of Y-chromosome diversity explained by putative Phoenician signatures can be observed between littoral versus most inland regions in central Portugal. A total of 143 male DNA samples from Coimbra district, in central-west region of Portugal, were typed for 16 Y-SNPs and eigth Y-STRs using standard molecular methodologies. Thirteen different haplogroups were identified, being the typical Western European haplogroup R1b1b2-M269 the most common (0.601), followed by J-M304 (0.147) and E1b1b1-M35 (0.112). Taking haplogroup J-M304 individually, whose origin maps to the Middle East, a higher frequency was observed in littoral (0.166) compared with inland region (0.108). Moreover, a significant difference (p=0.022) was observed when the littoral region was compared with the innermost region of Beira Interior, in the same geographic area of the country. Y-STR haplotypes previously associated with ancient Phoenician expansions were found within haplogroups J-M304 and E1b1b1a-M78. In conclusion, this study supports the hypothesis a maritime entry of Middle Eastern haplogroups in the coastal region of Central Portugal, most probable through the Phoenician migrations in the first millennium BCE.

The current study conducted on 62 skulls belonging to the priests and priestess of Amun from Thebes during the third transition period (1070-713 BC). This specimen was a part of Bab El-Gasus cache which discovered in 1891 in Luxor. The teeth were examined to reveal dental morphology and pathology to provide insight into the components of the pattern of eating habits and cultural behaviours, the state of health of the teeth, and genetic traits of the priests and priests of Amun who had their own customs and rituals inside the temple. The teeth were examined to reconstruct the state of health of the priests and priests of Amun. Dental health is often a sign of general health. Pathological conditions such as tooth decay, tartar layer, erosion and gum disease can be considered a semi-specific indicator of signs of dental stress because they are all a result of food consumption, and provides information on the types and characteristics of the consumed food style (smooth, hard, meat, sugars, or starches). It also reveals the degree of pre-treatment that occurs before consumption (such as grinding, grinding, crushing, or cooking). Moreover, the study showed that there is homogeneity in dentition shape among the priests and priestess of Amun, and the examination revealed many similar frequencies in the features, with some clear exceptions for morphological features. Dental morphology is generally a good way to know biological origins of Population groups and their biological relationships.

The aim of our paper is to demonstrate a case (KD429) with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) from the 2nd-3rdcentury-CE Carpathian Basin. The skeleton of KD429 was subject to a detailed macromorphological evaluation, focusing on the detection of pathological lesions likely related to tuberculosis (TB). It was the presence of endocranial alterations, especially the TB-specific granular impressions, based on which the diagnosis of TBM was established in KD429. Besides KD429, only eight cases with TB have been published from the Sarmatianperiod (1st-5th centuries CE) Carpathian Basin. Reports of archaeological cases with TB, like KD429, can provide invaluable information about the spatio-temporal distribution of the disease in the past. Nonetheless, to get a more accurate picture about the burden that TB may have put on the Sarmatians, the systematic macromorphological (re-)evaluation of their osteoarchaeological series would be advantageous. Interestingly, the skeleton of KD429 was unearthed from not a grave-pit but a storage pit from the archaeological site of Kiskundorozsma-Daruhalom-dűlő II (Hungary). At the current state of research, the motive behind the exclusion of KD429 from the "normal" burial custom cannot be determined; therefore, it remains an open question whether their disease (TBM) played a role in it or not.

Children represent an important segment of the community and have an important role in the reconstruction of the health status of ancient populations. Child mortality is often used in anthropology as adequate measure of social and sanitary conditions within a community, for determining the progress of a population and for obtaining an overview of the adaptation of a population to changes in the surroundings. In this paper, the results of a bioanthropological analysis of non-adult skeletal remains from the medieval necropolis of Brskovo-Doganjice (Mojkovac, Montenegro) will be presented. The medieval city of Brskovo was an important mining centre in the Balkans during the 13 th and 14 th centuries and, according to historical sources, the very beginnings of mining in medieval Serbia are linked to it. The necropolis was researched in the period between 2019 and 2022, and 149 graves were registered on that occasion, with 50 skeletal remains belonging to individuals that were 0-17 years old. Special attention will be given to changes which could be indicators of the quality of life of children in a medieval mining settlement.

