Economic History

This research argues that the differential effect of international trade on the demand for human capital across countries has been a major determinant of the distribution of income and population across the globe. In developed countries the gains from trade have been directed towards investment in education and growth in income per capita, whereas a significant portion of these gains in less developed economies have been channeled towards population growth. Cross-country regressions establish that indeed trade has positive effects on fertility and negative effects on education in non-OECD economies, while inducing fertility decline and human capital formation in OECD economies.

HEROM is a journal presenting innovative contributions to the study of material culture produced, exchanged, and consumed within the spheres of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman world. The journal publishes papers in the full range of the scholarly field and in all relevant academic disciplines within the arts, humanities, social sciences and environmental sciences. HEROM creates a bridge between material culture specialists and the wider scientific community, with an interest in how humans interacted with and regarded artefacts from the late 4th century BC to the 7th century AD. For editorial guidelines, please contact the editors Daniele Malfitana (CNR/University of Catania -

El artículo muestra la integración documental que en materia contable desplegó el Erario regio del Nuevo Reino de Granada a finales del siglo XVIII. Para ello se realiza un estudio de caso a partir de la caja real de Cartago, con base en la documentación contable que tuvo que presentar el oficial real de dicha tesorería ante el Tribunal de Cuentas de Santafé de Bogotá en 1798. Un procedimiento que permite observar la estructuración jerárquica y el control que había logrado la autoridad fiscal a partir de la supervisión contable.

y los contribuyentes. Para este ejercicio, se pretende definir en términos jurídicos a los distintos contribuyentes. Por otra parte, se propone caracterizar a las entidades exactoras y a los sujetos encargados de recaudar los impuestos (ministros, oficiales, empleados, «criados», etc.). El objetivo último es mostrar la existencia de una abigarrada casuística, articulada en gran medida a partir de dos principios: la justicia y el privilegio. Para ello se revisan tres gravámenes: el tributo, las alcabalas y los reales novenos (como derivación de los diezmos eclesiásticos).

Olive production primarily occurs in countries bordering the Mediterranean. Our country is geographically well-suited for olive cultivation. The majority of production takes place in the Marmara, Aegean, and Mediterranean regions, with notable production also in Gaziantep and Kilis, which have a Mediterranean climate, and to a limited extent in the Black Sea region. Beyond its use as a table olive, olives are also utilized in the cosmetic industry. Olive farming serves as a source of livelihood for many families and is a product with global competitive potential. Additionally, olives are rich in vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, and manganese, all of which contribute to bone development and maintenance. The fact that olives rank among the top ten agricultural products in Turkey's economy necessitates further research in this area. The aim of our study on olives is to contribute to existing research and highlight the significance of olives in the national economy. The findings indicate that, similar to other countries, olives are widely used in Turkey, not only for their economic value but also for their prevalent use in cooking, with table olives being consumed more than olive oil. It was also revealed that all olive-related products are actively utilized in the country, and Turkey ranks fourth in the world for olive production.

A dabber from the last centuries BC bears an inscription of the owner and four graphic units. One of these prove that the so-called triratna symbol was originally not a symbol at all, but a monogram that can be read as namo, "veneration". The other three, fish, flag, and rotating star, have parallels in artistic expressions of many religious communities of ancient India. The fish can be used to understand part of the historical role of the cave ensemble at Barabar, while the rotating star throws light on the world of Indra in the art of Sanchi and Gandhara.

adlı eseri, 18. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Napoli Krallığı arasındaki diplomatik, siyasi ve askerî ilişkileri derinlemesine inceleyen önemli bir çalışmadır. Kitap, İspanya Veraset Savaşları sonrasında Avrupa'da değişen güç dengelerini ve bu değişimlerin Osmanlı-Napoli ilişkilerine etkisini analiz etmektedir. Karabulut'un eseri, Carlo di Borbone döneminde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Napoli Krallığı arasındaki ilişkilerin nasıl şekillendiğini detaylandırmaktadır. Bu dönemde, Akdeniz'deki ticaret yollarının güvenliği, korsanlık faaliyetleri ve denizcilik politikaları, iki devlet arasındaki diplomatik temasların ana konularını oluşturmuştur.

