Archaeology

Gabriel Okara's poem "The Call of the River Nun" is a profound exploration of the intricate relationship between the speaker and the natural world, particularly the river. This study employs a Functional Stylistic approach to dissect the linguistic and thematic nuances embedded within the poem. Through an examination of contextual variations, registers, and communicative functions, this analysis unveils the dynamic evolution of the speaker's connection with the river, culminating in a contemplation of life's transient nature and a quest for spiritual insight. The poem initiates with a direct acknowledgment of the river's call, establishing a context of auditory perception and suggesting a spiritual connection between the speaker and nature. As the poem progresses, the language evolves, reflecting a deepening emotional attachment to the river and a yearning for intimate communion. The poem transitions to a dynamic context, emphasizing the river's role as a driving force in the speaker's journey through life. In the final stanzas, the poem contemplates the passage of time and the approaching culmination of the speaker's journey. The sea-bird call emerges as a metaphor for transition, signifying the impending conclusion of a cycle. The language becomes symbolic and metaphysical, reflecting the speaker's contemplation of life's transient nature and the pursuit of spiritual insight. This Functional Stylistic analysis illuminates the intricate interplay between language, emotion, and the natural world in Okara's evocative poem. It underscores the transformative power of the river's call and the profound existential questions it raises. Ultimately, this study offers a deeper understanding of the poem's thematic concerns and the role of language in conveying those concerns, providing insights into Okara's skillful use of stylistic elements to evoke a spiritual connection with nature.

Preventive excavation in the ancient Forum Iulii city (Fréjus, southern France) in 2013 revealed a housing block where a very well preserved charred wooden floor was discovered. It was laid in a house dating back to the first half of the 1st century AD and used as the floor of a room decorated with painted plaster. It was destroyed by fire around 70 AD. The ligneous species used for its construction (Aleppo pine, Scots pine, beech and fir) were characterized by anthracological analysis. Numerous traces of xylophagous insects and lignivorous fungi were observed. Their identification, their number and their distribution in the floor open on to very interesting new interpretations for both anthracologists and archaeologists as regards the condition of timber, the original source of the infestation, and the historical record of the building. This study is a direct and unprecedented application of a key for identifying traces of wood-boring insects in charred remains from the Roman period. Field samples were tested during the excavation of Camelin block, and microscope observation protocols were adapted to entomo-archaeology during anthraco-analysis.

Rural sanctuaries are well-known features of ancient Greek culture. Many have been excavated or studied but only in a few cases do we have a good understanding of the areas outside of the sacred area, or temenos. This article investigates exactly these areas by taking a structure, found roughly 500 metres from the temenos at the sanctuary Zeus at Labraunda, as a case study. The remains and location in the landscape indicate that it could be a farmhouse. Epigraphic evidence from the Mylasa/Labraunda region, related to agricultural land and agricultural production in connection to sanctuaries, is brought in to contextualise the possible uses of the farmhouse. While sanctuaries regularly owned agricultural lands, in this case, the proximity to the temenos also opens for other forms of administration. The farmhouse is then situated in a spatial organisation that can be discerned in the surroundings of the temenos at Labraunda. It is argued that the surroundings of the temenos were spatially planned in connection with the large architectural programme at the sanctuary, instigated by the Hekatomnid dynasty.

Agradecemos los comentarios hechos por los dos revisores anónimos de la revista y a Francisco Urdínez por sus comentarios en versiones anteriores de este manuscrito, que fue presentado en aucip 2021. 10 | Las donaciones de China hacia América Latina y sus determinantes: enseñanzas del caso uruguayo Resumen: La literatura que trata los determinantes de las donaciones chinas suele enfocarse puramente en aspectos estructurales. Este artículo estudia las donaciones chinas hacia América Latina en el contexto de pandemia de covid-19 y profundiza en el caso uruguayo, buscando ampliar el alcance de esta literatura proponiendo nuevas hipótesis en la explicación del fenómeno. Apoyándose en el análisis tanto de datos cuantitativos como de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a actores diplomáticos clave, el artículo propone que el rol de los cuerpos diplomáticos, las relaciones internacionales entre unidades subnacionales y aspectos coyunturales de imagen deben ser incorporados al análisis si se busca tener una noción más acabada del fenómeno.

During the past decade research into the German Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic has experienced an important revival. One clear sign of this renewed interest in the periods are the annual meetings of the “Arbeitsgruppe Mesolithikum” (Mesolithic Working Group) which have taken place every spring since 1992. At these meetings, which take place at changing venues, topical themes of Final Paleolithic

Hotel industry, as a very dynamic activity within the tourism industry, applies innovations in business and develops voluntary eco-business standards for developing sustainable tourism. The paper aims to assess business excellence of hotels that are holders of the international eco-certificate Green Key in Serbia, a country in the Western Balkan region, by using the BEX model. The study reviews and presents the current situation when it comes to implementation and valorisation of eco-principles and standards in hotel business in Serbia, while examining their business excellence, as well as the opportunities for better positioning in the international tourism market. The research results show that the examined companies do not have poor ranks of business excellence. It is recommended for these hotels to continue with the current business while implementing innovations in sustainable business in order to improve business results. By monitoring the value of the BEX index, it is possible to avoid business risks, while expanding eco-awareness and implementing sustainable business policies, which would help hotel companies improve their business.

This study is conducted to bring into focus the different dimensions of digital humanities as an independent academic discipline, especially in the Indian context. The data and information for the study are gathered through email communication with the pioneers in digital humanities in India, which is further enriched with evidence from institutional websites and already published literature in digital humanities. All the data and information is grouped into events, literature, programmes and courses, departments, centres, organisations and associations, projects, and practises, which also exist in other disciplines, to derive conclusions. The findings show that at this moment in time, especially in the Indian context, it would be unjustified to opine in favour of digital humanities as an independent academic discipline. In the days to come, it may emerge as an independent academic discipline, merge with information science, or remain a humanities discipline only.

