Educational Psychology

The present study investigated the Academic Achievement, Emotional Maturity and Intelligence of Secondary School Students in Assam. The study was conducted on one thousand class-X students by giving due representation to boys (500) and girls (500) as well as rural and urban localities of Lakhimpur and Sonitpur districts of Assam. The schools were selected using stratified random sampling technique, and students were selected using simple random sampling technique.The descriptive survey method is used for data collection. As far as academic achievement of the students was concerned for the purpose of the present study, the investigator visited the selected schools and collected the school records of the selected students i.e. mark’s obtained by the students in the last annual examination, 2014 (i.e. Class IX annual examination). The emotional maturity of the students was measured by using Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) developed by Singh and Bhargava (1984) and intelligence was measu...

The present study investigated the emotional maturity and intelligence of secondary school students Assam. The study was conducted on one thousand class-X students by giving due representation to boys (500) and girls (500) as well as rural and urban localities of both the districts. The schools were selected using stratified random sampling technique, and students were selected using simple random sampling technique. The descriptive survey method is used for data collection using emotional maturity scale constructed and standardized by M. Bhargava and Y. Singh (1990) and group test of mental ability constructed and standardized by Dr. S.Jalota. The findings of the study reported that there is a negative relationship between emotional maturity and intelligence among the secondary school students of whole sample of both the districts.

The present study investigated the Intelligence of Secondary School Students of Arunachal Pradesh.The study was conducted on eight hundred (800) class-X students by giving due representation to boys and girls as well as rural and urban localities of two districts in Arunachal Pradesh, namely: East Siang and Lohit. The schools were selected using stratified random sampling technique. The selected schools belong to the category of government as well as private schools which are affiliated to CBSE i.e., Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi and controlled and supervised by the Department of Education, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh. The descriptive survey method is used for data collection. As far as intelligence was measured by using the group test of mental ability constructed and standardized by Dr. S. Jalota.The findings of the study reported thaton intelligence the mean scores of students of Lohit district is better than that of East Siang district; and comparison between go...

The education system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is on the verge of digital advancement. Primarily, this research paper aims to examine how a digitally competent teacher can help the institution and its learners to achieve high-level competency in digital and academic learning, as well as to develop critical thinking. It also intends to focus on the characteristics of e-teaching and the consequences of learning competency with its implication in female undergraduate colleges of King Khalid University. For the data collection, both the qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. Several teachers were interviewed on their experiences with the utilization of digital sources, whereas, a large group of students from distinct study areas responded to a questionnaire to provide their feedback on their e-learning experience. The analysis indicates the necessity of appropriate trainings for e-teachers to handle the unexpected situations that occur during the teaching or evaluating process. Despite being a challenging task, they found it very useful to make students engaged with varied activities. The results also demonstrate that the eteaching experience with digital media enables the teachers to assess their digital competence and teaching efficiency.

Regardless of the state-religion relationship, religious education occupies a unique place in the curriculum of the general education system of the majority of democratic states in the first quarter of the 21st century. The reason is not only the organic connection of religion with a nation's culture and value system or the increase in the number of citizens separated from their cultural heritage due to the influence of secularization. The inclusion of religious education in national education systems is also related to the interaction of religion and politics in various international conflicts, the global threat caused by numerous radical religious groups in several countries, the transition from mono-confessional societies to multi-confessional societies as a result of globalization, and other social and political factors. While facing common international problems related to religion, each state independently decides on its religious education model in the national curriculum as a part of state policy. Although independent religious subjects are not taught in the public schools of Azerbaijan, religious education is carried out in an integrative form within the framework of social and human sciences by applying the learning about religion model. In addition to subjects like History, Literature, and the Azerbaijani language, where integrated brief information about religion is provided, basic information about religion is taught in the Life Science textbooks, which have been taught in public schools since 2004. The content and framework of this information are prepared based on the educational program (curriculum) for the Life Science subject for secondary schools of the Republic of Azerbaijan. This article examines the historical development process of religious education at the international and local levels as an understudied subject in Azerbaijan. For this purpose, the article investigates the position of religious education in the global educational environment, studies the impact of state-religion relations on the model of religious education, and analyzes the current situation of religious education in Azerbaijan’s secondary schools.

Wrocław Psychology: People and Ideas

Fragments of the Publisher's Review
The monograph “Wrocław Psychology: People and Ideas” is a comprehensive study that thoroughly presents the development of psychology at the University of Wrocław. Thanks to the interdisciplinary approach of editors Jolanta Kowal and Kiriakos Chatzipentidis, along with the team of authors, the history, profiles of prominent psychologists, and their contributions to various scientific subdisciplines have been showcased.