Sex estimation based on amelogenin peptides in dental enamel has opened up possibilities to study prehistoric demography in a new light. The application of this technique is of particular importance for the analysis of prehistoric collective burials, where the commingled and disarticulated nature of human remains makes sex estimations challenging. This paper presents data on the sex of 35 individuals from the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic site of Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal), obtained by amelogenin peptide analysis of dental enamel. The results are combined with observations on chronological and spatial distribution of the burial structures as well as strontium isotope data obtained from the same teeth. The new evidence enables the analysis of sex-specific mobility patterns, even at a site where the large majority of human remains discovered to date (MNI = 565) are heavily commingled and highly fragmented. The results show a greater number of males (n = 6) than females (n = 2) among the local individuals, and a balance between males (n = 14) and females (n = 13) among nonlocal ones, suggesting similar mobility for both sexes. These results are contextualized with the evidence available both for the Iberian Peninsula and the European continent. The greater female mobility observed at sites with similar chronologies in Central Europe, which has been interpreted in terms of female exogamy and patrilocality, is not replicated at Perdigões, where males and females have similar strontium isotope values.

Sex estimation based on amelogenin peptides in dental enamel has opened up possibilities to study prehistoric demography in a new light. The application of this technique is of particular importance for the analysis of prehistoric collective burials, where the commingled and disarticulated nature of human remains makes sex estimations challenging. This paper presents data on the sex of 35 individuals from the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic site of Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal), obtained by amelogenin peptide analysis of dental enamel. The results are combined with observations on chronological and spatial distribution of the burial structures as well as strontium isotope data obtained from the same teeth. The new evidence enables the analysis of sex-specific mobility patterns, even at a site where the large majority of human remains discovered to date (MNI = 565) are heavily commingled and highly fragmented. The results show a greater number of males (n = 6) than females (n = 2) among the local individuals, and a balance between males (n = 14) and females (n = 13) among nonlocal ones, suggesting similar mobility for both sexes. These results are contextualized with the evidence available both for the Iberian Peninsula and the European continent. The greater female mobility observed at sites with similar chronologies in Central Europe, which has been interpreted in terms of female exogamy and patrilocality, is not replicated at Perdigões, where males and females have similar strontium isotope values.

Despite recent global economic growth, the high prevalence of child undernutrition is an urgent public health issue in low and middle-income countries, including India. Moreover, one-third of infant mortality is associated with undernutrition. The present cross-sectional study aims to report the burden of undernutrition and to explore its association with socio-demographic variables among the Bengalee Muslim preschool children of Bankura district, West Bengal, India. This present study was conducted among 800 preschool children (400 males and 400 females) aged 12 to 59 months. The children were selected using a systematic random sampling method, and the sample size was estimated using standard formula. Descriptive, parametric, non-parametric, and inferential statistical analyses were performed accordingly. Males were taller and heavier than females. Significant age variations in mean height and weight were found among the study participants. The overall prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 23.0%, 30.5%, and 36.0%, respectively. The results of the chi-square test showed that all the socio-demographic variables were significantly associated with the nutritional status of these children. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that non-exclusive breastfeeding, higher birth order, and the lower mothers' age at childbirth were the significant predictors of stunting. Low family income, large family size, and low maternal educational status were the significant predictors of wasting. Moreover, low family income, non-exclusive breastfeeding, and mothers' age at childbirth were significant predictors of underweight. The findings of the present study revealed that there were numerous determinants of undernutrition among the Bengalee Muslim preschool children. Therefore, the appropriate government and non-government agencies should adopt the policy for an income-generating scheme to enhance household income, awareness of exclusive breastfeeding, family planning, adult education programmes, and surveillance against child marriage.

