Economic policy

The Euro area was hit by a financial crisis that started in the USA but rapidly spread to Europe. The Heads of State and Government agreed in June 2012 to the creation of a Banking Union that would complete the Economic and Monetary Union and allow for centralised application of EU-wide rules for banks based on a federal-type mechanism. The purpose of this paper is to highlight and evaluate the Hellenic Presidency's (January-June 2014) regulatory response to the banking crisis in Europe, which suggests both a general philosophy regarding the Banking Union and further policy initiatives that may be considered to complement the emerging regulatory landscape. The conclusions aim at assessing the efficiency of the Greek foreign policy concerning the building of the emerging EU Banking Union, which among other factors can mitigate the European policy indecision towards Greece and pave the way for a spurring economic recovery.

An error correction model is derived from a stochastic dynamic programming problem incorporating rational expectations. A parametric restriction is derived that allows a test for the theoretical proposition that the optimal strategy behind the error correction from entails the failure to asymptotically close the gap between the choice variable and the growing target. This is accomplished by nesting a partial adjustment model with forward‐looking expectations within the error correction paradigm. The counterintuitive behaviour embodied in the error correction model is not supported by the data in the context of a cross‐country comparison of cash balances relationships.

Desde la firma de un convenio bilateral en 1974, México envía jornaleros agrícolas temporales para trabajar en granjas canadienses. El paulatino endurecimiento de los criterios para seleccionar a las y los trabajadores rurales a petición del gobierno canadiense, aunado a la aplicación de los mismos por la Secretaría del Trabajo en México y su interpretación discrecional en cada oficina de reclutamiento en los estados de la República, convergen hacia la constitución de un biopanoptismo de los candidatos a la emigración. Esta red institucional de vigilancia, control y sometimiento del cuerpo de los trabajadores se extiende durante toda su estancia laboral fuera del país y sigue hasta su regreso en México.

O conteúdo desta obra é de responsabilidade dos(as) autores(as) e não expressa posição técnica, científica ou institucional das Organizadoras, Conselho editorial, Editora ou da UFSC. Da mesma forma, o conteúdo de cada capítulo é de inteira e exclusiva responsabilidade de seus(as) respectivos(as) autores(as). Assim como o padrão ortográfico, o sistema de citações, normas de formatação e referências bibliográficas são prerrogativas de cada autor(a). Esta obra é publicada em acesso aberto. Os(as) autores(as) dos capítulos são detentores(as) de todos os Direitos Autorais, que autorizam o download e o compartilhamento, com a devida atribuição de crédito, mas sem que seja possível alterar a obra, de nenhuma forma, ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais. A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, por qualquer meio, seja total ou parcial, constitui violação à Lei e aos direitos autorais.

Islamic parties in Pakistan do not have a coherent economic agenda. They generally endorse a social democratic reform program without an appreciation of the capitalist context within which their social democratic reforms are inevitably situated in present day Pakistan. Thus, the social democratic economic agenda advocated by the Islamic parties if wholly or partially implemented, will provide Islamic legitimation of capitalist policies.
This paper outlines the economic prospects for 2025 so as to understand the strategy of the incumbent regime. This serves as a basis for developing some tentative proposals for challenging imperialist capitalist hegemony in the economic sphere and the development of a non-capitalist sphere of production and exchange in Pakistan by the Islamic parties.

Annotation. In the present era, both learning and teaching, including foreign language learning (FLL) and teaching, are being radically influenced by a massive implementation of digital technologies. The purpose of this study is to analyze foreign language teachers' attitudes towards the use of technologies in foreign language teaching across Europe and to identify clear implications for their efficient implementation. The methodology of this study includes a mixed-method research design (quantitative and qualitative) with a survey conducted with altogether 234 foreign language (FL) teachers from different universities across Europe. The results clearly show that FL teachers generally have a positive attitude towards the use of technologies in their classes and that they frequently use them in their teaching since they can make students more engaged in learning a foreign language. In fact, the FL teachers have always been at the forefront of innovative approaches to teaching and learning. In spite of this, they admit that they would welcome more professional support from the management of their home institutions and demand training in the use of new technologies. The results of the research also indicate that special attention should be paid to the lack of personal contact, students' reactions, and the expression of emotions, which is difficult and almost impossible to achieve through the use of digital media. These findings are unique since they aim specifically at current FL teachers´ attitudes and needs across Europe and can be utilized by stakeholders and FLL course designers. Moreover, they can also be extended to a larger scale, i.e., the global level.