In the absence of comparable macroeconomic indicators for most of the Latin American economies before the 1930s, the apparent consumption of energy is used in this paper as a proxy of the degree of modernization of Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper presents an estimate of the apparent consumption per head of modern energies (coal, petroleum, and hydroelectricity) for 30 countries of the region, 1890 to 1925. As a result, it provides the basis for a quantitative comparative analysis of modernization performance beyond the few countries for which historical national accounts are available in Latin America.

Given Russia's invasion of Ukraine, why do emancipation messages that emanated from Russia count? Navigating multilingual sources, this book addresses the role of Russia's multiethnic society and borderlands in generating kaleidoscopic repercussions of its 1917 Revolution. It also sees the USSR's interactions with its neighboring countries as a crucible of the Soviet modality of communism. The book shows how the collapse of the Russian Empire further released a vast range of liberationist projects and dreams, far from confined to the goals of Bolshevism, in its borderlands and beyond, and how the Soviet Union became a highly ambiguous source of emancipatory inspiration in the long twentieth century overshadowing today's global politics.

The printing houses of Orthodox Confraternities and their schools were phenomena of the civil (bourgeois) society that have adopted European cultural influences – as even some Russian historians are of this opinion. In historiography, these processes of cultural development of the early modern era are named “confessionalization”, which took place on Polish, Ukrainian, and Lithuanian (in the broad sense) lands but never took place on Russian lands. Therefore, European civil culture has its roots in Ukrainian lands, while Russians need to study it as a foreign and non-local phenomenon. -- Confessionalization stays in the focus of the work because the earlier literature did not pay enough attention to it. The evolution of printing and the activity of the brotherhoods in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth are considered phenomena of Orthodox Confessionalization in the Rzeczpospolyta. Thus, the donating activity of Petro Mohyla was not merely providing his homeland with typographical equipment and staff, but also a phenomenon of Confessionalization. -- Consequences: we modify the concept of Piccio in this way: Slavia Muscovia and Slavia Europeana. For the European culture was a native culture of the peoples inhabited the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, even the East-Slavic Ruthenian peoples of the Rzeczpospolyta developed on the ways of the European cultural processes (see the case of Confessionalization), rooted in the European culture naturally, already in the heydays of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16-17 cc (Földvári, 2021.). The Muscovian culture was a different, foreign one; thus, even in the 18th century, Tsar Peter the Great forced his people to learn Europeanization, which was a strange phenomenon for them.

La guerra en México y el Caribe: lo inadvertido, lo oculto y lo olvidado es un trabajo conjunto de quince autores dedicados al estudio de la guerra desde diversas perspectivas y con el objetivo de ofrecer nuevas reflexiones e interpretaciones sobre el tema. El objetivo principal es tratar de deconstruir mitos nacionales e ir más allá de la tradicional historiografía militar nacionalista. En esta ocasión, la región de estudio se amplía del Caribe a México.

Este texto es el tercer volumen de una serie, producto del proyecto de investigación “Guerras irregulares en el Caribe”, un proyecto de largo aliento que se desarrolla en el marco del seminario El Caribe visiones históricas de la región. Los trabajos reunidos proponen acercarnos a la vida de hombres y mujeres en escenarios de guerra, pero observando su vida diaria, con una mirada desde la historia social y cultural. La atención está puesta también en manifestaciones como la poesía, la música, el baile, la pintura, la cultura en general. El lector encontrará también reflexiones sobre el dolor, la memoria, los silencios. Finalmente, hay trabajos enfocados en el estudio de las relaciones internacionales y la guerra.

Como constatará el lector, los ensayos reunidos enfatizan aspectos que habían pasado inadvertidos, quedado ocultos o habían sido olvidados.

