Developmental Psychology

Introduction Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition in which patient adherence is a key issue in its management. Objectives To estimate the prevalence and determine the factors associated with medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the psychiatry department of the CHU IBN Rochd of Casablanca among schizophrenic patients followed from May 2019 to January 2020. The sample size was calculated apriori and the measurement of therapeutic compliance and Insight (patients' perception of the disorders related to their pathology) was made thanks to the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) and the Birchwood insight scale (BIS) respectively. Socio-demographic data and data on the management of schizophrenia were also collected. Statistical analyses were performed with RStudio software and the multivariate analysis method of logistic regression was used. The threshold of significance was set at 5%. Results A total of 3...

The article deals with the personal main features and mechanisms for psychological health development. Personal psychological health is regarded as a cumulative phenomenon and a part of two categoric concepts, such as Personality Psychology and Health Psychology. They are two fundamental notions viewed for the development prospects of Psychology as a scientific and practical subject. A student age is a shift in focus on addressing towards psychological health issues. It is taken into consideration that various factors influence student health. They are a way/standard of living, hereditary background, the environment (natural and social), health care quality provided, etc. The reality that a psychologist has to face at university is an adaptive health level of student psychological health. The characteristics of this level are individual features of social maladjustment. The authors define the main indicators of young people‟s psychological health via an anthropological approach. The...

Early-life exposures are critical for later child cognitive development. McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) were used to assess cognitive development of 700 preschoolers (Mage  = 4.2 years), derived from the "Rhea" birth cohort, in Greece. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on prospectively collected exposure data. Six components were extracted; five of them were associated with child cognition. Higher parental social status, preschool attendance and less TV watching, nonsmoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and parental involvement in child life were protective factors of child cognition at 4 years. Increased child birth order was negatively associated with child cognition. Offspring's size at birth was not associated with any cognitive outcome. These findings reveal the importance of early-life exposures to child cognitive development.

a b s t r a c t Studies on determinants affecting child development are still limited in Greece. The aim of the present study was to describe the socio-demographic characteristics associated with neurodevelopment in infants aged 18 months in the Mother-Child Cohort (Rhea Study) in Crete, Greece. A total of 599 (72.9%) mothers agreed to participate in the neurodevelopment protocol and 612 infants (586 singletons and 26 twins) were assessed by means of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd edition). The present analysis includes 605 infants. Multivariable linear regression models were implemented to examine the associations between the Bayley-III standardised scores and different parental and infant characteristics, also adjusting for quality of assessment. Girls were found to have better neurodevelopmental outcomes in cognitive, receptive and expressive communication, fine motor and social-emotional development. Maternal higher education was positively associated to almost all aspects of infant neurodevelopment assessed. Increasing number of older siblings was negatively associated with cognitive development, communication skills and gross motor development. Our results, also, suggest a positive effect of maternal employment on infants' receptive and expressive communication, and gross motor scores. The results of the present study suggest that in the population on Crete social and environmental factors contributed more to infants' neurodevelopment at 18 months than biological factors.

Having and raising children can be a source of joy for parents. However, the transition to parenthood is associated with a certain degree of strain and stress, and couple relationship quality often declines during the transition. Coparenting, the shared responsibility of childrearing, benefits both parents and children and is an important aspect of the transition to parenthood. In this quasi-experimental study, we aimed to develop a couple education program in Japan that focuses on coparenting among couples expecting their first child. Twenty-one healthy couples voluntarily participated in the intervention group (n = 16) or the control group (n = 5). Couples in each group could voluntarily participate in standard childbirth education classes. The intervention was a couple education program designed to enhance coparenting and consisted of two interactive classes, including discussions within each couple and watching a short video showing an example of childrearing. We collected outcome measures on childrearing, couple relationship, parental mental health, and child adjustment at 1 month and 3 months after childbirth. Multiple regression analysis was performed and showed positive effects of the intervention on childrearing and child adjustment. Being in the intervention group had a significant positive effect on Coparenting Support scores at 1 month after childbirth (β = 0.457, p < 0.003, R 2 = 0.187) and Soothability scores for child adjustment at 3 months after childbirth (β =0.429, p < 0.006, R 2 = 0.157). In conclusion, we have developed the prenatal education program focusing on coparenting for Japanese couples.

Objective: Learning disorder is a problem that is often encountered in children in school, which can hinder their learning ability. Early detection of learning disorders involves observing the signs and symptoms of learning disorders in children, such as difficulty in reading, writing, counting, or memorizing information. In the early detection stage, the use of valid and reliable assessment tools can help identify children at risk of learning disorders. After early detection, the next step is appropriate management to help children overcome learning disorders. The management of children's learning disorders in schools involves a multidisciplinary approach that involves cooperation between teachers, psychologists, parents, and medical personnel. Method: Screening of 126 elementary school students in Surabaya using the Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) to assess the presence of learning disorders. The Indonesian Hyperactivity Child Behaviour Assessment Scale (SPPAHI) is used to assess the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Indonesian population. Results: Screening with CLDQ resulted 22 (17.5%) of 126 children required attention and referrals related to learning disorders in various aspects and 104 children (82.5%) within normal limits. Screening with SPPAHI showed 19 children (15.1%) had a high risk of ADHD and 107 children (84.9%) within normal limits. The study found 86.4% of children with learning disorders has a high risk of ADHD. Education of parents of children with learning disorders has been carried out as a follow-up to early detection. Conclusion: Early detection of learning disorders and parental education are useful in the management of learning disorders.

In two studies, we set out to examine whether the verbal working memory of high and low test-anxious students differed under performance-evaluative threat. In Study 1, 84 schoolchildren completed a backward digit span task under threat or no-threat conditions. In Study 2, 71 schoolchildren completed a backward digit span task in both threat and no-threat conditions. Results showed that the verbal working memory capacity of highly test-anxious students in Study 1 did not change under low or high threat conditions. In Study 2, the verbal working memory capacity of highly test-anxious students decreased under performance-evaluative threat when this condition was taken first but increased when this condition was taken second. To account for the effects of performance-evaluative threat, it is necessary to consider how increased effortful control may compensate for anxiety-induced reduced efficiency when tasks are not timed.

The prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents is globally on the rise. This study examined how general and cyber-specific parenting styles impact the prevalence of young adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying as victims and/or perpetrators. Methods: One hundred and eighty 7th and 8th-grade Israeli students participated (Mean age = 13.25, SD = 0.81; 86 males, 89 females, 5 did not indicate gender). Adolescents reported the frequency of their involvement in cyberbullying, and whether their parents were using "autonomy-supportive" or "psychologically controlling" strategies generally and specifically when mediating internet use. Results: A controlling parenting-style as well as an inconsistent internet-mediation style were associated with a higher prevalence of adolescent involvement in cyberbullying as victims and as perpetrators. Prevalence was higher when parents who generally use a controlling style were less controlling or consistent when mediating internet use. Conclusion: Despite the caveats related to parental control, parents who generally use a controlling style should consistently use this style while mediating cyber. Inconsistent parenting style conveys messages concerning internet activities that contradict what teens are accustomed to receiving in other contexts. This inconsistency may encourage them to exploit their relative freedom in the cyber context and act irresponsibly. The prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents is globally on the rise (Navarro, Yubero & Larrañaga, 2016). Whether the term used is "cyberbullying", "cyberstalking", "online aggression", or "cyber-harassment", increased research attention has been directed towards this form of repeated, intentional, harmful behavior inflicted via media such as instant messaging, text messaging and website postings . A meta-analysis of studies conducted on middle and high school students in the USA (Selkie, Fales, & Moreno, 2016) indicated that reported cyber-bully perpetration in a year was up 41%, and 40.6% reported being cyber victims. Similarly, in Israel over 27% of all students reported being cyber victims, 17% reported bullying others, and 46% reported that they had witnessed cyberbullying . Studies show that involvement in cyberbullying as either a victim (

Straipsnyje analizuojama socialinės rizikos šeimų samprata bei jų sociodemografinės charakteristikos. Taip pat analizuojama socialinės rizikos šeimose gyvenančių vaikų (7-11 metų) socializacija ir nagrinėjami kai kurie jų elgesio ypatumai. Pažymėtina, kad šiuo metu Lietuvoje išryškėjo tam tikros šeimų socialinės atskirties tendencijos, o sykiu ir socialinės rizikos šeimos kaip socialinės stratifikacijos fenomenas. Šios šeimos dažniausiai susiduria su tokiomis sociodemografinėmis rizikomis: skurdu, nedarbu, alkoholizmu, nusikalstamumu, daugiavaikių šeimų reiškiniu, vaikų nepriežiūra, skyrybomis, emigracija dėl darbo užsienyje ir kt. Visa tai traktuotina kaip patiriamų skirtingų netekčių formos, skirtingai veikiančios tokiose šeimose augančių vaikų socializaciją, kuri dažniausiai išryškėja per jų išgyvenamas emocijas, kognityvinius gebėjimus bei elgesį. Pagrindinės sąvokos: socialinės rizikos šeima, socialinė atskirtis, sociodemografiniai procesai, netektis, netektį patyrusių vaikų elgesys, socializacija, vertybių internalizacija. Socializacija -tai sudėtingas bei daugiamatis procesas, kurio metu asmuo ne tik perima socialinę patirtį, bet ją pertvarko pagal asmeniškai reikšmingas vertybes ir atitinkamai elgiasi. Kaip teigia daugelis autorių , vertybių internalizacija yra vaiko socializacijos pagrindas, nes pirmiausia individas siekia susitapatinti su jam artimais žmonėmis ar grupėmis ir perimti jų praktikuojamas vertybes. Taip per santykius su aplinkiniais bei pačiu savimi siekiama suvokti savąjį Aš ir kartu internalizuoti atitinkamas sociokultūrines vertybes tos grupės, kuriai norima priskirti save. Nors asmens socializacijos ir vertybių internalizacijos ryšio problema yra sudėtinga ir keliama daugelio autorių darbuose, E. Martišauskienės (2004), V. Aramavičiūtės (2005) ir B. Bitino (2004) teigimu, internalizuotos dvasinės vertybės, funkcionuojančios žmoguje įvairiu pavidalu, parodo jo santykių su pasauliu lygmenį ir lemia jų tolesnę raidą.

This research is purposed to compare cognitive functions between normal, ADHD and RD children. We selected three groups of 30 primary school students (normal, ADHD and RD) by available sampling. These groups were matched in age (8-9), IQ (96-116) and gender (Female and Male). We evaluated their brain cognitive functions by CAS (cognitive assessment system). The results showed that normal group's performances (Full Scale) were meaningfully better than ADHD and RD groups but, there were no meaningful differences between ADHD and RD subject groups. Also Normal children's performance in all four scales of PASSF 2 F was meaningfully better than ADHD and RD children, but there was no meaningful difference between the average scores of four scales between ADHD and RD children.

The closure of schools due to the pandemic led to the forced implementation of distance education. For students with autism, this also meant an interruption of the support they were receiving. Parents were asked to provide this support without having the proper training. The interruption of the operation of schools and the transfer of education to the home, also meant a change in the routine of autistic children, an element that caused them an even greater burden.

IntroductionHearing loss is a common chronic health condition and adversely affects communication and social function resulting in loneliness, social isolation and depression. We know little about the patient experience of living with hearing loss and their views on the quality of the audiology service. In this study, we will develop and validate the first patient-reported experience measure (PREM) to understand patients’ experiences of living with hearing loss and their healthcare interactions with audiology services.Methods and analysisWe will develop the PREM in three phases: (1) development of PREM prototype (items/statements) derived from previous qualitative work and narrative review, (2) cognitive interview testing of the PREM prototype using a ‘think aloud’ technique to examine the acceptability and comprehensibility of the tool and refine accordingly and (3) psychometric testing of the modified PREM with 300 participants to assess the reliability and validity of the tool us...

