Skeletal Biology

In the field of wrestling only few skill tests were available to evaluate the skill performance of wrestlers. So researcher has undertaken the study "Development of free style wrestling for junior boys". The purpose of the study was to development of free style wrestling skill test for selection, evaluation and assessment of performance of wrestlers, the normative study was conducted under descriptive research. The study was confined to age group 18 to 19 years' school level male free style wrestlers from Punjab. The researcher used purposive random sampling method. Standard procedures were followed to conduct this research project. The researcher followed step-wise method of construction and establishing standard norms. Researcher analyzed important basic skills used by school level wrestlers of age group 18 to 19 years with help the experts from wrestling field. The newly designed skill test was administered on school level male wrestlers of age group 18 to 19 years from various wrestling club, different schools and practice houses in Punjab and test was revised. After the modification the test was finalized and changes were made after pilot study. Validity, Reliability and Objectivity were established by following procedure given in various books of tests, measurement and evaluation. The data, which was collected by administering tests, was statistically treated to develop norms for all the test items. The normative scales, namely, the Percentile Scale and 7 Sigma Scale were constructed for the male wrestlers of state and national level. The norms were constructed by using Percentile and 7 Sigma Scale techniques analyzed through statistical packages, the scores were further classified into five grades i.e. Excellent, Good, Average, Fair, Poor under Normal Distribution.

Fractures are ubiquitous in the archaeological record but the majority of these are the consequence of a traumatic incident and do not reflect any loss of strength inherent to the bone. So-called fragility fractures, particularly hip fractures, are considered uncommon occurrences in skeletal populations from the past. Nevertheless, evidence of this type of fracture in the archaeological record is increasing. A methodical search for possible hip fractures in the excavation reports, theses and monographs housed in the Department of Anthropology of the University of Coimbra presented an occasion to describe six hip fractures, previously unpublished, from different Portuguese archaeological sites and to challenge the widespread assumption that hip fractures were nearly non-existent in the past.

Background: Femoral sulcus angle is particularly important in clinical evaluation of patellofemoral joint. Individuals show considerable differences in asymmetrical dimensions of the femur. Objectives: To determine the size of femoral sulcus angles in adult black Malawians using the skeletal collection in the department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and assess their gender differences; to compare femoral sulcus angles of Malawians with other ethnic groups. Methods: A cross sectional study was done in which femoral sulcus angles of dry bones were measured using a goniometer. Results: There is no significant difference in the mean sulcus angles between right and left femora in males (p=0.8100) and females (p=0.0742); between all males combined and females combined (p=0.8845). There is a significant difference in the mean between all left femora combined and all right femora combined (p=0.0260). This study has provided the mean size of the femoral sulcus angle of adult Malawians. These findings suggest that the size of the sulcus angle cannot determine gender among adult black Malawians suggesting the interpretation that femora asymmetric dimensions are population specific, which should be considered in the patellofemoral joint evaluation.

The vertebral column of barking deer was comprised of 35 segments. The supraspinous process of atlas was represented by a raised tubercle separated by a prominent ridge. Axis had wider dens. The third cervical vertebra had crest like supraspinous process which increased posteriorly. The 4 th , 5 th , 6 th and 7 th cervical vertebrae were characterized by the presence of a tubercle midway along the outer margin of the bony plate.The body of 13 th thoracic vertebra was longer and constricted in the middle with strongly curved anterior and posterior extremities. The elongated plate like transverse processes of 6 th lumbar vertebra were flattened dorsoventrally and projected downward and forward. The fusion of completely fused five sacral vertebrae had two dorsal and four ventral sacral foramina.

Objective: To evaluate a case of elongated styloid processes in an individual from a Byzantine burial.
Materials: One well preserved adult human skeleton dated to the 7th-9th centuries buried within the church of Constantine-Helena near Nigde in the Cappadocia region of Anatolia.
Methods: Macroscopic and metric analysis using a digital sliding calliper, enhanced and complemented by a Multi-Detector Computer Tomography scan of the cranium.
Results: Individual was estimated to be an old adult male. Total lengths of the left styloid process were 79.0 mm using a calliper and 78.7 mm based on computerised digital measurement. The right styloid process measured 73.0 mm using a calliper and 75.5 mm based on computerised digital measurement.
Conclusions: Bilateral elongation of the styloid processes and Eagle's syndrome were confirmed based on the lengths of the styloid processes greater than the normal range. The most consistent aetiology of the condition in this instance is anatomic variance. Significance: Recognising the presence of Eagle Syndrome in the past provides insight into population dynamics and potentially the evolution of this condition. Limitations: Only a single individual was evaluated without aDNA analysis. Suggestions for further research: Further analysis and review of skeletal populations, using standardised methods and modern imaging techniques, to identify this condition geographically and chronologically.

Ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda Significant Caries Index uygulamasının çürük riski üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Birey ve Yöntem: Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören 90 birey (14-16 yaĢ) bu çalıĢma kapsamında değerlendirildi. Bütün hastalar 0,018 inç slot preadjusted sabit ortodontik apareyler ile tedavi edildi. Bireyler tedavi baĢlangıcında (T1) ve tedavi bitiminde (T2) beyaz nokta lezyonu görülme sıklığının tespiti amacıyla Gorelick indeksine göre klinikte muayene edildi. Her birey için T1 ve T2 de DMFT (Çürük, Dolgulu ve Eksik DiĢ Sayısı) indeksi değeri hesaplandı. DMFT indeksi değerlendirmesinde klinik muayenede Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) kriterleri ve bitewing radyograflar kullanıldı. Tüm kayıtların alınmasından sonra bireyler baĢlangıç Significant Caries Index değerine göre 3 risk grubuna (G1,G2,G3) ayrıldı. Bulgular: ÇalıĢmayı tamamlayan 72 hastanın (38 kız, 34 erkek) yaĢ ortalaması T1'de 14,7±1,63 olarak bulundu. DMFT ortalaması 3,18 olarak bulunurken, Significant Caries Index değerinin 5,00 olduğu görüldü. Tedavi sürecinde ortalama DMFT artıĢı 0,14 olarak bulundu. T1'de beyaz nokta lezyonu görülme sıklığının %16,6 olduğu, T2' de %59,6 olduğu görüldü. Beyaz nokta lezyonu görülme insidansı %40 olarak bulundu. Significant Caries Index uygulamasına göre oluĢturulan risk grupları arasında DMFT artıĢı, beyaz nokta lezyonu oluĢumu ve Ģiddeti açısından anlamlı fark olmadığı görüldü (p>0,05). Sonuç: Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören bireylerde Significant Caries Index uygulamasının bireylerin DMFT indeksi değiĢimi ve beyaz nokta lezyonu oluĢumu üzerine belirleyici bir rol oynamadığı bulunmuĢtur.

Claws are involved in a number of behaviours including locomotion and prey capture, and as a result animals evolve claw morphologies that enable these functions. Past authors have found geometry of the keratinous sheath of the claw to correlate with mode of life for extant birds and squamates; this relationship has frequently been cited to infer lifestyles for Mesozoic theropods including Archaeopteryx. However, many fossil claws lack keratinous sheaths and thus cannot be analysed using current methods. As the ungual phalanx within the claw is more commonly preserved in the fossil record, geometry of this bone may provide a more useful metric for paleontological analysis. In this study, ungual bones of 108 birds and 5 squamates were imaged using X-ray techniques and a relationship was found between curvatures of the ungual bone within the claw of pedal digit III and four modes of life; ground-dwelling, perching, predatory, and scansorial; using linear discriminant analysis with weighted accuracy equal to 0.79. Our model predicts arboreal lifestyles for Archaeopteryx and Microraptor and a predatory ecology for Confuciusornis. These findings demonstrate the utility of our model in answering questions of palaeoecology, the theropod-bird transition, and the evolution of avian flight. Though the metric exhibits a strong correlation with lifestyle, morphospaces for PD-III curvatures overlap and so this metric should be considered alongside additional evidence

The paper presents a detailed gross anatomical description of the elements of
the pelvic limb in the African green monkey and provides comparative and differential
elements on pelvic limb monkey osteology. The osteometric investigation adds value
to the gross morphological and radiological investigation, adjoining metric data to the
gross descriptive data set. The main methodology used was the gross morphological
investigation, doubled by regular osteometrical and radiographical assessments. For each
of the elements, several morphological aspects are described, pointing to the specific and
differential aspects that might serve as landmarks in the specific diagnosis of different
adaptative changes, related to the type of locomotion. For the pelvis, the aspect of the
symphysis, the overall shape of the pelvic inlet, the iliac wing aspect and the acetabular
shape are listed as significant elements. The femur has a spherical head with an inferior
position of the femoral fovea and a well-developed (tall) greater trochanter, lacking the
third trochanter. The medial condyle of the femur is better developed than the lateral
one and an evident extensor’s fossa is noted at the level of the distal shaft. The proximal
lateral condyloid surface in the tibia is slightly larger than the medial one, with noticeable
intercondilar eminences. The fibula is long and unfused with the tibia. Some specific
anatomical features are listed only for the talus and calcaneus from tarsals. The study
revealed the presence of the gastrocnemius sesamoid bones and the proximal sesamoidi
bones as well. Investigation presents a series of osteometrical data with an attempt to show
some basic metrical differences among the investigated specimens.

Diabetes is a public health problem affected pregnant rats associated with
developmental defects of their growing fetuses and histopathological abnormalities of their
body organs. The traditional application of phytotherapy encourages author to develop the
more safety plants which exerts antidiabetic activity and improve the histological structure.
The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of lesions induced in liver, kidney, heart
and lingual mucosa of 18-day old fetuses of diabetic mother. Also, how can cinnamon-extract
supplementation exert antiapoptic activity and improved the histological picture during in
utero treatment. Twenty pregnant rats were used in the present work. They were categorized
into four groups (n = 5); control, cinnamon extract group, diabetes, diabetes and cinnamon
supplementation. Diabetes was developed by single i.p. administration of streptozotocin (60
mg/kg in citrate buffer pH 4.5 plus 100mg/kg nicotinamide). Cinnamon watery extract (300mg/
kg body weight) was daily orally administrered from 6th day of gestation until 18th day of
gestation. At the end of treatment, the mother was sacrificed, and their fetuses were removed
and liver, kidney, heart and tongue were dissected and preserved in 10% phosphate buffered
formalin pH 7.4. Also, immunohistochemistry of caspase 3 and P53 were carried out. At 18th
day of gestation, maternal blood glucose levels were monitored in the investigated groups. The
present findings revealed that diabetes induced damage of hepatocytes, deformation of renal
tubules and renal corpuscles, fragility of myocardial muscles and damage of epithelium lining
the lingual mucosa and retarded the differentiation of lingual papillae especially fungiform
papillae. Increase average of apoptic cells were detected in the examined tissues of diabetic
mother. Cinnamon-treatment reduced the incidence of apoptosis and improved the histological
picture of liver, kidney, heart and tongue of fetuses maternally diabetic compared to the control.
Image analysis revealed overexpression of immunohistochemical reaction of caspase 3 in liver,
kidney and heart as well as caspase 3 and p53 in heart of fetuses of diabetic mother compared
to those of diabetic mother supplemented cinnamon extract and control. The authors finally
concluded that cinnamon extract showed a hypoglycaemic activity, reduced the streptozotocin
associated diabetes and ameliorated the fetal liver, kidney, heart and tongue histological and
immunohistochemical picture.
Keywords: Cinnamo

