Funerary Archaeology

Se presenta en este trabajo el resultado de la excavación de una tumba íbera procedente de la necrópolis de Los Collados (Almedinilla, Córdoba), datada entre del siglo IV a. C. al II a. C., con un ajuar muy completo que incluye una panoplia de guerrero (escudo, espada, soliferreum, lanza y cuchillo) y otros elementos tanto metálicos como cerámicos que permiten plantear problemas en la interpretación de estos conjuntos funerarios y su relación directa con el muerto en tanto que dota a este, o no, de un estatus social. Se analiza la disposición y deposición de los diversos materiales, así como su asociación espacial en el ámbito de la cámara funeraria. Se realiza un detallado análisis de los materiales, que incluyen estudios arqueométricos sobre cerámica y metales. Incluimos una detallada discusión sobre cronología a partir de las tipologías y asociaciones de materiales en diversos contextos; para finalizar aportamos, a partir de un minucioso análisis de la posición e intercalación de...

In this paper we present a case of a double burial (T.310/326) from the Phoenician Punic necropolis of Monte Sirai (Carbonia, Sardinia, Italy). This peculiar tomb, which comprises the inhumation of a woman, presents unique constructive features, namely a big stone cover that confers a high visual reference to the necropolis. Furthermore, a cooking pot with two handles was laid on the tibias during the final closure of the tomb which included remains from at least three birds of the Turdidae family. Strikingly, these remains were mixed with those from a perinatal infant who could possibly constitute the progeny of the woman buried in the tomb. The combined XRD/FT-IR analysis showed that the infant remains underwent intense heat treatment, while the adult and bird remains remained unburned. This urned infant burial involving perinatal and animal remains has close analogies with practices of infant depositions in the contemporaneous Phoenician and Punic tophet sanctuaries of the central Mediterranean.

Sex diagnosis is a crucial element in the analysis of skeletal remains from forensic and archaeological contexts. Thus, researchers have developed several methods using different anatomical regions to estimate sex. Despite such variety of methods, sexing of collective cremated human skeletal remains is still challenging due to heatinduced size changes and fragmentation, along with the typical commingling of collective contexts. This study aims to examine the potential of burned tooth crowns for odontometric sex estimation. To that end, heat-induced size changes were quantified in experimentally burned teeth. Then, odontometric sex estimation was performed in a set of theoretical samples of pre and post-burned tooth crowns. Results show burned tooth crowns undergo variable but consistent and statistically significant expansion, which is due to micro-fracturing. Such heat induced size changes are of sufficient magnitude to impact odontometric sex diagnosis and sex ratios of the theoretical samples. Yet, sexing using burned tooth crowns may still be useful to estimate the minimum number of females in a given sample. Further, the effect of heat-induced size changes may be calculated and removed using scanning.

A escavação arqueológica na necrópole da Abóbada decorreu no âmbito do Projecto ESTELA. Tinha como objectivo a caracterização do local de proveniência da chamada "Estela do Guerreiro", com escrita do Sudoeste, identificada em 1972. O resultado dos trabalhos aí desenvolvidos entre 2010 e 2011 permitiram reunir um conjunto de informação quanto à cronologia, tipo de estruturas funerárias e documentar os respetivos rituais funerários. Apesar da sua afectação pela lavra mecânica, foi possível registar a presença de dois monumentos funerários pétreos quadrangulares e de diversos covachos em fossa simples com deposição secundária das cremações. Os restos humanos apresentam-se completamente calcinados e a sua fragmentação é muito elevada. Com uma única clara excepção, foram depositados diretamente no solo sem recurso a urna e as evidências sugerem que a cremação se terá provavelmente dado pouco tempo após a morte, com os tecidos moles ainda presentes.

The determination of the original condition of human remains prior to burning is critical since it may facilitate the reconstruction of circumstances surrounding death in forensic cases. Although the use of heat-induced bone changes is not a completely reliable proxy for determining pre-burning conditions, it is not completely devoid of potential, as we can observe a clear difference in the occurrence of such features between fleshed and dry bones. In order to quantify this difference and determine its true value for forensic research, the frequencies of heat-induced warping and thumbnail fractures were documented on modern cremations of cadavers from recently deceased individuals and from the cremations of skeletons previously inhumed. The effect of age, sex, time span from death to cremation, duration and temperature of combustion on those frequencies was statistically investigated. Results demonstrated that the heat-induced features were significantly more frequent in the sample of cadavers. In addition, warping was determined to be the most useful indicator of the pre-burning condition of human remains. Temperature of combustion was the only variable having a significant effect on the frequency of both features suggesting that fluctuation of temperature, along with collagen preservation and recrystallization of the inorganic phase, is paramount for their occurrence. Both warping and thumbnail fractures may eventually be used for the estimation of the pre-burning condition of human remains in lack of other indicators but their reliability is far from absolute. Ideally, such inference must be supported by other data such as skeletal representation, objects or defleshing marks on bones.