The use of a Declining Discount Rate (DDR), in cost-benefit analysis (CBA), compared to the use of a Constant Discount Rate, implies that the policy maker will put relatively more effort to improve social welfare in the far distant future than in the shorter time. The choice between the two discount rates is crucial and linked, for example, to the problem of whether we should fight malaria and AIDS (which have immediate effects) rather than climate change (which is expected to have important long-term effects). In this paper we assess the willingness to pay for (very) distant benefits, which should inform the desirability of policies and projects with immediate costs and distant benefits. DDRs offer an approach to balancing current costs and distant benefits. First we present the existing theoretical justifications for using a DDR, which are mainly driven by the uncertainty of future economic conditions, and show how a theory-consistent optimal trajectory of the DDR can be estimated. For this empirical estimation, we use regime-switching models of the optimal trajectory of the DDR for nine 'representative' countries. We then compose a weighted average rate that can be used in CBA of long-term projects that affect the global environment and economy. Finally, we investigate the policy implications of applying this optimal trajectory on the cost-benefit evaluation of carbon mitigation policies and compare our results with those of the Stern Review. This comparison provides empirical evidence that support the major criticism of the Stern Review of assuring high damage numbers by using an arbitrary low and constant discount rate. Our main point in this paper is that when uncertainty is introduced, the case for DDRs and the availability of a reliable empirical method for their estimation become compelling for CBA of long-run policies and projects.

Due to concerns about the government's debt, the European Commission issued the Late Payments Directive (LPD) to discourage the culture of late payments that threatens their financial sustainability. Despite the intention to hold member states accountable for public entities' payment behaviour, the LPD did not specify the methodology for performance feedback.

Inflation in Pakistan has reached an alarming level, affecting every segment of society, but its impact on the middle class, particularly white-collar workers, has been devastating. These individuals, who form the backbone of the country's economy and administration, are facing immense financial strain yet remain silent, bound by societal expectations and personal dignity. Unlike daily wage earners or laborers who can voice their struggles openly, the white-collar worker suffers in silence, unwilling or unable to seek help despite dire circumstances. For the middle class, especially those employed in offices, banks, educational institutions, and various government departments, survival has become a daily challenge. Their incomes remain stagnant while the cost of living continues to rise at an unprecedented pace. Food prices have soared, utility bills have become unbearable, and transportation costs have significantly increased. Despite working tirelessly, they find themselves unable to maintain the lifestyle they once took for granted.

The article presents the results of a study on subjective opinions of Europeans in two generations Y and BB. Due to the lack of data, the assessments made by residents of only 23 EU member countries were analyzed. These assessments concerned air quality, actions taken by decision-makers to improve air quality, and knowledge and awareness of the threats related to air pollution. The data came from the Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2012 and 2019. A correspondence analysis of concatenated tables with supplementary points and aggregate measures of development were used to find relationships between generations from different countries and to indicate changes in the perception of air pollution. The aim of the study has been achieved. The areas where differences and similarities between generations occur, and where opinions expressed by a generation change over time have been identified. The Problems that require solving have been indicated so that individual actions leading to the i...

In “The Myth of the Rational Voter” Brian Caplan shows that voters entertain systematically biased beliefs on a number of essential issues of economic policy and concludes that this leads democracies to choose bad policies. We introduce the psychological concept of mental models to address voters’ naive reasoning about the economy and thereby explain the persistent bias in beliefs. Next, we develop a game-theoretical model to show that this does not automatically lead to bad policy choices. The model formalizes Caplan’s thought experiment No. 4 by introducing endogenous party valence to a model of probabilistic voting. In so doing, we provide an investigation of when good policies are chosen in democracy. Based on our findings, we discuss the impact of different political institutions on economic outcomes.