Structure and Scope
The publication is divided into seven chapters, covering a wide thematic spectrum – from historical roots, through clinical, social, and work psychology, to interdisciplinarity.

The book is distinguished by:

Interdisciplinarity: Highlights the connections between psychology and other fields, such as philosophy or neuropsychology.

Historical Context: Shows the evolution of science, from philosophical foundations to contemporary achievements.

Breadth of Analysis: Addresses both methodological issues and practical applications.

Summary
The monograph “Wrocław Psychology: People and Ideas” is a valuable source of knowledge for researchers and psychology students, showcasing the rich heritage of the discipline. The publication constitutes an important contribution to the historiography of Polish psychology and serves as an excellent starting point for further research.

Abstract
This article explores the dynamic relationship between child psychology and linguistics, focusing on how language development both reflects and influences cognitive, emotional, and social growth in children. Drawing on foundational theories from Piaget, Vygotsky, and Chomsky, it examines how language acquisition aligns with cognitive milestones and social interaction. The discussion extends to the impact of environmental factors on linguistic input, the cognitive benefits of bilingualism, and the implications of language delays and disorders. By integrating perspectives from both disciplines, the article underscores the importance of a holistic, multidisciplinary approach to supporting children’s language development and overall well-being.

This review explores challenges and barriers to parent-child interaction which leads to language development in the first 3 years of the child's life. Seven databases yielded 1,750 hits, reduced to 49 evidence-based studies, many of which still had methodological imperfections. Evidence was quite strong in relation to socio-economic status, ethnicity and mental health, but weaker in relation to parental age and bilingualism. These factors pertain to the general demographic characteristics of parents, rather than their behavior. If parental behavior can be enhanced, better child language should follow, irrespective of these characteristics. This is an important lesson for professionals dealing with parents. Evidence was also weak in relation to television and the direction of baby buggies. These are areas where changes in parental behavior would make an immediate impact. Cost-effectiveness of interventions is extremely important and was reviewed. Recommendations for future research are followed by suggestions for parental action.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures among college students. The primary objective is to examine the direct relationship between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures among college students. Additionally, the study seeks to explore the predictive power of cognitive distortion sub-components in relation to cognitive failure and its components. Furthermore, the study aims to examine whether there are differences in cognitive distortions and failures based on sex and major. Data were collected from a sample of 486 college students, including 240 males.

The findings reveal a direct effect between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures, as illustrated by SEM. Some of the factors related to cognitive distortions significantly contribute to predicting cognitive failure components and the total score. Moreover, differences in cognitive failures were observed based on students' majors.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates a strong correlation between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures, with cognitive distortions directly affecting cognitive failures. These findings highlight the significance of addressing cognitive distortions in academic settings, with customized treatments potentially offering ways to reduce cognitive errors and enhance students' overall cognitive performance.

Course books play a significant role in the realm of language teaching and learning, through providing valuable ready-made material to teachers and language learners; yet inappropriate selection of course books results in negative effects on teaching and learning process. This study aims to investigate the extent to which the Touchstone series course books reflect the Multiple Intelligence Theory introduced by Howard Gardner (1983). To obtain the objectives of the study, the researchers used a checklist developed by Botelho (2003) on the basis of this theory. A randomly selected sample of units, activities and tasks were extracted from the eight course books and analyzed then the frequencies and percentages of the occurrence of each type of intelligence were calculated. The results of the study indicated that Verbal/Linguistic and Spatial /Visual types of intelligence were the most addressed intelligence types in the analyzed course books. Musical, Bodily/Kinesthetic, and Natural ty...

This research paper investigates the motivation and confidence of Indonesian teachers of non-English to learn English and to use it as a medium of instruction resulting from their participation in a blended learning course. The purpose of the English learning for this particular group of teachers was to enable them to create English-speaking teaching and learning environment. Such environment is perceived as necessary to enhance English language learning and acquisition in some Indonesian vocational schools. The levels of motivation and confidence have been an issue because they potentially either contribute to or hinder English language learners to learn and use English for interactions. This qualitative research was undertaken using an interpretive research paradigm and a case study approach. Qualitative research data were collected from multiple sources such as indepth interviews, observation notes, online interaction script, and reflective journals of the participants. Quantitat...