Estimating sex on large assemblages of commingled skeletal human remains is challenging because it prevents the systemic observation of the skeleton and thus reduces the reliability of sex-ratio estimation. In order to tackle this problem, the applicability of sample-specific odontometric methods was assessed on the human skeletal remains from the Middle Neolithic cave necropolis of Bom Santo in Portugal. We present an approach that confirms some of the assumptions -the normal distribution of the data and the 1:1.5 sex ratio -indicated by for the application of sample-specific methods. These assumptions are often difficult to assess in archaeological samples and thus prevent the use of sample-specific methods. The mean bucco-lingual diameter of 51 lower right canine teeth was used as a cut-off point to discriminate between sexes within a sample from Bom Santo. Before that, Shapiro-Wilk statistics was used to confirm that the distribution of the data in a sample of 51 lower canine teeth was normal. In addition, the range and central tendency of the data were compared to other samples for which the sex of the individuals was known in order to confirm that those parameters were consistent with those of a sample presenting a balanced sex ratio. The canine sex estimations were then compared with the sex estimation obtained from mandibles where canine teeth were still in situ (n = 8). No clear disagreement between the two methods was found thus demonstrating good potential of this method for sex estimation and for the sex ratio estimation in commingled human skeletal remains. Results indicated that sex ratios in Room A and Room B at Bom Santo were quite different. This indicates that the two locations may have been used in a different way according to sex.

Sex determination of human burned skeletal remains is extremely hard to achieve because of heat-related fragmentation, warping and dimensional changes. In particular, the latter is impeditive of osteometric analyses based on references developed on unburned bones. New osteometric references were thus obtained which allow for more reliable sex determinations. The calcined remains of cremated Portuguese individuals were examined and specific standard measurements of the humerus, femur, talus and calcaneus were documented. This allowed for the compilation of new sex discriminating osteometric references which were then tested on independent samples with good results. Both the use of simple cut-off points and of logistic regression equations provided with successful sex classification scores. These references may now be used for the sex determination of burned skeletons. Its reliability is improved for contemporary Portuguese and thus has important repercussion for forensic research. Nonetheless, the more conservative use of these references may also prove valuable for other populations as well as for archaeological research.

Bones submitted to heat experience structural and chromatic modifications. In particular, heat-induced bone warping and thumbnail fractures have been linked to the burning of fleshed and green bones -where the soft tissues have been removed from the bones soon after deathin contrast to dry bones. Those have been suggested as indicators of the state of the individual before being burned thus allowing inferences about the funerary behaviour of archaeological populations. A large sample of 61 skeletons submitted to cremation has been examined for the presence of both of these heat-induced features. Although uncommon, bone warping and thumbnail fractures were present in some of the skeletons demonstrating that its presence is not restricted to the burning of non-dried bones as generally believed. Rather than being an indicator of the presence of bones with soft tissues, bone warping seems to be more of an indicator of the preservation of collagen-apatite links which can be maintained on dry bones with low collagen deterioration. In addition, our results also do not confirm thumbnail fractures as an exclusive sign of the burning of bones with soft tissues. As a result, these heat-induced changes should be used with caution when trying to infer about the preburning state of an individual.

A research project on the Algar do Bom Santo necropolis started in 2010. This paper presents a preliminary synthesis on the exhumed human population and a first insight into the funerary practices recorded during the site excavations in the 1990s, as well as palaeodiet reconstitutions.