В данной статье рассматриваются основные характеристики организации производства в новой экономике, сформированной в рамках цифровой трансформации. «Сформировалась ли в современной экономике новая организация производства, отличая от постфордистской гибкой организации производства?» и «Каковы его особенности?» - основной вопросы исследования. Поэтому статья предполагает оценку факторов производства и технологических инноваций в рамках ретроспективного подхода. В данной работе регулятивный подход используется в качестве методологической основы для анализа экономической организации производства. В
условиях новой организации производства, которую мы называем «умным производством», значительно возросло значение дополняющих друг друга видов производства «совместное производство» и «производство для использования». Установлено, что основными элементами организации умного производства являются инновации и социальные обоснования.

El contenido de la presente publicación se encuentra protegido por las normas internacionales y nacionales vigentes sobre propiedad intelectual, por tanto su utilización, reproducción, comunicación pública, transformación, distribución, alquiler, préstamo público e importación, total o parcial, en todo o en parte, en formato impreso, digital o en cualquier formato conocido o por conocer, se encuentran prohibidos, y sólo serán lícitos en la medida en que se cuente con la autorización previa y expresa por escrito del autor o titular. Las limitaciones y excepciones al Derecho de Autor, sólo serán aplicables en la medida en que se den dentro de los denominados Usos Honrados (Fair use), estén previa y expresamente establecidas; no causen un grave e injustificado perjuicio a los intereses legítimos del autor o titular, y no atenten contra la normal explotación de la obra.

Because of the Budget Control Act, budget enforcement procedures known as sequestration will commence January 2013 unless Congress and the Obama Administration act otherwise. The sequester requires cuts in discretionary spending in order to achieve $1.2 trillion in savings from 2013-2021. When compared to 2011 spending levels, this will lead to a cut of 8.8 percent (or $12.5 billion) of federally funded research and development (R&D) in 2013 with similar cuts in the following years.1 This cut to R&D expenditures will affect all government agencies, including the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, and NASA.

The notion of plan coordination enjoys a central place in the analysis of institutions and competitive market processes. The conventional wisdom is that institutions and policies vary in the extent to which they promote competition and how quickly and completely they bring individuals' plans into closer coordination with one another. Kirzner has provided the most fully elaborated statement on the use of coordination as a positive analytical device for explaining market dynamics and as a normative criterion for evaluating economic policies. We identify the core propositions in his analysis that elucidate how economic coordination depends upon that most fundamental of market institutions -the system of private property rights. We also probe into Kirzner's claims about inherent limitations in our ability to compare the coordinative potential of alternative property rights systems. We unpack the consequences of these core propositions using the economic theory of property rights. We also examine Kirzner's assertion that dynamic competition -including Schumpeterian innovation -is necessarily coordinative in its market effects. We find that his argument rests on the implicit assumption that property rights remain constant during the process of market adjustment. We provide a case study of the advent of commercial aviation as a potential counterexample to his claims.

LE 11 DÉCEMBRE 2001, la Chine entrait dans l'Organisation Internationale du Commerce, au terme de négociations qui auront duré quinze ans. Au lendemain de cette adhésion et à la veille du Seizième Congrès du Parti communiste chinois 1 , les observateurs s'interrogent : à présent que la Chine est partie intégrante du jeu économique mondial, qu'elle est pleinement entrée dans « l'ère de la mondialisation », quels défis économiques, sociaux et politiques va-t-elle avoir à affronter ? Son développement va-t-il se poursuivre sur la ligne affirmée depuis le démarrage de la politique « de réformes et d'ouverture » engagée en 1979, et accélérée après 1992, ou bien faut-il parier sur des ruptures et des turbulences ? Dans les milieux financiers et économiques internationaux, la question ne se posait guère il y a encore deux ans. La Chine était perçue comme un réservoir inépuisable, le nouveau moteur de l'économie mondiale, un marché qui ne pouvait que s'ouvrir, grandir et prospérer. La remar-

This study describes judicial reform as a quasi-experiment. The reform is the deployment and implementation of the GICA-Justicia (Gestión Integral de Calidad y Acreditación: Quality and Accreditation Integral Management) Quality-Management Standard (QMS) within the Second Court of Appeal of Costa Rica's Supreme Court; the reform includes process improvements following the implementation. The study of impact includes a direct comparison to its homologous in Panama's Justice System. The GICA-Justicia emerges in the QMS environment as a process-performance tracking and improvement tool for accreditation of district courts and courts of appeal. This study offers "sui generis state of the art" empirical know-how via the use of an interrupted time series quasi-experiment. This study contributes to literature by unveiling a successful new judicial service improvement design in a Latin-American context.