It is generally agreed that if authentic teacher change is to occur then the tacit knowledge about how and why they act in certain ways in the classroom be accessed and reflected upon. While critical reflection can and often is an individual experience there is evidence to suggest that teachers are more likely to engage in the process when it is approached in a collegial manner; that is, when other teachers are involved in and engaged with the same process. Teachers do not enact their profession in isolation but rather exist within a wider community of teachers. An outside facilitator can also play an active and important role in achieving lasting teacher change. According to "an important ingredient in socially based learning is that graduations of expertise and experience exist when teachers collaborate with each other or outside experts" (p. 155). To assist in the effective professional development of teachers, outside facilitators, when used, need to provide "a dynamic energy producing interactive experience in which participants examine and explore the complex components of teaching" (Bolster, 1995, p. 193). They also need to establish rapport with the participating teachers that is built on trust and competence . For this to occur, professional development involving teachers and outside facilitators or researchers should not be a one-off event but an ongoing process of engagement that enables both the energy and trust required to develop. Successful professional development activities are therefore collaborative, relevant and provide individual, specialised attention to the teachers concerned. The project reported here aimed to provide professional development to two Year 3 teachers to enhance their teaching of a new mathematics content area, mental computation. This was achieved through the teachers collaborating with a researcher to design an instructional program for mental computation that drew on theory and research in the field.

Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988Study of -1994 are analyzed are analyzed with logistic regression to test three sociological explanations of high school completion. The first explanation, derived from meritocracy theory, holds that educational credentials are won by academically deserving students. Thus, students who demonstrate better cognitive skills and make better grades are more likely to receive a high school diploma. The second explanation, derived from social reproduction theory, hypothesizes that high school graduation depends on the resources within the student's family, such as family income and parent's education level. Students from more advantaged families are more likely to graduate. The third explanation, taken from social bond theory, proposes that social attachments, commitments, and time involvement related to school activities bind the student to normative expectations of the school and increase the probability of graduation. Social attachments that alienate the students from school have the opposite effect. The results of the analyses find unequivocal support for the social reproduction and social bond explanations. Meritocracy theory garners no support. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi informasi di Indonesia khususnya di bidang internet membawa perubahan di berbagai bidang termasuk di bidang pendidikan. Informasi yang mudah diakses dari internet dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana dan sumber pembelajaran demokrasi di SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan, proses kegiatan belajar mengajar, kendala-kendala, upaya-upaya dan implikasi dalam mengimplementasikan internet sebagai sumber pembelajaran demokrasi.Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: Pertama, Perencanaan pembelajaran PKn untuk SMK yang disusun oleh MGMP PKn SMK Kota Cimahi masih bersifat umum. Pengembangan rencana pembelajaran yang lebih operasional dengan menyertakan internet sebagai sumber pembelajaran dapat dilakukan guru dengan cara mengklasifikasikan situs-situs yang akan dijadikan sumber pembelajaran demokrasi. Kedua, Pembelajaran demokrasi dengan menggunakan internet sebagai sumber pembelajaran dapa...

Chile has established hybrid policies for the administrative distribution of its educational establishments, leading to significant gaps in educational results and school conditions between public, mixed, and private schools. As a result, there are high levels of segregation, and social and economic vulnerability that put public schools at a disadvantage, affecting their image and causing a constant decrease in enrollment. An abbreviated version of Luhtanen and Crocker’s (1992) collective self-esteem scale was adapted and validated for the Chilean educational context because of its usefulness in studying processes of social segregation and cultural coherence, seeking to identify student perception about the appreciation of school actions in the context of belonging and identification with schools, in order to compare between groups according to types of establishment and assess the effects of school conditions on the perception of students. A representative sample of Chilean seconda...

Guidance is as old as the human race is. There was always guidance in each society in one form or another. It is said that" Guidance is for all ages, for all societies, for all age groups, irrespective of caste, color and beliefs. It is also believed that the human ...

The purpose of this document is to address issues related to the release of test scores to a variety of audiences: parents, school board members, school staff, the news media, and the general public. Guidelines or recommendations for reporting test data are provided. The recommendations are based both on experiences in reporting test results and an informal review of a sample of test reports from school districts across the nation (see Appendix A). Annual reports on testing programs should include (1) descriptive information of the testing program, test content, and test scores; (2) test results for districts, as well as for individual schools; and (3) cautions concerning how the data should and should not be interpreted. Reports to parents will include the same information, but focused on an individual student. Reports to staff will focus on a class or a school. Suggestions for using test data for comparing schools, determining. weak and strong areas, and determining if a school did as well as it should have are presented. Commonly used test terms, testing textbooks that include discussions of testing terms, and reports of test results cited in "Research and Evaluation Studies from Large School Districts 1982" are included in the appendices. (PN)