Examining skeletal materials unearthed from graves at archaeological sites involve complex and multifaceted research challenges, often necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration. Comprehensive studies of individual skeletons can yield crucial insights for identifying and reconstructing factors that influenced the living conditions, health status, and overall biological condition of entire palaeopopulations. The primary goals of anthropological skeletal analysis are to determine the identity of the deceased, understand their lifestyle, identify any diseases they suffered from, analyse their diet and eating habits, assess their level of physical activity, describe their distinguishing features, and determine the cause of death. Conducting in-depth analysis is necessary in order to develop both a basic and an extended biological profile, and to determine the individual’s sex, age at death, and stature. Subsequent stages involve assessing dental status, identifying determinants of physiological stress, evaluating morphometric changes in bones related to habitual and life activities, and examining all skeletal and dental pathologies. Analysing pathological changes in bones often involves difficulties typically encountered in differential diagnosis, including in palaeopathology. Examining observed pathologies solely on bones is often extremely difficult and sometimes impossible to resolve unequivocally. These difficulties arise from the nonspecific nature of changes, similar clinical presentations in various disease entities, the lack of clinical history, and taphonomic factors that have a destructive effect on bones (Miller et al. 1996; Carotenuto et al. 2021). Moreover, it cannot be stated with full certainty that currently known diseases cause the same anatomical and pathological changes in bones as those found in the skeletons of people living in antiquity. This is because the clinical picture of diseases may change over long periods of time (Miller et al. 1996; Carotenuto et al. 2021). When examining skeletal materials from archaeological sites, it is necessary to differentiate the normal anatomical structure of the bone from pathological changes. This helps recognise possible post-traumatic alterations, and – if possible – determine the time and mechanism of their occurrence (whether active or passive), and identify the tool used to inflict the injury. An injury results from energy applied harmfully to the human body (trauma), manifesting as macroscopically perceptible changes, such as breaches in the continuity of tissue structures (Teresiński 2019, 311). Bones may fracture, meaning the continuity of bone tissue can be disrupted as a result of significant mechanical injury that exceeds the tissue’s elasticity limits. In most cases, diagnosing injuries with signs of healing is relatively easy, and indicates that they occurred during the individual’s life. Medical imaging tests (for example, X-rays and computed tomography) further facilitate diagnostics. The identification and interpretation of bone injuries in archaeological material that may have occurred perimortem is often complex, difficult, and sometimes even impossible, which may be due to the poor condition of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries can result from trauma that occurred shortly before death, preventing repair processes from starting (no signs of remodelling). They can also occur shortly after death, in which case the bone still retains its biomechanical elasticity and plasticity (Lorkiewicz et al. 2011; Pechníková et al. 2011; Sorg 2019; Soficaru, Trinkaus 2020). The absence of soft tissues and the inability to assess other injuries accompanying fractures (for example, bruising, haemorrhages, skin wounds, and muscle damage in open fractures) present significant challenges in differentiating and interpreting trauma signs. In cases when the state of skeleton preservation is poor and taphonomic alterations are present, distinguishing perimortem injuries from postmortem injuries caused by secondary excavations or postmortem fragmentation is often ambiguous or even impossible (Pechníková et al. 2011; Ribeiro et al. 2020). Diagnosing and interpreting such lesions in order to distinguish between injuries and taphonomic modifications requires extensive knowledge and experience. This includes understanding characteristics of bone healing, the biomechanical plasticity and elasticity reflected in the morphology of fractures, and the ability to differentiate normal bone structure from bone affected by pathological changes. The environmental context of discovery and the arrangement of the skeleton in situ are also important. Various burial customs observed in different periods and cultures (for example, secondary shafts, or moving skeletons or their parts) can often contribute to the deterioration of remains. However, these customs may also carry significant information in the form of traces left on the bones (for example, marks made by tools). Skeletal bone material from archaeological sites is therefore a rich source of information regarding the history of each deceased person, including their postmortem history.

U radu se raspravlja o gradu Livnu u kontekstu ranosrednjovjekovne
hrvatske države. Nastoji se odgovoriti na pitanje je li Livno bilo jedno od
važnih središta ili tek ruralno područje na periferiji države. S obzirom na
to da je Livno kao urbano naselje arheološki gotovo neistraženo, temi se
pristupa iz različitih aspekata, pri čemu se izlazi iz strogih kronoloških i
geografskih okvira utvrđenog ranosrednjovjekovnog grada, koji je stratigrafski
još uvijek najveća nepoznanica. Povijesni izvori potvrđuju postojanje
utvrđenog ranosrednjovjekovnog grada Livna (Cleuna, Hlivno),
a osim njih, pri istraživanju su poslužili arheološki nalazi, topografija i
rijetki sačuvani ostatci s terena. Na temelju sakupljenih podataka nastojalo
se rekonstruirati položaj i ulogu ranosrednjovjekovnog utvrđenog
grada Livna, s okolnim područjem, u okvirima ranosrednjovjekovne hrvatske
države te ukazati na okolnosti stradanja i pregradnji srednjovjekovnog
grada.
Ključne riječi: Livno, Cleuna, Hlivno, Županija Hlivno, ranosrednjovjekovna
hrvatska država, grobni nalazi, predromaničke crkve.