Given its unique economic and social circumstances, South Africa is in desperate need of economic development. The main impetus for growth will have to come from the mining and industrial sectors, which will have to play a key role in the future South African economy. The activities of these sectors markedly influence the quality and quantity of natural resources in the country. Sustainable development should be the ultimate goal of any development strategy. The question is how businesses should organise themselves to achieve the goal of sustainable development, with cleaner and ecologically more efficient production. This study first analyses the unique features of resource economics in South Africa. It then discusses the integration of sustainable development within an excavatory and production environment. Finally an appropriate business management philosophy will be outlined.

We assess the sustainability of public finances in the EU15 using stationarity and cointegration analysis. Specifically, we use panel unit root tests of the first and second generation allowing in some cases for structural breaks. We also apply modern panel cointegration techniques developed by , generalized by Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre ( ) and , to a structural long-run equation between general government expenditures and revenues. While sustainability may be lacking in individual cases, fiscal policy was overall sustainable both for the EU15 panel set, and within some sub-periods.

A világ számos egyetemén tanult és tanított, Budapesttől egészen Kaliforniáig, majd Japánban megvalósította gyermekkori álmait. Vallja, hogy a 2008-as pénzügyi válság jó előre látható volt, mégsem gondolja, hogy a közgazdászokat kellene hibáztatni. Hisz benne, hogy a magyar gazdaságpolitika akkor lesz sikeres, ha a közös célért együtt tudunk dolgozni, a jó közgazdász pedig nem csak felkészült, hanem kerüli a kliséket és ismeri a magyar valóságot is. Interjú Móczár Józseffel, a BCE professzorával, a Pénzügyi Szemle szerkesztőjével. Kovács Balázs Szakmai pályája rendkívül változatosan alakult, a budapesti Marx Károlyról indulva eljutott a CEMI-ig, az Oszakai Egyetemig, majd a kaliforniai USC-ig, végül pedig elnyerte az MTA doktori címet. Össze tudná foglalni tudományos karrierjének legfontosabb állomásait?

This paper aims at analyzing the effect of taxes on economic growth, particularly the cross-sectional impact of changes in fiscal policy, financial development and market openness. In this context, the study explores the effects of changes in taxes for a long period of time in order to determine how such changes affect certain economic parameters including GDP growth, income distribution and the markets. Based on theoretical and empirical literature, this paper reveals that tax reforms offer an important tool for private investment, sound fiscal revenue base through the predictable revenue flow, and improved competitiveness by eradicating tax distortions. Overall, they would help the authorities to design well-targeted, broad and annual-based tax reforms that could lead to improved market conditions and macroeconomic stability that could enhance the growth of the economy among other positive effects.

Abstract. India‟s relations with the World Bank can be traced back to the latter‟s origin. India was one of the 17 countries, prepared the agenda for the Bretton Woods Conference ( June 1944). It was also one of the 44 countries which signed the final agreement for the establishment of the Bank. As the Bank operates in India through many kinds of projects, the country obviously offers an experimental ground for learning lessons and getting insights. In the mid of 20th century India assisted the World Bank, by facilitating it to study various problems in sectors like agricultural, social and power sectors to learn and, to “increase its understanding of the fundamental interactions of agriculture, poverty alleviation, and environment development efforts”. Based on these studies World Bank started to suggest policy prescriptions to various problems in these sectors and subsequently what was emerged as and conditionalities based funding. The article provides an insight understanding of ...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should he used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the authots own and should nr,t be attributed to the World Bank, its Executiv'e Board of Directors, or any of its member countries.