The present study examined the correlation between nutritional status and body composition in rural preschool children aged three to five years in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. A total of 276 children, including 132 boys and 144 girls, were included in the study. Nutritional status, particularly undernutrition, is assessed using the standard cutoff values recommended by the World Health Organisation (<-2 SD). The present study found that stunted, underweight, thinness, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based undernourished children had a lower mean value in all body composition parameters compared to adequately nourished children. Height and weight both showed a higher positive correlation with fat-free mass than with fat mass. MUAC showed a higher positive correlation with arm fat area (r = .786; p < .001) than with arm muscle area. BMI showed a higher positive correlation with fat-free mass index (r = .980; p < .001) than with fat mass index. The study found a significant increase in height, weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass with age. Boys had higher body size, fat mass, and fat-free mass, while girls had a higher body fat proportion. The study concludes that gender differences in body composition don't start with the hormonal changes of puberty but begin much earlier.

The reconstruction of ancient diets by means of stable isotopes analyses acquires a deeper meaning when their results are compared with other odonto-skeletal indicators which are strongly contextualized in the light of historical and archaeological evidence. Nevertheless, the outcomes can be contradictory or, more realistically, they may not completely satisfy our hypotheses on how complex and diverse conditions - such as health status, life style, diet and nutrition - can actually interrelate in the life course of an individual.In this study we present and discuss evidences from Isola Sacra and Velia, two Roman Imperial Age coastal towns. The õ15N and õ13C values are compared with demographic and health status parameters, such as age, sex, stature, auricular exostoses, DISH, cribra orbitalia, enamel defects. 

The Homo erectus-like cranium from Buia (UA 31) was found in the Eritrean Danakil depression and dated to 1 million years. Its outer morphology displays archaic traits, as well as distinctive and derived characters. The present study provides the description and metric comparison of its endocranial anatomy. UA 31 was originally filled by a diffuse concretion. Following its removal and cleaning, the endocast (995 cc) was reconstructed after physical molding and digital scan. Its morphology is here compared with specimens belonging to different human taxa, taking into account endocranial metrics, cortical traits, and craniovascular features. The endocast is long and narrow when compared to the H. erectus/ergaster hypodigm, although its proportions are compatible with the morphology displayed by all archaic and medium-brained human species. The occipital areas display a pronounced bulging, the cerebellum is located in a posterior position, and the middle meningeal vessels are more deve...

Présentée en 1839 par Arago comme une invention indispensable à la confection de collections d'images archéologiques et artistiques (ROUILLE, 1989 : 36-42), la photographie acquiert, dès son invention, un grand prestige auprès des scientifiques. Dans la seconde partie du XIX e siècle, et surtout au XX e siècle, rares sont les domaines du savoir qui échappent durablement à l'élaboration, sur papier glacé, d'une mémoire visuelle (BARTHES, 1980). Dans le cas de la photographie anthropologique, c'est Etienne Serres qui introduisit en 1842 la technique au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris en achetant un appareil de Daguerre, afin de réaliser des portraits ethniques. Dès 1865, Paul Broca -fondateur de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris -en recommande l'utilisation, et donne une méthodologie minimale mais précise pour la prise de vue : prendre le visage de face et de profil et le corps de face, bras tendus. Pour en faire un objet de science, il préconise l'utilisation d'échelles pour retrouver les mesures véritables du corps ainsi que « l'accoutrement caractéristique de la tribu » (BROCA, 1865 : 8). Ainsi, le désir de connaissance anthropologique passe-t-il par la constitution de collections d'images qui doivent donner à la fois des renseignements sur la dimension naturelle de l'homme mais aussi sur sa culture. Le développement de la colonisation s'accompagnera de la mise en place de corpus photographiques assez systématiques dans les empires coloniaux afin de « recenser » les ressources naturelles et de « cataloguer » les collectivités humaines -tout ceci dans une évidente dynamique de valorisation de l'« oeuvre » coloniale. Les preneurs d'images furent tour à tour des explorateurs, des militaires, des missionnaires, des savants ou des photographes professionnels (comme Geiser à Alger ou Fortier à Dakar). Une histoire de la photographie dans le contexte colonial a déjà été ébauchée dans de nombreux travaux Photographies anthropologiques et politique des races