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: António, R. & Moleiro, C. (2015). Social and parental support as moderators of the effects of homophobic bullying on psychological distress in youth. Psychology in the Schools. 52 (8), 729-742, which has been published in final form at

Transformation in the manufacturing industry followed by the development of globalization, requiring performance improvements along the supply chain. Supply chain management is one of competitive strategy to enhance the company's productivity and profitability. Supply chain management maturity models is present to propose the best practices in supply chain management. A basic idea from these models is that increased maturity will improve supply chain performance. This study investigates the relationship between supply chain management maturity and supply chain performance based on the five key supply chain management maturity dimensions consisting of strategy; asset and facility; human resource; information and technology system; and process areas provided in SCOR model derived from previous literature. They were collected by web-survey from relatively manufacturing industry in various company size. The study results may be limited by the size of collected sample. The research framework and hypothesis in this study were tested using Partial Least Square approach. The results specifically highlight the contribution implementation of supply chain management maturity which can improve supply chain operational and supply chain organizational performance. This study provides useful planning information in the manufacturing industry.

Adolescents experience emotional and physical changes along their growth and development. Furthermore adolescents need information in order to adapt to these changes. As a result of the lack of information about everything that happens allows teens to fall into things that harm themselves, other people, and their families. The results of a preliminary survey on sexual behavior in Cepogo Village, Jepara indicates that 26.6% of adolescents knowledgeable good, 26.6% of adolescents were knowledgeable, and 46.6% are less knowledgeable. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adolescent reproductive health education toward adolescent knowledge of sexual behavior in Cepogo village, Jepara. The method used in this study was the quasy experimental which seeks to discover causal relationships in a way involving a control group and experimental group. As for the sampling technique is the multistage sampling. This study using t-test analysis in finding the influence of adolescent reproductive health education toward adolescents' knowledge about sexual behavior. Results of this study indicate that there is an effect of adolescent reproductive health education on knowledge about sexual behavior demonstrated by t count (8.037) is greater than the t table 1.668. The conclusion of this study is there is an effect of adolescent reproductive health education for adolescent knowledge of sexual behavior in Cepogo.

Background: Corporal punishment is a commonly used form of disciplinary technique. Sanctified parental attitudes of corporal punishment have been found to be a significant predictor of parental use of corporal punishment in previous research, while little is currently known about the reciprocal relations between parental use and their attitudes of corporal punishment. Objective: This research aimed to examine the reciprocal relations between mothers' and fathers' use and attitudes of corporal punishment in China. Methods: Data were collected on a total of 320 Chinese father-mother dyads with their children (10-11 years of age at baseline) through convenience sampling techniques at two time points, one year apart. Parents completed self-report measures of mothers' and fathers' use and attitudes of corporal punishment. Children completed self-report measures of parental corporal punishment. Results: The cross-lagged analysis indicated that parental attitudes of corporal punishment in a given year predicted their use of corporal punishment in the subsequent year both for mothers (β = 0.15, p < .01) and fathers (β = 0.10, p < .05), while their corporal punishment in a given year did not predict their attitudes of it in the subsequent year (βs < 0.11, ps > .05). Conclusions: Findings indicate that the reciprocal relations do not emerge, with only attitudebehavior effects being evident for both mothers and fathers, while behavior-attitude effects were not present. Findings in the present study highlight the importance of changing both mothers' and fathers' favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment when conducting appropriate prevention intervention to decrease its use. Previous research has indicated that many children worldwide experience corporal punishment administered by their parents . According to , corporal punishment (CP) may be defined as the "use of physical force with the intention of causing a child pain, but not injury, for purposes of correction or control of the child's behavior". To date, numerous studies conducted in both Western and Eastern societies have demonstrated that there are detailed associations between parental CP and a wide array of negative outcomes in children (Castle,

Background: Corporal punishment is a commonly used form of disciplinary technique. Sanctified parental attitudes of corporal punishment have been found to be a significant predictor of parental use of corporal punishment in previous research, while little is currently known about the reciprocal relations between parental use and their attitudes of corporal punishment. Objective: This research aimed to examine the reciprocal relations between mothers' and fathers' use and attitudes of corporal punishment in China. Methods: Data were collected on a total of 320 Chinese father-mother dyads with their children (10-11 years of age at baseline) through convenience sampling techniques at two time points, one year apart. Parents completed self-report measures of mothers' and fathers' use and attitudes of corporal punishment. Children completed self-report measures of parental corporal punishment. Results: The cross-lagged analysis indicated that parental attitudes of corporal punishment in a given year predicted their use of corporal punishment in the subsequent year both for mothers (β = 0.15, p < .01) and fathers (β = 0.10, p < .05), while their corporal punishment in a given year did not predict their attitudes of it in the subsequent year (βs < 0.11, ps > .05). Conclusions: Findings indicate that the reciprocal relations do not emerge, with only attitudebehavior effects being evident for both mothers and fathers, while behavior-attitude effects were not present. Findings in the present study highlight the importance of changing both mothers' and fathers' favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment when conducting appropriate prevention intervention to decrease its use. Previous research has indicated that many children worldwide experience corporal punishment administered by their parents . According to , corporal punishment (CP) may be defined as the "use of physical force with the intention of causing a child pain, but not injury, for purposes of correction or control of the child's behavior". To date, numerous studies conducted in both Western and Eastern societies have demonstrated that there are detailed associations between parental CP and a wide array of negative outcomes in children (Castle,