The purpose of this document is to address issues related to the release of test scores to a variety of audiences: parents, school board members, school staff, the news media, and the general public. Guidelines or recommendations for reporting test data are provided. The recommendations are based both on experiences in reporting test results and an informal review of a sample of test reports from school districts across the nation (see Appendix A). Annual reports on testing programs should include (1) descriptive information of the testing program, test content, and test scores; (2) test results for districts, as well as for individual schools; and (3) cautions concerning how the data should and should not be interpreted. Reports to parents will include the same information, but focused on an individual student. Reports to staff will focus on a class or a school. Suggestions for using test data for comparing schools, determining. weak and strong areas, and determining if a school did as well as it should have are presented. Commonly used test terms, testing textbooks that include discussions of testing terms, and reports of test results cited in "Research and Evaluation Studies from Large School Districts 1982" are included in the appendices. (PN)

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik dalam menyelesaikan masalah pada materi Subnetting dengan menggunakan modul pembelajaran Project Based Learning. Subjek pada penelitian ini dilakukan pada siswa Kelas XI TKJ SMK Negeri 2 Surabaya yang telah menempuh mata pelajaran Rancang Bangun Jaringan. Metode penelitian menggunakan eksperimen dengan desain True Experimental Design dalam bentuk Posttest Only Control Design. Metode ini menggunakan dua kelompok yang dipilih secara acak menjadi kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen. Kelompok kontrol tidak diberikan treatment, sedangkan kelompok eksperimen diberikan treatment. Setelah pemberian treatment kedua kelompok akan diberikan posttest berupa pengujian untuk mengetahui hasil belajar dari masing-masing kelompok. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang didapatkan dari uji hipotesis, rata-rata nilai hasil belajar kelas kontrol sebesar 69,88 dan kelas eksperimen sebesar 84,90. Sehingga disimpulkan b...

The purpose of this study was to assess the socialization skills, self-esteem, and academic readiness of African American males in a school environment. Discussions with students and the School Perceptions Questionnaire provided data for this investigation. The intended targets for this investigation were African American students; however, there were 21 students:18 African American males in grades 6 to 8 from a middle school in eastern North Carolina; in addition, one Hispanic American male and two White males were also observed. The African American males tended to enjoy school, yet they lacked the social skills for effective classroom learning. KEYWORDS: African American males: black males: academics. 3 "Educate the black man, mentally and industrially, and there will be no doubt of his prosperity." Booker T. Washington African American males need earlier positive experiences within a learning environment that prepare them for ongoing engagement in the academic process. Many African American males do not attend quality preschool programs or participate in early learning opportunities (McCall, 1993). These types of experiences may better prepare African American males for learning. "School is the first public place that many children get the opportunity to demonstrate mastery and competence outside of their early family environment" (Rounds-Bryant, 2008, p. 27). Rounds-Bryant ( ) concluded that early failure in school typically leads to classroom frustration, academic withdrawal, and negative behavior. Head Start or other similar programs may also provide an early educational experience for African American males to cultivate their social skills (McCall, 1993). Schools across America spend money, invest in programs, sponsor workshops, offer teacher incentives, raise accountability, and even evoke the name of Obama in efforts to raise the achievement of African American males. Incarceration and college retention rates point to a dismal plight for many African American males. Money, policies, reform practices, busing, redistricting, and standards are in place to stop the trajectory of African American males from academic peril. Yet in most instances, the spiral of African American males' education continues to plummet exponentially. This leads to the conclusion that an important construct for effectively teaching African American males is being neglected: "socialization for learning" for African American males.

Abstract. Concept mapping is a tool for meaningful learning. In concept mapping, one identifies the important concepts from a subject and describes the relationship between those concepts with linking words. In this work we discuss strategies to help medical students to organize, integrate concepts presented in a traditional third-year Medical Microbiology course and to acquire concept-mapping skill. This activity had three goals: 1) to give firsthand experience with mapping; 2) to illustrate the idiosyncratic nature of concept mapping, as each map is different because it reflects the thinking and experiences of the author. 3) to be able to evaluate the maps as students are acquiring skill in concept mapping. Practical lectures were organized by the teacher by making a concept map to use as a teaching guide. The map was given as a guide to help students see the organization and integration of the important concepts. This give a conceptual flow to the lecture and helped the teacher p...

