Policy Making Processes

Agriculture is directly linked to the socioeconomic development of every region. Agriculture impacts us all, whether we are seeking food security, better health or striving to conserve natural resources. Goal 2 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) underlines the significance of agriculture as a means to achieve food security. United Nations in its recently published report titled "World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020"(UN, 2020) has declared agriculture as one of the global priorities for achieving high-quality health care and formal employment opportunities. Agriculture is a spatial subject. Policy makers demand unrestricted access to spatial data of various kinds in order to address agricultural issues and for evidence-based policy-making. Therefore, what types of spatial datasets are required for agricultural policy-making is a relevant question which is the objective of this paper. This paper also explores agriculture in Pakistan, main challenges faced by the ...

Background: Due to government support for ecolodges, particularly in rural areas, and the growing demand for such accommodations, the number of ecolodges has increased significantly in recent years. Despite the variety and rising numbers of ecolodges, there is still limited information about why customers choose this new type of accommodation. Therefore, this study primarily aimed to develop a conceptual framework for investigating factors influencing guests' intention to revisit ecolodges. To achieve this, the present study proposed a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), incorporating the construct of electronic wordof-mouth (eWOM) to examine tourists' intentions to revisit ecolodges-a relatively underexplored area in the tourism and ecotourism literature. The framework was designed to identify the roles of beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and the influence of eWOM on tourists' decision-making. The findings of this research can help ecolodge operators and policymakers adopt effective marketing strategies and enhance customer experience management, facilitating the attraction and retention of tourists. Moreover, a deeper understanding of factors affecting revisit intentions can contribute to sustainable rural tourism development and foster cultural and economic connections between local communities and tourists. Methods: This quantitative research was applied in nature and a descriptive-survey study in terms of data collection. The statistical population consisted of tourists who stayed at ecolodges located in various regions of Gilan Province. This population was defined solely based on their stay at rural ecolodges in Gilan Province without other specific criteria. Ten out of 30 contacted ecolodges ultimately agreed to participate in the study. These participating ecolodges were widely distributed across the province. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed, which is commonly used in studies on tourist behavior, especially when the overall population is large and independent random sampling representative of the entire population is impractical. In total, 280 questionnaires were distributed among guests of ecolodges in April and May 2023, 250 of which were completed and returned by the guests (response rate: 89%). After excluding incomplete and invalid questionnaires, 230 responses were used for the final analysis. The research questionnaire consisted of two sections: one measured the study constructs, and the other collected demographic characteristics of the respondents. All measurement scales were adapted from the literature and assessed using a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). To test the content validity of the questionnaire, three faculty members from the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education at Bu-Ali Sina University, specializing in entrepreneurship and tourism, were consulted to review the items. Some items were revised based on their feedback. Before distributing the final questionnaire, a pilot test was conducted by distributing 20 questionnaires to guests at one of the ecolodges in Gilan Province (outside the study sample) to ensure the clarity and comprehensibility of the items, assess the reliability and face validity of the variables, and refine the questionnaire. A final questionnaire was prepared following minor adjustments. Results: Structural equation modeling results revealed a significant and positive relationship between attitude and perceived behavioral control with guests' intention to revisit. However, the relationship between subjective norms and revisit intention was not significant at the 5% level. Additionally, eWOM had a significant positive relationship with attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. However, the direct relationship between eWOM and revisit intention was not significant, which did not support the fourth hypothesis. Overall, the four independent variables explained 52% of the variance in revisit intention. Findings showed that eWOM indirectly influenced revisit intention through attitude and perceived behavioral control. The mediation effect was fully established given the non-significant direct effect of eWOM on revisit intention. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors influencing tourists' intention to revisit ecolodges. The results confirm the applicability of the TPB in

Abstrak:

Kebijakan agraria di Indonesia, sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) No. 5 Tahun 1960, berperan penting dalam mengatur hak atas tanah, yang di antaranya tercermin dalam Pasal 16 tentang Hak Milik dan Pasal 19 tentang Hak Sewa. Pasal-pasal ini lebih memfokuskan pada hak kepemilikan dan penggunaan tanah untuk tujuan produktivitas ekonomi jangka pendek, yang seringkali mengutamakan keuntungan finansial. Kondisi ini dapat menciptakan ketidakseimbangan dalam pengelolaan tanah, di mana keberlanjutan praktik pertanian organik yang lebih mengutamakan konservasi tanah dan keberlanjutan ekosistem sering kali terabaikan. Praktik pertanian organik yang mengedepankan aspek keberlanjutan jangka panjang dan keseimbangan ekologi tidak selalu sejalan dengan kebijakan yang menekankan efisiensi produksi secara instan.

Selain itu, Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi turut mempengaruhi pengaturan penggunaan lahan untuk pendidikan dan penelitian di bidang pertanian, namun sering kali tidak memberikan prioritas terhadap pengembangan praktik pertanian ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Kebijakan agraria yang lebih berorientasi pada sektor pertanian konvensional berpotensi bertentangan dengan tujuan pengembangan pertanian organik di Indonesia. Dalam konteks ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan agraria terhadap keberlanjutan pertanian organik di Indonesia, dengan mempertimbangkan ketidaksesuaian antara kebijakan yang ada dan kebutuhan untuk mendukung pertanian berkelanjutan. Dengan melihat dampak regulasi terhadap praktik pertanian organik, penelitian ini berharap dapat memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan yang lebih mendukung keberlanjutan sektor pertanian organik di masa depan.

Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Agraria, Pertanian Organik, Keberlanjutan, Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, UUPA No. 5 Tahun 1960, Undang-Undang Pendidikan Tinggi, Pengelolaan Tanah, Pertanian Ramah Lingkungan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab dan dampak terjadinya konflik antara PT BTS dengan Masyarakat Way Huwi, Jati Agung, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan beberapa cara yakni observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor penyebab konflik agraria antara PT BTS  dengan masyarakat Desa Way Huwi, masalah bermula dari klaim tak guna bangunan yang diajukan oleh PT BTS yaitu anak dari perusahaan CV Bumi Waras (BW). Klaim tersebut mengabaikan aset yang selama ini digunakan oleh masyarakat dan juga Diketahui sebelumnya, Kepala Desa Way Hui, Muhammad Yani, menjelaskan bahwa lahan tersebut sudah menjadi milik desa sejak tahun 1968, termasuk tanah pemakaman yang telah digunakan oleh masyarakat setempat. Ia juga menyebutkan adanya kesalahan dan dugaan malpraktik dalam proses penerbitan HGB untuk PT BTS. menurut peta situasi rencana pemberian SHGB pada tanggal 10 April 1996 dan peta izin lokasi pada tanggal 3 mei 1996 lapangan sepak bola dan pemakaman tersebut sudah dikeluarkan bersamaan dengan kantor TVRI oleh BPN Lampung Selatan aneh nya pada tanggal 28 Agustus 1996 tanah lapangan olah raga masuk didalam peta SHGB PT. BTS. Lapangn sepak bola dan tanah kuburan telah gunakan jauh sebelum PT. BTS hadir. Masyarakat juga menduga adanya indikasi praktik mafia tanah yang melibatkan pihak-pihak tertentu.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab dan dampak terjadinya konflik antara PT BTS dengan Masyarakat Way Huwi, Jati Agung, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan beberapa cara yakni observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor penyebab konflik agraria antara PT BTS  dengan masyarakat Desa Way Huwi, masalah bermula dari klaim tak guna bangunan yang diajukan oleh PT BTS yaitu anak dari perusahaan CV Bumi Waras (BW). Klaim tersebut mengabaikan aset yang selama ini digunakan oleh masyarakat dan juga Diketahui sebelumnya, Kepala Desa Way Hui, Muhammad Yani, menjelaskan bahwa lahan tersebut sudah menjadi milik desa sejak tahun 1968, termasuk tanah pemakaman yang telah digunakan oleh masyarakat setempat. Ia juga menyebutkan adanya kesalahan dan dugaan malpraktik dalam proses penerbitan HGB untuk PT BTS. menurut peta situasi rencana pemberian SHGB pada tanggal 10 April 1996 dan peta izin lokasi pada tanggal 3 mei 1996 lapangan sepak bola dan pemakaman tersebut sudah dikeluarkan bersamaan dengan kantor TVRI oleh BPN Lampung Selatan aneh nya pada tanggal 28 Agustus 1996 tanah lapangan olah raga masuk didalam peta SHGB PT. BTS. Lapangn sepak bola dan tanah kuburan telah gunakan jauh sebelum PT. BTS hadir. Masyarakat juga menduga adanya indikasi praktik mafia tanah yang melibatkan pihak-pihak tertentu.

The study explores how evidence is used to influence the formulation of policies and legislations in Africa. It draws on insights from the Ugandan HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Bill and the Ghana National Plastic Management Policy. It further identifies barriers to evidence use and the best practices to evidence use across African Parliaments and organisations . The study adopts a qualitative method using desktop and document reviews to arrive at findings and conclusions. The study found that the key sources of evidence that Parliamentarians draw on are administrative reports and other non-governmental sources.
Also, evidence use is shaped by inventory of some organisations including MMDAs, MDAs, CSOs and academia.
The study also identified some barriers to using evidence to inform policies and legislations. These are political interest, executive dominance and reliance on hard research.
Based on these findings, the study recommends that, reports used as evidence in policy making by parliamentarians should be subjected to rigorous assessment. Investments should also be made into monitoring and evaluation reports from both governmental and non-governmental sources.

Penelitian ini menganalisis peran negara dalam pengaturan kepemilikan tanah bagi warga
negara asing di Indonesia, dengan tujuan mengeksplorasi kebijakan, mekanisme implementasi,
dan dampak regulasi pertanahan. Menggunakan metode kualitatif-deskriptif melalui studi
dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam, dan analisis komparatif peraturan perundangan.Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara membentuk kerangka regulasi berbasis UndangUndang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) No. 5 Tahun 1960, dengan pembatasan kepemilikan melalui
mekanisme Hak Pakai, pembatasan waktu, dan persyaratan administratif ketat. Implementasi
kebijakan mencakup koordinasi lintas kementerian, sistem pengawasan komprehensif, dan
fleksibilitas regulasi.Dampak multidimensional meliputi aspek ekonomi (investasi dan risiko
spekulasi), sosial (pengembangan wilayah dan marginalisasi), dan politik (dinamika
kedaulatan). Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa kepemilikan tanah asing merupakan fenomena
kompleks yang memerlukan pendekatan holistik untuk menyeimbangkan kepentingan
investasi, perlindungan kedaulatan, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Rekomendasi mencakup
penyempurnaan mekanisme perizinan, peningkatan pengawasan, penguatan perlindungan
masyarakat lokal, dan adaptasi berkelanjutan, dengan tetap mengedepankan prinsip fungsi
sosial tanah dan kedaulatan nasional.

Public aspirations are essential in policy formulation in an ideal political system. Especially at the village level in Indonesia, many researchers argue that with the implementation of village funds, the implementation of participation at the village level can better capture public aspirations. However, in reality, efforts to absorb public aspirations in a participatory manner experience many obstacles. One important suspicion is that this public space may not be a comfortable and safe public space for people to express their aspirations. By using a mix method, this research explores alternative explanations based on empirical data that people tend to use their own social space as a safe and comfortable space for aspirations.