The genetic relationship between lower (information processing speed), intermediate (working memory), and higher levels (complex cognitive processes as indexed by IQ) of mental ability was studied in a classical twin design comprising 166 monozygotic and 190 dizygotic twin pairs. Processing speed was measured by a choice reaction time (RT) task (2-, 4-, and 8-choice), working memory by a visual-spatial delayed

This Special Issue of Attachment and Human Development provides a family systems perspective on fathers and attachment, and represents a response to a sad fact. Research on mother-child attachment has grown astronomically since the publication of Bowlby's seminal theory (Bowlby, 1969), Ainsworth's development of the Strange Situation Procedure , and Main and her colleagues' creation of the Adult Attachment interview . But over the same period of time, as the authors in this Special Issue all note, attention to the role of fathers in their children's development has been relatively neglected. Of the small number of researchers who include both parents and their children in their studies, most observe that mothers' parenting behavior, especially sensitivity, accounts for the child's security of attachment more strongly than fathers.' A vicious cycle has been created in which fathers are seen as absent in the role of primary caretaker of young children, and that cycle has reinforced the culturally stereotypic message that fathers are therefore less important, or even unimportant in children's development of attachment security. Based on the literature, many conclude that it is not worth the effort that it takes to recruit fathers to participate in new attachment studies. After listening for years to our protests about the persistent mother-centric nature of the field, Howard Steele, Editor of this Attachment and Human Development journal, challenged us to address father absence in the attachment literature by soliciting and editing papers for a Special Issue to highlight studies of fathers, attachment security, and child outcomes. And so, we have joined with 5 other research teams from different parts of the U.S. and Europe to present 6 papers, each of which demonstrates that fathers have an important role to play in the child's or adolescent's development of security or insecurity in their relationships with their parents, and in one case (Lux & Walper, 2019, pp. xx-xx) with their peers. The relative absence of fathers in attachment theory and research is not attributable simply to choices made by attachment theorists and researchers. Attachment research began in a time when ignoring fathers was standard practice in academic psychology and in the design of services to address the needs of children and their families. In the 1950s, research on fathers was focused on the impact of father absence due to war service and deatha concern continuing into the 1990s and beyond with father absence due to increasing rates of divorce and single parenthood. As both a cause CONTACT Philip A. Cowan

Aim: The aim of the study is to learn how children left behind in El Salvador and Nicaragua, due to parental migration, experience care across borders. Demographics: 80 participants: adolescents ( n = 21; age 13–18 years; 11 females and 10 males); emerging adults ( n = 10; age 19–30 years; whose parents had migrated when they were children); grandparents and guardians caring for children whose parents had migrated ( n = 14; 12 females and 2 males); professionals (social workers, nurses, lawyers, and teachers); and community leaders involved and/or working directly with children and youth whose parents had immigrated ( n = 35). Methodology: Using grounded theory, the study began with one sensitizing concept: parental migration. Analysis: Modified grounded theory principles centered the exploratory nature of the study. Findings: The reconfiguration of the family after parental migration did not meet the emotional needs of children, challenging notions of a “better life.” Implications:...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between defence mechanisms and early maladaptive schemas in terms of childhood traumas. Methods: 500 people, including 308 women and 192 male students from various universities in Istanbul, participated in the study. Demographic Data Form, Defense Style Test, Young Schema Scale Short Form-3 and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were applied to participants. Results: As a result significant relations were found between the defense mechanisms, early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas. The effect of presence or absence of trauma experience has a statistically significant effect on development of defense mechanisms and early maladaptive schemas. Discussion: For psychotherapy of childhood trauma, studying of defense mechanisms and early maladaptive schemes will be useful.

Tendency of an individual to develop post-traumatic stress might depend on various factors such as locus of control. This study focused on the relation between tendency to develop post-traumatic stres and perceived parental style. A total of 61adults (20-25) were given "My Memories of Upbringing", "Impact of Event" and "Learned Resourcefulness" inventories. Our results suggest a negative relation between learned resourcefulness and perceived parental rejection and overprotection scores indicating a risk for developing post-traumatic stress in terms of "Impact of Event" inventory.

Parenting style is basically a psychological term that leads us to the approaches that were used by the parents to bring up their childrens in their childhood. The main focus of the study was to explore the effectiveness of parenting styles on the personality of children at the secondary level. Objectives of the study were to explore the effectiveness of parenting styles on the personality of children at the secondary level and to recommend proposed parenting styles for the development of students personality of children at the secondary level. This study followed a mixed method in nature and followed survey design. All the children of class 10 and their parents were the population of the study from the government and private schools of Faisalabad city. It is highly recommended that parents may be provided awareness session to now the importance of their parenting styles and their impact on the personality traits of their children. It is recommended that the government may provide f...

Tourism impacts are a widely studied topic and these can be classified as economic, sociocultural, and environmental. Considering that the resident is the most sensitive stakeholder to the impacts, these subjects are usually associated with research. Cultural events also end up generating impacts and understanding how residents perceive the sociocultural effects is essential to the success of this type of event. Thus, this study aims to analyse the sociocultural determinants of creative tourism based on the perspective of residents living in a small village called Amares (Portugal), in the north of Portugal, very close to Braga. Consequently, 202 questionnaires were applied, face-to-face and by Internet using Google Forms, for residents of Amares between March and July 2020. Exploratory Factor analysis with varimax with the Kaiser normalisation rotation method was applied. Three determinants were extracted. The first determinant is related to the costs of the sociocultural effects. The second determinant indicates the benefits related to the cultural aspects. Finally, the third indicates the benefits related to investments and infrastructure improvement. Concluding, understanding the sociocultural dimensions of a creative event, from the perspective of the residents allows for effective planning of the event's activities. Despite some limitations, namely the pandemic period that affected the application of the questionnaires, the study carried out in Amares (Portugal) can be replicated in other similar events and, later on, a comparison can be made with the reality of a small cultural event.