As a result of Poland's economic crisis, which began in 1978, the proportion of Polish people living below the poverty line increased from 10 percent to almost 20 percent. Farm and mixed (farmVnonfarm) households weathered the crisis better than workers and pensioners -probably because farmers could vary their crops and workers in mixed households could choose between work in socialized industry or private agriculture. Thc Policy, Rcscarch, and Exterral Affairs Complex distnbutes PlR Working lapcrs todisseminaicthe fininng or WOk in prorm and to cncournge thc cxchangc of ideas among llank staff and aD others intcersted in devclopmncnt issucs. These papers carry the names of the authors, clect only their views, and should bc used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpreLauurs, and conclusions ae the authors' own. 'rhey should not bc stibuted to the World l3ank, its Board of Directors, it managemnct, or any of its mcmber couwntries.

Background Migraine is a highly prevalent primary headache disorder and a leading cause of disability. Difficulties in access to care during diagnostic and therapeutic journey contribute to the disease burden. Several target-specific drugs have reached the market in the past four years and have modified the treatment paradigm in migraine. The aim of this study is to provide an updated snapshot of the pathways and hurdles to care for migraine in different European countries by directly asking patients. In 2021 the European Migraine and Headache Alliance proposed a 39-item questionnaire that was administered online to an adult migraine population in European countries. Questions were focused on socio-demographic and migraine data, access to diagnosis and treatment, disease-related burden and the main channel for disease information. Results A total of 3169 questionnaires were returned from 10 European countries. Responders were predominantly females, age range 25-59 years, with a migraine history longer than 10 years in 82% of cases, and with at least 8 headache days per month in 57% of cases. Respondents reported limitations in social, working and personal life during both the ictal and interictal phase. The activities mostly impaired during the attacks were driving (55%), cooking or eating (42%), taking care of family/childcare (40%) and getting medicines at the pharmacy (40%). The most frequently reported unmet need was the long delay between the first visit and migraine diagnosis: 34% of respondents had to see ≥ 4 specialists before being correctly diagnosed, and between the diagnosis and treatment prescription: > 5 years in 40% of cases. The most relevant needs in terms of quality of life were the desire for a lower migraine frequency, an effective treatment and a greater involvement in society. Conclusions Data from the present survey point to the existence and persistence of multiple hurdles that result in significant limitations to access to care and to the patients' social life. A close cooperation between decision makers, healthcare workers and patients is needed to overcome these barriers.

Egyptian economic history has been influenced by the identify two sets of products: six products where tariff import-substitution industrialization approach to cuts will not be politically costly, and six where it will be development, dating back to Gamal Abdel Nasser's Pan-politically costly, In both cases, lowering tariffs will Arabic and socialist movement in the 1950s. Two major improve resource allocation and efficiency in the waves of liberalization have marked the government's industries involved. efforts to rationalize and modernize the economy-the The prospects of a free trade area with Europe should Infitah (opening) promoted by Anwar Sadat in the also help reduce tariffs in sectors where a high share of 1980s, and further trade and privatization efforts by production is exported or imported from Europe. If Hosni Mubarak in the 1990s. Nonetheless, the extent of products are exported to Europe, the potential free trade liberalization does not compare well with similar access to the European market should more than countries. Despite a decade of liberalization, the trade compensate for any tariff reductions in the local market. regime is characterized by deliberate and gradual On the other hand, if products are heavily imported reforms. By 1999 these reforms had led to average tariffs from Europe, the preferential access for European close to 30 percent, with high dispersion and escalation, exporters will tend to significantly increase their well above those in comparable countries. presence in the Egyptian market. This inr turn will reduce Dorsati and Olarreaga provide a political economy the "protective" aspect of external tariffs in sectors with analysis of the difficulties of liberalizing tariffs in Egypt large import penetration as competition will be coming in general, and in its specific industries. They present the from Europe. theoretical and empirical models and discuss the results. The EU-Egypt agreement includes a lengthy (19 years) The authors also explore the potential effects of the structure of tariff reduction. This structure will lead to Euro-Med agreement for Egypt. increased effective rates of protection for the first eight The political economy analysis of the Egyptian tariff years of its implementation, added economic distortions, structure identifies two sets of highly protected sectors. and inefficient use of resources. The Egyptian authorities Overprotected industries are defined as those with actual may want to consider speeding up the Euro-Med tariffs at least 25 percent higher than what is predicted schedule of liberalization to mitigate an increase in by the political economy variables. The political effective rates of protection. Furthermore, special effort determinants can be divided into two groups: the should be made to reduce external tariffs on semilobbying and counter-lobbying forces. First, the lobbying processed and processed goods to attenuate the expected strength of specific capital in each sector is proxied by negative effects of the rise in effective rates of protection. the degree of industry concentration, the labor-capital More generally, to prevent the high potential for trade ratio, and the import penetration ratio. Second, counter-diversion associated with Egypt's high tariffs, a lobbying in factor or input markets is proxied by wage simultaneous reduction in Egypt's external tariffs should level, degree of processing in the industry, and degree of accompany the EU-Egypt agreement. intra-industry trade. Using this methodology, the authors This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of protection in developing countries. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,