Desde la perspectiva bioarqueologica y arqueologica, la ninez no se muy considerada en investigaciones en Mesoamerica y Oaxaca. Para comprender mejor este problema, examinamos las diferencias en el tratamiento funerario para ninos y adultos y evaluamos los ejes de variacion entre estas diferentes muestras definidas por edad. De los mas de 100 esqueletos humanos en la coleccion osteologica de El Palmillo que data del periodo Clasico (250-850 d.C.), se pudo realizar un estudio a partir de la evaluacion de la edad biologica. Se utilizo un analisis estadistico de conglomerados para conocer la distribucion de los entierros en el sitio por edad, posicion, ubicacion, cronologia, entre otras variables. Finalmente, comparamos nuestros resultados con las practicas mortuorias, hasta el momento publicadas en Monte Alban, para evaluar si existe un patron constante en el tratamiento funerario zapoteco o si hay diferencias entre los sitios.

Текстот го презентира проектот “ Погребување под могили во долината река Крива Лакавица” во општина Конче, Република Македонија. Со посебен осврт на истражувањето на могилата на археолошкиот локалитет Гајнов Дол во близина на општинскиот центар Конче. Прикажана е методологијата на истражувањето на могилата, опис на гробот и анализа на гробниот прилог кој е оставен као вечен дар на покојничката. Во текстот е акцентрирана могилата како културолошки и култорноисториски феномен симбол на моќниот на погребниот но и на целата заедница, врска со претците и со сопствената традиција. Потенциран е и социјалниот и економскиот статус на покојничката но и на нејзиното семејство кое имало финансиска моќ да ѓи задоволи сите стандарди на аристростркратското општество

The abandonment of collective tombs in Middle Bronze Age Crete testifies to substantial transformations in funerary, ritual and social practices on the island. Yet, the processes and timing of this abandonment were not uniform, and each cemetery can potentially offer new insights. While some collective tombs fell gradually into disuse, others were deliberately and ritually terminated. Here, the authors explore the cemetery at Sissi, where gradual abandonment in some areas contrasts with the ultimate demolition and burial of tombs in Zone 9 during a ceremony that marked a major shift in the social history of the associated community.

This study aims to determine whether current and past research on the Badarian culture of early Egypt accurately reflects the evidence uncovered in the past and the evaluation of the excavation reports by the early excavators. An archaeological re-evaluation of the Badarian culture and relevant sites is presented in the introduction. Inter-regional development of the Badarian is crucial to placing the Badarian in the temporal ladder of the predynastic cultures, leading up the formation of the dynastic era of Ancient Egypt. The following thesis is not meant to be a definitive answer on the origins and placement of the Badarian people in the Predynastic hierarchy of ancient Egypt, but one of its aims is to stimulate discussion and offer alternatives to the narrative of the Badarian culture. A set of outcomes is presented to test all hypotheses. Research questions are discussed to determine whether the Badarian culture is a regional phenomenon restricted to a small area around the Badari-Mostagedda-Matmar region, or as a wider inter-regional variable carrying on into the later Nagada cultures. To reach a hypothesis, the chronology of the Badarian is analysed, in-depth study of the original excavation reports and later research on the Badarian question. An important facet of this study is a literature review of the Badarian culture, past and present. The Badarian culture had always been a subject of speculation, especially in terms of its chronology and regional development. There is no consensus on the chronology of dispersion out of the desert to the Nile Valley, as well as areas north and south of the Nile Valley. It is important to establish the concept of an agronomic sedentary lifestyle by the Badarian, and to re-evaluate the evidence for the long-standing idea that the Badarian was in fact the first farmers of the Nile Valley, also in terms of their perceived exchange and trade networks.

Irtysen fue un importante artesano y escultor que vivió durante el reinado de Mentuhotep II (2009–1959 a.C.). Su importancia histórica radica en su famosa estela autobiográfica encontrada en Abidos donde describe sus habilidades artísticas y técnicas como artesano real.