Transitions during prehistoric and historical periods cannot be fully understood as mere adaptations to new economic, subsistence, or production systems. Instead, these shifts are intricately embedded within complex social contexts, involving cross-community relationships, migrations, and the transmission of knowledge, ideas, and technologies. These processes vary significantly across different geographical and chronological settings, shaped by the diverse modes of interaction between distinct population groups.
While bioarchaeological research provides valuable insights into these transitions—often highlighting largescale patterns of human migration, genetic intermixing, and broad demographic shifts, especially in the case of ancient DNA studies—these perspectives do not always align with the detailed, context-specific findings offered by cultural studies. Cultural studies, with their focus on material culture, social identities, and the
nuanced transmission of knowledge and technologies, often reveal more localized and intricate patterns of change. The challenge lies in reconciling these two approaches, as they often operate on differing temporal and spatial scales.
This session aims to foster a critical dialogue between bioarchaeological and cultural perspectives, with the goal to: (i) refine and question the temporal frameworks of these processes; (ii) identify patterns of interaction that may either converge or diverge across disciplines; and (iii) explore the rhythms of contact and exchange, and their effects on human behaviour, social organization, and technological evolution. Through crossdisciplinary discussions, we seek to bridge the gap between bioarchaeological narratives and cultural studies.
We invite contributions from around the world that explore mobility, migration, and interactions among societies undergoing these transitions. Researchers from bioarchaeology, material culture studies, residue analysis, ancient DNA research, and related fields are encouraged to participate. By bringing together diverse perspectives, we hope to deepen our understanding of these transitions and integrate both large-scale and fine-grained views into the broader historical narrative.

Hypotheses about the evolution of multi-trait organismal features often encounter trade-offs between the precision and historical relevance of tests performed in actualistic contexts. That is, highly precise tests aimed at discriminating between competing hypotheses often incur a risk of explanatory misalignment with the historical phenomenon they target. We illustrate this via a discussion of the evolution of childhood. We argue childhood is a trait complex, consisting of multiple, diverse components: patterns of growth, feeding strategies, staggered skill acquisition, and social dependence. The potential of their independent evolution bears important consequences for the evolutionary significance of tests probing the adaptive benefits of childhood in contemporary foraging communities. Via ‘isolation-testing’ such investigations aim for precision at the cost of historical relevance in a potentially serious way. We suggest that integrative investigations relying on the timing and context of components' evolution, emphasizing historical relevance, frame evolutionary hypotheses more reliably than the emphasis on precise tests currently common, thus bearing a higher explanatory potential.

osteomyelitis is frequently reported in turtles, lizards and snakes and Salmonellae are increasingly reported as the causative organism. however, very little is known of this disease occurring in crocodilians. crocodilians are shy, robust animals and often hide clinical symptoms, especially when submerged in water. Knowledge of disease in crocodilians is important, especially in zoos and farms where they are often kept in high densities. here we report the first known case of trunk vertebrae osteomyelitis in the order Crocodilia. A six year old, captive raised spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was admitted for veterinary examination after developing a postural abnormality in the vertebral region, including spinal curvature and dorsal indentation. radiographic and computed tomographic studies showed muscle wastage and multifocal vertebral osteolytic changes suggestive of osteomyelitis. the caiman was euthanized and post-mortem examination revealed coelomic serosanguinous effusion...

Documented skeletal collections are the backbone of forensic anthropology due to their associated biohistories. This paper describes the identified skeletal collections and their relevance in forensic anthropological research, education and training in the US. The establishment of documented skeletal collections in the US can be distinguished into two modus operandi, depending on the stance towards the dead, legislation, and medical and forensic practices. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anatomists amassed skeletons from cadaver dissections, shaped by European influences. Those skeletons compose the anatomical collections-such as the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collectionpredominantly representing impoverished and unclaimed individuals. Ethical concerns for the curation and research of African American skeletons without family consent are growing in the US. In contrast, since the 1980s, modern documented skeletal collections originated from body donations to human taphonomy facilities, such as the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The establishment and testing of osteological methods essential to establish one's identity-such as age at death and sex-have been developed with skeletons from documented collections. Therefore, the analysis of identified skeletons has been crucial for the development of forensic anthropology in the US.

Tooth enamel and dentine samples from 13 individuals buried in the unmarked 'free ground' colonial section of St Mary's Anglican Cemetery in Adelaide were analysed for oxygen and strontium isotopic composition to assist with the determination of their geographic origin. As the life history of these individuals is not well-documented in the historical record, isotopic data provide important information about migration and mobility in a colonial South Australian population. This was supplemented with further analysis of diet from previously published stable isotope data. While the results are somewhat ambiguous, they suggest that of the 13 individuals in this study, one was probably born in Adelaide, eight in Britain/Ireland, three could have been born in either location; one was born elsewhere. This interpretation supplements and supports the results from the analysis of skeletal morphology, microbiomes, and historical records.