I. Air menjadi sumber daya penting dalam kehidupan manusia yang dimana dapat membantu dalam mendukung kegiatan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari maupun dalam sektor pertanian hingga membantu dalam kemajuan ekonomi. Di kawasan Timur Tengah dan Afrika, diketahui bahwa adanya keterbatasan dalam ketersediaan air yang menjadi masalah yang berdampak menimbulkan konflik yang rumit, keberadaan air menjadi sumber kekhawatiran besar akibat kelangkaan dan distribusinya yang tidak merata. Air bukan sekadar kebutuhan dasar, tetapi juga instrumen strategis yang dapat menentukan hubungan kekuatan antarnegara. Oleh karena itu, menyelesaikan konflik ini membutuhkan pendekatan yang menyeluruh, melibatkan negosiasi multilateral, kerja sama regional, dan penerapan kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya air yang adil dan berkelanjutan. Kedua kawasan ini memiliki karakteristik geografis berupa iklim kering dan semi-kering yang membatasi ketersediaan sumber daya air, air juga sering dijadikan alat geopolitik di mana akses terhadap sumber daya ini digunakan untuk mempengaruhi posisi tawar negara lain, memperuncing ketegangan di wilayah yang sudah penuh dengan ketidakstabilan. Secara geografis, Timur Tengah dan Afrika merupakan wilayah yang cenderung kering dan semi-kering yang dipengaruhi oleh dampak perubahan iklim, pengelolaan sumber daya air yang kurang efektif dan pertumbuhan populasi. Permasalahan air ini menjadi hambatan kerjasama dan kesepakatan regional, sebagian besar sumber daya air di wilayah tersebut diambil alih dengan kekerasan dan aksi militer. Dengan demikian, hubungan timbal balik antara sumber daya air, konflik, ideologi yang bersaing dan kebutuhan dasar masyarakat, Di Timur Tengah, konflik terkait air sering muncul karena perebutan atas sungai-sungai besar seperti Tigris, Efrat, dan Yordan. Negara-negara seperti Turki, Irak, Suriah, Israel, Palestina, dan Yordania bersaing untuk mendapatkan akses yang setara terhadap sumber daya air tersebut. Konflik air di Timur Tengah dan Afrika tidak hanya melibatkan aspek perebutan sumber daya, tetapi juga mencakup persoalan politik, ekonomi, dan keamanan. Solusi untuk mengatasi konflik ini memerlukan pendekatan bersama yang melibatkan dialog, kerja sama regional, serta penerapan kebijakan pengelolaan air yang berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, peran organisasi internasional, negara-negara donor, serta inisiatif lokal menjadi krusial dalam menciptakan solusi jangka panjang yang dapat mengatasi krisis air di Timur Tengah dan Afrika. Konflik air di Timur Tengah sering kali terjadi pada sungai-sungai lintas batas seperti Sungai Nil, Tigris, Eufrat, dan Yordan. Sungai-sungai ini sangat penting untuk kebutuhan domestik, pertanian, dana energi, tetapi sering menjadi sumber ketegangan karena distribusi sumber daya yang tidak merata dan pengelolaan yang buruk.

I. Air menjadi sumber daya penting dalam kehidupan manusia yang dimana dapat membantu dalam mendukung kegiatan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari maupun dalam sektor pertanian hingga membantu dalam kemajuan ekonomi. Di kawasan Timur Tengah dan Afrika, diketahui bahwa adanya keterbatasan dalam ketersediaan air yang menjadi masalah yang berdampak menimbulkan konflik yang rumit, keberadaan air menjadi sumber kekhawatiran besar akibat kelangkaan dan distribusinya yang tidak merata. Air bukan sekadar kebutuhan dasar, tetapi juga instrumen strategis yang dapat menentukan hubungan kekuatan antarnegara. Oleh karena itu, menyelesaikan konflik ini membutuhkan pendekatan yang menyeluruh, melibatkan negosiasi multilateral, kerja sama regional, dan penerapan kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya air yang adil dan berkelanjutan. Kedua kawasan ini memiliki karakteristik geografis berupa iklim kering dan semi-kering yang membatasi ketersediaan sumber daya air, air juga sering dijadikan alat geopolitik di mana akses terhadap sumber daya ini digunakan untuk mempengaruhi posisi tawar negara lain, memperuncing ketegangan di wilayah yang sudah penuh dengan ketidakstabilan. Secara geografis, Timur Tengah dan Afrika merupakan wilayah yang cenderung kering dan semi-kering yang dipengaruhi oleh dampak perubahan iklim, pengelolaan sumber daya air yang kurang efektif dan pertumbuhan populasi. Permasalahan air ini menjadi hambatan kerjasama dan kesepakatan regional, sebagian besar sumber daya air di wilayah tersebut diambil alih dengan kekerasan dan aksi militer. Dengan demikian, hubungan timbal balik antara sumber daya air, konflik, ideologi yang bersaing dan kebutuhan dasar masyarakat, Di Timur Tengah, konflik terkait air sering muncul karena perebutan atas sungai-sungai besar seperti Tigris, Efrat, dan Yordan. Negara-negara seperti Turki, Irak, Suriah, Israel, Palestina, dan Yordania bersaing untuk mendapatkan akses yang setara terhadap sumber daya air tersebut. Konflik air di Timur Tengah dan Afrika tidak hanya melibatkan aspek perebutan sumber daya, tetapi juga mencakup persoalan politik, ekonomi, dan keamanan. Solusi untuk mengatasi konflik ini memerlukan pendekatan bersama yang melibatkan dialog, kerja sama regional, serta penerapan kebijakan pengelolaan air yang berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, peran organisasi internasional, negara-negara donor, serta inisiatif lokal menjadi krusial dalam menciptakan solusi jangka panjang yang dapat mengatasi krisis air di Timur Tengah dan Afrika. Konflik air di Timur Tengah sering kali terjadi pada sungai-sungai lintas batas seperti Sungai Nil, Tigris, Eufrat, dan Yordan. Sungai-sungai ini sangat penting untuk kebutuhan domestik, pertanian, dana energi, tetapi sering menjadi sumber ketegangan karena distribusi sumber daya yang tidak merata dan pengelolaan yang buruk.