Étendard de Flobecq / Standaard van Flobecq © Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire / Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis (Bruxelles -Brussel) Abraham Ortelius, Belgii Veteris Typus, 1594 © Museum Plantin-Moretus (Antwerpen) Comité pour la diffusion de la recherche en archéologie gallo-romaine / Comité voor de verspreiding van het onderzoek in de gallo-romeinse archeologie Britt Claes, Musée royaux d'Art et d'Histoire -Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis (Bruxelles -Brussel)

Although many epigraphical and archaeological monuments of Syrian origin in the territory of Central Balkans' Roman provinces from the period of Roman reign have been discovered in the past, monuments from Palmyra are rare. Therefore, the three monuments of Palmyrene origin from National Museum in Belgrade, are even more important, because they represent valuable examples of Palmyrene funerary art from the Roman period. On two monuments, the very elite of Palmyrene society is represented -two Palmyrene priests dressed in their characteristic clothes with modius on their heads, while the third monument represents a funerary loculus stela of a young girl holding a bird (probably a dove) and grapes. The analysis of the iconography and stylistic traits of the monuments showed that they can be dated to the period of the 2nd-3rd century, during which (particularly during the reign of the Severan dynasty) the imigrants of Oriental origin came in several migration waves to Central Balkans' Roman provinces and inhabited bigger centres, including Singidunum, where they had their enclave.

The research of this study is dedicated to a unique iconographical scene in the territory of the Central Balkan Roman provinces, of Hercules rescuing Hesione from a sea-monster (ketos), depicted on a funerary monument found in 1931 at the site of Stojnik, in the vicinity of Belgrade, antique Singidunum, and now displayed in the lapidarium of the National Museum in Belgrade. The funerary monument was erected for the deceased, a veteran of cohors II Aurelia nova, Publius Aelius Victorinus, by his wife Aurelia Rufina and their son Publius Aelius Acutianus. The rich iconography of the monument makes it a very important example of funerary art in the period from the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century - the eschatological symbolism of the presented scenes and motifs is more than clear and underlines not only the hope of the deceased?s family for his eternal and blessed life after death, but also the deceased?s victory over death and presents him as a symbol of courage and...

Recent archaeological excavations in the church of Sant'Avendrace in Cagliari have brought to light a building from the Roman age, that it seems interpretable as a sanctuary due to the architectural features and many finds, easily identifiable as ex voto, like terracotta plaquettes, miniature vases and some moulds. In this issue are presented some preliminary about the original shape of that moulds.

The burial mounds of the highest Scythian nobility, known as royal kurgans, hold a special significance among the monuments of steppe Scythia. Although there are relatively few of these kurgans, they serve as the primary source for studying the history of the legendary nomadic Scythians who inhabited the Black Sea steppes.
An important aspect of studying Scythian kurgans, alongside examining their funerary structures, is the analysis of kurgan embankments and funeral feasts. Elite Scythian kurgans often feature some sequential burials. This situation necessitates step-by-step reconstructions of the kurgan mounds to understand their connection to the main and secondary burials and the elements of the funerary ritual. However, it is not feasible to conduct such reconstructions for all investigated Scythian noble kurgans, primarily due to the varying research methods employed at different times.
The paper presents detailed reconstructions of the construction of several well-studied elite Scythian kurgans, along with their funerary structures and embankments. It emphasizes the creation of axonometric projections, which effectively illustrate the construction techniques employed in the step-by-step building of the burials, the kurgan embankments, and related elements of the funerary ritual.
These projections not only help visualize the spatial arrangement of the structures but also enable an assessment of the proportions, individual components, and dimensions. Additionally, they provide insights into the level of labor involved in the construction process.
Data on funerary feasts further enrich this information. As an essential aspect of the funeral ritual, these materials allow us to 'revive' the kurgan construction process, quantitatively assess what was consumed during the memorial ceremony, and estimate the number of participants involved.

Recent archaeological excavations in the church of Sant'Avendrace in Cagliari have brought to light a building from the Roman age, that it seems interpretable as a sanctuary due to the architectural features and many finds, easily identifiable as ex voto, like terracotta plaquettes, miniature vases and some moulds. In this issue are presented some preliminary about the original shape of that moulds.