Male patient, 49 years old, was admitted to study multiple fractures of ribs, of nontraumatic origin. He had a bone densitometry performed on an outpatient basis with osteoporosis criteria, and a bone biopsy of the fracture site that revealed only healing process. The etiologic study not identified a cause for osteoporosis, establishing the diagnosis of idiopathic male osteoporosis and starting up anti-reabsorptive therapy. Idiopathic male osteoporosis usually occurs in middle-aged men who present with fractures or back pain from non-traumatic causes and which is not an etiology that justifies.

Lack of evidence has been the major obstacle to understanding trends and differences in human welfare over the millennia. This paper explains and applies methods that are obscure to most academics and essentially unknown to the general public. A millennial perspective is best obtained from skeletal remains, which depict not only childhood health conditions but also processes of degeneration that accompany aging and strenuous physical effort. Compiled into an index of health, data from 65 localities as part of a large collaborative project on the Western Hemisphere reveal a long-term decline in health in pre-Columbian America, a trend driven by population movements into less healthy ecological environments. The approach can shed light prime movers of long-run economic growth, human adaptation to climate change, and the effects of geographic conditions on social performance.

C orrea, D.; Gayoso, G. y Chaman, M. (2020). Identificación del consumo vegetal en dos momias chancay (Perú) mediante el estudio del sarro dental. Arnaldoa, 27 (3), 729 -740. *O rtner, D. y Putschar W. (1981). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. *U belaker D. (1989). The estimation of age at death from immature human bone. In: Age markers in the human skeleton, 55-70. Springfield, Illinois.

Riassunto
L’articolo analizza, in una prospettiva diacronica, la storia degli studi nei gessi dell’Emilia-Romagna, compresa tra la fine del XV secolo e il XIX secolo. Ne emerge un quadro complesso e interdisciplinare, al cui interno spiccano i nomi di alcune personalità di grande rilievo nella storia della scienza (Georg Agricola, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Antonio Vallisneri, Lazzaro Spallanzani), sullo sfondo del ruolo, diretto o indiretto, detenuto in questo contesto dall’Università di Bologna, tra le massime istituzioni accademiche europee sino all’Ottocento. Le ricerche più antiche si datano al tardo Quattrocento, facendo dei gessi emiliano-romagnoli i primi affioramenti evaporitici al mondo ad essere stati studiati; analisi e pubblicazioni si sono poi succedute senza soluzione di continuità sino ad oggi.
Parole chiave: Gessi dell’Emilia-Romagna, storia degli studi, storia della scienza, storia dell’archeologia, storia della museologia, rappresentazioni cartografiche storiche del carsismo nei gessi, fotografia storica e gessi.




Abstract
The article analyses, in a diachronic perspective, the history of the studies of Gypsum karst areas in Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy), from its beginnings in the late 15th century to the 19th century. What emerges is a complex and interdisciplinary framework, in which some of the most important figures in the history of science (Georgius Agricola, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Antonio Vallisneri, Lazzaro Spallanzani) stand out against the backdrop of the direct or indirect role played in this context by the University of Bologna, which was one of Europe’s leading academic institutions until the 19th century. The first investigations date back to the late 15th century, so Gypsum zones of the Emilia-Romagna were the first evaporitic outcrops studied in the world; analyses and publications have followed one another without interruption until today.
Keywords: Gypsum Areas of Emilia-Romagna Region, History of Studies, History of Science, History of Archaeology, History of Museums, Historical Cartography and Gypsum Karst, Historical Photography and Gypsum Outcrops.

Invasive or noninvasive treatment is the question patients frequently ask themselves when deciding upon medical procedures. This paper investigates the question by comparing strengths of both options in reducing the skeletal deformity, achondroplasia (Ach), caused by mutation of the FGFR3 gene. The research employs two variables: age and various treatments, to identify which developmental period is most responsive to the prescribed procedures, in diminishing the physical symptoms of Ach. By combining the emerging Ach treatments and contrasting their effects, researchers can branch to new unventured domains of viable alternatives to traditional treatments.

The cemetery population of Isola Sacra dates to the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries AD and consisted of middle class traders and craftsmen as suggested by tomb inscriptions. We present data to show that most of the skeletal remains (humans as well as domestic animals) at the site have become diagenetically contaminated with lead. Analysis of 22 bones from protected monumental tombs, believed to be free of post-mortem changes, shows average lead concentration of 10 μg/g, with the range being 0.87-36 μg/g. The observed bone lead levels are comparable to values that have been reported for many modern urban populations. Calculated average blood lead level was 10 μg/dL (range, 0.89-36 μg/dL) and suggest that exposure to lead was not just restricted to the aristocracy but was pervasive among all social classes of the Roman population. The health risk of the suspected lead exposure dose would have been marginal for the adult population but likely inimical to children. The isotopic composition of the bone lead suggests that the cemetery population obtained their lead from multiple ancient sources. The aim of releasing this report is to encourage further debate and research on the role of lead poisoning in the decline of the ancient Roman Empire

This study aims to present an unusual example of a rare skeletal pathology known as Eagle Syndrome (ES), or Megastyloid, and to contribute to the fields of Forensic Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Paleoanthropology, Osteoarchaeology, Paleopathology by drawing attention to the importance and potential of bone pathology in anthropological studies. The material of this study consists of 220 human skeletons, 160 male and 60 female, of known Cypriot origin, brought to the Forensic Medicine Unit of Dr. Burhan Nalbantoğlu State Hospital in Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, between 2011-2024 for examination. Only a male individual between the ages of 30-35 exhibited bilateral elongated styloid processes, which had a maximum length of 6.52 cm from base to tip, was evaluated as Gigantic Eagle Syndrome. The subject, discussions, and results of this study are important in terms of drawing attention to the high potential of skeletal pathology in forensic and biological examinations.

