Determining the Labour-Market Areas of Cyprus from the 2001 Commuting Flows

the article examines inter-municipal commuting flows in Greece, collected via the 2001 census, and delineates the country's labor market areas (lMAs). It finds that the lMAs of Athens (3.9 million inhabitants) and thessaloniki (1.1 million) exceed the homonymous urban-planning complexes by 8 and 15 times, respectively. these lMAs, along with the lMAs of Patras (245 thousand) and Iraklion (233 thousand), host about half the country's population. Another thirty-eight clusters of municipalities and eight self-contained municipalities of 20-184 thousand inhabitants jointly host a quarter of the country's population. the picture is complemented by the presence of ten clusters of municipalities and 607 selfcontained municipalities with smaller populations. overall, the article advances our understanding of how the country functions at the sub-national level.

Labor does not move only between firms and occupations; labor moves also between geographic areas. The territorial dimension of labor markets, however, has been rather loosely conceptualized, suggesting a unity absent in practice, probably because spatial theories have been developed, to a great extent, separately from the economic ones. The recognition of the “multiplicity of sub-markets†in the real world – noticeable is the term “balkanization†– necessitates the definition of local labor market areas (LLMAs) since the geographical dimension of both production process and labor force breeds territorial partitions in the labor market, setting obstacles to – and creating opportunities for – the mobility of (potential) workers. The aim of the paper is the definition of LLMAs in Greece on the basis of travel-to-work flows (i.e. incoming and outgoing), towards the formation of better-targeted policy interventions. The definition of LLM...

This essay is an empirical study of migration in a small, dynamic economy, North Cyprus. Even though it is a small state in a divided country, North Cyprus is rather unique, being both an importer and exporter of labor. It attracts a large number of workers from the Turkish mainland, and at the same time it exports labor to South Cyprus. The study consists of three main parts. First, there is an analytical discussion of migration using the standard rational migration theory, which assumes that migrants carefully weigh the economic benefits and costs of relocation prior to moving from origin to destination labor market. In the second part, findings from two special survey results are examined, the first one relating to Turkish Cypriot commuter workers who travel daily from North Cyprus for employment in South Cyprus, and a parallel survey of guest workers from Turkey working in North Cyprus. The third part of the paper highlights the conclusions and policy implications of the findings.

Duquenne Marie-Noëlle, Kaklamani Stamatina, 2013

The intensification of commuting flows as well as regular mobility between current home and secondary residence, without overlooking the arrival of a foreign population, is a phenomenon observed more and more in Europe. Greece does not escape this process and it seems nevertheless that the intensity of labour mobility presents relatively strong differences, not only from one region to another, but also at intraregional scale. The diverse forms of mobility reflect mutations in the organisation and the functioning of territories especially in the rural zones that are polarised by a small – medium urban centre, whereas the expansion of living space could contribute to an economic, and consequently demographic, revival of these "small" territories, corresponding to geographical and\or sociocultural territorial entities. In order to approach these diverse mutations, it is necessary to proceed to an evaluation of the different forms of mobility as well as their relative intensity, an intensity that is widely conditioned by the spatial scale chosen. The objective of the present work is thus, on the basis of the last available census data, to analyse the phenomenon of mobility at relatively fine territorial scales (Local Administrative Unit - LAU1), and to propose a method of evaluation of labour mobility through indicators suited to this small spatial scale. This method has to take into account the existence of specific patterns in the spatial distribution of mobility as well as the differentiation of variables suited to reflect the spatial heterogeneity of human behaviours.

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 2014

Recent policy changes in Cyprus represent the first phase of the integration of the labour markets of North and South Cyprus that could eventually lead to the integration of North Cyprus into the EU. Employment of construction workers from the North by South Cyprus has reduced the supply of workers in North Cyprus, while increasing individual incomes. To study the effects on economic well-being and wealth allocation in North Cyprus, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the economy is employed. Moves to maintain labour market stability by issuing additional permits to workers entering North Cyprus from Turkey are also studied. This policy has significantly benefited all stakeholders in Cyprus.

www-sre.wu.ac.at

The aim of the paper is the delineation of local labor markets in Greece on the basis of the two-way (ie incoming and outgoing) travel-to-work flows. The delineation of local labor markets is bound to establish a unit of locality which commands general acceptance as ...