The Roman Villa of Caddeddi, in the territory of Noto (Siracusa) is located on the south bank of the Tellaro river, about 3km from its mouth. The site, interpreted as a rural luxury residence dated to the mid-4th century CE, was first discovered in 1970 and intermittently investigated in the subsequent decades and mostly studied from the perspectives of the splendid mosaic floors there uncovered. The excavated structure accounts for just a portion of the complex, which is partially covered by a 19th century farmhouse. After a long period of neglect, the villa, mainly known in literature for its exquisite mosaic floors, has been recently restored and opened to the public and become subject of new studies in the context of interdisciplinary collaborative remote sensing project by the

The aim of this contribution is to provide an overview, the result of years of research, of the study and re-examination of some Roman age burials that have yielded terracotta figurines among their grave goods. The aim is to summarise the currently known examples of devotional funerary coroplastics in Sardinia, showing how, among the various toys found in children's tombs, some of them go beyond a simple playful meaning, to become true dedications to deities with protective value. The choice of some of them, by the relatives of the deceased who deposited them as grave goods, is motivated by ethnic as well as religious reasons.

Junto a esculturas fúnebres situadas en iglesias y conventos extremeños, encontramos animales que custodian al finado. En la Baja Edad Media comienzan a colocarse esculturas de animales -perros y leones-en las esquinas de los sarcófagos o a los pies de la escultura del difunto. Eran los protectores del fallecido en el Más Allá. Aunque algunos autores consideraban que se colocaban allí para evitar que el difunto volviera y así proteger a los vivos. Tanto el perro como el león son guías en el reino de los muertos. No obstante, el león tiene otro significado más, es un símbolo de fuerza y justicia. Un sencillo rastreo por el registro arqueológico realizado en varios lugares donde se han localizado felinos nos transporta a contextos funerarios y rituales de la antigüedad. No olvidemos la asociación egipcia de los chacales y perros salvajes con deidades funerarias y los propios mitos de los egipcios acerca de ellos. Los dioses chacales persistieron en Egipto hasta la época romana, como se ve en los sarcófagos. En lo referente a los leones y su asociación con la muerte, podemos citar los leones de Fu, unos animales míticos que tienen su origen en la tradición budista y que, consecuentemente, están bastante difundidos en el Sudeste Asiático (China, Japón, Corea, Tailandia...). Son conside-rados como un símbolo de protección contra malos espíritus (demonios), malas energías y malas personas. Por esta razón se solían adornar palacios y edificios con figuras de leones.

This paper inserted within a geoarchaeological study, provides a model for the investigation and the support of past dynamics of a mountainous landscape in the Aures region (Algeria) during the Holocene. It introduces the first analysis based on the detailed mapping of morphological features of the study area in relation with a typo-morphology theoretical model that was confronted with data from archaeological research. Our results suggest that the choice of the prehistorical movement processes has been driven by the outcrop of some deposits and the presence of specific landforms, such as high and low-relief areas. This approach was applied to a sector with controversial archaeological evidences (the valley of Wadi Abiod), where geological and morphological analyses support archaeological research in the reconstruction of the ancient pathways during the Holocene. This integrated approach can help archaeologists to understand and then discover ancient courses crossing complex in impe...

The collective monograph presents a comprehensive corpus of performative adjuration formulae collated from Greek and Latin epigraphical sources. The texts—usually found inscribed on objects of practical magic and funerary monuments—are all commented and translated into English.

merupakan suatu kawasan konservasi yang di dalamnya tersimpan kekayaan alam yang berlimpah. Keberadaanya mampu memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat yang hidup di sekitarnya. Masyarakat dapat memanfaatkan kekayaan alamnya demi untuk memenuhi kehidupan seharihari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis hasil hutan apa yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sekitar dan bentuk interaksi dalam pemanfaatannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan mengkombinasikan Metode Telaahan Dokumentasi dan Metode langsung dengan teknik wawancara dan observasi lapangan. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif untuk memperoleh gambaran dari setiap tujuan yang diinginkan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil hutan yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat adalah air, asam glugur (Garcinia antroviridis), daun rumbia (Metroxylon sagu), burung kacer (Copsycus saularis), ikan jurung (Tor soro), tanaman setekep (Elatostema umbellatum), tanaman tiga urat (Melastoma malabathricum), kayu, dan kayu bakar. Interkasi masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan hasil hutan terjadi sepanjang tahun namun dengan intensitas yang berbeda-beda.

This paper re-evaluates recent kinship studies in Neolithic Ireland through a close analysis of biomolecular and fine-grained archaeological data. It outlines the rich possibilities these datasets offer when interwoven to enhance our understanding of diverse webs of social relationships. We synthesize a range of archaeological and scientific data to form a new model of kinship and its relationship to shifting traditions of megalith building and funerary and cosmological practices. This model is put in dialogue with recently published genetic data and used to test a variety of explanations for the patterns of biological relatedness revealed using these methods. We argue that the detected genetic patterning is best interpreted as reflecting a reconfiguration of social relations after 3600 BC linked to the consolidation of emergent social and religious communities.