When it comes to the perceptions of Romanians highlighted by the survey of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) und der Fondation Jean-Jaurès (FJJ), what first strikes the observer is the ambivalent and mixed – if not contradictory – set of ideas and positions on sovereignty. Romanians seem to maintain a positive view of European sovereignty, while at the same time tending to oppose it to national sovereignty. How could this be accounted for? A partial explanation may lie in Romania’s historical evolution and that of the region. In Central and Eastern Europe, independence and effective sovereignty have been the central issues in political history. Similar to other countries in the region, Romania’s quest for effective sovereignty throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is a story of deeply felt positive aspirations, as well as of fragility.

The Florentine florin rewrites the history of the gold florin, the most popular currency of medieval Europe, first minted in Florence in 1252. This book presents a multifaceted narrative where human agency, precious metals, and political institutions each play their role in the florin's history.

Locatelli traces the entry of the florin into networks of commerce and power in which Florentine merchants, the Angevin Crown, and the Papacy were enmeshed. The florin succeeded as an economic vehicle for 'big business', was used for tax collection by the Papacy and the Angevin Crown, and projected authority and expertise across Europe. Through applying methods from several disciplines to archaeological evidence and written sources, Locatelli unveils a world of finance, statecraft and enterprise.

This book revises our understanding of the florin, and so of late medieval and Renaissance Europe, providing a compelling new framework for the integrated study of material culture and economic practices.

M-1151. 1535 Field symbol: இபம்² ipam , n. ibha. Elephant; யானை. திசையிபச் செவி (கலிங்.புதுப்.331). karibha, ibha 'elephant'rebus: karba,ib 'iron' ibbho ’merchant’ Ear shape drawn like a ‘workshop enclosure’
Sign 344. kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक'steersman, helmsman’ karana ‘dispatch, messenger, trade’ PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’
Sign 68. Circumscript gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin’ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage’.
koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop’ Doubled. Dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’; thus, metalcasting workshop. kamari ‘declivity’ rebus: kamari ‘workings of blacksmith’. Vikalpa. dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) கத்து , s. A notch, joint, சந்து (Winslow) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements’ (Santali) கண்டம் kaṇṭam ’sword’ *ಖಣ್ಡೆಯ khaṇḍeya. = ಖಡ್ಗ. a sword. ಅಟ್ಟಿ ಬನ್ದು ಖಣ್ಡೆಯವ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಣ್ಡು ಮಣ್ಡೆಯನೊಡೆಯಲು Bv. 623.  Pk. khaṁḍa- m. 'sword' (→ Tam. kaṇṭam), Gy. SEeur. xai̦o, eur. xanro, xarno, xanlo, wel. xenlī f., S. khano m., P. khaṇḍā m., Ku. gng. khā̃ṛ, N. khā̃ṛo, khũṛo (X churi < kṣurá-); A. khāṇḍā 'heavy knife'; B. khā̃rā 'large sacrificial knife'; Or. khaṇḍā 'sword', H. khā̃ṛā, G. khā̃ḍũ n., M. khā̃ḍā m., Si. kaḍuva.(CDIAL 3793)

M-1151. 1535 Field symbol: இபம்² ipam , n. ibha. Elephant; யானை. திசையிபச் செவி (கலிங்.புதுப்.331). karibha, ibha 'elephant'rebus: karba,ib 'iron' ibbho ’merchant’
Sign 344. kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक'steersman, helmsman’ karana ‘dispatch, messenger, trade’ PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’
Sign 68. Circumscript gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin’ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage’.
koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop’ Doubled. Dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’; thus, metalcasting workshop. kamari ‘declivity’ rebus: kamari ‘workings of blacksmith’. Vikalpa. dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) கத்து , s. A notch, joint, சந்து (Winslow) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements’ (Santali) கண்டம் kaṇṭam ’sword’ *ಖಣ್ಡೆಯ khaṇḍeya. = ಖಡ್ಗ. a sword. ಅಟ್ಟಿ ಬನ್ದು ಖಣ್ಡೆಯವ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಣ್ಡು ಮಣ್ಡೆಯನೊಡೆಯಲು Bv. 623.  Pk. khaṁḍa- m. 'sword' (→ Tam. kaṇṭam), Gy. SEeur. xai̦o, eur. xanro, xarno, xanlo, wel. xenlī f., S. khano m., P. khaṇḍā m., Ku. gng. khā̃ṛ, N. khā̃ṛo, khũṛo (X churi < kṣurá-); A. khāṇḍā 'heavy knife'; B. khā̃rā 'large sacrificial knife'; Or. khaṇḍā 'sword', H. khā̃ṛā, G. khā̃ḍũ n., M. khā̃ḍā m., Si. kaḍuva.(CDIAL 3793)