This study sought to examine the contribution of fluid intelligence, general knowledge and Big Five personality traits in predicting four indices of creativity: Divergent Thinking (DT) fluency, Rated DT, Creative Achievement and Self-Rated creativity and a combined Total Creativity variable. When creativity was assessed by DT test, the consistent predictor was fluid intelligence. When creativity was assessed in terms of achievement or self-rating, personality variables were consistently predictive. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Creativity is an important individual difference construct, yet has received little academic attention in comparison to allied areas like intelligence. In part, the scarcity of studies may be linked to the difficulties in defining and measuring the creativity dependent variable (Batey, & Furnham, 2006). Creativity may be defined in relation to the concepts of novelty and utility (Mumford, 2003; Plucker, Beghetto, & Dow, 2004). One of the most popu...

Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration.The present study has tried to explore depression among female adolescents and also tried to explore the effectiveness of Self Management Therapy (SMT) in reducing depressive thoughts among female adolescents. It made use of purposive sampling in selecting 100 female adolescents. The sample responded to the valid and reliable instrument. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Construct by Beck, et al (1961) was used to measure Depression of the adolescents. The design which was used to conceptualize the study and analyze the data was pretest-posttest design. Results of the present study have revealed that SMT has significantly decreased the level of depression among female adolescents. Keywords:-SMT, Depression and Female Adolescents. "Depression" is more than just sadness. People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. (APA, 2015). Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration. Depression can be longlasting or recurrent, substantially impairing an individual's ability to function at work or school or cope with daily life. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide. When mild, people can be treated without medicines but

This paper explores how modelling and associated tasks and pedagogies can bring about a refocusing of the nature of assessment which it is argued, when viewed through the lens of Cultural Historical Activity Theory, appears to currently adversely mediate the object of activity in many school mathematics classrooms. An international professional development programme in mathematical modelling has been designed with formative assessment as a key theme. Drawing on data resulting from classroom activity developed from this programme I argue that modelling undertaken with a formative assessment approach can bring about a significant change in classroom activity for learners and teachers that might better prepare students to apply mathematics.

Effects of a Trained Therapy Dog in Child-Centered Play Therapy on Children's Biobehavioral Measures of Anxiety. Doctor of Philosophy (Counseling), May 2005, 151 pages, 56 tables, 4 figures, 120 references. This study was concerned with reducing children's anticipatory anxiety when entering mental health services for the first time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether combining two effective modalities, play therapy and animal-assisted therapy, would be effective in decreasing children's biobehavioral measurements of anxiety. Specifically, this study examined the effects of the presence of a trained therapy dog during one individual 30-minute play therapy session. The experimental group consisted of 26 children who received one individual 30minute play therapy session with the presence of a trained therapy dog. The comparison group consisted of 25 children who received one individual 30-minute play therapy session without the presence of a trained therapy dog. The SenseWear® PRO 2 armband monitor measured children's biobehavioral measurements such as galvanic skin response, temperature, and activity level (BodyMedia, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, www.bodymedia.com). The Tanita 6102 Cardio® digital heart rate monitor measured children's pre-treatment and post-treatment heart rates (Tanita Corporation of America, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL, www.tanita.com). Five hypotheses were tested using repeated measures ANOVA with mixed factors and eta squared. All five hypotheses in this study were retained based on statistical significance at the .05 level. The combination of child-centered play therapy (CCPT) and animal-assisted therapy was shown to have little practical significance in decreasing children's first 5-minute biobehavioral measurements, middle 5-minute biobehavioral measurements, last 5-minute biobehavioral measurements as measured by the SenseWear Pro 2 armband monitor. The combination of CCPT and animalassisted therapy was shown to have little practical significance in decreasing children's pre-treatment and post-treatment heart rate. The results of the two factor repeated measures analysis of variance with mixed factors were not statistically significant. Although, research has shown that play therapy is an effective modality in reducing children's anxiety over time, children's anticipatory anxiety was increased in the first 30minutes of play therapy with or without the presence of a trained therapy dog. Anticipatory anxiety may have been due to the children experiencing a novel and unfamiliar situation, entering the play therapy room with a stranger, the non-structured environment of the play therapy room, or a first interaction with the armband monitor.

