FRomhanyiB Parishes and Hides EHR-

The Vlachs in mid-16 th century Upper Hungary had different obligations than all other subjects of the feudal estate. The sum of all fiscal obligations of the Vlachs is summarized in the census of the Muráň castle estate, which always designates it under the name " census Valachorum " , a phrase that includes the delivery of sheep, lambs, quarks, or pieces of harness for horses. Their main obligation consisted in a number of sheep, lambs, and goats according to the size of their flock, which they delivered around the Pentecost. Another obligation typical of the Vlachs was the bellows cheese. For every flock was due a harness (cinctorium), named at times after its Hungarian equivalent, heveder. If this harness is common to a number of the feudal estates, on the Muráň castle estate it was supplemented by a wool fabric , called in Hungarian nemez, and in Latin subsellium, probably because it was used as felt padding for the horseback, under the saddle. Following the battle of Mohács in 1526, the northern parts of the medieval kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, by virtue of their title as kings of Hungary. Because of this administration's preoccupation with the fiscal incomes due to the royal treasury, the archives have preserved certain fiscal records from the middle of the 16 th century concerning the counties of Upper Hungary. The censuses, land records, and all other fiscal registers give the present-day scholar the occasion to investigate the rural and urban medieval society, as the various social, economic, political, and cultural realities are recorded in greater detail by these sources than they are in other types of documents. These fiscal registers convey a lot of information about the Vlachs in northern Hungary, in a territory that forms modern-day Slovakia, with details that encompass those of the charters in the earlier centuries. Our attention was drawn above all by those information regarding the fiscal obligations of the Vlachs, in particular the so-called Vlachs' tax (Census Valachorum). Sometimes this is also called census Ruthenorum for the same settlements where other documents register the census Valachorum, and at times the Ruthenorum is revised in Valachorum by writing it over. We don't envisage a debate on the ethnicity of those people who paid this tax, as this would involve a separate research effort, able to sum all opinions and arguments given in the histo

Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis, 2023

Throughout history, tax revenue has been a significant source of income for the state. Direct taxes composed a crucial part of the state budget, along with revenues generated from trade and other economic activities. Since the Early Modern Times, taxpayers have been registered before tax collection to estimate income and determine applicable taxes for households. In the Middle Ages, censuses taken in the Kingdom of Hungary aimed to register the taxpaying population, mainly serfs, while excluding the tax-exempt nobility and ecclesiastical order. The Ottoman conquests led to changes in the tax system, with the occupiers building a well-organized system adapted to local social conditions in the territory under their rule. Despite the Viennese court's financial administration reforms, medieval taxation methods persisted for decades in the remaining part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Tax collection procedures in the Principality of Transylvania also followed medieval customs, although the Transylvanian government introduced changes in defining taxpayers and tax units, similar to the reform in the Kingdom of Hungary. In my study, I examine the censuses (conscriptiones, connumerationes) carried out in Cluj and Turda Counties from 1713 to 1733. My research focuses on the structure and content of these sources, as well as their methodological implications and potential for data interpretation and application.

Monastic Life, Art, and Technology in the 11th-16th centuries. Ed. by Ileana Burnichioiu. Alba Iulia - Cluj Napoca: Universitatea 1 decembrie 1918 - Mega, 2015

Hungary, belonging more and more to the prestigious group of developed countries, can be characterised increasingly by the demographic characteristics of that type. Ageing population, decreasing number of live births, decreasing population size are commonly used terms when analysing the demographic profile of our country. This simplified picture can be modulated and coloured with the help of spatial data. In spite of the comparatively small-sized and relatively homogenous structure of Hungary, several differences can be found. The network of small towns could be an obvious and representative sample for the spatial investigations since it almost totally covers the area of Hungary, it is numerous enough but still easy to handle. Within a Hungarian geographical context, settlements having a maximum of 30,000 inhabitants and possessing city rank can be defined as small towns. Because of their size and functions, small towns are sensitive enough to illustrate the national demographic tendencies, but they are numerous enough to be split into different groups according to their remarkably diverse character. Traditional historic small towns widely differ from the ones located in the rapidly urbanising agglomerations, even though the socialist new towns, having similar origin, reflect significant demographic variants.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych, 2013

PhD dissertation

Acta sociologica, 2020

In the spiritual and intellectual life of medieval communities the priest played an important role. Our new archaeological data provides information on the living conditions of the parish priests, standing on the lowest level of ecclesiastical society. The parsonage partially satisfied the needs of the priest, but also served the interests of the community. It was architecturally superior to the ordinary rural houses and served as a model for the development of rural residential buildings. Some of the functions of the medieval church were transferred to the priest’s house as well. After a summary of the development and structure of the medieval parochial system in Hungary, this paper summarizes the archaeological information on layout and function of these buildings. Most of the examples come from the late Middle Ages, so an examination of the 11th – century building complex at the power centre of Visegrád is particularly important for understanding early church organization and its contemporary architecture.

Hungarian Historical Review, 2020

Historia Actual Online, 2014

epa.niif.hu

Social History, 2009