He has also read extensively in the secondary literature on NATO. NATO before the Korean War is thoroughly researched and carefully crafted. This kind of detailed empirical study is both a blessing and a curse. Kaplan reveals all sorts of details about the evolution and growth of NATO-the-organizationdetails that other authors either missed or deemed not sufªciently important to merit including in their published products. Kaplan ªlls in numerous small gaps in our knowledge, but that is about all he does in this book. If you are looking for the proverbial "big picture" about how NATO changed over a period of years or even decades, this is not the book to consult. But if you already know a lot about NATO and want to pursue a deeper knowledge of the organization during its ªrst year, this is the book for you. Concerning how and why NATO changed during its ªrst year, Kaplan does not address, much less challenge, any of the explanations that other scholars have attached to NATO's ªrst year. His approach instead is very conventional. He illuminate the issues at stake among NATO members by looking ever more deeply into the wealth of archival materials that have been released in recent years. Kaplan does not attempt to align his new book with one or some of the theories that NATO scholars have created in recent years to explain various puzzles about the alliance, such as why it outlived the Cold War, bombed Yugoslavia in 1999, and sent armed forces to help the United States in Afghanistan.

This recognition is particularly meaningful because, at its heart, this is a work of labour history-yet today, it is being celebrated as the best book in business history. That speaks to the richness of interdisciplinary scholarship and the ever-evolving ways we think about work, industry, and power. I am deeply grateful to the selection committee for their openmindedness in recognizing a book that bridges disciplines and challenges traditional boundaries.

The purpose of this thesis is to document the change in attitudes and behaviors pertaining to public and personal hygiene habits at the tum of the nineteenth century. Public utilities, such as municipal water supplies, sanitary sewage systems, and refuse disposal reduced the incidence of communicable diseases. Access to potable water and sewage disposal encouraged a Health Revolution in the United States and the United Kingdom during the era 1890-1920. Advertisers began (in 1890 and continuing into the 1920s) to employ the fear of contagious diseases, as well as the virtue of beauty, to target consumers and to promote the sale of products. Soap advertisements, specifically, used these persuasive tactics. The newly emerging national magazines, in particular, were the preferred vehicles through which these advertisements changed the consumers&#39; perception of personal cleanliness. Bathing was no longer an activity reserved for the eclectic and very wealthy. Within a few decades, per...

The U.S. fertility transition in the nineteenth century is unusual. Not only did it start from a very high fertility level and very early in the nation's development, but it also took place long before the nation's mortality transition, industrialization, and urbanization. This paper assembles new county-level, household-level, and individual-level data, including new complete-count IPUMS microdata databases of the 1830-1880 censuses, to evaluate different theories for the nineteenthcentury American fertility transition. We construct cross-sectional models of net fertility for currently-married white couples in census years 1830-1880 and test the results with subset of couples linked between the 1850-1860 and 1860-1870 censuses. We find evidence of marital fertility control consistent with hypotheses as early as 1830. The results indicate support for several different but complementary theories of the early U.S. fertility decline, including the land availability, conventional structuralist, ideational, child demand/quality-quantity trade-off, and life-cycle savings theories.