Background: The cooperation of actors across policy fields and the need for cross-sector cooperation as well as recommendations on how to implement cross-sector cooperation have been addressed in many national and international policies that seek to solve complex issues within societies. For such a purpose, the relevant governance structure between policy sectors is cross-sector cooperation. Therefore, cross-sector cooperation and its structures need to be better understood for improved implementation. This article reports on the governance structures and processes of cross-sector cooperation in health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) policies in six European Union (EU) member states. Methods: Qualitative content analysis of HEPA policies and semi-structured interviews with key policymakers in six European countries. Results: Cross-sector cooperation varied between EU member states within HEPA policies. The main issues of the cross-sector policy process can be divided into stakeholder involvement, governance structures and coordination structures and processes. Stakeholder involvement included citizen hearings and gatherings of stakeholders from various non-governmental organisations and citizen groups. Governance structures with policy and political discussions included committees, working groups and consultations for HEPA policymaking. Coordination structures and processes included administrative processes with various stakeholders, such as ministerial departments, research institutes and private actors for HEPA policymaking. Successful cross-sector cooperation required joint planning and evaluation, financial frameworks, mandates based on laws or agreed methods of work, communication lines, and valued processes of cross-sector cooperation. Conclusions: Cross-sector cooperation required participation with the co-production of goals and sharing of resources between stakeholders, which could, for example, provide mechanisms for collaborative decision-making through citizen hearing. Clearly stated responsibilities, goals, communication, learning and adaptation for cross-sector cooperation improve success. Specific resources allocated for cross-sector cooperation could enhance the empowerment of stakeholders, management of processes and outcomes of cross-sector cooperation.

Penelitian ini membahas stratifikasi sosial dalam masyarakat petani desa yang didasarkan pada kepemilikan tanah. Stratifikasi sosial mencerminkan adanya pembagian kelompok dalam masyarakat berdasarkan status sosial, ekonomi, dan kekuasaan. Dalam konteks masyarakat agraris, kepemilikan tanah menjadi indikator utama yang memengaruhi posisi sosial individu atau kelompok. Studi ini dilakukan di sebuah desa agraris melalui metode kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat petani desa terbagi dalam tiga strata utama: petani pemilik tanah luas, petani pemilik tanah sempit, dan buruh tani. Perbedaan dalam kepemilikan tanah tidak hanya menentukan akses terhadap sumber daya ekonomi, tetapi juga memengaruhi pola hubungan sosial, kekuasaan dalam komunitas, serta kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kesimpulannya, kepemilikan tanah memainkan peran sentral dalam membentuk hierarki sosial masyarakat petani desa, sehingga diperlukan kebijakan redistribusi yang adil untuk mengurangi kesenjangan sosial.
Kata kunci: stratifikasi sosial, kepemilikan tanah, masyarakat petani, hierarki sosial, desa agraris

Penelitian ini membahas stratifikasi sosial dalam masyarakat petani desa yang didasarkan pada kepemilikan tanah. Stratifikasi sosial mencerminkan adanya pembagian kelompok dalam masyarakat berdasarkan status sosial, ekonomi, dan kekuasaan. Dalam konteks masyarakat agraris, kepemilikan tanah menjadi indikator utama yang memengaruhi posisi sosial individu atau kelompok. Studi ini dilakukan di sebuah desa agraris melalui metode kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat petani desa terbagi dalam tiga strata utama: petani pemilik tanah luas, petani pemilik tanah sempit, dan buruh tani. Perbedaan dalam kepemilikan tanah tidak hanya menentukan akses terhadap sumber daya ekonomi, tetapi juga memengaruhi pola hubungan sosial, kekuasaan dalam komunitas, serta kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kesimpulannya, kepemilikan tanah memainkan peran sentral dalam membentuk hierarki sosial masyarakat petani desa, sehingga diperlukan kebijakan redistribusi yang adil untuk mengurangi kesenjangan sosial.

In Indonesia, land dispute conflicts often occur due to inequality of ownership and agrarian policies that do not pay attention to the rights of local communities. This study aims to analyze the impact of land dispute conflicts and agrarian reform on human rights (HAM). Using normative legal methods, this study examines laws and related literature, and applies legislative and conceptual approaches. The results of the study show that although the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) Number 5 of 1960 was designed to create social justice, its implementation still faces serious challenges. Inequality of land ownership causes human rights violations, including land grabbing, restrictions on the right to life, and neglect of community rights. The case in Pakel Village illustrates how local communities lose their rights to the land they have managed, which has an impact on their welfare and livelihoods. According to Article 1 number (1) of Presidential Regulation 86/2018, agrarian reform is a policy to reorganize control, ownership, use, and utilization of land in a just manner. Inequality in land ownership, often caused by policies that do not pay attention to the rights of local communities, has resulted in serious human rights violations regarding land disputes in Indonesia, both between communities and the state and between corporations, often resulting in the seizure of land and livelihoods, restrictions on the right to life, and the seizure of rights involving state officials.

Upaya untuk mendistribusikan kembali tanah yang tidak produktif atau tidak tergarap kepada komunitas yang membutuhkan tanah untuk usaha pertanian dan pemukiman dikenal sebagai redistribusi tanah reforma agraria. Tujuan redistribusi tanah ini adalah untuk menciptakan keadilan agraria, meningkatkan pemerataan kepemilikan tanah, dan memperbaiki sistem pertanahan yang tidak merata. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, hukum yang mengatur redistribusi tanah reforma agraria terdiri dari elemen-elemen berikut:

This Element comprehensively scrutinizes the key issue of the accountability of policy-makers in democratic governance. The electoral punishment of the incumbents, parliamentary control of the government, and sanctions in the case of administrative misconduct or negligence are the most visible manifestations of accountability in politics. However, the phenomenon is much more complex, and fully understanding such a multifaceted object requires bridging bodies of work that usually remain disjointed. This Element assesses the effectiveness of vertical accountability through elections and how interinstitutional accountability operates in checks-and-balances systems, along with the growing role of the courts. It evaluates how the accountability of the bureaucracy has been affected by managerial reforms and different governance transformations. It also scrutinizes to what extent mediatization and policy failure boost accountability, before zooming in on the feelings and reactions of those...