Effects of a Trained Therapy Dog in Child-Centered Play Therapy on Children's Biobehavioral Measures of Anxiety. Doctor of Philosophy (Counseling), May 2005, 151 pages, 56 tables, 4 figures, 120 references. This study was concerned with reducing children's anticipatory anxiety when entering mental health services for the first time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether combining two effective modalities, play therapy and animal-assisted therapy, would be effective in decreasing children's biobehavioral measurements of anxiety. Specifically, this study examined the effects of the presence of a trained therapy dog during one individual 30-minute play therapy session. The experimental group consisted of 26 children who received one individual 30minute play therapy session with the presence of a trained therapy dog. The comparison group consisted of 25 children who received one individual 30-minute play therapy session without the presence of a trained therapy dog. The SenseWear® PRO 2 armband monitor measured children's biobehavioral measurements such as galvanic skin response, temperature, and activity level (BodyMedia, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, www.bodymedia.com). The Tanita 6102 Cardio® digital heart rate monitor measured children's pre-treatment and post-treatment heart rates (Tanita Corporation of America, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL, www.tanita.com). Five hypotheses were tested using repeated measures ANOVA with mixed factors and eta squared. All five hypotheses in this study were retained based on statistical significance at the .05 level. The combination of child-centered play therapy (CCPT) and animal-assisted therapy was shown to have little practical significance in decreasing children's first 5-minute biobehavioral measurements, middle 5-minute biobehavioral measurements, last 5-minute biobehavioral measurements as measured by the SenseWear Pro 2 armband monitor. The combination of CCPT and animalassisted therapy was shown to have little practical significance in decreasing children's pre-treatment and post-treatment heart rate. The results of the two factor repeated measures analysis of variance with mixed factors were not statistically significant. Although, research has shown that play therapy is an effective modality in reducing children's anxiety over time, children's anticipatory anxiety was increased in the first 30minutes of play therapy with or without the presence of a trained therapy dog. Anticipatory anxiety may have been due to the children experiencing a novel and unfamiliar situation, entering the play therapy room with a stranger, the non-structured environment of the play therapy room, or a first interaction with the armband monitor.

В статті представлені результати дослідження трансформації поглядів на навчання математичних методів фізики у педагогічних університетах з позицій поліпарадигмальної методологічної системи координат, починаючи з середини 50-х років минулого століття. Результати дослідження представлені у вигляді відповідної періодизації еволюції дидактичних підходів від формально-логічного до компетентнісног

This experiment was conducted to test the predictions of two behavioral-economic approaches to quantifying relative reinforcer efficacy. The normalized demand analysis suggests that characteristics of averaged normalized demand curves may be used to predict progressive-ratio breakpoints and peak responding. By contrast, the demand analysis holds that traditional measures of relative reinforcer efficacy (breakpoint, peak response rate, and choice) correspond to specific characteristics of nonnormalized demand curves. The accuracy of these predictions was evaluated in rats' responding for food or water: two reinforcers known to function as complements. Consistent with the first approach, predicted peak normalized response output values obtained under single-schedule conditions ordinally predicted progressive-ratio breakpoints and peak response rates obtained in a separate condition. Combining the minimum-needs hypothesis with the normalized demand analysis helped to interpret prior findings, but was less useful in predicting choice between food and water-two strongly complementary reinforcers. Predictions of the demand analysis had mixed success. Peak response outputs predicted from the non-normalized water demand curves were significantly correlated with obtained peak responding for water in a separate condition, but none of the remaining three predicted correlations was statistically significant. The demand analysis fared better in predicting choice-relative consumption of food and water under single schedules of reinforcement predicted preference under concurrent schedules significantly better than chance.

Heinrich Roth (1906 – 1983) war in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren einer der bekanntesten Pädagogen und Bildungspolitiker der Bundesrepublik. Sein bildungspolitisches Engagement, das sich nicht zuletzt in seiner Mitgliedschaft in der Bildungskommission des Deutschen Bildungsrates niederschlug, ging vor allem in den von ihm herausgegebenen Band "Begabung und Lernen" – Pflichtlektüre einer ganzen Lehrergeneration – ein. Begabung betrachtet Roth als Begaben, als Erweckung von außen, als Verleihen einer Gabe. Begabungsforschung ist insofern mehr als Intelligenzforschung, sie stellt sich der Frage, wie aus denkerischen Anfangsleistungen bestimmte Endleistungen bzw. Hochleistungen zustande kommen. Eng damit verbunden ist der Begriff des Lernens: Lernfähigkeit, Lernprozesse, Lernzuwachs, Lernleistungen, dazu die entsprechenden Lehrverfahren gilt es zu erforschen, Variablen für Lernleistungen zu erkennen. Begabung ist nicht nur Voraussetzung, sondern auch Ergebnis des Lernens. ...