This extremely rare book/manuscripts of its kind presents an extensive archaeological and papyrological survey of the Fayum region of Egypt. This seminal work, published under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, documents the excavations of various settlements in the Fayum, highlighting their historical, administrative, and cultural significance through the study of recovered papyri. The volume provides a meticulous analysis of Greek and Demotic texts, shedding light on the daily life, economy, governance, and legal systems of Greco-Roman Egypt. The papyri include official documents, private letters, tax records, land leases, and petitions, offering valuable insights into the bureaucratic mechanisms of Ptolemaic and Roman administration. Additionally, the book explores the urban layout of these Fayumic towns, detailing architectural features, religious institutions, and burial practices. Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth also contextualize the linguistic and paleographic aspects of the texts, contributing to the broader study of Hellenistic and Roman-era literacy and scribal traditions. The inclusion of Milne’s chapter further enhances the work by examining the socio-political implications of the papyri, particularly in relation to the integration of Egyptian and Greek cultural elements. This work remains a foundational reference in the study of papyrology, Greco-Roman Egypt, and the archaeology of the Fayum. Its findings not only advance our understanding of administrative and economic structures but also illuminate the lived experiences of individuals navigating the complex interactions of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman influences in the region.
SOME OF THE PAPYRI & MANUSCRIPTS INCLUDE -
(a) Inscriptions
Dedication of a Propylon – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Portal – A.D. 61
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall – A.D. 69-78
Dedication of a Propylon – A.D. 190
Dedication of a Lion – About A.D. 190
Petition to the King (Plate VIII) – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall (Plate VII 6) – A.D. 109
(b) Papyri
Chariton, Chaereas and Callirrhoé, IV (Plate I) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Lyric Fragment – 2nd cent.
Commentary on Aristotle, Topics – 1st or 2nd cent.
Homer, Iliad VIII. 332-6 and 362-9 (Plate V) – 2nd or 1st cent. B.C.
Homer, Iliad I. 404-47 – 2nd or 3rd cent. A.D.
Homer, Iliad XXI. 26-41 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Homer, Odyssey VI. 201-300 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, pp. 121, 122 – 2nd cent.
Euclid I. 39 and 41 – 2nd cent.
Latin Fragment (Plate VI) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Petition of Demetrius – About B.C. 115
Petition of Theotimus – About B.C. 103
Letter of a Tax-farmer – B.C. 117?
Notice from Tax-collectors – B.C. 124
Tax-receipt – B.C. 112?
Order for Payment – 1st cent. B.C.
Banker’s Receipts – B.C. 121
Banker’s Receipt – B.C. 109
Orders for Payment of Wheat – 1st cent. B.C.
TABLE OF TEXTS
Letter of the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 134) Imperial Edict concerning the Aurum Coronarium (A.D. 149) Proclamation of Mamertinus (A.D. 233) Ptolemaic Marriage Laws (B.C. 134) Lists of Persons Qualified for Office (A.D. 240) Declaration Concerning an Edict (2nd cent.) Work on the Embankments (2nd cent.) Official Correspondence (185 or 217 A.D.) Selection of Boys (epikrisis) (3rd or 4th cent.) Notice of Birth (A.D. 147 and 194) Notice of Death (A.D. 141-142) Notice of Death (2nd and 3rd cent.) Transfer of Property (2nd cent.) Property Return (A.D. 161-169) Return of Unwatered Land (A.D. 155) Delegation of Tax-Collecting (3rd cent.) Receipt for Salary of Deputy Tax-Collectors (A.D. 9) Lease of a Monopoly (A.D. 234) Warrant for Arrest (A.D. 99) Notice from a Centurion (A.D. 126) Report to a Tax-farmer (A.D. 161) Taxing List (A.D. 222-235) Tax-Collectors’ Return (2nd cent.) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 122) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 78) Tax Receipt (A.D. 123) Receipt for Mason’s Tax (A.D. 159) Tax Receipt (A.D. 99) Receipt for Bath Tax (About B.C. 18) Receipt for Tax on Beer (About A.D. 105) Receipt for Tax on Beer (3rd cent.) Receipts for Tax on Weaving (Late 3rd cent.) Receipts for Poll Tax (About A.D. 180) Tax Receipts (About A.D. 140) Tax Receipt (A.D. 133) Taxes on Land (About A.D. 171) Tax Receipt (Early 1st cent.) Tax Receipt (A.D. 94) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 95-96) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 99) Receipt (A.D. 100) Payment for Use of Pastures (A.D. 100) Receipt for Tax on the Sale of a Cow (A.D. 100) Receipt for Payment on Wine (A.D. 100) Receipt for Taxes on Oil (A.D. 100) Receipt (A.D. 113) List of Fines (A.D. 116) Custom-House Receipts (A.D. 123) Work on the Embankments (A.D. 126) Advance of Seed Corn (A.D. 128) Receipts for Payment in Kind (A.D. 131) Account of a Sitologus (A.D. 133) Account of Sitologi (A.D. 135) Payment Through a Bank (A.D. 137) Receipt for Rent (A.D. 138) Loan of Seed (A.D. 139) Loan of Seed (A.D. 140) Contract for Labour in an Oil-Press (A.D. 142) Sale of a Donkey (A.D. 144) Lease of Business in Perkanide (A.D. 145) Termination of Guardianship (A.D. 148) Lease of an Oil-Press (A.D. 149) Receipt for Rent of an Oil-Press (A.D. 153) Receipt for a Share of an Inheritance (A.D. 154) Receipt for House-Rent (A.D. 155) Receipt for Farm-Rent (A.D. 157) Order on a Bank (A.D. 158) Account (A.D. 163) Farm Accounts (A.D. 163) Funeral Expenses (A.D. 166) Account (A.D. 167) Latin Military Accounts (A.D. 169) Petition to the Praefect (A.D. 170) Petition of Papontos (A.D. 171) Petition to the Strategus (A.D. 172) Letter of Pisais (A.D. 174) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 178) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 180) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 182) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 185) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 186)