The birth of law, government action or decision and even media release starts from a single problem growing to become massive issues. The process of making public policies has pros and antis. Therefore, to make an influential public policy, it should be investigated thoroughly and deeply. The importance of the subject is that public policy affects everyone in every society. There are many studies describing different solutions for solving various issues in the public. Nevertheless, this study investigates all the related aspects of public study so as to have a wider understanding about what, how, who, makes public policies in different level. For this conceptual paper, qualitative method is applied using content analysis approach for attaining secondary data to explain all the aspects of public policy, from raising issues to finding and implementing solutions. The policy makers are divided into two groups; official and non-official entities. In this study 46 recent studies and books focusing on public policy (issues, establishment, makers, and types) are scanned and analyzed. Finally, this article concludes that public policy is a completely important subject to be studied for having influence on all the aspects of each community. Therefore, the study suggests further investigations in any public policy for any issue before making and implementing the policy.

The  article  analyzes  the  transformation  of  the U.S. business system from the last quarter of the twentieth  century  to  the  first  quarter  of  the twenty-first  century.  It  studies  the  boundary conditions for the evolution of U.S. firms as part of  the  formation of  knowledge  capitalism, emphasizing  the  public  policies  shaped  during the    period    that    directly    impacted    firms. Specifically, it studies the emergence of limited liability companies (LLCs) in the context of the institutional    changes    generated    by public policies.  It  empirically  determines  that  this business  form  has  become  widely  dominant. This finding contributes to Gerald Davis' thesis of  the  demise  of  the  classic  corporation,  with some  nuances.  It  is  argued  that  this  change results from a comprehensive transformation of economics,    politics,    business,    and    public administration  in  the  transition  to  knowledge capitalism.
(El artículo analiza la transformación del sistema empresarial  estadounidense  a  partir  del  último cuarto  del siglo  XX  hasta  el  primer  cuarto  del siglo XXI. Estudia las condiciones de contorno para la evolución de las empresas estadounidenses como parte de la formación del capitalismo del conocimiento con énfasis en las políticas  públicas  conformadas  durante  el período  que  impactaron  directamente  a  las empresas.  En  específico  estudia  la  emergencia de  la  compañía  de  responsabilidad  limitada (LLC)    en    el    contexto    de    los    cambios institucionales  generados  por  esas  políticas públicas  y  determina  empíricamente  que  esta forma    empresarial    se    ha    convertido    en ampliamente dominante. Este hallazgo contribuye  a  sustentar  la  tesis  de  Gerald  Davis de la desaparición de la corporación clásica, con algunos matices. Se plantea que este cambio es fruto  de  una  transformación  integral  de  la economía,  la  política  y  la  administración empresarial  y  pública  en  la  transición  hacia  el capitalismo del conocimiento.)

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the Finnish media discourse around LULUCF-regulation (land use, land use change and forestry) between 2017 and 2018. In Finland, the regulation is not a small matter, since it connects the Finnish forests to global climate politics closely. More specifically, this thesis concentrates on how science was referred to and utilized within this discourse. The case of the LULUCF regulation gives an excellent insight for that because environmental issues, including climate change, are vague and abstract to begin with and in the need of expert knowledge to be translated both to the decision-makers and to the public. Research done along this line is important in a wider perspective as the case presents an example of multifaceted environmental problem in the public spotlight. Finally, the main objective of this thesis is to explore the relationship between science and politics in climate action. This is done by reflecting the findings of this thesis with a wider global perspective in these times that are said to be so very crucial in climate emissions control. The research questions were, first, to identify the narratives within the discourse and, second, to identify how scientific authority was used within these narratives. By answering these questions guiding the main aim, it was possible to give some insights in understanding the complicated relationship between science and politics in environmental problems. World society theory works as the theoretical background explaining the rise of environmental regime and the expansion of international climate agreements. The epistemic governance approach complements the theory by guiding the focus on three dimensions of social world: ontology of the environment, identifications and norms as well as ideals. The data consisted of articles published in all five national newspapers as well as the Finnish government's press releases that mentioned 'LULUCF' and were published online, all in all 232 articles. The methods included discourse analysis, which allowed to study the language more closely, concentrating on words and their usage. In addition, the discourse is divided into narratives to make sense of the complicated and multifaceted discourse. The narratives constructed each stakeholders' values and aims, and they were treated as a way of interpreting communication and social life. Four types of narratives from the data are identified: (1) Development for Economic Prosperity, (2) Saving the Environment, (3) Protecting the Nation and (4) Fostering Cultural Heritage. In addition to the identified narratives and the use of science within them, the main finding of this thesis lay with gaining understanding of power and knowledge. They are closely intertwined even though the people in power do not necessarily have all the necessary information at hand. Science has reached all parts of human lives and experts are needed to work as interpreters to ordinary people and to the decision-makers. Politics at play determine who and what kind of knowledge gets the attention needed for policy change. The findings are in line with previous research and they highlight the hybrid nature of climate action both on national and global level.

The article argues that the basis for identification for the politicians vis-á-vis the citizenry has changed and that this has had consequences for the Habermasian perception of public deliberation and legitimacy. We reconsider the concepts of identification and legitimacy and argue that they can be conceptualized by a special rhetorical figure, socalled formulations of genuineness. They help to legitimize proposals to heterogeneous audiences by means of ad hoc incorporation of different value-systems and frames of reference. We illustrate our thesis with quotations from nomination letters written by the current chairmen of the Danish Social Democratic Party and Socialist People's Party. We further elaborate on a concept of celebrity public sphere and we show how it is constituted by the media. We argue that such spheres empower lay people to enter the sphere for political action with immediate effects for society-so-called good governance. By means of engaging lay-people in an ad hoc fashion we argue that participatory and deliberative ideals of democracy are met in a new fashion.