While it is clear that current human impact on the earth system is unprecedented in scope and scale, much less is known about the long-term histories of human land use and their effects on vegetation, carbon cycling, and other factors relevant to climate change. Current debates over the possible importance of human activities since the mid second millennium CE cannot be effectively resolved without evidence-based reconstructions of past land use and its consequences. The goal of the PAGES LandCover 6K working group is to reconstruct human land use and land cover over the past 12,000 years. In this paper, we present the first large-scale synthesis of archaeological evidence for human land use in South Asia

There are main forms of the funeral ceremony of indigenous population of Central and East European Forest-Steppe of the Bronze Age and the Scythian period which have been marked out in the article. The ways of treating the dead were different. The body could be buried in the ground and burial mounds within the territory of settlements (in household buildings and special graves). The bones of dead could be left in the settlement area on exposure. The forest-steppe population followed a tradition of forefathers which was expressed in worship of human remains.

In July 2024 the "Investigating the Archaeology of Death in Pompeii Research Project" excavated two sites, one in the funerary area of Porta Nola (next to the tomb of Obellio Firmo) and the other outside the Porta Sarno area (east of the tomb of Marcus Venerius Secundius). The funerary area investigated to the east of the Porta Sarno corresponds with the area excavated in 1998 for the construction of the double tracks of the Circumvesuviana railway line. The 1998 excavations recorded the presence of more than 50 cremation burials, marked by stelae (columelle) and a funerary monument with an arch, delineated by a boundary wall. The tombs were initially dated to the Late Republican period. In order to fully document the funerary area uncovered in 1998, both planimetrically and stratigraphically, a four metre by four metre trench was excavated. This allowed for the mapping of the area, bioarchaeological studies to be carried out, and investigation into when the necropolis was abandoned. Excavations uncovered a monumental tomb consisting of a wide wall with several niches built into the façade and crowned by a relief of a young married couple. The symbolism of the carved accessories of the wife may identify her as a priestess of Ceres. Additionally, the quality of the carving of the sculptures and their archaic characteristics suggest a Republican date, rare in southern Italy.

LOCO aims to document the driving forces behind the movement of materials, people, and ideas in and out of the Low Countries, in diachronic way from the Neolithic into the Late Middle Ages. Combining the strengths of archaeological, historical, anthropological, literary, and geochemical approaches, the LOCO project develops an holistic, complementary and adaptable methodological framework applied across a 7,000-year period, covering both prehistoric and historic times. Situated at the crossroads of human, material, and intellectual exchanges between Eastern, Western, Southern and Northern Europe, the Low Countries provide an ideal case study to test this framework. To reach these objectives, we are looking for 2 postdoctoral and 2 doctoral researchers.

I contributi pubblicati nella collana "Minima medievalia" sono sottoposti a open peer review. The papers published in the series "Minima medievalia" are subject to open peer review. Volume pubblicato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Culture e Civiltà dell'Università degli studi di Verona Book published with the contribution of the Department of Cultures and Civilizations,

A la fin du Ve millenaire et au debut du IVe millenaires av. J.-C., les communautes neolithiques du nord-est de la peninsule Iberique s’installent preferentiellement dans les vallees et les plaines proches de la cote mediterraneenne et du centre de la Catalogne. Dans ces zones les conditions ecologiques et le paysage permettent la pratique de l’agriculture et de l’elevage. Cependant, au-dela de l’agriculture, la forte personnalite des groupes neolithiques de cette periode est avant tout fondee sur les pratiques funeraires. Le terme consacre par P. Bosch Gimpera au debut du XXe s. de « culture des Sepulcros de fosa » n’a jamais ete remis en cause, et continue d’etre abondamment utilise. Le contraste est d’autant plus frappant avec les donnees funeraires concernant les periodes precedentes en Peninsule iberique, qu’il s’agisse du Mesolithique ou du Neolithique : elles restent tres pauvres, a l’exception notable des nombreuses sepultures mesolithiques associees aux amas coquilliers mis...

The burials at the Neolithic cemetery Kadruka 23 in Sudan have yielded adornments and bone and lithic artefacts that occur as distinct stages of the chaîne opératoire. This article reports on a hitherto unrecognised funerary practice that highlights the importance of craftsmanship for Neolithic communities in life and beyond.

