Economic growth and development

Tento dokument je finálnym materiálom ktorý vzišiel z rokovania pracovnej skupiny Národného konventu v Košiciach 13. októbra 2021 na tému úniku mozgov. Podkladový materiál pre rokovanie, rovnako, ako finálnu verziu v súlade so zadaním Slovenskej spoločnosti pre zahraničnú politiku a závermi rokovania pracovnej skupiny vypracoval Anton Marcinčin a recenzoval Eduard Donauer. Cieľom materiálu je stručne informovať o stave a hlavných výhodách a nevýhodách prebiehajúcej emigrácie pracovnej sily zo Slovenska a navrhnúť odporúčania pre politiky vlády a samospráv.

Behavioral finance informs that investors will not always act rationally, and that they will act under the influence of various behavioral prejudices while making investment decisions. Whether it's the stock market or the crypto asset market, it has been demonstrated by a variety of research in which such behavior can be exhibited. In this context, the existence of herd behavior in crypto assets with close values in terms of transaction volume and size, especially Bitcoin, which is one of the important assets of crypto asset markets, constitutes the subject of this study. For this purpose, the market capitalization (dependent variable) of Crypto assets, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Binance Coin, Tether, Cardano, Dogecoin, Tron (Independent variables) were used as variables of the study. The study covers the period between 01.01.2018-27.11.2023. The Horizontal Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation (CSAD) method developed by Chrisrie and Huang (1995) and Chang, Cheng and Khorona (2000) was used to test herd behavior. The daily opening values of the variables used in the study were used in the analysis. As a result of the study, it was concluded that anti-herd behavior was exhibited in the specified period in crypto asset markets.

Drawing inferences from literature and empirical data which clearly establish a strong and positive correlation between women's empowerment and entrepreneurship, this paper presents an innovative social enterprise idea system. This comprises a direct farm-to-home bespoke omnichannel model powered by advance indent orders. The offline presence is augmented by our 3000 strong women franchisee network which enables women's empowerment and parallelly supported by our native online capability. The model has twin objectives. One, to increase farmers share in end-customer price to 50 percent by 2020 and two, to offer farm fresh produce to the customers at 10 percent less than local retail price at their own convenient time and at their own doorstep. This will have high social impact on the bottom-of-the-pyramid beneficiaries -farmers and women franchisees who earn less than $5 per day. This will directly uplift them from below poverty line, empowering them to lead dignified, fulfilling lives. (150 words

This analytical opinion piece explores the distinct benefits and obstacles associated with household-based and school-based surveys for gathering data on adolescent health behaviour in the Malaysian context. The paper examines numerous essential factors such as sampling methods, data integrity challenges, logistical barriers, privacy issues, and ethical conflicts by utilizing the writers' personal experiences from conducting the Adolescents' Module during both the household-based Malaysia Health Literacy Survey (MHLS) 2023 and the MyMOHLA-Q 2023 school pilot test. Household-based surveys achieve broad representational sampling yet encounter challenges with participant response rates and logistical obstacles, including accessing individuals in remote locations. In contrast, school-based surveys benefit from increased response rates and controlled settings yet face challenges due to restricted school access and selection bias, which may result in unrepresentative data for students outside the school system. The experience-derived insights serve as a tool for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to identify suitable data collection methods for effective adolescent behaviour studies.

This study aimed to examine, model, and compared the impact of investing in some social infrastructures like; transportation, communication technology, power, and educational sector indicators to the economic growth and development of Nigeria. This is important because of their incomparable contributions to the growth and development of a Nation. The data utilized in this study were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, 2021 edition. The collected data were analyzed using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The existence of co-integration between investment in the four social infrastructures and economic growth was confirmed by the ARDL bound. The empirical findings revealed that investment in power has a positive but insignificant long-run effect on economic growth, investment in education positively and significantly affects economic growth while investment in transportation and communication technology were found to be insignificant wit...

William Terryberry is best known for his inn, which is now the "Terryberry Library" in Hamilton, Ontario. William Terryberry (Durenberger of Swiss origin) was born in 1779 on Schooley's Mountain, Morris County, New Jersey and married Annie Young (Jung) of the same vicinity in 1799. Terryberry and 6 brothers and a sister all migrated to the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario before the War of 1812. William and David opened inns along what is today Mohawk Road in Hamilton, Ontario. William purchased many hundreds of acres of land between the "Mountain Brow" and the Grand River Indian lands. He became the wealthiest individual in Barton Township, with an ostentatious display of a sliver adorned carriage - and yet he was in almost constant trouble with the law. His crimes were allegedly everything from simple assault to murder. William died in 1847 and Annie lived until 1869. Both were buried in the Barton Stone Church Cemetery.