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020

Commuting shapes countless everyday-lives around the world, with dynamics varying from city to regional and cross regional level. Taking as reference the free-movement EU-28 area (plus Switzerland and Norway), the analysis considers a total sample of 195 NUTS2 regions over the decade 2007-2017 to depict regional cross-border dynamics, thus including the impacts of the 2008 financial crisis. The tested presence of spatial interactions among regions leads to the adoption of the Spatial Durbin Model in a panel context, thus including fixed effects in order to eliminate any time influence on variables as well as any regional idiosyncrasy (i.e. cultural, institutional etc.). The outcoming analysis highlights the potentiality of temporary contracts in preserving jobs during crisis, as they offer a flexible tool for employment adjustments. Moreover, the regional specialization in the knowledge sector is found to be an important attractor of external workers as well as a relatively effective retaining factor of the domestic labour force. But there are also other factors affecting mobility. For instance, the perceived commuting distance significantly depends on the time needed to reach the corresponding workplace and this study finds that the more diffused is the transportation system (in terms of highways' density) the higher the commuting outflow. A similar impact is found with respect to housing costs, that is the cheaper is the relative house price of the region of residence with respect to the surrounding territories, the more travel-to-work becomes an attractive option, even in its extend of long-distance commute. Finally, a last strong push factor of mobility is found in the lack job opportunities, here expressed as the unemployment rate differential for each single territory with respect to its surroundings. Indeed, the higher the lack of job opportunities in the domestic market with respect to its neighbours, the higher the share of workers that will try to seek their fortune crossing the regional border.

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 2014

The connection between improved public transit and mobility on the fundamental trip between residence and workplace or leisure becomes especially important as gasoline prices-affecting the users of private automobilesbecome prohibitive. Whereas before the crisis housing development locations may have been affected predominantly by land values, post crisis development may be shifting towards the proximity to public transportation infrastructure in order to offset enhanced mobility costs. Transportation nodes, from their initial inception, have been organizing forces in a city's housing development policies. At the same time, driving and the use of highways has been a fact of life for many people in Cyprus who live in circumstances that demand car travel. At the community level, local governments are beginning to establish development policies to promote this enhanced connectivity by relating transportation cost savings resulting from new housing development at points of exchange that allow enhanced connectivity to the primary destinations of work and basic services. Incentives used for new development to locate near transit lines and stations are explored, as are design guidelines for projects aimed at improving access beyond public transit stations to a network of arterial roads that improve mobility options. Alternatives in the use of the automobile to connect local destinations are investigated, such as at the nodal points of education, healthcare and retail and professional services.

2000

4 4.8 Vacancies and structural imbalances 5. LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION 5.1 Demographic trends 5.2 Labour force participation by gender 5.3 Working hours 6. UNEMPLOYMENT 6.1 General trends in unemployment 6.2 Unemployment by sector and occupation 6.3 Unemployment by age and gender 6.4 Unemployment by educational attainment 6.5 Unemployment by region 7. EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING SYSTEMS 7.1 The structure of the education and training system 7.1.1 Pre-primary, primary and secondary education 7.1.2 Higher education 7.1.3 The training system 7.2 Initial vocational education and training 7.2.1 Technical schools 7.2.2 The HRDA's initial training programmes 7.2.3 Links with the labour market 7.2.4 The Cyprus Productivity Centre 7.3 Continuing vocational training 7.3.1 The HRDA's continuing training programmes 7.3.2 Issues in continuing vocational training 7.4 Other training schemes 7.4.1 Management/business education and training 7.4.2 Training for the unemployed 7.4.3 Vocational guidance 7.4.4 Care and rehabilitation of the disabled 8. LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS 8.1 Public employment services 5 8.2 Private employment services 8.3 Trade unions 8.4 Employers' organisations 8.5 Employment and labour market regulation 8.6 Tripartite cooperation and collective bargaining 9. EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR MARKET POLICIES 9.1 Labour market policies 9.2 Passive labour market measures 9.2.1 Unemployment insurance 9.2.2 Social assistance 9.3 Active labour market measures 9.4 Industrial policies 9.5 Policies specific to services 9.6 Other employment issues 10. CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Planning Bureau. In a number of cases clarifications were obtained from members of these organisations. In addition, a number of meetings were held with officials from the Department of Labour and from the Planning Bureau. During these meetings, the planning and execution of this report were discussed and valuable exchange of views on points of both substance and detail occurred. 1.3 General comments on the literature and data sources While official data on the economy of the Republic of Cyprus and its labour market in particular are generally good, very few studies have been published and are available in the public domain. Some of these, e.g. Jennies (1962), Meyer (1962), and House (1984) are very dated and of little contemporary relevance. Studies by Christofides and Pashardes (1999, 2000) make highly specialised, statistical, use of the Family Expenditure Survey of 1990/91 and were used to inform our discussion. Other useful material is available in a number of government documents and publications-see the Bibliography.