This paper provides a new approach to the evaluation of pre-shipment inspection (PSI) programs as ways of improving tariff-revenue collection and reducing fraud when customs administrations are corrupt. We build a model highlighting the contribution of surveillance firms to the generation of information and describing how incentives for fraud and collusive behaviour between importers and customs are affected by the introduction of PSI. It is shown theoretically that the introduction of PSI has an ambiguous effect on the level of customs fraud. Empirically, our econometric results suggest that PSI reduced fraud in the Philippines; it increased it in Argentina and had not significant impact in Indonesia.

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Doświadczenia zdobyte w ostatnich kilku latach przez przedsiębiorstwa objęte obowiązkiem sporządzania sprawozdań niefinansowych dotyczących kwestii środowiskowych, społecznych i odnoszących się do zarządzania pozwoliły na zweryfikowanie istniejących regulacji pod kątem osiągnięcia celów założonych w momencie ich uchwalania oraz w kontekście pojawienia się nowych okoliczności funkcjonowania tych podmiotów i nowych wyzwań stojących przed społeczeństwem i gospodarką. Weryfikacja ta wykazała istnienie słabości dotychczas obowiązujących regulacji, co sprawiło, że niezbędna okazała się zmiana systemu raportowania informacji niefinansowych przez przedsiębiorstwa. Stanowisko to zaowocowało przyjęciem przez Parlament i Radę Unii Europejskiej dyrektywy w sprawie raportowania zrównoważonego rozwoju przedsiębiorstw EU/2464/2022 1 . Dyrektywa ta jest powiązana z kilkoma rozporządzeniami Komisji Europejskiej uchwalonymi w latach * Ryszard Kamiński, prof. UAM dr hab., Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, e-mail:

The article utilises the 2001 inter-municipal travel-to-work flows in Cyprus and for the first time delineates the country's labour market areas (LMAs) on the basis of the 25% commuting threshold (the average used by EU member states in such studies). The findings suggest that the country consists of five economically integrated areas of over 40 thousand inhabitants as well as 26 somewhat isolated clusters of communities or individual communities that collectively host 14 thousand people (2% of the country's population). Situated on mountainous terrain or along a meandering part of the buffer zone established in the wake of the 1974 Turkish invasion, most of these communities are incorporated into the main LMAs at the (lower) commuting threshold of 20%. The resulting spatial formations bear a rough resemblance to the country's administrative districts. Overall, the findings enhance our understanding of how the country functions at the sub-national level, which, in turn, permits the formulation of better-targeted economic policy interventions.

es prévisions occupent une place particulière dans le débat public en économie. Elles sont généralement considérées comme des prédictions, qualifiées fréquemment d'optimistes ou de pessimistes, comme si elles dépendaient de l'humeur des équipes qui les réalisent. Certes, en un sens, la prévision est un art tant elle dépend des signes précurseurs que nous livre le présent, de l'interprétation des évolutions en cours, de la capacité des économistes de sélectionner les informations pertinentes parmi celles, multiples, dont l'intérêt n'est qu'anecdotique. Il m'a donc semblé nécessaire que les prévisions réalisées par l'OFCE soient publiées en même temps qu'un débat autour de ces prévisions. Cela offre le double avantage de rendre explicite le doute inhérent à tout exercice de prévision pour les raisons déjà exposées, et de participer au pluralisme nécessaire à l'indépendance et au sérieux des études économiques. Une prévision, pour rigoureuse qu'elle soit, n'est pas un exercice mécanique au terme duquel la vérité serait révélée, mais une « histoire » raisonnée du futur délivrant des résultats incertains. Il est utile d'en comprendre d'emblée les limites, pour ne point s'en servir comme d'un argument d'autorité, à l'instar de ce qui est trop fréquemment le cas. Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