Introducción: La tipificación molecular de ADN de cromosoma-Y es una herramienta de reconocida importancia en el proceso de identificación de individuos de género masculino en diversos casos forenses. Actualmente es una herramienta de apoyo para los laboratorios de genética estatales en la identificación de víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia, dentro de los procesos enmarcados en la Ley de Justicia y Paz. En este estudiose determina el haplotipo del cromosoma-Y que será comparado con parientes por línea paaterna de género masculino, con el fin de realizar el análisis estadístico de estos marcadores, aportar a una base de datos colombiana y comparar con parientes de la línea masculina. Objetivo: Realizar una caracterización de haplotipos mediante análisis de marcadores moleculares, STR del cromosoma-Y en una muestra de población del altiplano cundiboyacense colombiano. Metodología: De las muestras del «Programa de Banco de muestras de sangre de funcionarios de la Fiscalía Gener...

toegang Ger[rit] Kleis / Schokland / Pieter Nagel B i b l i o g r a f i e versie versie 8 0 Peter Nage, diverse l gedichten in het Algemeen Handelsblad Dichtershoek tussen 16 januari 196-22 jili 1961 1 Pieter Nagel, 'Inhoud' ; 'Gespeel' In: Een 10 voor de tieners 2. Gravenhage/Rotterdam 1961. p. 116-117. 2 Pieter Nagel, 'Apotheose' ; 'Ik heb geen gedicht' In: Fase, Literair Maandblad. jrg.1 (1962) nr.1. p.7. 3 Pieter Nagel, (gedichten) In: Vermoeden van tijd, poëzie van de jongere generatie. Samengesteld en ingeleid door Rob H.

Аннотация. В статье предлагается и аргументируется гипотеза о необходимости удревнения начальной фазы формирования современной Мир-Системы до эпохи позднего верхнего палеолита (эпипалеолита) Евразии и Северной Африки / The article proposes and argues the hypothesis of the need to extend the initial phase of the formation of the modern World System to the epoch of the Late Upper Paleolithic (Epipaleolithic) of Eurasia and North Africa.

Biological samples such as bones, teeth, and hair obtained from archaeological excavations are mainly used for dating measurements. However, these findings provide valuable information about the diet, lifestyle or migration, genetic interaction of communities, and disease because the biochemical content of biological tissues such as bones, teeth, and hair changes under the influence of the lifestyle of the past population. Therefore, it seems that human remains' biochemical, microscopic, and histological studies could be advantageous for clarifying the dark events of past societies. Bioarcheology, as an interdisciplinary science, assesses the historical-cultural relationships in ancient samples and human remains like hair, bone, or tooth by biological tools and techniques. In this science, the biological data of specimens are combined with archeological information to obtain a more accurate sociology of past civilizations. The purpose of the present review article is to familiarize archeology researchers with the usual methods in bioarchaeological studies.

Rezumat: Cercetările arheologice preventive efectuate recent (Sp. III/2018) în situl de la Alba Iulia-Lumea Nouă (jud. Alba) au condus la o nouă descoperire de resturi osoase umane, reprezentând părți de calotă craniană, aparținând unui individ non-adult cu vârsta la momentul decesului cuprinsă între 4 și 5,5 ani. Au fost identificate urmele unei leziuni traumatice perimortem pe calota craniană cauzate cel mai probabil de interacțiunea cu un obiect contondent. Resturile scheletice umane au fost excavate din Cx001, caroul B, la adâncimea de 0,87m, aflate în asociere cu fragmente ceramice tipice grupului Foeni, materiale faunistice și piese litice. Analizele radiocarbon plasează decesul non-adultului în intervalul 4427-4370 calBC, perioadă ce corespunde etapei dezvoltate din evoluţia grupului Foeni în Transilvania. Complexul suprapune parţial pe zona de est Cx005, ce reprezintă groapa unui bordei de mari dimensiuni aparţinând fazei B a culturii Vinča. Scopul studiului de faţă este de a analiza descoperirea de resturi scheletice umane în discuţie, pe de o parte prin prisma practicilor funerare secundare deja cunoscute din acest sit de pe valea Mureșului Mijlociu, pe de altă parte prin studiul traumei perimortem, interpretată ca o dovadă a violenţei interpersonale.