Although behavioral and experimental studies have shown links between victimization and antisocial behavior, the neural correlates explaining this link are relatively unknown. In the current study, we recruited adolescent girls from a longitudinal study that tracked youths' reports of peer victimization experiences annually from the 2 nd through 8 th grades. Based on these reports, 46 adolescents were recruited: 25 chronically victimized and 21 non-victimized. During an fMRI scan, participants completed a risk-taking task. Chronic peer victimization was associated with greater risk-taking behavior during the task and higher levels of self-reported antisocial behavior in everyday life. At the neural level, chronically victimized girls showed greater activation in regions involved in affective sensitivity, social cognition, and cognitive control, which significantly mediated victimization group differences in self-reported antisocial behavior.

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a measure of childhood adversity and are associated with life-long morbidity. The impacts of ACEs on peripartum health including preeclampsia, a common and dangerous hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, remain unclear, however. Therefore, we aimed to determine ACE association with peripartum psychiatric health and prevalence of preeclampsia using a case-control design. Methods: Clinical data were aggregated and validated using a large, intergenerational knowledgebase developed at our institution. Depression symptoms were measured by standard clinical screeners: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). ACEs were assessed via survey. Scores were compared between participants with (N = 32) and without (N = 46) prior preeclampsia. Results: Participants with ACE scores ≥4 had significantly greater odds of preeclampsia than those with scores ≤ 3 (adjusted odds ratio = 6.71, 95% confidence interval:1.13-40.00; p = 0.037). Subsequent speculative analyses revealed that increased odds of preeclampsia may be driven by increased childhood abuse and neglect dimensions of the ACE score. PHQ-9 scores (3.73 vs. 1.86, p = 0.03), EPDS scores (6.38 vs. 3.71, p = 0.01), and the incidence of depression (37.5% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.05) were significantly higher in participants with a history of preeclampsia versus controls. Conclusions: Childhood sets the stage for lifelong health. Our findings suggest that ACEs may be a risk factor for preeclampsia and depression, uniting the developmental origins of psychiatric and obstetric risk.

This review explores challenges and barriers to parent-child interaction which leads to language development in the first 3 years of the child's life. Seven databases yielded 1,750 hits, reduced to 49 evidence-based studies, many of which still had methodological imperfections. Evidence was quite strong in relation to socio-economic status, ethnicity and mental health, but weaker in relation to parental age and bilingualism. These factors pertain to the general demographic characteristics of parents, rather than their behavior. If parental behavior can be enhanced, better child language should follow, irrespective of these characteristics. This is an important lesson for professionals dealing with parents. Evidence was also weak in relation to television and the direction of baby buggies. These are areas where changes in parental behavior would make an immediate impact. Cost-effectiveness of interventions is extremely important and was reviewed. Recommendations for future research are followed by suggestions for parental action.

This study will examine the role of filial play in enhancing parent-child attachment ties. This study employed a qualitative methodology and FGD to collect data. 3 out of 15 FGD participants were identified as Filial Coaching Mentoring (FCM) participants. These participants were chosen based on their parents' talents and commitments, as well as their child's strengths and shortcomings as assessed by SDQ. The data were analyzed qualitatively thematically. Analysis of 40 FCM play sessions with parents and 24 observation sessions revealed an improvement in parents' capacity to structure activities, listen empathically, play child-centered imaginary games, and set boundaries. The results showed that parents could ensure their children's attachment while learning at home. It has also improved children's self-confidence, perseverance, and interest in studying. Thus, filial play is excellent for enhancing parent-child attachment bonds when studying at home.

Back to basics: What is the Nature of Nature, Religion, Arts, Morals, Ethics, and Sciences?
Is Nature to be seen as Matter-Life-Mind-Soul-Spirit in Qualitative Degrees of Being and Knowing, from surface appearances to Universal Divine Love, not as modernity’s Cartesian body-mind bifurcation, which tends to radically reduce Nature to res extensae, measurable entities?
Is Religion to be seen as participation in Divine Qualities, like Beauty, Goodness, Truth, Joy, Love, from exterior observances to Heart-Centred Living in Universal Divine Love, not as our one-right-way exclusive communities, claiming privileged means of access to divinity?
Are Arts and Sciences to be seen as various qualitative and quantitative methods of knowing, using mixes of skills in memory, sentiments, will, imagination, and reason, in everybody, not as restricted communities, prioritising our privileged means of accessing special truths?
Are Morals and Ethics to be seen as being true within oneself with each other, not as prescribed codes of conduct for individuals and communities?
We ask these questions because we are seeing today determined economic elites focused on accumulating ever more power and material wealth for themselves without deep care for the dignity of life in all human beings and in the web of creatures in nature.
Given these toxic habits to be seen in many individuals, communities, organisations, and nations, current norms and hopeful aspirations for each person living well with every other person across all generations of human beings within secure social foundations within our societies, at local, regional, national, and international scales, and for nature living well within the limited carrying capacities of our planet’s atmosphere, natural waters, and healthy lands in various polar, temperate, and tropical ecological habitats are in deep existential crises.
Given these dire living conditions in the USA, Australia, and other nations, we must join with each other to reinvigorate dignity for every human being and restore dignity for every living creature within the full variety of the natural rhythms in Nature (Pneuma/Nous-psyche-soma [Greek], Spiritus/Intellectus-anima-corpus [Latin], Rūḥ/‘Aql-nafs-jism [Arabic], Tribhuvana — the three worlds, Heaven, sky, and earth; or Heaven, earth, and the lower regions [Sanskrit], Heart-soul-body [English]).