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Ancient inscriptions, papyrus fragments, Greek manuscripts, Latin texts, Egyptian documents, historical petitions, tax receipts, royal decrees, imperial edicts, official correspondence, legal contracts, property sales, land leases, financial transactions, ancient banking, rent agreements, tax collection, tax farming, poll tax, beer tax, oil tax, weaving tax, embankment work, funeral expenses, military accounts, Roman administration, Ptolemaic laws, marriage contracts, inheritance declarations, transport agreements, slave trade, ancient economy, ancient bureaucracy, land ownership, property rights, legal disputes, ancient archives, manuscript preservation, historical documentation, archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, classical studies, antiquity research, government records, royal inscriptions, Greek literature, Homeric texts, philosophical commentaries, Aristotle’s works, Euclidean geometry, Demosthenes’ speeches, rhetorical studies, ancient law, taxation policies, banking history, economic history, ancient trade, ancient commerce, financial records, record keeping, treasury archives, administrative orders, imperial policies, papyrology, classical philology, manuscript studies, textual criticism, Greek philosophy, Roman law, historical edicts, Egyptian taxation, Seleucid administration, Byzantine documentation, legal antiquities, land surveys, agrarian history, ancient labor, work contracts, agricultural leases, temple inscriptions, religious dedications, votive inscriptions, burial records, birth records, census data, official reports, centurion reports, war proclamations, military orders, frontier administration, logistics records, resource management, tax exemptions, mining industry, public finance, state control, urban administration, town councils, judicial proceedings, civil administration, household economy, scribal traditions, secretarial practices, document authentication, notarized agreements, cultural heritage, museum collections, manuscript conservation, text restoration, archival research, document dating, paleography, historical linguistics, legal anthropology, cross-cultural exchanges, Mediterranean history, Middle Eastern records, Hellenistic period, Late Antiquity, early Christianity, Jewish history, Greco-Roman society, Alexandrian scholarship, ancient libraries, intellectual history, book trade, script development, cursive writing, literary papyri, historical chronicles, documentary evidence, historical methodologies, philological studies, state records, municipal governance, temple economy, sacred laws, civic duties, public administration, economic papyri, tax evasion, legal penalties, financial disputes, fiscal policies, trade regulation, commodity pricing, state monopolies, banking receipts, coinage systems, treasury accounts, merchant contracts, trade guilds, craft taxation, resource allocation, tribute payments, military financing, public works, infrastructure projects, bridge construction, road maintenance, naval logistics, harbor management, trade route control, shipping records, import duties, export taxes, commodity exchanges, warehousing, merchant associations, guild records, domestic trade, foreign commerce, diplomatic correspondence, international treaties, cross-border taxation, financial oversight, regulatory frameworks

Se presenta el análisis lítico de contextos tardíos (ca. 1700-470 cal. AP) del sitio Agua de la Cueva Sector Norte. Se busca evaluar la variabilidad en la organización tecnológica vinculada, en primer lugar, a las transformaciones regionales en los sistemas de subsistencia, movilidad y asentamiento ocurridas hacia ca. 1500 años cal. AP y, en segundo lugar, a la instalación del estado incaico hacia ca. 550 años cal. AP. Por un lado, entre las continuidades se destacan el predominio de estrategias expeditivas dado el conocimiento sobre los recursos disponibles y la planificación de las actividades a desarrollar. La persistencia de puntas de proyectil en el registro evidencia que la caza se mantuvo a través del tiempo. Por otro lado, se proponen diferencias en la funcionalidad del sitio y en la duración/recurrencia de las estadías. Cambios vinculados, en una primera instancia, a la adopción de economías productivas y, más tarde, a algún tipo de control ejercido por parte del imperio In...

En este trabajo se analizan y comparan aspectos de la organización tecnológica de grupos cazadores-recolectores, transicionales y pastores que ocuparon los ambientes de altura del NO de San Juan. En una escala meso espacial y a partir del estudio de la base regional de recursos líticos se realizan análisis de procedencia, secuencias reductivas, variabilidad artefactual y clases técnicas de un registro correspondiente a tres segmentos temporales del Holoceno. El análisis lítico correspondiente a cazadores-recolectores indica la implementación de estrategias expeditivas y conservadas, caracterizadas por predominio de rocas locales, de actividades de formatización de artefactos y de instrumentos con baja y alta inversión de trabajo. El registro de grupos con economías diversificadas indica el desarrollo fundamentalmente de estrategias expeditivas, caracterizadas por el predominio de rocas locales, de actividades para la obtención de soportes y de artefactos con baja inversión de trabaj...

Se presenta el analisis litico de contextos tardios (ca. 1700-470 cal. AP) del sitio Agua de la Cueva Sector Norte. Se busca evaluar la variabilidad en la organizacion tecnologica vinculada, en primer lugar, a las transformaciones regionales en los sistemas de subsistencia, movilidad y asentamiento ocurridas hacia ca. 1500 anos cal. AP y, en segundo lugar, a la instalacion del estado incaico hacia ca. 550 anos cal. AP. Por un lado, entre las continuidades se destacan el predominio de estrategias expeditivas dado el conocimiento sobre los recursos disponibles y la planificacion de las actividades a desarrollar. La persistencia de puntas de proyectil en el registro evidencia que la caza se mantuvo a traves del tiempo. Por otro lado, se proponen diferencias en la funcionalidad del sitio y en la duracion/recurrencia de las estadias. Cambios vinculados, en una primera instancia, a la adopcion de economias productivas y, mas tarde, a algun tipo de control ejercido por parte del imperio Inca.

Se presentan resultados del análisis geoquímico (XRF) de N= 61 piezas de obsidiana correspondientes a diez sitios arqueológicos del norte de Mendoza (32°-33°S); un segmento latitudinal donde la cordillera de los Andes alcanza su máxima altitud. Además de estar fuera de la región andina con fuentes de obsidiana, los sitios se localizan al norte del límite de divergencia cultural establecida en los últimos milenios (34°S) entre sociedades productoras y cazadoras-recolectoras. Se evalúa la asignación de elementos de obsidiana a fuentes cordilleranas y extracordillernas entre (34°-37°S) todas en un rango comprendido entre 200 y 500 km de distancia. Las cronologías de los contextos abarcan un extenso rango temporal (entre ca. 7400 y 300 años AP) durante el cual se registra un proceso de diversificación económica que separa a las sociedades del área considerada de sus vecinas ubicadas al sur. Los resultados contribuyen a evaluar la dirección de interacciones que involucran principalmente ...

Se presentan resultados sobre técnicas constructivas y patrones de ocupación del espacio, cronología, tecnología lítica, tipología y tecnología cerámica, zooarqueología de camélidos, antracología y arte rupestre, correspondientes a un conjunto de sitios arqueológicos del Área Natural Protegida Laguna del Diamante (Mendoza, Argentina). Esta área se ubica en la cordillera Principal y vincula las cuencas altas de los ríos Diamante y Maipo. Los registros obtenidos corresponden al período de consolidación de la ocupación inca de la región y prueban que el Tawantinsuyu controló este sector de la cordillera para explotar una fuente de obsidiana y mantener en funcionamiento una red de tráfico especializado que vinculaba al valle central chileno con los valles orientales de Uco y Jaurúa. Por otra parte, las manifestaciones de arte rupestre halladas permiten inferir un proceso de sacralización y apropiación de este espacio dominado por el volcán Maipo y la laguna del Diamante.