Osteoporose em bubalinos em relação à idade, à condição clínica animal e ao estado físico-químico ósseo e do cobre hepático Osteoporosis in water buffalo, in relation to age, clinical condition of the animal and physical-chemical bone and hepatic copper status

In this paper, we present the results of the craniometric study of Afanasievo and Chemurchek (Khemtseg or Hemtseg) archaeological cultures from the territory of Mongolia. Male crania of the Afanasievo culture from the central regions of Mongolia are characterized by a proto-European complex of traits of Eastern European origin. Among the groups of the Afanasievo culture of south Siberia, they are most similar morphologically to the series of crania from the transboundary region of the southern Altai. For the first time, we analyzed the craniological materials of the Chemurchek culture from the Early Bronze Age in Western Mongolia. Our study revealed a significant morphological difference between the Chemurchek culture population and the earlier Afanasievo culture population of South Siberia and Central Asia. From an anthropological perspective, the Chemurchek culture population is characterized by Asian features. They share close similarities with the populations from the northern regions of Mongolia during the Neolithic period. Additionally, they also bear resemblance to the populations of Serovo and Glazkovo cultures from the Circumbaikal region during the Neolithic-Bronze Age periods. We have noticed a certain similarity in the physical characteristics of early Bronze Age populations from south Siberia and central Asia. This similarity may indicate a common ancestral background among these populations. The range of physical diversity among ancient populations in Mongolia encompasses the entire spectrum of variation seen in the northern part of Eurasia during the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages, concerning the main ethnic and genetic lineages of humankind.

ХУРААНГУЙ: Тус өгүүлэлд Монгол улсын нутаг дэвсгэрээс олдсон хүрэл зэвсгийн эхэн үеийн краниологийн материалын харьцуулсан судалгааны үр дүнг танилцуулж байна. Бидний судалгаагаар төв Монголын Афанасьевын соёлын хүний олдвор нь европжуу төрхтэй болох нь батлагдаж байгаа бөгөөд өмнөд Сибирийн Афанасьевчууд, дорнод Европын тал хээрийн бүс нутгийн протоевропжуу хүн амтай морфологийн хувьд ойролцоо байна. Алтай-Саян нутгийн Афанасьевын бүлгүүдийн дотор төв Монголын бүлэг Алтайн өмнөд хэсгийн хил дамнасан мужийн бүлэгтэй хамгийн төстэй байлаа. Монголын Хуурай говь 1-ийн Афанасьевын дурсгалаас олдсон гавлын яс нь өмнөд Сибирь, төв Азийн Афанасьевын бүх краниологийн материалууд дунд онцгой өвөрмөц шинжтэй байв. Баруун Монголын хүрлийн эхэн үеийн Хэмцэгийн соёлын олдворыг краниометрийн аргаар анх удаа судлахад эдгээр нь түүхэн өмнөх үеийн Афанасьевын соёлын хүн амаас маш их ялгаатай нь харагдлаа. Хэмцэгийн соёлын хүмүүс антропологи хэв шинжээрээ монголжуу-европжуу завсрын шинжтэй бөгөөд Байгал орчмын бүс нутгийн Серов ба Глазковын популяцитай хамгийн төстэй байв. Түүнчлэн Сибирийн өмнөд хэсэг ба төв Азийн хүрлийн эхэн үеийн археологийн соёлууд болох Алтай, дорнод Казахстаны Елунин, Тувагийн Аймырлыг оршуулгын газраас олдсон краниологийн материал (эрэгтэйчүүдэд), Бараба ойт хээрийн Сопка II дурсгалын Кротовын соёл, мөн Шинжааны Гумугоугийн булшны краниологийн материалтай зарим морфологийн шинжээр ойролцоо байна. Магадгүй энэ ижил төстэй байдал нь Алтай-Саяны умардын уулархаг нутгийн неолит-энеолитын краниологийн материалд тэмдэглэгдэж буй антропологийн нийтлэг субстратын тусгал байж болох юм.

PROQUEST ve TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM Sosyal Bilimler Veri Tabanlarında taranmaktadır. Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergisi hakemlidir ve Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır.

Hamate-pisiform coalition is characterized by the abnormal union of the pisiform bone and hamulus of the hamate. Because most reported cases are isolated, and literature on the subject is sparse, relatively little is known about this condition and its clinical significance. The purpose of this report is to discuss the occurrence, morphology, and frequency of hamate-pisiform coalition identified in a skeletal sample of native South Africans, and to conduct a metaanalysis of all known cases in order to clarify the sex distribution, laterality, form, and clinical significance of this condition. Five new cases (three male, two female) of hamate-pisiform coalition were identified in 527 native South Africans. Results indicate that hamate-pisiform coalition is infrequent (0.76%) but may be more likely encountered in individuals of African ancestry. Morphologically, non-osseous examples ranged in appearance from minor expressions involving pitting of an expanded hamulus base, to a variably pitted articulation between an elongated pisiform and hamulus. Osseous union between the two bones tends to extend beyond the hamulus base to adjacent areas of the hamate. Cases involving osseous union appear predisposed to fracture while ulnar neuropathy is significantly more frequent in individuals exhibiting non-osseous coalition. As both non-osseous and osseous cases can have clinical significance, awareness of the variable manifestations of this condition is necessary for hand specialists. A simplified classification system is suggested to more consistently characterize carpal coalitions.