Two hypotheses regarding the effects of pubertal timing on substance use were tested in a prospective study of 221 young adolescents. A maturational-deviance hypothesis predicted that early-maturing girls and latematuring boys would experience heightened emotional distress, which in turn would influence initiation and use of substances. Alternatively, an early-maturation hypothesis predicted that early-maturing girls would engage in more substance use than all other groups, independent of emotional distress. Early-maturing adolescents reported more substance use within 1 year. Adolescents experiencing elevated levels of negative affect also reported greater substance use within the next year. However, pubertal timing was not related to emotional distress. Results support the early-maturation hypothesis for girls and suggest its extension to boys.

Objective-Health behavior theories posit that health-relevant attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills drive subsequent actions people take to protect themselves from health threats. Within the realm of HIV-related sexual risk behavior, much of the research in support of this notion is crosssectional, rather than longitudinal, particularly in studies of gay and bisexual men. Other psychological theories (e.g., self-perception or cognitive dissonance theories) suggest that the opposite could be true -that health-relevant attitudes and beliefs might change as a function of previous risk or precautionary behavior. Appreciating the complex nature of these associations is essential for modifying theory and developing appropriate interventions. Design-Using longitudinal data from gay and bisexual men (n = 1465), we used structural equation modeling to examine three possibilities -that perceived norms and attitudes about sexual risk would be (a) related to unprotected anal intercourse cross-sectionally, (b) related to unprotected anal intercourse at a subsequent time point, and/or (c) predicted from previous instances of unprotected anal intercourse. Results-Safe-sex norms and attitudes were related to unprotected anal intercourse crosssectionally, but did not predict unprotected sex longitudinally. Rather, perceived norms and attitudes changed as a function of previous risk behavior. Conclusions-These results raise the possibility that modified theoretical models might be necessary to adequately describe sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men.

The present study provides a preliminary empirical test of [Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2004). A possible model to understand the personality-intelligence interface. British Journal of Psychology, 95,[249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264], . Intellectual competence and the intelligent personality: A third way in differential psychology. Review of General Psychology, 10, 251-267]) model of intellectual competence, which conceptualized an integrative framework for understanding the ability and nonability determinants of academic performance (AP). Specifically, we set out to test whether Neuroticism and Extraversion affect selfassessed intelligence (SAI); whether SAI mediates the effects of Neuroticism and Extraversion on AP; and whether Openness (positively) and Conscientiousness (negatively) mediate the effects of gf on crystallized ability (gc) and AP. Sex differences were also examined. Using structural equation modelling and analyzing 4-year longitudinal data from a sample of 473 UK university students (316 men and 157 women), wide support was found for the model. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed in relation to the non-ability and ability determinants of individual differences in educational achievement.

The present study investigated the stability and concurrent validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The sample of 36 children were of below average intelligence and were either referred for or placed in special educational programs. Good reliability coefficients were noted over a 12-mo. period (Median R = .61; Total Test R = .58) as well as significant correlations with the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs. Implications of these findings are discussed.

The predictive validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised was examined for a sample of 33 Navajo children in Grades 1 to 6. Test scores correlated .65 and significantly with scores obtained 10½ mo. later on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Total score. Implications for interpretation are discussed.

15 Educable Mentally Retarded children, aged 6 1/2 to 8 1/2 yr., were tested on the McCarthy Scales of Children&#39;s Abilities and the Stanford-Binet (1972 norms). All children were tested over a 6-mo. period in public schools located in Northeast Georgia. Since 8 of the 15 children obtained General Cognitive Indexes below the norms presented in the McCarthy manual, extrapolated scores were assigned to increase the precision of the comparison. Although the two scores correlated significantly, the mean Index with IQ was significantly lower than the mean IQ for this sample of educable mentally retarded children. The implications of the findings were discussed.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures among college students. The primary objective is to examine the direct relationship between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures among college students. Additionally, the study seeks to explore the predictive power of cognitive distortion sub-components in relation to cognitive failure and its components. Furthermore, the study aims to examine whether there are differences in cognitive distortions and failures based on sex and major. Data were collected from a sample of 486 college students, including 240 males.

The findings reveal a direct effect between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures, as illustrated by SEM. Some of the factors related to cognitive distortions significantly contribute to predicting cognitive failure components and the total score. Moreover, differences in cognitive failures were observed based on students' majors.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates a strong correlation between cognitive distortions and cognitive failures, with cognitive distortions directly affecting cognitive failures. These findings highlight the significance of addressing cognitive distortions in academic settings, with customized treatments potentially offering ways to reduce cognitive errors and enhance students' overall cognitive performance.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho longitudinal de crianças com Alterações Específicas no Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (AEDL) em uma prova de Pragmática a fim de observar o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa ao longo do processo terapêutico. MÉTODOS: Participaram desta pesquisa 56 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 1;10 (anos;meses) a 5;11 na primeira avaliação. Todos os sujeitos foram diagnosticados com AEDL e estavam/estiveram em terapia fonoaudiológica por pelo menos dois anos ou receberam alta antes deste período. As provas de Pragmática que faziam parte das avaliações anuais dos pacientes foram analisadas e pontuadas de 0 a 4 (pior ao melhor desempenho, respectivamente) com base em critérios de gravidade. Os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente (pd&quot;0,05; ANOVA, Tukey-T, Pearson). RESULTADOS: A idade das crianças com AEDL no momento do ingresso no serviço não foi uma variável relevante para determinar seus desempenhos na primeira avaliação de Pragmátic...

This study explores the influence of three psychological factors of the parental monitoring of children’s Internet activity: (i) parents’ perception of the Internet as a source of threat and risk, (ii) parents’ perception of the Internet as a source of benefits, and (iii) family closeness. The sample consisted of 161 parents (20 fathers and 141 mothers) of children aged 7 - 12. Results show that family closeness is the most significant predictor for parental monitoring. The second significant predictor is parents’ perception of the Internet as a source of threat or risk. As expected, the predictors for parental monitoring of children’s Internet activity depend on children’s age.