This paper sets out how to approach the chronology of an archaeological funerary practice, through a specific case study: the Neolithic "Pit Burials" funerary horizon of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Towards the end of the fifth millennium cal BC, the communities settled in this region began to systematically bury a large part of their population in individual, occasionally double, pits or stone boxes burials. Clear similarities have been documented with other neolithic European funerary horizons, such as the "Chasséen" in France or the "Cortaillod" in Switzerland, that suggest that it could be a larger-scale phenomenon. However, up to now the chronology of "Pit Burials" has not been fully defined, so describing and explaining this phenomenon both regionally and globally has been difficult. This paper fills this gap by presenting, on the one hand, new unpublished radiocarbon dates, addressing the methodological possibilities of statistical analysis and Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates in order to specify the chronology of funerary contexts. The results presented here not only show the chronology of the "Pit Burials", and its relationship with the other similar European burials, from this methodological point of view for the first time, but also the methodological advantages of these statistical tools in order to specify the chronology of any other archaeological funerary practice.

La chasse tient durant le Cerny une place exceptionnelle. Cette place se matérialise archéologiquement par le mobilier mis au jour avec les morts : de l’industrie osseuse et de la parure élaborées sur des ossements d’animaux sauvages, et surtout des armatures de flèche qui sont les objets les plus fréquemment associés aux morts de cette culture. Ces armatures nous permettent d’envisager l’équipement de chasse initialement présent dans les tombes : les flèches, les éventuels carquois et l’arc. Les sépultures de type Balloy, qui associent un défunt en position étendue dans un contenant mobile et un «caveau » , nous ont permis de retrouver différentes modalités de dépôt, depuis les armatures déhampées insérées dans un sac ou une boîte posée dans la tombe jusqu’au carquois posé sur le mort. Cette variété des situations peut traduire des sens différents. Si les armatures renvoient explicitement à la chasse et impliquent des flèches et un arc, en revanche d’autres pièces peuvent également...

Human being as part of the cultural world is often referred to in historical-philosophical or religious studies writings as Homo religiosus. In the contemporary, modern world, however, this designation sometimes loses its meaning. In the secularised Euro-North American cultural space, people today are often disconnected from the rituals that used to accompany people from birth to death. It is as if the spiritual content of the human being has been emptied and replaced by nothing for the time being. In the aftermath of the covid pandemic, many people have become aware of this emptiness and are trying to return to the tradition of ritualised perception of time. They perceive their finiteness and try to cope with it through rediscovered funerary rituals. Funerary archaeology can facilitate this journey of return. Based on the results of funerary archaeological research, people can understand the meaning and finality of farewell rituals through ancient and not so ancient history.

This paper offers an account of contract archaeology in Ithaca based on the author’s experience over two decades. The first part recounts the history of archaeology in Ithaca, highlighting how the quest for Odysseus has shaped the formation of the published archaeological record. The second part provides an overview of rescue fieldwork undertaken under contract, and discusses the results in their local and regional context.

The insula 30 of Empúries is the last research project carried out in the Roman city. That insula is located between the Roman houses no. 1 and 2 and the city forum. Its excavation has provided the discovery of a public bath, which occupied the northern part of the insula, while the southern half was occupied by commercial premises.
Area 19 is a commercial premise excavated to the natural rock and shows a sequence dated from the building of a military camp structure on the hill to the abandonment of the city. When the Roman city was founded, this space was occupied by an atrium’s house and a dolium was placed in a service area for domestic purposes. However, the abandonment of the domus did not mean the end of the dolium’s usefulness, since it was reused in later phases, such as in the great reform dated to the Augustan period. At the time, it might have been used like a fullonica, until it was amortized in the Flavian period, based on a small pottery assemblage found inside.

This article reports the discovery of a Roman necropolis near the Villa de Nossa Senhora da Tourega, located in Herdade do Barrocal, in the parishes
of Nossa Senhora da Tourega and Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe, Évora municipality and district. The discovery occurred during archaeological
monitoring of a trench excavation for the installation of an irrigation system as part of an agricultural reconversion project. As a result, an emergency
archaeological intervention was conducted, leading to the identification of four inhumation graves. These graves are generally characterized by
trenches excavated into the bedrock, structured with tegulae and/or lateres. Associated grave goods include ceramic and glass containers, a coin,
and an adornment. The analysis of the artefactual assemblage suggests a chronology broadly contemporary with the occupation of the nearby Roman
villa, dating from the 1st to the 4th century CE.