The U.S. fertility transition in the nineteenth century is unusual. Not only did it start from a very high fertility level and very early in the nation's development, but it also took place long before the nation's mortality transition, industrialization, and urbanization. This paper assembles new county-level, household-level, and individual-level data, including new complete-count IPUMS microdata databases of the 1830-1880 censuses, to evaluate different theories for the nineteenthcentury American fertility transition. We construct cross-sectional models of net fertility for currently-married white couples in census years 1830-1880 and test the results with subset of couples linked between the 1850-1860 and 1860-1870 censuses. We find evidence of marital fertility control consistent with hypotheses as early as 1830. The results indicate support for several different but complementary theories of the early U.S. fertility decline, including the land availability, conventional structuralist, ideational, child demand/quality-quantity trade-off, and life-cycle savings theories.

don und Derek Urwin, Abcrdeen. Für die Erstellung des Personen-wld Sachregisters bedanken wir uns bei Roswitha Harisch, Graz. Die technische Fertigstellung und ein großer Teil der Schreibarbeiten lagen in den Händen von Gertrude Selbitschka, Graz, die diese Arbeit mit großer Umsicht und Verläßlichkeit bewerkstelligte. Ihnen allen sagen wir von Herzen Dank.

This paper presents the first estimate to date of the anual output of Portugal's agriculture between 1500 and 1850. It adopts the well-known indirect approach, which uses a consumption function for agricultural products. Prices and wages for this come from a recently created data base. It also verifies the assumption that agricultural consumption is equal or very close to national output. The method for calculating the income variable in the function is innovative since labour supplied per worker is not constant over time as in many estimates. Instead, it is made to vary, reflecting the 'industrious revolution' which occurred in Portugal during much of the period considered. The main finding is that the country's agriculture displays a long-run upward trend, contrary to traditional stagnationist views. It was unable, however, to keep up with the even stronger concomitant growth of population. Food consumption consequently declined, sharply in the 16c. but more slowly in the 17c. It recovered during part of the 18c. but after the 1750s it slipped again and down to 1850 it lost all these welfare gains.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the Great Depression (1929)(1930)(1931)(1932)(1933) and the Great Financial Crisis (2007)(2008)(2009) by contrasting the crises' main drivers and how they relate to each other with respect to the United States. To this end, causes, consequences and measures undertaken during the crises are evaluated and dissected. The analysis reveals striking parallels between the Great Depression and the Great Financial Crisis. Causal factors in both crisis were a flawed design of the banking system (unit banking, too-big-to-fail), a real estate boom and high debt burdens of both households and financial institutions as well as pronounced economic inequality. Measures taken during the crises differed markedly, however. Whereas politicians' approach to the Great Depression was long characterised by inaction, responses during the recent crisis proved to be swift and aggressive. The response to the recent crisis prevented a repeat of the Great Depression by attenuating the immediate adverse effects on the economy. However, there exists strong evidence that the response may only have deferred the adjustment process initiated by the crisis of 2007-2009. The paper presents empirical observations supporting the view that the structural problems which led to 2007-2009 are still existent today and continue to threaten financial stability.

The aim of this paper is to measure the influence of the railroad in the urbanization of Spain between 1860 and 1910. Our sources are from quantitative information –censuses of population– and qualitative one –coastal condition, existence of mining industry or industry, administrative capital and date of the railway connection–. We have estimated a first model of data panel in differences. Based on this model we have employed different estimation techniques in order to address omitted variables and/or endogeneity of the train variable. Results from all estimations give us clear evidence of the positive influence of the railroad on the urban growth. In addition a quasi-experiment design reinforces this conclusion. In short, although moderate, our paper shows strong evidence of the influence of the railroad on Spanish urbanization. This conclusion is coherent with other research.