Aims and objectives-Though, there is clear-cut right dominance in upper extremity; reports on lower extremity are ambiguous. Some authors observed preponderance of stronger thigh bones on right side others reported longer and heavier femurs on left side. Therefore, it was considered worthwhile to report our observations on bilateral variability of thigh bones from Marathwada region and to derive the percent directional asymmetry allowing for direct comparison of asymmetry in various dimensions. Materials and methods-Present study was carried out on 168 known sex femurs from bone bank of the Department of Anatomy, Government medical college, Aurangabad. All the femurs were dry, free of damage and deformity and are fully ossified. 11 bilateral dimensions were taken. Dimensions were converted into percent directional asymmetry. Results and Conclusion-All the dimensions were higher on left side; but for the diaphyseal dimensions difference was significant. Percent directional asymmetry reveals that males have more bilateral asymmetry than females. Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of mid-shaft showed higher percent directional asymmetry. The probable reason for bilateral variation is asymmetrical mechanical loading and different behaviour patterns.

La cuillère de type Han-sur-Lesse, fabriquée en os, très allongée, se caractérise par un manche très étroit de section ronde et un cuilleron très allongé, de forme elliptique et généralement pointue. Ce type d'objet est très soigneusement poli. Son revers montre une étroite gouttière longitudinale, vestige de la forme originale du support, probablement un métapode de cervidé ou de bovidé. Ces cuillères ont été qualifiées de type Han-sur-Lesse, parce que ce site en a livré 10 exemplaires sur les 13 recensés anciennement. Les autres exemplaires proviennent respectivement de Vaucelles Trou des Blaireaux, le plus ancien publié, du monument mégalithique de Martouzin-Neuville à Bauraing et de la caverne Y de Waulsort. Ces objets très particuliers n'étaient donc présents, il y a encore peu de temps, que dans 4 sites du Namurois, dans un contexte mortuaire, sinon funéraire, tous plus ou moins attribués à la culture/civilisation de Seine-Oise-Marne, requalifiée aujourd'hui en Néolithique récent II, entre 3200 et 2500 calBC. Les recherches récentes, notamment menées par l'équipe du Cedarc/Musée du Malgré-Tout de Treignes, dans la Grotte Genvier de Matignolle, à Treignes, ont mis au jour un nouveau fragment de ce type de cuillère, dans un environnement mortuaire datant du début de la même époque, entre 3200 et 2900 cal BC, portant le nombre de sites recelant ce type d'objet à 5. Ces cuillères semblaient donc très confinées dans une région, le bassin de la Meuse namuroise et dans des contextes exclusivement mortuaires. La découverte à Wange dans le Brabant flamand, assez loin de la zone précédemment définie, en dehors de tout contexte funéraire, d'un objet de même type, datant de la même époque, doit nous mener à une toute nouvelle réflexion sur la signification d'un objet donné dans un type de site donné. The Han-sur-Lesse spoon, made of bone, is very elongated, characterized by a very narrow handle with a round cross-section and a very elongated, elliptical and generally pointed bowl. This type of object is very carefully polished. Its reverse side shows a narrow longitudinal gutter, a remnant of the original shape of the support, probably a metapod of a cervid or a bovid. These spoons have been referred to as the Han-sur-Lesse type, as 10 of the 13 previously recorded spoons were found at this site. The other spoons were found in Vaucelles Trou des Blaireaux, the oldest published, in the megalithic monument at Martouzin-Neuville in Bauraing and in the Y cave at Waulsort. Thus, until recently, these very particular objects were only present in 4 sites in Namur, in a mortuary, if not funerary context, all more or less attributed to the culture/civilization of Seine-Oise-Marne, redefined today in Recent Neolithic II, between 3200 and 2500 calBC... Recent researches, notably those undertaken by the team of the Cedarc/Musée du Malgré-Tout in Treignes, in the Grotte Genvier at Matignolle, in Treignes, have uncovered a new fragment of this type of spoon, in a mortuary environment dating from the beginning of the same period, between 3200 and 2900 cal BC, thus raising to 5 the number of sites with this type of object. These spoons therefore seemed to be very much restricted to a region, the "Meuse namuroise" basin and exclusively in mortuary contexts. The discovery in Wange in Flemish Brabant, quite far from the previously defined area, without any funeral context, of an object of the same type, dating from the same period, must lead us to a whole new reflection on the meaning of a given object in a given type of site.

Abstract: Neste trabalho pretende-se testar a hipótese de que o período gestacional se encontra relacionado com o decréscimo da massa óssea em mulheres que faleceram durante a sua idade reprodutiva. Desse modo, avaliaram-se alguns parâmetros da massa óssea, através da radiogrametria do segundo metacárpico e da densitometria no fémur proximal, numa amostra feminina da Colecção de Esqueletos Identificados da Universidade de Coimbra. Os valores médios do Índice Cortical do segundo metacárpico (IC) e de ...