The government provides social assistance programs to the poor to help achieve community welfare programs by providing social assistance to the poor. The research used is descriptive research. Technical analysis of the data obtained was carried out using three types of triangulation through data reduction, data presentation, verification and confirmation of conclusions, then data validity, namely source triangulation. The effect of social assistance on the welfare of underprivileged communities in Ulak Rengas Village, Abung Tinggi District, North Lampung has positive and negative effects. Effect can be defined as a result or outcome. The social assistance provided and distributed by the Indonesian government to the poor is very diverse and varies, ranging from social assistance in the form of basic needs to financial assistance. The positive effects of income assistance can improve the economy of poor people, ease the burden of meeting living needs and help poor people manage and make maximum use of the results of life assistance to improve people's living standards. The negative effect of social assistance is that people feel dependent on social assistance, feel that their lives are being helped, people only depend on ordinary social assistance which causes a lack of public awareness of being satisfied, social assistance and improving the economy.

Oleh Yayuk Farida Baliwati 2 ) I. PENDAHULUAN Pangan merupakan hak asasi bagi kehidupan manusia diakui secara intemasional .dan direspon oleh Indonesia. Bahkan Presiden pertama Republik Indonesia pemah menyatakan bahwa hidup matinya suatu bangsa ditentukan oleh ketahanan pangan negara tersebut. Universal Declaration of Human Right (1948) dan The International Covenant on Economic~Social, and Cultural Rights (1966) menyebutkan bahwa "everyone should have an adequate standard ofliving~including adequate food, cloothing, and housing and that the fundamental right to freedom from hunger and nlalnutrition". Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit 1996 (Indonesia juga menandatanganinya) menekankan pada human rig/It to adequate food (hak atas pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan secara cukup). Selain itu~Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) menegaskan bahwa tahoo 2015 setiap negara termasuk Indonesia menyepakati menurunkan kemiskinan dan kelaparan separuhnya. Pola pikir tersebut mendapat penegasan lagi pada Hari Pangan Sedunia tahun 2007 yang menekankan pentingnya pemenuhan hak atas pangan. Pangan adalah segala sesuatu yang berasaI dari sumber hayati dan air, baik yang diolah maupun yang tidak diolah ataupun produk turunannya yang diperuntukkan sebagai makanan atau minuman bagi manusia termasuk bahan tambahan pangan, bahan baku pangan, dan bahan lain yang digunakan di alam proses penyiapan, pengolahan, dan atau pembuatan makanan atau minuman.

Most Indonesians are farmers, they assume land as an invaluable treasure in both economic and economic needs social needs. In this study describes the Implementation process Redistribution of Land in the Village of Kasreman aimed solely for improve the social condition of farmers by way of dividing the land fair and equitable over the source of life of the peasant community in the form of land through the granting of the First Land Rights, thereby expected prospering the community evenly the main farmers who have been working on state land since 1960. In the research of the Implementation Process of Land Object Redistribution This landreform, the authors use qualitative research methods as research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written data or oral from several sources. Data source used in writing this study includes Primary Data and Secondary Data. Primary Data is sources of data obtained directly from interviews with heads of sections arrangement and arra...

Decentralization is a basic form of democratic government that transfer power, resources and empowers the local people as the decision makers for the local governing system. Since the inception in the Indian Constitution, decentralization was predicated to strengthen local political organizations, increase their democratic nature, and establish institutions that would cater to the interests and needs of the people. It envisages increasing local government institutions' accountability and performance which would enhance development and transparency of governance at the grass root level. There are various theoretical benefits associated with decentralization, and already three decades have passed since the introduction of the 73 rd and 74 th Amendment Act in 1992. However, in many instances, realizing these idealistic decentralization goals has proven to be extremely difficult. The study therefore seeks to examine if decentralization is improving service delivery at the local level as envisioned. Although, efforts were made to facilitate effective and accountable local governance, various factors have hindered decentralization to fully achieve its objectives. The study attempts to identify the 'missing link' which has hampered the efficacy of decentralized government in India.

This paper intends to analyze in detail the legislative procedures relating to laws that regulate money laundering in Brazil and their future tendencies, exploring the research field called criminal legislative policy. The main objective of this paper is to help build this research area in Brazil, as well as to map out some characteristics of the Brazilian legislative process concerning the criminalization of conduct related to the economy (political parties involved, foreign influences, etc.). The first part of the paper is theoretical and explores the concept of legislative policy and the international regulation of money laundering, mainly in Latin America, that could have influenced Brazilian legislation. The last part of the paper is composed of graphs that explore details about the legislative procedure of the two main Brazilian pieces of legislation on money laundering. This part also contains a table with the main active bills that seek to change the current legislation on the matter, as well as a critical analysis. The initial conclusions point to an increase in punishment in the years analyzed, with future trends heading in the same direction. The methodology used is bibliographic, legislative, and documental research.

Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Approaching Innovation from a Systems Perspective 3.2 The Rise of the Knowledge Economy 3.3 National Innovation Systems 3.5 Sectoral Innovation Systems 3.6 Technological Innovation Systems 3.7 How Useful are System of Innovation Approaches? 3.8 Augmenting the Systems of Innovation Framework with the Triple Helix Model and the Concept of National Innovative Capacity 4 China's Innovation System(s) 4.1 A Narrative Review of China's Pre-and Post-Reform Innovation System 4.2 The Emergence of a NIS with Chinese Characteristics in the Pre-Xi Era 4.3 The Current State of the Systems of Innovation Literature on China 4.4 Further Steps and Trajectories for Research 5 Concluding Remarks References

The literature on neo-corporatist agreements in social and labor market policy in the 1990s points to a decline of concertation in European countries with a long-standing tradition of corporatist negotiation. This article identifies a similar trend in Switzerland and argues that three destabilizing factors account for it: 1) retrenchment pressure and ideological polarization prevent compromises; 2) the emergence of new social demands and interests challenges the homogeneity and legitimacy of peak organizations and thus their bargaining power; 3) increasing media coverage tends to open up the traditionally confidential and selective sphere of corporatist negotiation and weakens the social partners' ability to reach agreements. The impact of these factors on neo-corporatist bargaining is tested in Switzerland, a case where corporatist negotiations used to be particularly decisive in social policy making. Empirical evidence comes from a cross-time comparison of two major social policies: Unemployment insurance and pension reforms in the 1970s and in the 1990s. In the last decade, the main locus of decision-making shifted from the sphere of interest groups to partisan politics. In parliament, the political parties were able to draft bills enjoying wide acceptance thanks to compensations offered to groups particularly vulnerable to new social risks.