Tangermann, S. and Banse, M. (eds): Central and Eastern European Agriculture in an Expanding European Union, New York: CAB International, Wellingford, 2000, 210 pp.; Leipold, H. and Pies, I. (eds): Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik (Konzeptionen und Entwicklungsperspektiven) Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2000, 456 pp.; At age 81 passed away György Hajdu translator and copy editor of this journal from the very beginning until the early nineties.;

Knowledge has adopted a preferential role in the explanation of development while the evidence about the effect of natural resources in countries’ performance is more controversial in the economic literature. This paper tries to demonstrate that natural resources may positively affect growth in countries with a strong natural resources specialization pattern although the magnitude of these effects depend on the type of resources and on other aspects related to the production and innovation systems. The positive trajectory described by a set of national economies mainly specialized in natural resources and low-tech industries invites us to analyze what is the combination of factors that serves as engine for a sustainable development process. With panel data for the period 1996-2008 we estimate an applied growth model where both traditional factors and other more related to innovation and absorptive capabilities are taken into account. Our empirical findings show that according to the...

Mercantile courts (known as mercanzie, merchants’ chambers, domus mercatorum, consulates, etc.) are receiving increasing attention from scholars. They can be investigated on the political-institutional and economic level as well as on the institutional and legal level. The continuous intertwining of these interpretative paths contributes to making the history of mercantile courts a topic of extreme interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the functioning of the Officium Mercancie of Genoa through the continuous dialogue between daily practice and legislation. It is divided into two sections: the first is dedicated to the reconstruction of administrative competences, the second to the daily practice of the court.

Este trabajo responde a nuestra preocupación por el tema de la reforma agraria que en la actualidad vuelve a ser relevante en el contexto de 10s problemas económicos, sociales y políticos de nuestro país y en especial de Andalucía. No ~retendemos aaui hacer un análisis exhaustiva del tema, sino centrarnos en algunos aspectos concretos del mismo que a nuestro juicio merecen una atención especial y que con frecuencia, ahora, tienden a ser relegados. Nos referimos a las dimensiones sociológicas y políticas de la reforma agraris que, como decimos, a veces se ven oscurecidas por el tratamiento exclusivamente económico y técnico de esta cuestión. En absolut0 negamos la importancia de estos dos aspectos, pero creemos que siempre deben considerarse en conexión con 10s que nosotros vamos a tratar en este trabajo. En definitiva, 10 que se pretende aquí es recuperar en cierta medida ektratamiento politico del tema, no s610 por las razones anteriores, sino también porque pensamos que esto es especialmente útil en el caso de Andalucia.

The relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia had already shown conflict since before the confrontation, or konfrontasi. However, after the proposal for the formation of Malaysia was first announced by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the then-Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya, the relationship between the two countries experienced a period of significant and prominent conflict. This study discusses the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and its impact on Penang Port from 1963 to 1966. This study was conducted using qualitative method, specifically the analysis of documents and manuscripts. The references used are primary sources comprising British records and Malaysian official records, while the secondary sources comprise journals, articles, scholarly books, newspapers, and magazines. The economic relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia was severely damaged

Tunisia is a country in the Middle East. Even though they are in the Middle East region which is included in the Arab region, they remain democratic. It all started with the enactment of the jasmine revolution from 2010-2011 which drew the world&#39;s attention. Starting from Tunisia, the spirit of revolution which became known as the Arab Spring swept across other Middle Eastern countries. The research study that the author wrote is related to Islam and democracy in Tunisia, to provide an overview of one of the countries in the Arab world which has revolutionized the governance order to become more flexible. In this research study, the historical method was used, which consisted of four stages, namely, finding sources, criticizing, interpreting, and writing. The results of this research study can be said that, Islam and democracy in Tunisia are well developed. This is marked by the existence of a national dialogue when there is a dispute or conflict between groups. When the jasmine...