Informe Antropológico de los restos óseos humanos recuperados durante la intervención arqueológica en la Calle Cerrajeros (yacimiento arqueológico de Camino de las Yeseras, San Fernando de Henares, Madrid) durante las intervenciones arqueológicas de 2024

Esh-Shaheinab is a landmark in the African Neolithic. This site gave the name Shaheinab Neolithic to the Neolithic period in central Sudan, becoming its archetype. Excavated in the late 1940s by A.J. Arkell, it bears witness to the processes of domestic animal introduction from the Middle East into North and East Africa. Its excavation also uncovered the remains of an earlier Mesolithic or Early Khartoum (ca. ninth-sixth millennia BC) and a Late Neolithic occupation (ca. fourth millennium BC), providing essential insights into the Neolithic's premises and sequels. Although the influence of Esh-Shaheinab has been recognized for more than seventy years, our knowledge of its material culture has remained as it was then. In 2001, one of the present authors (EAAG) had permission to restudy the ceramic collection at the National Museum in Khartoum and subsequently export samples for laboratory analyses. Here, for the first time, we provide a multi-scale analysis of the Esh-Shaheinab ceramic material from the Early Khartoum to the Late Neolithic periods by integrating the chaı ˆne ope ´ratoire approach into the local landscape. By combining the results of macroscopic and microscopic analyses, we performed petrographic investigations on the composition and manufacturing technology of the ceramic pastes using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Organic residue analysis (ORA) was also carried out, to provide information on diet, vessel use, and subsistence practices. The results of our combined analyses showed that the inhabitants of Esh-Shaheinab developed an adaptation specific to the ecological niche they inhabited. They lived in the western valley of the Nile, which was narrower and offered different environmental conditions than the eastern bank. This resulted in partial continuity in manufacturing traditions and ceramic recipes, including more mixed wadi materials and a strong emphasis on wild meat consumption as the narrower alluvial plain restricted animal herding.

Robles Cortés, Erika Lucero. 2022. “El rugoso cuerpo de la tierra: pieles de cocodrilo en las ofrendas del Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan”, in Los animales y el recinto sagrado de Tenochtitlan, Leonardo López Luján y Eduardo Matos Moctezuma (ed.), Colegio Nacional, México City, pp. 477-506.

Dominance style, the level of tolerance displayed by dominant individuals toward subordinate ones, is exhibited along a continuum from despotic to relaxed. It is a useful concept to describe the nature of dominance relationships in macaque species and it bridges among multiple features of dominance hierarchies, aggression, kinship and conflict resolution. Capuchins share many behavioral similarities with Old World monkeys and like macaques, may exhibit a suite of covarying characteristics related to dominance. Here, we provide an assessment of dominance style by examining measures of aggression and kin bias in 22 adult female white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in three social groups at Santa Rosa Sector, Costa Rica. We found that bidirectionality of aggression was low (mean 5 6.9% 6 SE 1.6). However, there were few significant correlations between kin relatedness and social behavior (approaching, grooming, proximity, and co-feeding), even though the intensity of kin bias in grooming was moderate and higher in the larger group. We conclude that patterns of aggression and kin-biased behavior in our study animals are dissimilar to the patterns of covariation observed in macaque species. While unidirectional aggression suggests a despotic dominance style, the moderate expression of kin bias suggests an intermediate to relaxed classification when compared with results from an analysis of 19 macaque species. Additional studies of capuchin species and behaviors associated with dominance style (i.e., conciliatory tendencies) would help to create a comparative framework for the genus Cebus, and allow for more detailed cross-species comparison of dominance relationships across all primates.

Este texto introduce en el estudio del artículo de Nicolás León publicado en 1922 con el título de "La antropología física y la antropometría en México. Notas históricas", el cual constituye un documento fundamental en la historiografía antropofísica mexicana.