Paleoantropolojik araştırmalar içerisinde dişler önemli materyallerdir. Dayanıklı ve sert yapıları nedeniyle ölüm sonrasında iskelete oranla daha sağlam kalırlar. Ayrıca kişinin yaşamı boyunca beslenmeye, yaşa ve kullanıma bağlı olarak bir takım patolojik rahatsızlıklar sergilemeleri açısından antropolojik çalışmalarda kullanışlı materyaller. Eski Anadolu toplumlarına ait ağız ve diş sağlıkları incelendiğinde yaşa bağlı olarak dişlerin hem görünümlerinin hem de yapısal özelliklerinin değişiklik gösterdiği ve yaşla birlikte fizyolojik aşınmaların mine kaybına neden olduğu görülmüştür. Yaşlı bireylere ait iskeletlerde görülen diş kayıplarında, kök çürüklerinden çok periodontal hastalıkların etkili olduğu ve yaşlanma ile birlikte vücudun diğer kemiklerinde olduğu gibi çene kemiklerinde de osteoporotic değişiklikler bulunduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Yaşlanmanın insan organizması üzerindeki etkisi bütün organ ve dokularda izlenebilmektedir. Antik Anadolu popülasyonlarında yaşlanma ile birlikte çene kemikleri ve dişler üzerinde belirgin değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Bu yapısal değişikliklerin oluşumu bireylerde ağız ve diş sağlığını olumsuz etkilemiş ve dolayısıyla beslenme alışkanlıklarının bozulmasına, fizyolojik savunma mekanizmalarının zayıflaması ve sistemik hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Ölüm öncesi diş kayıpları genellikle patolojik rahatsızlıkların sonuçları olup Eski Anadolu popülasyonlarında sağlığının önemli göstergesi niteliğindedir.

Introduction: Metopic suture which is placed between frontal bone and usually disappear during infancy and childhood, may persist from nasion to anterior angle of bregma, this is called metopism.

Objective: To find the incidence of metopism in western Rajasthan and to compare it with other study in other parts of India and Abroad.

Methodology: Present study was autopsy done on 200 dead bodies of all age group who were brought to J L N Medical college, Ajmer for autopsy during the period of 6 months. Vault was observed morphological for presence of metopism on both outer and inner side after removal of periosteum.

Results: The incidence of metopism was 6.5% in all observed skull in this study. The incidence of metopism was observed more in child age group i.e. 100% in 0-5 years & 80% in 6-10 years as compare to the adults and old age groups i.e. 3.4% in 41-50 years.

Conclusion: The presence of metopic suture simulates the fracture of frontal bone, therefore it should be properly ruled out in x-rays by radiologists and neurosurgeons.

Life-history traits of individuals organisms (e.g., longevity, age at sexual maturity, body size, and growth rate) often vary among populations in different environments, including along elevational gradients. We investigated elevational variation in the above variables for Boana cordobae using skeletochronology from 158 individuals in six populations along of an elevational gradient (930 to 2,310 m elevation) in central Argentina. Body size (snout-vent length) was the only variable that differed significantly between sexes, with females larger than males. Males were generally larger and older at higher elevations (females were not analyzed for populations differences due to small sample sizes). Specifically, body size was significantly positively correlated with elevation of the populations, with males from the highest elevation population significantly larger than those at lower elevations. Males at the highest site were also significantly older than individuals at lower elevation. Moreover, the oldest individual was 7 y old in the highest population, and 4-6 y old in the other populations, and age at sexual maturity was estimated at 3 y in the highest population and 2 y in the other five populations.

Background: Sexual dimorphism is based changes in the skeleton that help estimate attributes pertaining to sex determination from skeletal remains. Skeleton is an excellent material in living and non-living population for genetic, anthropological, odontologic and forensic investigations. Accuracy of sex determination using the pelvis at 95% followed by the skull at 90%. Skull can be used for sex determination when the pelvis is broken. Mandible is part of the skull. Mandible is the hardest and the biggest bone in skull. Purpose: This study was to know the difference of the gonial angle between male and female. Method: This study is a descriptive observational research. 15 samples of each male and female mandible for the measurement of gonial angle using double caliper with goniometer. All data were statistically analyzed by t-test. Result: gonial angle size of women is 128.930 and gonial angle size of male is120.870. Conclusion: there is a significant diferrence between male and fem...

Chronic frontal sinusitis (CFS) has afflicted humanity throughout history and continues to be a significant global health issue today. In bioarchaeology, sinusitis is often diagnosed through the identification of bone alterations within the maxillary sinus cavities by macroscopic and/or endoscopic examination. However, due to the inaccessible nature of frontal sinuses, CFS specifically has not been studied extensively archaeologically yet. This paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of diagnosing CFS through computed tomography (CT), highlighting the potential of radiographical imaging for future advancements in paleopathological research. We conducted a CT examination of 41 crania from the rural community of Middenbeemster, the Netherlands (AD 1829-1866) to assess the presence of CFS. Criteria for identifying CFS included bone formation and/or thickening of the sinus walls. Our analysis revealed that 14 individuals (34.1%) exhibited signs of CFS in one or both frontal sinuses. We found that males exhibited a slightly higher CFS prevalence (38%) than females (32%), although no significant correlation between sex and sinusitis occurrence was found. This lack of correlation suggests equal exposure to risk factors (e.g., indoor air quality, environmental pollution, allergens, and cold weather) among both sexes. To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to confirm the presence of CFS through CT scanning in an archaeological skeletal collection. It demonstrates that computed tomography allows for a straightforward and non-destructive detection of sinusitis in archaeological assemblages. Considering the currently limited bioarchaeological research on frontal sinusitis, our findings should be considered relevant and promising for future osteoarcheological studies on upper respiratory diseases.