Collective memory is directly associated with the historical development line of the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony. Both go hand in hand and maintain culture. The history and collective memory of the community regarding the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony can only be traced through previous research texts, relics and interviews with locals. This research describes the historya and collective memory of the Pinggir Papas village community in Sumenep regarding the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony tradition. This research uses a qualitative case study research method to analyze findings in the field in the form of interviews, previous research texts and relics. Through case studies, researchers will explore how events occur systematically over a long period until they find a suitable picture to present. The research results show that 1) The Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony has been implemented since salt was first discovered in Pinggir Papas village. 2) All equipment and ceremonial procession sequences are important for the community. 3) The collective memory that develops in society is the key to preserving the traditions of the Nyadhar Traditional Ceremony.

Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, Reading and Language Commons, and the Translation Studies Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies.

Neste artigo procuramos estabelecer algumas relações entre a Linguística Funcional Sistêmica de Halliday, a Sociologia da Educação de Bernstein e a Teoria dos Códigos de Legitimação de Maton com o objetivo de refletir sobre o papel da linguagem na descrição e práticas da ciência e de suas manifestações em diferentes disciplinas escolares. Nas três perspectivas apresentadas identificamos que a aquisição da linguagem pode ser vista como processo de aprendizagem de expressão do significado e, que é por meio da linguagem pensada no seu funcionamento, para além de sua dimensão comunicativa, que os sujeitos leitores e escritores se constituem através de seus discursos que estão repletos de ideologias. O discurso, por sua vez, é concebido como local no qual as práticas sociais são materializadas na linguagem.

In the fall of 2017, a geophysical survey was conducted at Hampden-Sydney College in Prince Edward County, Virginia. This work was sponsored by the Esther Thompson Atkinson Museum of Hampden-Sydney College and represents an effort to locate buried features associated with the eighteenth-century occupation of the College. The area examined by the survey is referred to as "Old College" and is that part of the College campus where the first buildings were erected beginning in 1775. All of the eighteenth-century buildings constructed at Old College were removed before 1850 and today no building from this time period remains standing at the school. The geophysical survey used two instruments, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and gradiometer-magnetometer. The area surveyed encompasses 2.7 acres. In addition to the geophysical survey, an examination of available documents and records was conducted to collect information on the types of buildings erected at Old College, their architecture, their probable location and, to the extent possible, their potential archaeological footprint as it might exist today. Results of the Geophysical Survey .

Uni ver zi tet u No vom Sa du -Teh no loš ki fa kul tet No vi Sad Ar he o loš ki in sti tut In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d. Čla no vi pro jekt nog ti ma Mo De Co2000: dr Emi li ja Ni ko lić, ru ko vo di lac pro jek ta, Ar he o loš ki in sti tut, Be o grad dr Mla den Jo vi čić, Ar he o loš ki in sti tut, Be o grad dr Sne ža na Vu če tić, Uni ver zi tet u No vom Sa du, Teh no loš ki fa kul tet No vi Sad, No vi Sad dr Jo nja ua Ra no ga jec, Uni ver zi tet u No vom Sa du, Teh no loš ki fa kul tet No vi Sad, No vi Sad Lji lja na Mi li čić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad Iva na De lić-Ni ko lić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad dr Ne ven ka Mi ja to vić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad dr Bi lja na Ilić, In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la a.d., Be o grad U pe ri o du od 2020. do 2022. go di ne Аrhеоlоški in sti tut, Теhnоlоški fаkultеt Nоvi Sаd i In sti tut za is pi ti va nje ma te ri ja la re a li zova li su nаučnо-istrаživаčki prојеkаt Dizајn mаltеrа zа kоnzеrvаciјu -rimskа grаnicа nа Dunаvu 2000 gоdinа kаsniје (Mor tar De sign for Con ser va tion -Da nu be Ro man Fron ti er 2000 Years af ter) -Mo De Co2000, fi nan si ran kroz prоgrаm PRO MIS оd strаnе Fоndа zа nаuku Rеpublikе Srbiје (broj pro jek ta 6067004). Prојеkаt Mo De Co2000 је оbјеdiniо nаučnа istrаživаnjа istоriјskih mаltеrа sа prеdlоzima zа pripre mu i pri me nu kom pa ti bil nih kоnzеrvаtоrskih mаltеrа nа studiјi slučаја Grаnicе Rimskоg cаrstvа -Dunаvski limеs u Srbiјi (Fron ti ers of the Ro man Em pi re -the Da nu be Li mes (Ser bia)), kојi prеdstаvlја јеdinstvеni niz аrhеоlоških nаlаzištа i spоmеnikа kulturе u Srbiјi uz re ku Du nav, trеnutnо nа prеliminаrnој li sti Unеskоvоg svеtskоg nаslеđа. Rezul ta ti istrаživаnjа mal te ra do ne li su sa zna nja o upotre blje nim teh no lo gi ja ma za iz ra du mal te ra u rimskom pe ri o du koja su za tim primenjena u pri pre mi mo de la mal te ra za kon zer va ci ju gra đe vi na. Nаučnа istrаživаnjа iz оblаsti аrhеоlоgiје, istоriје аrhitеkturе i kоnstrukciја su оbјеdinjеnа sа istrаživаnjimа iz * ** ** Ste re o mi kro sko pi ja i mineraloško-petrografske ana li ze ** * **