In the past two decades, Brazil has witnessed concerned citizens engaging
in citizenship audits, organising social observatories, delivering training for
using open data, pressuring for better governmental transparency, developing
digital platforms and, more recently, using ‘civic bots’ (some of them based
on artificial intelligence (AI) technology) to hold governments and politicians
accountable. In this period, civil society also deployed more traditional and
contentious public pressure tactics and e-tactics, such as street demonstrations,
advocacy, e-petitions, uploading hashtags, and overflowing public officials’
email boxes to mobilise people and influence the policy-making process in an
attempt to improve anti-corruption and accountability mechanisms. By providing
an overview of these fertile, creative, and heterogeneous anti-corruption
and pro-accountability civil society initiatives emerging since the late 1990s
in Brazil, this chapter explores how the paths of digital technologies and
anti-corruption civil society initiatives have developed and crossed in the
struggle for more transparency and integrity, and less corruption.

It was established through a decision of the university council and funded by the University of Iceland Centennial Fund. It is a study of power and democratic governance in Iceland focusing on the legislature, executive and judicial powers, public policy and administration, as well as on the actors and participants in the system, such as political parties, interest groups, the media and the public. Power and democracy studies have been conducted in the other Nordic countries and the Icelandic study is guided to some extent by the Nordic studies, while also taking into account the specific conditions in Iceland, particularly the impact of the financial collapse in 2008. Neither the government nor parliament, however, had any part in forming the Icelandic study and the scale of the project is consequently more limited than in the other countries. Although a certain amount of interests has existed both in parliament and the government, dating back to the late 1980s, the decision to invest in a thorough study of power and democracy in Iceland has given way to other needs. The Icelandic power and democracy study focuses on empirical research and emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, involving scholars from different disciplines of social science. The empirical focus of the project is partly the result of its institutional

From the article: The Power and Democracy Research Project was a five-year (2014-2018) research project at the School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland. It was established through a decision of the university council and funded by the University of Iceland Centennial Fund. It is a study of power and democratic governance in Iceland focusing on the legislature, executive and judicial powers, public policy and administration, as well as on the actors and participants in the system, such as political parties, interest groups, the media and the public.

As countries seek to secure their economic future, education has become increasingly central to socioeconomic strategy in the United Kingdom and beyond. As a result, there is increased governmental expectation and scrutiny of the learning outcomes achieved by pupils. Following from this, teaching quality has become a significant focus in a number of countries. As part of the quality agenda, career-long professional learning has become a major policy theme from which a range of approaches has been implemented in Scotland: increased entry qualifications, the development of professional standards, and emphasis on the ongoing professional development of teachers. Within these approaches can be identified a reconceptualisation of what it means to be a teacher. While there is some expression of values related to social justice, equality and inclusion in education policy, the actions to implement policy tend to centre on instrumental approaches to career-long development. The idea of '...

The current work aims to present and discuss some results of our studies on the communication between those responsible for setting up public, environmental policies and the Brazilian scientific community. These researches focus on the use of knowledge, mostly scientific knowledge, related to two environmental issues: the conservation of biodiversity and climate change. We have observed that there is a difficult dialogue between the various parties involved in the environmental governance. In addition, most strategies are not institutionalised and are implemented in an attempt to facilitate communication between them.

Komunitas nelayan adalah kelompok masyarakat yang hidup di daerah pesisir. Streotipe yang melekat pada mereka adalah kelompok yang minim dalam peningaktan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM). Pada konteks penghasilan, komunitas nelayan memiliki pendapatan yang dapat digolongkan dalam kelompok masyarakat sejahtera. Namun, kurangnya SDM membuat kelompok ini tidak mampu mengelola keuangan secara baik. Olehnya itu, dipandang perlu melaksanakan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan mengusung konsep pemberdayaan komunitas nelayan melalui pemanfaatan Lembaga Ekonomi Kerakyatan. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman komunitas nelayan dalam pengeloaan keuangan dan pentingnya lembaga ekonomi kerakyatan dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Balai Desa Bajo Indah, Kecamatan Soropia, Kabupaten Konawe. Dalam upaya pemecahan masalah komunitas nelayan, maka digunakan metode Focus Goup Discussion (FGD) atau diskusi kelompok ter...

Redistribusi tanah merupakan salah satu agenda utama dalam pelaksanaan reforma agraria di Indonesia. Program ini bertujuan untuk mendistribusikan kembali tanah-tanah terlantar atau tanah negara, yang dikenal sebagai Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria (TORA), kepada masyarakat yang membutuhkan, terutama petani gurem dan buruh tani. Namun, pelaksanaan program ini seringkali menghadapi berbagai tantangan dan hambatan, baik dari sisi hukum maupun politik. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan konsep politik hukum yang kuat untuk menjamin keberhasilan pelaksanaan redistribusi TORA. Konsep Politik Hukum Politik hukum merujuk pada kebijakan dasar yang menentukan arah, bentuk, dan isi hukum yang akan dibentuk. Dalam konteks redistribusi TORA, politik hukum mencakup beberapa aspek penting berikut:

Redistribusi tanah merupakan komponen penting dalam reforma agraria yang bertujuan untuk mengatasi kesenjangan kepemilikan tanah dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani kecil. Namun, efektivitas program redistribusi lahan sangat bergantung pada pengelolaan akses yang tepat untuk memastikan bahwa lahan didistribusikan kembali kepada penerima manfaat yang dituju dan dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Tulisan ini mengkaji pentingnya manajemen akses dalam program redistribusi tanah dan implikasinya terhadap keberhasilan inisiatif reforma agraria.