Nowadays, millions of people of all ages worldwide are affected by respiratory diseases. These conditions have also afflicted humanity throughout history, as evidenced by bioarchaeological and historical records. Nevertheless, assessing the health status of a population through bioarchaeological records in the case of respiratory diseases can be challenging. In fact, researchers can rely only on a few markers of respiratory disease that can be identified on the skeleton that, in most cases, are only visible through destructive techniques due to their location. For this reason, implementing modern techniques to identify paleopathological markers on the osteoarcheological sample is beneficial to gaining a broader perspective on health and disease in past populations. This thesis investigated the prevalence of chronic frontal sinusitis in Middenbeemster, a rural community in the Netherlands, dating between AD 1829 and 1866. The data was collected through the observation of bone alterations on the sinuses wall in the CT scan images generated for the 41 individuals in the sample. 14 (34%) of the analyzed individuals showed signs of frontal sinusitis in one or both sinuses. It was found a slightly higher prevalence of chronic frontal sinusitis lesions in males (38%) than in females (32%). However, statistical tests showed no significant correlation between sex and the occurrence of chronic frontal sinusitis, suggesting that people of the two sex groups were equally exposed to factors such as poor air quality in indoor settings, environmental pollution, allergens, and climate.
As this thesis is the first study realized on chronic frontal sinusitis utilizing CT images, it demonstrated the compatibility of this technique with this type of research. Given the scarcity of bioarchaeological research regarding respiratory diseases, these findings are considered relevant and promising for future osteoarcheological studies.

In the identification process of historical figures, and especially in cases of Saint's bodies or mummified remains, any method that includes physical encroachment or sampling is often not allowed. In these cases, one of the few remaining possibilities is the application of nondestructive radiographical and anthropological methods. However, although there have been a few attempts of such analyses, no systematic standard methodology has been developed until now. In this study, we developed a methodological approach that was used to test the authenticity of the alleged body of Saint Paul the Confessor. Upon imaging the remains on MSCT and post-processing, the images were analyzed by an interdisciplinary team to explore the contents beneath the binding media (e.g., the remains) and to obtain osetobiographical data for comparison with historical biological data. Obtained results: ancestry, sex, age, occupation, and social status were consistent with historical data. Although the methodological approach proved to be appropriate in this case, due to the discrepancy in the amount of data, identity could not be fully confirmed. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that the remains do not belong to St. Paul was rejected, whilst positive identification receives support.

In according to species, forearm bones have a different topography and development in conjunction with the use of the hand. When mobile they can rotate one around the other to perform pronation and supination movements. Otherwise, they are welded, radius being more developed than ulna. Study was to describe motfologiei articular surfaces in mammals, including humans, linking data obtained with pronation and supination possibilities of autopodium.

This paper presents the first preliminary isotopic data of skeletal (animal and human) remains recovered from Tomb A at the Mycenaean archaeological site of Kastrouli (Phocis) during the excavation periods from 2016 to 2021. The study also reports the results of the osteological analysis (minimum number of individuals, sex and age-at-death estimation) of several prenatal and adult bone fragments which were found commingled with animal remains in Tomb B, and Buildings 1 and 2. The majority of the animal remains were identified as domesticated species, i.e. Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Bos taurus and Sus scrofa domesticus. Other animal species present were Alectoris, Lepus, and a few different species of gastropod shells (Cerithium, Tarantinaea lignaria, Patella sp.). Isotopic analysis (δ13C, δ15N) of 12 humans and four animals with good quality collagen indicates a mixed diet incorporating significant amounts of domestic animal protein, plants (some potential evidence for C4), and possibly some marine contribution, all of which are archaeologically documented.

Subungual ekzositoz iyi huylu bir kemik tümörüdür. Parmakta distal falanksta tırnak yatağına bitişik ya da onun altında bulunur. Bu makalede sağ ayak başparmağında subungual ekzositoz saptanan 16 yaşında erkek hastanın klinik, radyolojik ve patolojik bulguları sunulmuştur.

Archaeology is a science combining numerous skills in a multidisciplinary approach. In the presence of human remains, its objectives are the recovery, identification, and analysis on an anthropological purpose to reconstruct the context of the individual's past lives. One of these approaches is in the forensic medicine sciences whose main purpose is the identification of human bodies through bones and teeth in deteriorated corpses. Archaeology and forensic medicine are therefore two intertwined sciences. The goal of this bibliographical review is to summarize the first steps to reconstruct the biological profile of a person using teeth as an object of study. Beginning by explaining the preservation and the type of the tooth sample, then by assessing the two most important biological factors being the sex and the age. This study does not cover all the existing tooth forensic aspects, but the most used one and the promising methods for archaeological context.

Archaeology is a science combining numerous skills in a multidisciplinary approach. In the presence of human remains, its objectives are the recovery, identification, and analysis on an anthropological purpose to reconstruct the context of the individual's past lives. One of these approaches is in the forensic medicine sciences whose main purpose is the identification of human bodies through bones and teeth in deteriorated corpses. Archaeology and forensic medicine are therefore two intertwined sciences. The goal of this bibliographical review is to summarize the first steps to reconstruct the biological profile of a person using teeth as an object of study. Beginning by explaining the preservation and the type of the tooth sample, then by assessing the two most important biological factors being the sex and the age. This study does not cover all the existing tooth forensic aspects, but the most used one and the promising methods for archaeological context.

RESUMEN. Las manifestaciones artísticas pueden ser fuentes indirectas de conocimiento científico, y la pintura puede funcionar como un receptáculo donde la enfermedad y la idea de enfermedad resisten al olvido del tiempo. Francisco Goya fue un pintor español cuya obra comprende la pintura, el dibujo y el grabado. En este ensayo se analizan tres dibujos de Goya donde están representadas mujeres ancianas y encorvadas, y se reflexiona sobre las condiciones patológicas que pueden ocasionar los ejemplos de cifosis vertebral dibujados por el pintor español.