To determine the role of child factors in the prediction of parental attitudes toward children and adolescents with CP in Iran. The cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 152 children and adolescents with CP aged 7-17 years (Mean±SD = 10.93±3.46) with a mother aged at least 25 years were selected, using a systematic random sampling method. The Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation questionnaire was used to assess the parental attitude. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive role of child factors (eg, age, gender, type of CP, dependency in gross and fine motor functions, and IQ) in parental attitudes. Results: Overindulgence and overprotection attitudes were the most common attitudes among mothers. The acceptance attitude was best predicted by the type of CP (r 2 =0.151). Diplegia, being fully dependent in gross motor functions, and adolescence predicted greater overprotection attitude (r 2 =0.101). Girls were predicted to be treated more overindulgent (r 2 =0.045). Femininity predicted lesser rejection attitude while being fully dependent in fine motor functions predicted greater rejection attitude (r 2 =0.006). Discussion: Child factors influence only a small proportion of parental attitudes toward children and adolescents with CP. Contrary to expectation, child factors, including the child's disability status, are not the most prominent determinants of the parental attitudes toward children and adolescents with CP in Iran.

This paper analyzes the parental acceptance or rejection and the emotional intelligence among adolescents with and without delinquent behavior. Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to explore the differences between parents' acceptance/rejection (by mother and father, respectively) and the emotional intelligence among adolescentswith and without delinquent behavior, as well as the correlation between parents' acceptance/rejection (by mother and father, respectively) and the emotional intelligence among minors with delinquent behavior. Methods: The survey was conducted on two groups of adolescents, that is, 30 respondents serving a prison sentence for minors and/or have been imposed an educational measure of referral to an Educational and Correctional Facility aged 14 to 18, and 40 respondents that are secondary school students at the same age. In this research, the terms minors and adolescents both refer to persons aged 14-18 years. All respondents were males. The following measuring instruments were used: Parental Acceptance/

Teaching strategies that can be used in teaching prepositions in early childhood education (ECE) learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using a qualitative narrative research design, accounts from teachers who teach prepositions to early childhood education learners with ASD in selected private schools in Metro Manila were collected to identify specific teaching strategies utilized in classrooms. It is imperative to teach prepositions to ECE learners with ASD, as it accounts for the improvement of adaptive skills including navigating, doing spatial tasks, locating the placement of an object or person, and improving communication skills. Semi-structured interview questions were prepared before the one-on-one interview sessions with the teachers. Findings show that the use of visual aids, repetition, and a naturalistic approach are the most utilized strategies used in teaching prepositions to ECE learners with ASD. Teacher collaboration and the present level of performance of the child are the basis for the implementation of the teaching strategies. Research in teaching essential concepts of the English language to learners with additional needs is necessary to bridge the gap between teaching strategies and learners' acquisition of knowledge.

La calidad de vida es un constructo definido desde diversos puntos de vista, pero que recupera la noción de un juicio subjetivo del grado de bienestar relacionado con indicadores biológicos, psicológicos, conductuales y sociales que rodean al individuo. Objetivo. Reportar la validez factorial de una escala de autopercepción de la calidad de vida en adolescentes. Método. A partir de la construcción de la escala por un grupo de expertos se aplicó a un total de 462 sujetos y se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial con rotación varimax. Resultados. La consistencia interna global es de 0.92, con un coeficiente Alpha de 0.91 para el factor de bienestar social y de 0.74 para bienestar social, mismos que explican 43.20% y 7.14% de la varianza, respectivamente. Conclusión. Este estudio demostró que por su estructura factorial y los valores alfa obtenidos, este instrumento es confiable y puede utilizarse en la investigación de este fenómeno entre los jóvenes.

The present research proposes the analysis of specific aspects of psychosocial functioning and development with a focus on issues related to internalizing symptoms, attachment styles and interpersonal dimensions of interpersonal functioning. Developmental theories emphasized the importance of transitions, as periods of biologically and socially characterized changes (Arnett, 1997; Gurevitz Stern, 2004; Schulenberg, Magges, Hurrelmann, 1997; Schulenberg & Zarrett, 2006). The developmental phase of young adulthood, which can be detectable between 18 and 30 years of age, represents the transition from the dependency and social marginality of childhood and adolescence, to the independent and fully recognized social position of adulthood (Aldermen & Iafrate, 2003; Neyer & Asendorpf, 2001; Scabini & Iafrate, 2003). Thie crucial developmental stage of young adulthood involves the progressive articulation of decision-making and planning skills, which will shape health and psychosocial well-...

Self-consciousness refers to the tendency to direct attention on both interior and exterior aspects of the self. The present study aims at comparing self-consciousness in Chinese (N=1,683; years M=14.78, SD=1.84) and Italian (N=1,729; years M= 14.59, SD=2.01) adolescents using a multidimensional self-report measure, the Adolescent Self-Consciousness Questionnaire (ASC). Reliability analysis supported the overall suitability of ASC in both samples. Comparisons of item and scale scores were investigated as to detect possible country and gender differences. MANOVA and t-student analyses highlighted some interesting differences in the two groups of adolescents, according to specificities from their cultural backgrounds. Overall, Chinese adolescents, compared to Italian ones, emerge as more concerned about social values, showing more interest in monitoring their own social attitudes and behavior, while Italian adolescents are more focused on personal interests and individual characteristics, like physical appearance and personal satisfaction. Interestingly, different gender patterns emerged in the two countries, suggesting that cultural aspects could influence boys and girls in different ways. A qualitative interpretation of results is advanced. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed. Keywords ASC . Self-consciousness . Cross-cultural . Adolescence Adolescence represents a central phase for the development of self and it can be considered as a crucial period of transition between childhood and adulthood, involving biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes . It is during this delicate developmental stage that the self evolves in a more complex, well-organized and consistent picture (Rath and Nanda 2012), thus leading to several changes in self-consciousness ). Self-consciousness is defined as a tendency to direct attention on both interior and exterior aspects of the