Bioarchaeologists routinely employ stable isotope analysis to answer questions about the link between social status and dietary practices. This study uses a multi- isotopic approach to investigate the dietary patterns of early modern nobility in Lisbon and examines potential differences in subsistence patterns compared to the city’s dietary habits during the medieval period. The bone collagen stable carbon (δ 13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N) isotope ratios of twenty-six likely elite individuals buried in the east corridor of the former São Domingos Convent, Lisbon, between the 16th and 19th centuries AD, and seven baseline zooarchaeological remains from the site were analysed using EA IRMS (Elemental Analyser-Isotopic Mass Spectrometry). Stable isotopic results of these individuals suggest that they consumed a probable C3-rich mixed diet comprising terrestrial animal protein, with significant input from high-trophic marine resources, reflecting their high social status. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in diet were observed between males (n=16) and females (n=10) from the site. Compared to the medieval Lisbon isotopic data set, a substantial shift in dietary habits was observed, particularly with increased marine fish consumption during the early modern period. This pilot study provides new insights into the diet of the aristocratic population of Lisbon between the 16th and 19th centuries AD. It lays a foundation for future isotopic research, enhancing our understanding of past subsistence patterns in Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula.

Широкомасштабні дослідження генетики людини на основі передбачувано нейт ральних територій показали, що більшість різноманіття людських ознак спостерігається серед індивідів у межах місцевих популяцій. Попередні розподіли краніометричного різноманіття подібні до цих генетичних розподілів, що свідчить про обмежену роль міжрегіональних відмінностей селективного тиску в формуванні сучасного краніометричного різноманіття людини. Отже, важливо відстежувати, як розподіляється варіативність черепа. Ці результати є значу щими для оцінки біологічних зв’язків доісторичних зразків, які часово відокремлені від сучасних популяцій-референтів. Аналіз міжгрупової мінливості антропологіч них ознак дає змогу визначити ступінь морфологічної диференціації населення. Співвідношення абсолютної різниці між максимальними та мінімальними значе ннями ознак до стандартного квадратичного відхилення може стати мірою оцінки цієї мінливості. Однак провести такий аналіз по століттях на наявному матеріалі неможливо через недостатню кількість краніологічних серій із досліджуваного регіону. Метою дослідження є визначення міжгрупового розмаху мінливості краніометричних ознак у чоловічих краніологічних серіях із Чернігово Сіверщини XVII–XIX ст. При визначенні морфологічних варіантів серед українців Чернігово-Сіверщини у XVII–XIX ст. особливу увагу слід приділити кутам профі лювання обличчя (ознаки, що відображають сплощення лицьового скелета) та висотним і поперечним діаметрам черепного склепіння. Монголоїдна домішка не виявила себе ані в індексі сплощення лицьового скелета, ані у співвідношенні лицьової та мозкової частин у чоловіків, ані в загальному розрахунку умовного монголоїдного елемента. Дуже слабка східна домішка була відзначена у жінок, де загальний індекс сплощення лицьового скелета дещо вищий за норму (до 20).

This study re-evaluates the Samad Late Iron Age (SLIA) and its context around 0 CE, highlighting its complexities and significance. It examines SLIA's relationship with Mleiha/PIR, covering burial practices, pottery, trade, and architecture, offering insights into pre-Islamic south-eastern Arabia and contributing to archaeological discourse.

Several tokens found in the Netherlands have on the obverse Maria with Christ and on the reverse a coat of arms.  After research the obverse is a Pieta and the reverse is the coat of arms from the lords of Kruiningen.
I assume it was a token for the poor.

Background: The cranial sutures are the fibrous tissues uniting the skull bones as they approximate one another during development .The coronal, sagittal and lambdoid sutures were analyzed for quantifying the sutural patency as maintenance of suture patency depends on various factors in skull. Metopic sutures are a vertical sutures occurring as a result of failure of ossification between the two halves of frontal bone. It is very often mistaken for fracture of the frontal bone in the A-P view X-Ray of skull. Objective: The goal of the study was to evaluate the gross morphology of the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and metopic sutures in human adult dried skulls and to determine if any difference exists in terms of fusion. Material and methods: The study included 150 human dry skulls of Indian population were selected from the museum of anatomy department of GMERS Medical College Gotri, Vadodara, and Government Medical College Bhavnagar. Result: the study shows the patency of the lambdo...