Anxiety of speaking any foreign language has a far reaching effect on learners in the world. However, English speaking anxiety is a big problem with language learners in Pakistan. This research paper is designed to address the concerned issue found in students of Lasbela University, Baluchistan. The study describes anxiety in speaking English as a Second language. The Participants of the study were 35 undergraduate (15 female and 20 male) students studying English as a major subject. A set of questionnaire (adopted from Studies of Woodrow ( ), based on five point likert scale was distributed to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS. It also focuses on performance of students affected by language anxiety and including the situations in which they feel anxious. The findings of the present study indicate that students experience anxiety moderately inside and outside the class. More importantly, the results show students feel moderately anxious in oral presentations, participation in conversation with native speakers. The study concludes that the level of students" anxiety is moderate when they speak English inside and outside the class.

Cheating behavior must be minimized by knowing and anticipating the cause of cheating. The causes of cheating include self-regulated learning, goal orientation, and demographic variables. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of self-regulated learning (the usage of cognitive strategies and self-regulation), goal orientation (mastery goal orientation, performance goal orientation approach, avoid goal orientation performance), and demographic variables (gender and class level) on cheating behavior. The respondents of this study amounted to 220 students of SMK Negeri 41 Jakarta, sampling techniques with accidental sampling. The results of the study used multiple regression analysis by showing the results that there was a significant effect of all variables on cheating behavior, the proportion of variance obtained was 10.2%.

This study sought to determine the predictive influence of parental involvement on academic self confidence and academic engagement among junior secondary school students in Awka. Two research questions and two null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population comprised of 560 JS2 students in 5 co educational public schools in Awka from which a sample of 200 JS2 students were drawn to participate in the study. The instruments used for data collection were three, namely Parental Involvement Questionnaire PIQ , Academic Self Confidence Questionnaire ASCQ , both structured by the researchers and also Academic Engagement Questionnaire AEQ adopted from Hughes et. al's Academic Engagement Questionnaire. Both validity and reliability of the instruments were determined. After a test retest of the instruments, reliability coefficient of 0.70 was obtained for PIQ, 0.81 for AEQ and 0.72 for ASCQ using Cr...

This study sought to determine the predictive influence of parental involvement on academic self confidence and academic engagement among junior secondary school students in Awka. Two research questions and two null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population comprised of 560 JS2 students in 5 co educational public schools in Awka from which a sample of 200 JS2 students were drawn to participate in the study. The instruments used for data collection were three, namely Parental Involvement Questionnaire PIQ , Academic Self Confidence Questionnaire ASCQ , both structured by the researchers and also Academic Engagement Questionnaire AEQ adopted from Hughes et. al's Academic Engagement Questionnaire. Both validity and reliability of the instruments were determined. After a test retest of the instruments, reliability coefficient of 0.70 was obtained for PIQ, 0.81 for AEQ and 0.72 for ASCQ using Cr...

Academic achievement of students predicts the quality of graduates anticipated to be produced by various schools. These graduates eventually become the leaders and form the human resource of the society, irrespective of their gender. This study sought to determine the relationship among gender, academic self-concept and academic achievement of secondary school students. A correlational design was utilized in this study which was carried out in Awka Urban. A purposive sample of 80 SS2 students formed the participants for the study. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire (ASCQ) adapted from Yan and Yates (2007) which was validated by two experts in the Faculty of Education and Students’ previous term result overall average obtained from the selected schools. The reliability of ASCQ was determined using test retest and analyzed Pearson moment correlation coefficient and a coefficient of ...

Reading online text presents unique challenges for elementary students as they develop and extend fundamental literacy skills to various media. Traditional assessments of concepts about print inspired the authors’ research, which applies a similar approach to address “screen handling” instead of book handling. The purpose of their ongoing research has been to develop an instrument to assess concepts related to online reading. The Concepts of Online Text (COT) assessment measures knowledge of online navigation and text features. Quantitative analysis of student performance data using the COT has the potential to provide developmental insight into elementary students’ proficiencies in conducting internet research and to provide input to teachers for targeted instruction. In this article, the authors share results from administering the instrument to 80 elementary students in first through fifth grades.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the entrepreneurial aspirations of university students. Additionally, it investigates the moderating influence of entrepreneurial support systems on the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions. and factors that may affect students' inclination towards entrepreneurship. This research employed a literature-based methodology, gathering secondary data exclusively from the Emerald journal pertaining to university students. The results indicated that students' entrepreneurial intentions play a crucial role in fostering an entrepreneurial mindset among university students, leading them towards entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the inclination towards entrepreneurship is reinforced by the intention to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors, with a significant impact observed from educational support ,relational support, self-efficacy and desirability and feasibility. The study focused on exploring how university students transitioned into entrepreneurs and how fostering entrepreneurial intentions could benefit them on a global scale.