This is the proceedings of the online conference on the archaeology of the bone objects during the Roman and Early Byzantine periods which will be held on May 14, 2025, in Izmir, Turkey.
Ancient bone objects were found in relatively large quantities in the entire Mediterranean, from Spain to Syria and Egypt to France, where they were manufactured between the Neolithic and Medieval periods. The art of carving animal bones involves especially antler and horn. However, the spectrum of the worked bone objects recovered from Anatolia, rest of the eastern Mediterranean, Near East, the Black Sea area and Balkans is very varied, and reflects different characteristics of Graeco-Roman and Early Byzantine daily life. In these areas they were also utilised as grave goods secondarily. They were exported or imported over the entire ancient Graeco-Roman and Early Byzantine worlds.
In this conference papers dealing with ancient artefacts or objects manufactured by worked bone, antler, ivory, animal teeth, mother of pearl and cockleshell will be included. Main material groups made by bones are as follows: items connected to personal grooming, weaponry, artifacts used for spinning or in pottery decoration, artifacts related to cosmetics, jewellery, combs, pins for clothing and women’s hair, items related to dressmaking and textile (particularly sewing needles, weaving implements or buttons), parts of soldiers’ equipment, items used for leather working, amulets and other magical items, knife handles, musical instruments, playing stones (e.g., lopsided dices), frames of various kinds (e.g., of mirrors), furniture (including fittings, wood sidings and inlayed decoration), boxes, plaques, writing items (for example, κάλαμοι, calami in Lat.), liturgical and religious items (e.g., crosses and reliquaries), half-finished products and miscellania. Just in the rest of the Roman world, hairpins are the most numerous artifacts made of bone or antler in the Eastern part of the Empire. Gaming pieces represent the other widespread and customary instrumentum category of the worked bones. Several other material groups also used during the processing of bone artefacts, for example, some objects may have been filled with coloured wax to make them to stand out.
So far the study of this material group has been overlooked, whereas there is still a huge amount of unpublished material from excavations, field surveys and museums in the entire Mediterranean and rest of the ancient world. There is a regular conference series of the Worked Bone Research Group (WBRG; cf. <https://www.wbrg.net/>) which include almost all periods and areas. In our e-meeting in 2025 we only focus on bone objects between the fourth century B.C. and the sixth century A.D., and attempt to set out a comprehensive model for the study of bone objects, including their definition, typology, chronology, contexts, function, regional characteristics, production and distribution patterns in the whole eastern Mediterranean geographies, including the Near East, Black Sea area and Balkans. The increasing number of recent finds in the concerned areas over the last thirty years, thanks to the development of preventive archaeology, has tended to challenge our previous observations and assumptions on Graeco-Roman and Byzantine worked bone objects.
It is also our intention to create a complete bibliography of previous publications on bone objects for several areas and chronologies.
We warmly invite contributions by scholars and graduate students from a variety of disciplines related to this material group. Intended to bring together scholars of Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine instrumenta / artefacts’ archaeology to discuss a range of issues concerning this material group characteristics, this video conference should be an excellent opportunity to increase our knowledge about ancient worked bones. The following theme groups are the main questions of the conference which are prescriptive:

- Bone objects from archaeological field projects, museums and private collections,
- Graeco-Roman bone objects in comparison with the bone objects of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic periods, Bronze and Iron Ages,
- Graeco-Roman bone objects in comparison with the Minoan and Mycenaean bone objects,
- Etymology of bone objects in ancient Near Eastern, eastern Mediterranean and Aegean languages,
- Ancient Greek, Latin and Byzantine textual sources on bone objects,
- Typological evolution and design of bone objects,
- Selection criteria for some certain animal genres for bone-working,
- Decoration of bone objects, as detailed chronologies should be established for both the produced forms and their decoration,
- Chronologies of these objects that can highlight the social spread of these products,
- Manufacturing technics, manufacturing tools, major production centres and workshops of bone objects in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods, their organisation and interactions.
- Distribution of bone objects, economic and social aspects: in what type of socio-economic context are they found?,
- Typological and functional features of bone objects during the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods: what might the utilitarian, social and/or symbolic functions or practices of these objects have been?
- Identification of the economic factors that contributed to the standardization in the bone-working,
- What ancient Greeks, Romans and Byzantines thought about afterlife? Bone objects in the eastern Mediterranean funerary contexts,
- The role of monastic or religious economy in Early Byzantine bone-working,
- Commodities and their trade through bone objects,
- Relations of bone objects to metal, terracotta, glass, wooden or stone objects: how did this material group fit in with objects made from different materials, particularly metal, glass, or wood? Can any stylistic links be found between them?
- Roman bone objects in the eastern and western Mediterranean and Europe, and their differences,
- Hellenistic and Roman gravestones and other iconographic media depicting bone objects,
- Conservation of worked bone objects, especially excavated finds: current strategies and future approaches,
- Archaeometric analyses of these objects,
- Miscellanea.

On these themes and questions, all approaches and methods susceptible to bring some progress to our current knowledge are of course welcome: archaeology, physical anthropology, archaeozoology, osteoarchaeology, bioarchaeology, palaeohistology, ancient history, history of art, cultural anthropology etc.
A special focus of the workshop is the identification of workshops from different regions, cities and areas, in particular capital cities (such as Byzantium, Ephesus, Pergamum, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Alexandria, Athens, Rome etc.) with main workshops. A regional approach will enable us to understand the influences and contacts between workshops. Were these exclusively urban activities, or also rural? What motivated their establishment? Political powers, raw materials, the development of urban centres and the urban elite (merchants, craftsmen, religious orders, etc.) or economic outlets? And, are there any imitations or copies in certain localities suggesting competition between workshops?
Another important topic is the manufacturing techniques which were varied and depended on the composition and morphology of each raw material type as much as on the artefact to be produced. Regardless of the raw material, the manufacturing process of an ancient bone object was usually multi-stage:

1. Selection and acquisition of the raw material;
2. Preparation of the raw material, including cleaning, drying and cutting into pieces;
3. The appropriate working processes using instruments like knives, chisels, files, lathes and bow-drills;
4. Finishing the worked objects by grinding, polishing and colouring.

The previous finds reflect that mostly manufacturing techniques were related to an organized production where the different manufacturing stages were standardized and predefined, which can be identified as a chaîne opératoire. Particular attention should be paid to these technical aspects, which are the integral parts of the uniqueness of most of the ancient worked bone objects.
We also need to look at the distribution of these objects on a local, regional, and even supra-regional scale, and trade networks. Some have crossed the overseas, such as Anatolian products unearthed in England. How can these exchanges be explained?