In this study, an examination is conducted on the link between trade policy regime and the nexus between foreign capital inflows and economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopted Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique and interacted trade openness and foreign capital inflows to measure Bhagwati hypothesis in the Nigerian economy. The result revealed that in the long run, export promotion plays complementary roles with both official development assistance and foreign direct investment to effect a positive and significant change in the Nigerian economy. In the short run however, both official development assistance and foreign direct investment, as well as their interactions with trade policy regime are all insignificant. The study recommended that Nigeria should continue its policy of export promotion and with low interest rate and moderately encouraging exchange rate, more of foreign direct investment and official development assistance can be attracted into Nigeria in order to attain a better economic growth.

Cross border trade is an important engine of global growth. Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) can be useful facilitators and promoters of export from home to host country, especially during economic and financial crisis. In fact, ECAs can help both home company (exporters) increase sales opportunities, as well as their business partners, who are operating in emerging market economies with less developed financial systems, and need to import new machinery to modernize their processing lines and increase their value added. This is especially true for companies engaging in capital intensive activities, including investments with long repayment periods. This article discusses the role of ECAs in facilitating cross border trade to emerging markets and demonstrates how selected risk mitigation instruments have been applied in practice. Cases are presented that highlight how companies (the importers) have used the service of ECAs to obtain better lending terms, including longer term loans and at lower interest rates. The cases also illustrated home companies (the exporters) can benefit from ECAs' service when selling their products.

There are some nonnegligible This study investigates the impacts of Nigerian policies and laws on Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria. By examining the complex interplay between national policies, laws, and FDI, this paperit reveals that Nigeria's abundant natural resources and large market size have made it a significant destination for Chinese FDI, primarily within the oil and gas sector. However, policy inconsistencies, regulatory complexities, and corruption present challenges for Chinese investors. This overemphasis on the oil and gas sector has limited FDI diversification and exposed the Nigerian economy to global commodity price volatility. In contrast, an enabling policy environment can potentially attract diversified Chinese FDI in sectors such as manufacturing, technology, and renewable energy. Recommendations proposed include improving policy consistency and transparency, strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks, creating sector-specific investment strategies, enhancing infrastructure, implementing stricter environmental regulations, and investing in human capital. The conclusions drawn in this study have broad implications for Nigeria's economic development strategy and its approach to attracting and regulating FDI.

quadrant. These countries are characterized by a negative situation in the field of education. The average growth rates for the period under review are close to zero, while GDP growth is also low. Kenya, Benin and Uganda are in the third quadrant, which is characterized by higher GDP growth rates. This may indicate the positive dynamics of economic development, but their contributions to education are not sufficient either.

The Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 allows school districts to provide free meals to all students if over 40 percent of them are directly certified as free-meal eligible. While emerging evidence documents positive effects on student behavior and academics, critics worry that CEP has unintended consequences for student weight, district finances, and instructional spending. We investigate these using school and district data from New York State and a difference-in-differences design. We exploit staggered CEP adoption, and explore differences between metro, town, and rural districts. We investigate potential mechanisms, including lunch and breakfast participation, and use event studies to assess pre-adoption trends and effects over time. We find that CEP increases total food expenditures, but spending per meal declines. Local food service revenues decline, but increased federal reimbursements more than compensate for local food revenue...

We examine the causal link between proximity to fast food and the incidence of childhood obesity among low-income households in New York City. Using individual-level longitudinal data on students living in public housing linked to restaurant location data, we exploit the naturally occurring withindevelopment variation in distance to fast food restaurants to estimate the impact of proximity on obesity. Since the assignment of households to specific buildings is based upon availability at the time of assignment to public housing, the distance between student residence and retail outlets-including fast food restaurants, wait-service restaurants, supermarkets, and corner stores-is plausibly random. Our credibly causal estimates suggest that childhood obesity increases with proximity to fast food, with larger effects for younger children.