The first four decades of development strategy in India was characterized by the heavy regulation of the economy by the government. It was believed that the private sector in the economy either did not have the resources or the capacity and will to take on the big development projects needed to initiate development in a stagnant economy in the 1950s. However, by the late 1980s it was realized that the policies were not working and like many other countries India too switched gears from a Planned economic model to a one based on the primacy of the Markets and the private sector. The government, since the 8th Five Year Plan to the 12th Five Year Plan moved from a heavy-handed economic planning to an Indicative Planning. The centrality of the growth process is now well established in the development literature and the policy circles. Economic growth is now considered to be the primary driver of the development process with the state playing a redefined in the economy since the 1990s. The current development strategy combines a fine balance between the state and the market.

The recent resurgence of exclusionary nationalism across the advanced capitalist world has caused historical scholarship on neoliberalism to reorient itself. Previous accounts of neoliberalism proved inadequate to theorize the hegemonic crisis that neoliberalism has been thrust into, prematurely rushing to declare neoliberalism dead. The task is to offer an interpretation of resurgent nationalism that can account for points of tension with hegemonic neoliberalism without underestimating the ways it lives on in the present. This essay critically reviews three books that offer distinct interpretations of neoliberalism’s enduring hegemonic crisis. If Melinda Cooper and Tehila Sasson’s respective works provide new critical perspectives on the history and present of neoliberal ideas, Jennifer Burns’s study offers an insider’s perspective on the pressures that neoliberalism is under from the nationalist right.

The staple right required merchants arriving from outside the town to offer their wares for sale there, giving the local merchants a head start in purchasing such goods over other merchants in the country. The first staple right for eastern routes appeared in the second half of the fourteenth century. Braşov gave a staple right in 1369 from Louis I-in respect of broadcloth. Sigismund extended the privilege in 1395: foreign merchants had to lay all kind of goods in Braşov and sell or exchange them. The kings never granted Sibiu a staple right in the classic sense, but the privileges (1378, 1384, 1413) they did grant could only be exercised if a staple right was set up and operated.

Anthropogenic Landscape Transformation in the Érmellék Region in the Second Half of the 19th Century

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of scientific interest, both internationally and domestically, in the effects of human landscape-altering activities, likely in connection with the climate change currently being experienced.
In the Érmellék region, the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape began before water regulation, with the deforestation and conversion of woodlands into arable land, although the process affected the settlements of the micro-region differently. In the Great Plain, particularly in the eastern Tisza region, arable lands generally expanded at the expense of meadows and pastures. However, in the landscape examined, changes initially dominated in the direction of forest-arable land conversion. The deforestation altered the hydrological conditions of the landscape, leading to the gathering of water in lowlands due to drainage from elevations.
Partly due to the rainier climate and partly because of the improper drainage attempts by the landowners in Nyírség, the construction of drainage channels became necessary in Nagyléta and the micro-region, which, in turn, spurred further expansion of arable land. The expansion of arable lands largely occurred on poor-quality sandy soil, which did not ensure significant income growth for the population of the micro-region.

The spread of infectious diseases from person to person is determined by the frequency and nature of contacts between infected and susceptible members of the population. Although there is a long history of using mathematical models to understand these transmission dynamics, there are still remarkably little empirical data on contact behaviors with which to parameterize these models. Even starker is the almost complete absence of data from developing countries. We sought to address this knowledge gap by conducting a household based social contact diary in rural Vietnam. A diary based survey of social contact patterns was conducted in a household-structured community cohort in North Vietnam in 2007. We used generalized estimating equations to model the number of contacts while taking into account the household sampling design, and used weighting to balance the household size and age distribution towards the Vietnamese population. We recorded 6675 contacts from 865 participants in 264 different households and found that mixing patterns were assortative by age but were more homogenous than observed in a recent European study. We also observed that physical contacts were more concentrated in the home setting in Vietnam than in Europe but the overall level of physical contact was lower. A model of individual versus household vaccination strategies revealed no difference between strategies in the impact on R 0 . This work is the first to estimate contact patterns relevant to the spread of infections transmitted from person to person by non-sexual routes in a developing country setting. The results show interesting similarities and differences from European data and demonstrate the importance of context specific data.