The aim of this article is twofold: (1) to validate the psychometric properties of the Academic Resilience Scale (AR-S) in a Spanish university context; and (2) to test a model where different coping strategies are antecedents of academic resilience, and academic satisfaction and performance are its consequences. The studies were conducted among 185 (study 1) and 780 (study 2) students. In study 1, it was analyzed construct validity, reliability, convergent and divergent validity of AR-S. The hypothesized model (study 2) was tested using structural equation modeling. The results confirmed the good psychometric properties of the AR-S in the Spanish context, giving evidence for its validity. Furthermore, the distinctive role of different coping strategies in resilience was confirmed, as well as the relationship between resilience and academic satisfaction. No direct relationship between resilience and performance was found, highlighting the full mediation role of satisfaction.

Cultural Dissonance -  Based on my past 50 years of research from my personal global and cross-cultural journey and by the efficient way of handling five (5) languages where I have noticed a vast multi-cultural discrepancy with this primary colossal ignorance with the West by not knowing the value of the Chinese with conscience, a language coming out of hearts and not via the external influences of the "god" based Abrahamic culture --The West had their barbaric global conquest but had ignored this wisdom/heart-based culture and civilization of ours 🙂 Since 1492,  the Europeans had not the full awareness of the word -Conscience, while they have literally “religionized” all of the Chinese value systems and had turned them to become a religion, they had “religionized” the entire value system of the Chinese which none of them was a god or “diety” based.  It is all about the self and other cultivation based on the innermost value and moral values of the works of Confucius, Laozi, and Buddha as the three principal value systems. By the Europeans adding the “ism” to them, they became Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.  This is one of the significant “cultural ignorance” created by the West.  This is the good demarcation separating “cultures” from the unique “civilization” of the Chinese. In my use of the CS-Cultura Sphere/s in the system inside the culture and practice of counseling — where the round shape means there is the give and take “relationship,” which is reaching in and out — The square is slight of doubt and hesitations, and when the square shape turning sideways to become that “hostile” and invasive motion like a spear and a triangle - That can be trouble — The West and these Abrahamists continue not having such awareness of the heart/conscience based culture and the “civilization” of the Chinese ever since Zhou dynasty (790 years) that had granted the educational and value formation of Confucius.

This article discusses inclusive education based on the imaginaries that pre-service teachers have from the BA in Spanish and Foreign Languages from La Salle University. The participants were 26 students from seventh to tenth semester that had already had experience with teaching at schools. The methodology used in this research was qualitative, considering the real points of view of people who are experiencing their professional lives as teachers in practice. A mixed structure survey where students answered closed questions to obtain general information about the subject and open questions to identify personal imaginaries related to inclusive education was applied. We found that pre-service teachers from La Salle University see inclusive education as a field which is part of their future profession and which in some point of their career they must face. Pre-service teachers also see inclusive educations as a difficult part of their labour, but something necessary for their teaching...

People read for many different reasons. These goals affect the cognitive processes and strategies they use during reading. Understanding how reading goals exert their effects requires investigation of whether and how they affect specific component processes, such as validation. We investigated the effects of reading goal on text-based and knowledge-based validation processes during reading and on the resulting offline mental representation. We employed a self-paced sentence-by-sentence contradiction paradigm with versions of texts containing target sentences that varied systematically in congruency with prior text and accuracy with background knowledge. Participants were instructed to read for general comprehension or for study. Memory for text information was assessed the next day. We also measured the degree to which each text topic was novel to a reader, as well as his or her working memory capacity. Results show that reading goals affect readers' general processing as indicated by overall reading times, but provide no evidence that they influence validation processes. Reading goals did affect readers' memory for target information but this effect depended on congruency between that information and the preceding text: Reading for study generally resulted in better memory for target information than reading for comprehension did, but not for target information that was incongruent with prior text. These results suggest that reading goals may not influence validation processes directly but affect subsequent representation-building processes after the detection of an (in)consistency-particularly in the case of incongruencies with prior text. This study advances our understanding of how readers' purpose for reading impacts how they process texts containing information that contradicts what they know (i.e., their background knowledge) and/or what they just read (i.e., the preceding text) and what they remember from those texts.