Despite the emerging literature supporting the central role of pretend play for children's cognitive, affective and social development, there is a paucity of standardized and validated measures devoted to assess it, especially for preschoolers. In addition, most of the existing tools failed in their attempt to assess the interplay among the different developmental domains which are involved in playing activities. The Affect in Play Scale-Preschool version is a semi-structured measure to assess cognitive and affective pretend play processes in children aged 4-5 using a 5-min standardized play task. This study was aimed to evaluate the construct and external validity of the scale in a sample of Italian preschoolers. A multi-group factor analysis confirmed the adequacy of the two-factor model with cognitive and affective factor for both 4-and 5-year-old children. No differences were found between boys and girls whereas older children reported higher play abilities. Correlations between pretend play, divergent thinking, teacher's measures of temperament and prosocial behavior were carried out. Results supported the use of APS-P as a valid tool for assessing the interplay of cognitive and affective abilities in Italian children.

The affective domain and socio-emotional learning (SEL) competencies have been increasingly recognized for their significant impact on academic achievement, particularly in mathematics. Emotional engagement and socialemotional skills influence students' motivation, perseverance, and academic performance. This study explored the affective domain and SEL competencies that impact mathematics achievement among students in the Upper English Programme (UEP) at a secondary school in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, during the first semester of the 2024 academic year. A proportionate stratified random sampling method selected 123 students from Mathayomsuksa 4-6. Data was collected through validated and pilot-tested questionnaires assessing students' emotional engagement and SEL competencies. A predictive-correlational research design was employed, with Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis used to analyze the relationships between the affective domain, SEL competencies, and mathematics performance. The results revealed significant positive correlations between students' mathematics performance, their affective domain, and SEL competencies. Specifically, belief emerged as the strongest predictor, explaining 65.2% of the variance in mathematics performance. Students with high levels of emotional engagement and SEL competencies, particularly belief, showed improved academic outcomes in mathematics. These findings highlight the critical role of fostering positive emotional engagement and SEL skills to enhance mathematics achievement and overall well-being. The study underscores the integration of SEL competencies and emotional engagement into the curriculum, which can contribute to better educational outcomes.

Over the decade extending from the mid-1 980s to mid-1 990s, official crime statistics indicated a sharp upward trend in violent crime arrests of youth. A number of factors in the individual, family, and environmental domains have been shown to be associated with the etiology of juvenile violent crime and delinquency. Recently, a developmental perspective has gained influence in the understanding of delinquency, in which two distinct trajectories of antisocial behavior have been identified, hypothesized to result from interactions between different individual and environmental factors (Moffit, 1993(Moffit, , 1997)). The purpose of the current study was to investigate risk correlates of these distinct trajectories using a new, developmentally-oriented risk needs tool, the Cracow Instrument, Institutional records of 78 American male delinquent juveniles were reviewed. Results indicated small but significant differences between violent and nonviolent offenders in cognitive abilities, and problems in substance use and accommodation. Given a dearth of file information on risk in early developmental periods, no valid conclusions could be drawn regarding differences between early and late onset of antisocial behavior. Implications of results are discussed and suggestions for future research directions are provided. Division of Youth Corrections, in particular Edward Wensuc, Director of Research, for granting me permission to access institutional files, and Brent Nittmann, Director of Platte Valley Youth Services Center, for generous encouragement and inspiration. I would like to extend a warm thanks to Meghan Earthman for providing invaluable research assistance in the data collection stage of the project. I am indebted to my senior supervisor, Dr. Ronald Roesch, for advice and assistance in each stage of the project and to Dr. Marlene Moretti for helpful comments on early drafts. A special thanks goes to Joan Foster and Dr. Ray Koopman for hours of statistical consultation and problem solving-your patience and generosity in sharing your time, knowledge and resources are truly appreciated. Finally, a heartfelt thanks goes to my beloved family and dear friends for their continual encouragement and belief in me that kept me going in times when I felt deflated: mom, dad, Susanne, Matt Chandler, Ahna-Kristina Phillips,

Over the decade extending from the mid-1 980s to mid-1 990s, official crime statistics indicated a sharp upward trend in violent crime arrests of youth. A number of factors in the individual, family, and environmental domains have been shown to be associated with the etiology of juvenile violent crime and delinquency. Recently, a developmental perspective has gained influence in the understanding of delinquency, in which two distinct trajectories of antisocial behavior have been identified, hypothesized to result from interactions between different individual and environmental factors (Moffit, 1993(Moffit, , 1997)). The purpose of the current study was to investigate risk correlates of these distinct trajectories using a new, developmentally-oriented risk needs tool, the Cracow Instrument, Institutional records of 78 American male delinquent juveniles were reviewed. Results indicated small but significant differences between violent and nonviolent offenders in cognitive abilities, and problems in substance use and accommodation. Given a dearth of file information on risk in early developmental periods, no valid conclusions could be drawn regarding differences between early and late onset of antisocial behavior. Implications of results are discussed and suggestions for future research directions are provided. Division of Youth Corrections, in particular Edward Wensuc, Director of Research, for granting me permission to access institutional files, and Brent Nittmann, Director of Platte Valley Youth Services Center, for generous encouragement and inspiration. I would like to extend a warm thanks to Meghan Earthman for providing invaluable research assistance in the data collection stage of the project. I am indebted to my senior supervisor, Dr. Ronald Roesch, for advice and assistance in each stage of the project and to Dr. Marlene Moretti for helpful comments on early drafts. A special thanks goes to Joan Foster and Dr. Ray Koopman for hours of statistical consultation and problem solving-your patience and generosity in sharing your time, knowledge and resources are truly appreciated. Finally, a heartfelt thanks goes to my beloved family and dear friends for their continual encouragement and belief in me that kept me going in times when I felt deflated: mom, dad, Susanne, Matt Chandler, Ahna-Kristina Phillips,