Sled dogs are among the most iconic animals of the North, and their efforts in pulling sleds facilitated trade and subsistence practices that sustained many Indigenous groups for thousands of years. Unfortunately, the history of dog sledding is difficult to trace in archaeology. The identification of dog sledding in the past has been mostly addressed through the association of dog skeletal remains with material parts of sleds and harnessing equipment. However, there is currently no method for identifying sled-pulling activity directly from canid remains. This article introduces a new visual scoring manual for entheseal changes to address this gap in knowledge. Entheseal changes are morphological variations to entheses, which are muscle, tendon, and ligament attachment sites on bone. They have been used to reconstruct past activity in humans and, more recently, reindeer and equid remains, but never in canids. This method was developed for thirteen entheses on the forelimb and hindlimb using 74 working sled dogs, non-working pet dogs, and wild canids. Visual scores were compared to examine the effect of activity on entheseal changes, but also confounding biological factors such as age, sex, and body size. Observer error tests were also conducted to determine the method's precision and repeatability. The results show that sled dogs have significantly higher scores than non-working canids, especially for seven attachments. This suggests that entheses are morphologically sensitive to habitual sled-pulling, though some attachments are better indicators of working activity than others. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the method can differentiate sled dogs from pet dogs and wild canids and is a useful tool for identifying sled-pulling activity in archaeological canid remains. Furthermore, this method will help to better understand the history and development of humandog relationships in the North.

Bab adh-Dhra', located in modern-day Jordan, was one of many walled townsites in the region during a time of urban experimentation in the Early Bronze Age. The lives of non-adults in these urban centers has remained largely unexplored. • Commingled/fragmented clavicles, scapulae, femora, tibiae, radii, ulnae, and humeri of non-adults from the A22 charnel house

Se presentan los resultados de las recientes excavaciones arqueologicas realizadas en el Cerro de la Encina con motivo del proyecto de puesta en valor y musealizacion del yacimiento. Los trabajos han consistido en la excavacion sistematica de dos areas del poblado de grandes dimensiones, parcialmente conocidas por las investigaciones realizadas a principios de los anos 80. Se han documentando varias zonas de habitat aterrazado pertenecientes a la Cultura de El Argar en las que destaca su registro funerario que siguiendo la norma argarica se situa bajo los suelos de las viviendas.

The main aim of this study was to explore the usefulness of several types of vertebral pathology as activity markers in osteological populations. A total of 2165 vertebrae from 124 individuals were studied. They were derived from cemeteries in two villages: Villanueva de Soportilla (Burgos, north of Spain), with a Christian population, and La Torrecilla (Granada, south of Spain), inhabited by Muslims. Degenerative joint diseases, Schmorl&#39;s nodes, compression fractures and spondylolysis with spondylolisthesis were analysed in individuals and separate vertebral pieces. All pathological conditions, except compression fractures, were significantly more frequent in males than in females, reflecting more intensive labour conditions for males. They were significantly more frequent in males from Villanueva, a border population of peasant-soldiers, than in males from La Torrecilla. They were also significantly more frequent in females from Christian Villanueva than in those from Muslim L...

The Dürrnberg near Hallein is one of the most important mining centres in Iron Age Europe. The production and distribution of salt led to exorbitant wealth and far-reaching economic and cultural contacts. The highly complex economic structure of the salt metropolis reveals a social differentiation that was controlled not least by areas of activity in different sectors of primary and secondary production, i.e. in mines, crafts and agriculture. Specific, work-related identities of individuals and groups of people may have developed here, which manifest themselves in different aspects of material culture. Beyond the situation at Dürrnberg, a specific emblematic of labour is analysed across Iron Age Central Europe. In particular, the La Tène period ‘Celtic art’ and the artistic handicrafts with their strong magical-religious content and associated technicalideological ‘special knowledge’ reveal stimuli that create identity. In addition, metalworking and textile production have specific features that create identity. As a special field that only indirectly belongs to crafts in the narrower sense, medicalmagical knowledge plays a very particular role in Iron Age identity formation. In a genuinely prehistoric environment without significant written sources, contextual archaeological analysis and cultural anthropological comparison are of great value. Such an approach allows for further interpretations of the social position and self-understanding of people working as craftsmen in the Iron Age.

H. Meller, 300! Des Herrschers Gefolgschaft. Die frühbronzezeitlichen Hortfunde 2 und 3 von Dieskau. In: H. Meller/K. Gärtner (Hrsg.), Schönheit, Macht und Tod II. 275 Funde aus dem Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Halle [Saale] 2023) 252–255.