Fossil beetles from two last interglacial lake deposits from southern Wairarapa, central New Zealand are provisionally ascribed to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 5a-e. Both assemblages represent ecological successions from lake margins to forest. The lower sample (MIS 5e) is characterized by species found today in northern New Zealand. These species, including Lorelus crassicornis, 'Dasytes' laticeps, Cryptobius nitidius, 'Stenomalium' sulcithorax, Psilocnaeia nana, and Microbrontes lineatus, represent a southward displacement from modern distributions by up to 700 km. Climate reconstruction indicates that temperatures at the time of deposition were 1.6 -2.5°C warmer in the summer (January) and 2.3-3.2°C warmer in the winter (July) than at present. These results match local and regional pollen and phytolith findings of warmer, wetter conditions at the thermal maximum of the last interglaciation. In contrast, the upper sample is characterized by species that have widespread modern-day distributions. This indicates that modern conditions were attained later in MIS5, after the MIS 5e thermal maximum.

Religious forms at the centre of the Cypriot socio-cultural dimension reflect ancestral and persistent ritual expressions, that appear to be the peculiarities of the main monumental complexes devoted to Aphrodite Paphia and Apollo Hylates. The dense intertwining of religious and cultic traditions that closely linked the two divinities allow a joint investigation of these complexes. This is the premise of a “circular” path in the interpretation of the architectural complexes of the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates at Kourion, of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia at Palaipaphos and of the one dedicated to the goddess on “Fabrika Hill” at Nea Paphos. Such path unfolds through the detailed analysis of the concrete proofs, already investigated and / or newly identified, about the centrality of the oracular aspects and the theme of fertility and it is based on new interpretations of elements linked to the cult and the monumental contexts of the consecrated spaces. The resulting overall vision represents a substantial contribution to the study of the deeper aspects of forms of religiosity that the God of the Woods and the Lady of the Gardens shared in Cyprus, also in light of significant references to other sites in the Mediterranean, and with particular regard to the Ptolemaic age.

Le forme di religiosità al centro della realtà socio-culturale cipriota riflettono ancestrali e persistenti espressioni rituali che sembrano peculiari dei principali complessi monumentali sacri ad Afrodite Paphia e ad Apollo Hylates e che consentono una lettura congiunta grazie al fitto intreccio di tradizioni religiose e cultuali che collegavano strettamente le due divinità. È questo il presupposto di un percorso “circolare” nella lettura dei complessi architettonici del Santuario di Apollo Hylates a Kourion, del Santuario di Afrodite Paphia a Palaipaphos e di quello dedicato alla dea sulla collina di “Fabrika” a Nea Paphos. Tale percorso si snoda attraverso la dettagliata analisi delle concrete testimonianze, già indagate e/o di nuova individuazione, circa la centralità degli aspetti oracolari e del tema della fertilità e si basa su inedite letture di elementi legati al culto e ai contesti monumentali degli spazi consacrati. La visione di insieme che ne scaturisce rappresenta un sostanziale contributo per lo studio degli aspetti più profondi delle forme di religiosità che accomunavano a Cipro il Dio dei Boschi e la Signora dei Giardini, anche alla luce di significativi rimandi ad altri siti del Mediterraneo e con particolare riguardo all’età tolemaica.

The context of exceptionality generated by the Covid-19 pandemic has made once insurmountable rules more flexible, bringing to the state the legal duty to act more transparently and understandably to avoid flaws in public spending. Based on the specific state legislation on data transparency in this period, this article aims to present the disclosure of information by the Government of the state of Ceará according to State Law nº 17,257 of August 3rd, 2020, and analyze the readability of the Explanatory Notes of the General Balance Sheet and the Social Balance Sheet for the financial year 2020 (Governo do Estado do Ceará, 2020). The case study demonstrates a cut in the control criteria of public spending from March 2020 to March 2021, evaluating the mechanism used descriptively and qualitatively when investigating the case of transparency in the scope of the information presented by the Ceará government and the application of the Flesch and Gunning-FOG indices adapted for the Portug...

ObjectivesIn primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques&#39; affiliative behaviors by imposing time‐constraints, or increased these behaviors on account of more free‐/available‐time due to macaques&#39; consumption of high‐energy human foods.Materials and methodsIn Southern India, we collected data on human–macaque and macaque–macaque interactions using focal‐animal sampling on two groups of semi‐urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human–macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions.ResultsWe found strong evidence fo...

ObjectivesThe impact of anthropogenic environmental changes may impose strong pressures on the behavioral flexibility of free‐ranging animals. Here, we examine whether rates of interactions with humans had both a direct and indirect influence on the duration and distribution of social grooming in commensal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).Materials and MethodsData were collected in two locations in the city of Shimla in northern India: an urban setting and a temple area. We divided these two locations in a series of similar‐sized physical blocks (N = 48) with varying rates of human–macaque interactions. We conducted focal observations on three free‐ranging rhesus macaque groups, one in the urban area and two in the temple area.ResultsOur analysis shows that macaques engaged in shorter grooming bouts and were more vigilant while grooming in focal sessions during which they interacted with people more frequently, suggesting that humans directly affected grooming effort and vigilance b...

Rapid urbanization, demographic pressure, and sprawl of cities are key factors in the vulnerability and damage related to geo-hydrological hazards. Dysfunctional urban services that favor informal settlements are at the forefront of elements that increase vulnerability. Cases of cities that suffer from geo-hydrological hazards are increasingly reported in many regions, especially in tropical countries in the Global South. Yet, studies on such examples are rare and commonly overlook the human and societal components of hazard risks. Here, we focus on Bujumbura, a city in Africa that has experienced rapid unplanned growth and sprawl into unserviced areas because of the non-application or a lack of a valid urban planning law. After filling in the gap in data collected using high-resolution field surveys and focus group discussions, this study highlights various factors of vulnerability to geo-hydrological hazards in the urban area. Indeed, 108 events of flood and flash floods and 81 gu...