IntroductionUsing a cluster approach is a specific feature of creating industrial parks. Within this approach, the investor is offered an industrial site aimed at the development of concrete production. Industrial clusters, which allow to discover and realize the opportunities of the region based on the development of competitive export production, are one of the more efficient forms of production organization in the market economy [1]. 1. The nature of clusters According to the definition of Porter, who introduced the concept of cluster to science for the first time, clusters are geographical concentration of interconnected companies and enterprises in a specific field. They cover many related areas and other organizations that are important for competition. Clusters are specialized resource suppliers such as components, machinery and services, specialized infrastructure suppliers, universities, standard-setting agencies, think tanks, government and other institutions such as professional training of suppliers, as well as trades that provide specialized training, education, information, research and technical suppor, they include their associations [5, p. 78]. The three components listed below are necessary for cluster customization:

Semakin berkurangnya lahan pertanian menyebabkan kebijakan buka lahan baru usahatani di lahan marjinal dan lahan tidur kian mendesak, seiring meningkatnya pertambahan penduduk dan kebutuhan pangan. Bagi masyarakat sekitar hutan, dilakukannya ekstensifikasi lahan pertanian di sekitar hutan, ditenggarai mengganggu eksistensi budidaya di lahan sekitar kehidupan mereka sejak dulu. Dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif, tulisan ini bertujuan mengemukakan perspektif terjadinya dilema antara desakan kebutuhan lahan pertanian, terpinggirkannya eksistensi komunitas sekitar hutan, erosi dan pengrusakan hutan akibat intensifikasi pengelolaannya untuk lahan pertanian. Kekeliruan pengartian regulasi pemanfaatan lahan sekitar hutan dijadikan dasar legitimasi kekuasaan untuk kepentingan proyek pembangunan, walaupun hilangnya pemenuhan etika sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat sebagai resikonya. Dampak lainnya adalah terjadinya degradasi dan kerusakan hutan yang tidak saja karena pembukaan lahan baru, tetapi lebih diakibatkan penjarahan dan perambahan sebagai dampak kekeliruan pemahaman kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengelolaan lahan sekitar hutan. Teridentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan atau kegagalan suatu kebijakan publik dalam program pembangunan dan pengelolaan sumberdaya hutan. Kata kunci: intensifikasi, pengelolaan sumberdaya hutan, kearifan lokal, masyarakat sekitar hutan ABSTRACT Degradation and forest damage that happened effect and illegal logging, and governmental policy failure effect in forest resource management. The failure made legitimation power base by for the sake of development project, although the loss of biggest ethics as people prosperity accomplishment risk. This paper aim to propose factors determining failure or efficacy [of] a[n public policy in forest resource management and development program. Forest management by private sector and state (HPH) in Indonesia, at be situation that very concern, because break of the rules destroyed forest. Forest domination resource rights enforcing as mastered by state, making agraria forest function have dregs from its as requirement accomplishment local society live effort for traditional agriculture. Empowerment represent goals which will be reached, which can be existed with existence participate from community forest. Community forest participate very determine failure or efficacy of public program in development policy, and represent tool to reach enableness. The importance of people forest take care and remain order to own benefit looking into people forest by holistic in order to the development program target more conducive, usable so that as base to rebuild forestry world which have destroyed, and also maintain and and function continueing forever and ever Keyword: intencification, forest resource management, local wisdom, community forestry PENDAHULUAN Kebutuhan lahan yang semakin meningkat, tidak saja dari sisi nilai ekonominya, namun terutama dari fungsinya sebagai tempat usahatani, sumber matapencaharian mayoritas penduduk di

Children are Dependents in a version of social construction theory regarding their inability to self-direct their behavior in democratic society. In this regard, childhood represents a lack of self-direction, a life period when people require the guidance and protection of adults. The assumed necessity of adults supervising children in democracies necessitates substantial social resources, reducing the self-direction of those charged with overseeing children. Given that self-direction defines the optimal experience of people within a democratic society, finding ways to increase the self-direction of children is an individual and a social benefit. In this regard, smartphones have improved self-direction in children. How children have become empowered to self-direct their lives with smartphone use considering social construction theory—as Advantaged, Contenders, or Deviants—is the focus of a scoping review conducted on “children, empowerment, smartphones” of the following databases: OVID, JSTOR, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The result is that children permitted to self-direct their activities aided by smartphone technology have comparable social behavior to adults positioned as Advantaged, Contenders, or Deviants, and as such, they should be encouraged to utilize smartphone technology to improve their self-direction, as doing so will augment individual and caregiver self-direction, providing increased social benefit.

In contemporary urban governance, it is often argued mayoral leadership shifts towards agenda-setting and network-broking in an entrepreneurial mold. Mayors are expected to create a vision for their locality and mobilize stakeholders thereto in governance coalitions. These are built when agenda priorities meet network modes. For agendas, the literature discerns a predominant tendency towards development albeit as a matter of degree. Equally, it suggests that with variation in the pro-growth perspective, predilections in networking towards the corporate sector will differ. This paper tries to provide a more robust account of that developmental orientation and its contingencies. To answer whether agenda matters for network, we will focus on the background of the developmental agenda and its (relative) effect on corporate network dependencies and overall network activism. The paper demonstrates national constitutions and local contexts determine the priority given to the developmental agenda (if not always as expected). This in turn enhances the degree of corporate network dependency. Together with other agendas and external dependencies, both increase the extent of overall network activism.