Jean-Baptiste FOURVEL (a) , Michel PHILIPPE (b) , Jacqueline ARGANT (c) , Nicolas LATEUR (d) Résumé : Les interactions entre les différentes communautés animales, coexistant au sein des mêmes environnements, sont bien connues et ce tout au long du Quaternaire. Qu'il s'agisse d'interactions de type prédateur-proie (prédation, charognage) ou prédateur-prédateur (compétition), les ensembles archéologiques et paléontologiques renferment de nombreux indices de ces relations (taphonomie sensu lato). Partageant un même fonds écologique (proie, habitat) les guildes de prédateurs entrent régulièrement en compétition. Ces phénomènes se traduisent au sein des ensembles fossiles par toute une diversité d'éléments : des modifications de surface des os (traces de dents), des morphotypes de fracturations ou encore des bioglyphes (coprolithes). Au sein des guildes de Carnivores pléistocènes, le cas des Ursidés est questionné : s'agit-il de grands prédateurs entrant en compétition avec les autres espèces prédatrices ou sommesnous face à une espèce-proie régulièrement chassée et consommée par les autres carnivores (lion, hyène principalement) ? Le réseau Salomé (Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche) est un nouvel exemple de ces relations et interactions entre les différentes communautés de grands carnivores (ours et hyène). À partir de l'examen paléontologique et taphonomique, ce site d'hivernation à ours des cavernes nous apporte de nouveaux éléments de discussion en vue de préciser le statut paléoécologique de l'ours des cavernes et sa position au sein des réseaux trophiques pléistocènes.

The article describes trends in the economic development of Georgia with particular emphasis on the role of tourism in the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara. The paper aims to study the tourism development perspective in Adjara to improve the living conditions of the local population that lives in the highlands and to achieve equal social and economic growth throughout the country. The study used the literature review and mass statistics data analysis methods. In addition, the results of a survey conducted in September 2022 on a sample of 351 respondents (visiting Adjara for tourism purposes) were presented. Results: Rural tourism is currently being discussed extensively by state organizations and other public cooperation partners as an additional source of revenue in the Rural Tourism Supply Chain in the highland areas and for regional development. The work discusses the potential and the quality of tourist products. It has identified the region's current trends and issues of tourism development, the main challenges in rural tourism, and the role of transport systems in developing rural tourism sustainability. The article summarizes the recommendations for local officials in rural tourism sustainability and the importance of their development. Adjara's highlands have quite a challenging landscape. Local government should ensure the acceleration of the infrastructure projects of the Adjara highlands and the arrangement of internal roads, parking lots and infrastructure corresponding to modern standards.

Table 4. Kazimierza Wielka, zone V. List of the features Nr ob. Lokalizacja (ary) Lokalizacja metrowa Funkcja Chronologia Literatura 1 250/140 SE 258-259/140-141 jama osadowa prahistoria 2 260/140 NW 261-262/147-148 jama osadowa prahistoria Literatura Byrska-Fudali M., Czerniak R., Suchan-Czerniak O., Fudali T. 2024 Wyniki ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych prowadzonych w związku z budową obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej, [w:] G. Dzikowska, J. Górski, A. Witko (red.), Między mainstreamem a prowincją. Ziemia kazimierska i okolice -od prehistorii do współczesności, Kazimierza Wielka -Kraków, 75-92. Czarnowski J. 1905 Miejscowości przedhistoryczne i zarys mapy paleoetnologicznej porzecza lewego Wisły od Przemszy do Nidy, Wszechświat 24, 369-374. Czerniak R. 2000 Materiały z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza odkryte na stanowisku 2 w Jakuszowicach (w latach 1985-1986 podczas ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na tzw. zakręcie), maszynopis pracy magisterskiej przechowywany w Instytucie Archeologii UJ w Krakowie. Czerniak R., Byrska-Fudali M. 2024 Osadnictwo kultury trzcinieckiej na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 249-282. Dąbrowska E. 1964 Sprawozdanie z badań powierzchniowych prowadzonych w 1960 r w dorzeczu Nidy, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 16, 382-392. Grygiel M., Pikulski J., Kalicki T. 2009 Wpływ gospodarki człowieka we wczesnym okresie rzymskim na środowisko wyżyn lessowych na przykładzie rejonu stanowisk w Zagórzycach i Charbinowicach -wstępne wyniki badań, [w:] I. Hildebrandt-Radke, J. Jasiewicz, M. Lutyńska (red.), Zapis działalności człowieka w środowisku przyrodniczym. VII Warsztaty Terenowe IV Sympozjum Archeologii Środowiskowej (Środowisko i Kultura 6), Poznań, 50-53. Górski J. 1991 Osada kultury trzcinieckiej w Jakuszowicach, cz. 1, Badania w Jakuszowicach, Kraków. 2007 Chronologia kultury trzcinieckiej na lessach Niecki Nidziańskiej (Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie 3), Kraków. 2024 Zarys pradziejów ziemi kazimierskiej, [w:] G. Dzikowska, J. Górski, A. Witko (red.), Między mainstreamem a prowincją. Ziemia kazimierska i okolice -od prehistorii do współczesności, Kazimierza Wielka -Kraków, 11-28. Górski J., Jarosz P. 2006 Cemetery of the Corded Ware and the Trzciniec Culture in Gabułtów, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 58, 401-451. Jarosz P. 2024a Na przełomie epok. Kultura pucharów dzwonowatych i mierzanowicka na stanowiskach 3, 5 i 13 w Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 203-248. 2024b Schyłek eneolitu na stanowiskach 3, 5 i 13 w Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 161-201. 2024c Ślady osadnictwa kultury malickiej na stanowisku 13 w Kazimierzy Wielkiej, woj. świętokrzyskie, [w:] M. Byrska-Fudali, R. Czerniak, P. Jarosz (red.), Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy (Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 13), Pękowice -Kraków, 77-89. Jarosz P., Byrska-Fudali M., Czerniak R., Szczepanek A. 2024 Grób z Kazimierzy Wielkiej, stan. 3 w świetle analizy chronometrycznej kultury pucharów dzwonowatych na Wyżynie Małopolskiej, Przegląd Archeologiczny 72, 33-51.

The Viking Age was a dynamic period, with local centres and urban sites engaging to varying degrees in local, regional and interregional networks. While the role of certain northern towns in these networks is relatively well-known and the related knowledge up to date, other towns appear to have received comparatively little recent attention. This study aims to investigate the role of the Viking-Age town of Aros, present-day Aarhus, situated on the eastern coast of Jutland, Denmark, in interregional networks, by means of the interdisciplinary study of a rare context, excavated in 2009: a well-preserved burned pit house at the site of Bispetorv, dated to the late 10th century CE. What does the archaeological assemblage tell about the house and its occupants, what can be said about resource exploitation, and to what extent were the occupants of the late Viking-Age pit house involved in long-distance trade?
The study of the pit house at Bispetorv is based on an interdisciplinary approach, including analysis of inorganic artefacts, zooarchaeological remains, macrobotanical remains and carbonised wood collected from multiple layers, supported by a substantial number of radiocarbon dates. The outcomes are presented within the framework of other comparable published and unpublished sites in and nearby Aarhus including Søndervold and Skt. Clemens Stræde, as well as with other Viking-Age towns in northern Europe.
The analysis of Bispetorv reveals a predominance of artefacts and ecofacts associated with regional networks, with scant evidence of contacts with the Baltic Sea coast. While these results match the findings from other sites in Aarhus, and are comparable to other local centres, they are in apparent contrast to larger urban centres such as Ribe, Hedeby and Kaupang. Further research, based on a variety of methods, will have to show to what degree the currently available bioarchaeological results from Aarhus are representative for the remaining parts of the urban centre and to what extent long-distance contacts evolved over time.

Maeotian Burial with the "Eye-glass"-shaped Cheek-pieces . . . . . . . . . . A. M. Oblomskiy (Moscow, Russian Federation). The Complex of Settlements of the Late Scythian Culture near Village Staevo in the Upper Reaches of the Voronezh River in the 2 nd Century BC -2 nd Century AD .

The expansion of llama caravans and the dispersal of domesticated camelids to extra-Andean regions is one of the
key topics in South American archaeology. One of the main indicators of both processes is the presence of
domesticated camelids in the archaeological record, particularly the llama (Lama glama). Based primarily on
historical sources subject to interpretation, it has been suggested that llama caravans may have reached the
southeast of South America during Pre-Columbian times, particularly to the northern Pampean region and the
Paran´a River valley. While the archaeological assemblages in these two areas include camelid bones that have
thus far been identified as guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the possibility of misidentification due to the osteometric
similarity between the latter and L. glama could mask the presence of domestic camelids in the record, undermining
evidence of this potential major expansion of Andean caravans and domestic camelids. To clarify this
issue, we applied a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeological, isotopic, and paleogenomic analyses to
determine the taxonomic status of camelids recovered from archaeological sites in northern Pampean region and
the valley of the Paran´a River. Our findings demonstrate that all the individuals analyzed correspond to guanacos,
whose survival extended into early historical times. Additionally, the archaeological record from both
areas contemporaneous with the maximum pre-Columbian expansion of the Andean caravans, provides no evidence
of direct trade with the Andean world.

Ehsan Shavarebi 2025, A Numismatic History of Barikot: Catalogue and Analysis of the Coin Finds from the Excavations at Bīr-koṭ-ghwaṇḍai (Barikot), Swāt, Pakistan (1984–2022). With a contribution by Luca M. Olivieri. [Denkschriften der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der ÖAW 503; Veröffentlichungen zur Numismatik 69; Serie Orientale Roma, N.S. 39]. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2025.

The present volume explores the coins unearthed during the excavations at the ancient city of Barikot (Swāt Valley, northern Pakistan) between 1984 and 2022. The excavations of the Italian Archaeological Mission at Barikot have revealed numerous settlement phases from the prehistoric to the Islamic times. Of particular significance are over 500 coin finds, which are placed in their historical context in this volume to draw a clear picture of the monetary circulation in the Swāt Valley (Uḍḍiyāna) throughout antiquity and the early Islamic period. The chronological framework of the coin finds spans from the third century BCE to the twelfth century CE, i.e., from the Indian Maurya dynasty to the Ghaznavids. The majority of the coin finds are from the Kušān period (first to fourth century CE). Various historical, typological, metrological, and topographical aspects of the coinage and monetary circulation of each period are addressed in separate chapters. The finds from Barikot are also compared with those from other documented sites in Uḍḍiyāna, Gandhāra, and adjacent regions in the Indo-Iranian borderlands. What should be highlighted is the stratigraphic documentation of the find contexts, which, based on the radiocarbon analyses, makes it possible to bring the coins into relation with other types of archaeological artifacts. This subject is discussed in an archaeological contribution by the director of the excavations, Luca M. Olivieri.

Heidelberg University’s research in ancient Nineveh, which began in 2018, continued in 2021–2023. In the late Assyrian Military Palace on Tell Nebi Yunus, the excavations concentrated on the rooms on the north-west and south-west sides of the throne room. Further investigations were carried out on Tell Kuyunjik. In the throne room wing of the Southwest Palace, the fragments of the relief decoration smashed by the Islamist terrorists were uncovered, measured, inventoried and secured for the planned restoration in a specially built storage. Following earlier Iraqi excavations in the central area of the North Palace, surveys and additional sondages were carried out with the aim of georeferencing the older plans of the building. In addition, geo- archaeological investigations were carried out at a number of sites in the urban area of Nineveh and in the area of its fortifications.

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra e; detaillierte bibliogra sche Daten sind im Internet über www.dnb.de abrufbar. Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Landesamtes für Denkmalp ege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover lmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme.

Hoy por hoy en Galicia, los estudios sobre las distintas facetas de la prehistoria resultan aún escasos; por ello, el pretender hablar del campaniforme gallego plantea el problema de la escasez y dispersión de trabajos, sobre todo si lo comparamos con estudios de la misma categoría en áreas limítrofes. Este embrionario estado de la cuestión está básicamente influenciado por la falta de hallazgos de cierta entidad; hasta ahora la aparición de escasos restos, incompletos en su mayor parte, además de la carencia de secuencias estratigráficas, provoca la fuerte incidencia de simples estudios desde el punto decorativo de unos fragmentos de los que la mayoría ni siquiera permite la reconstrucción de sus perfiles completos. Pese a todo, no podemos ignorar el hecho de que se han realizado esfuerzos, que traducidos en diversos estudios y publicaciones, poco a poco han conseguido arrojar luz sobre la problemática que rodea la cues-' Este estudio fue presentado, como base de la comunicación del mismo titulo, en el Congreso «Galicia no Contexto Atlántico da Prehistoria» en homenaje a Florentino López Cuevillas en el centenario de su nacimiento, y celebrado en la ciudad de Orense durante el mes de diciembre de 1986. Esperábamos su publicación en las Actas de dicho congreso, no siendo posible la edición de aquéllas. Ésta, además del trámite de devolución del manuscrito, es la única causa de demora sufrida en la publicación del yacimiento y de los materiales ahora presentados. Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento más sincero, a J. IVI." Eguileta por su siempre inestimable colaboración.