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) dan Unit Usaha Syariah (UUS) dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis, mengevaluasi dan mengetahui perkembangan pembiayaan produktif UMKM, mengukur potensi kerugian dari penyaluran dua jenis pembiayaan produktif UMKM berdasarkan jenis penggunaannya (pembiayaan modal kerja UMKM, Pembiayaan Investasi UMKM) pada BUS dan UUS di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan untuk menganalisis perkembangan pembiayaan produktif UMKM ialah analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan data skunder yang diperoleh dari data Statistik Perbankan Syariah tahun 2015-2017. Sedangkan untuk menganalisis potensi kerugian metode yang digunakan adalah Value at Risk dengan pendekatan Variance-Covariance. Hasil analisis deskriptif pembiayaan produktif UMKM pada BUS dan UUS mengalami perkembangan cukup baik, karena selain dapat menyalurkan pembiayaan dengan pertumbuhan rata-rata sebesar 11,4% untuk modal kerja dan 19,9% untuk investasi selama periode 2015-2017, nilai NPF pada kedua jenis pembiayaan produktif menurun setiap tahun. Adapun dari hasil penelitian Value at Risk (VaR) pembiayaan produktif yang digunakan untuk modal kerja memiliki prospektif yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pembiayaan produktif yang digunakan untuk investasi.

The article's primary contribution to the existing literature on education in Argentina is it delves into the nation's educations policies, compares relevant economic indicators with the aggregate trends of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The study is among a few studies that have examined Argentina's educational policies and compared them to the stated countries, making the paper unique and of great value to economists, educationalists, and the economic development department in Argentina.

Many development economists believe that remittances by the migrant workers are an important source of long rum growth. Therefore, recent studies have investigated the indirect and direct effects remittances on the growth rates of the recipient countries. This paper analyses the strength of these effects with a common data set and with alternative methods of estimation. It is found that while the evidence supports the indirect effects of remittances, the direct growth effects of remittances seem to be insignificant.

Development economists believe that migrant workers' remittances are an important source of funds for long run growth. Therefore, recent studies have investigated the growth effects of remittances and reached different conclusions. In many such studies the growth of output is simply regressed on both remittances and the channels through which remittances affect growth. Thus there is no distinction between the indirect and direct growth effects of remittances and such specifications may give unreliable estimates because of the correlation between the channels and remittances. In this paper we make a distinction between the indirect and direct effects of remittances. Our model is estimated with panel data of 40 high remittance recipient countries and a system GMM panel data estimation method.

This thesis explores the growth effects of remittances by using some extensions to the growth model. Using a recent approach popularised by Rao, we estimate an extended production function to analyse the long run growth effects of remittances with both the cross country and country specific estimation methods. Our cross country estimates use data from a panel of 40 high remittance recipient countries. In this process we found that, it is necessary to make a distinction between the direct and indirect growth effects of remittances. Existing studies do not make this distinction and estimate only the direct growth effects. Furthermore, they also fail to make a distinction between the transitionary and permanent growth effects of remittances although they clearly state that their main objective is to estimate the latter. We find that the direct growth effects of remittances, as in the existing studies, are insignificant or even negative. However, many development economists believe that the growth effects of remittances are positive and remittances are an important source of funds to invest in human and physical capital. Therefore, the findings by several econometric studies that the direct growth effects of remittances are negligible have become somewhat controversial. This controversy has become more acute because to the best of our knowledge development economists did not produce any econometric results that support their belief. To resolve this controversy, we made the distinction between the direct and indirect growth effects of remittances. Remittances may have large or small indirect growth effects through their effects on a few intermediate variables that have permanent growth effects. Examples of these intermediate channel variables are investment ratio, development of the financial sector, exchange rate and volatility in output etc. We find that such indirect growth effects of remittances are small but positive. However, these indirect growth effects may be country specific. Therefore, we also estimate these indirect growth effects with the country specific data. There is convincing and uncontroversial evidence that remittances are pro poor as iii they help to reduce poverty in the recipient economies. Therefore, we also estimate these welfare effects of remittances with alternative measures of poverty. Our results show that these welfare effects are significant. The thesis raises some methodological issues on estimating the growth effects of remittances or any other growth enhancing variables like trade openness and investment ratio etc. Although it is difficult to resolve these methodological issues in this thesis, the main contribution of this thesis is to show that Rao's approach for estimating the permanent growth effects is a pragmatic option. Needless to say, like all other methodological issues, this issue cannot be resolved to the satisfaction of all. Therefore, further analysis and research is necessary into these methodological issues, which is beyond the scope of a single contribution.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between remittances and poverty through the human capital channel in developing countries, which has received less attention in the literature. Design/methodology/approach: The paper applied the system GMM developed by Arellano and Bond (1991) and Arellano and Bover (1995) containing 54 developing countries. This estimator is appropriate compared to a cross-section technique because it controls for the endogeneity of all explanatory variables, includes unobserved country-specific effects and allows for the inclusion of lagged dependent variables. Findings: The results suggest that, while remittances reduced poverty, the effect is moderated via education. A 1 percent increase in remittances reduces the poverty headcount by 0.47 percent, while the reduction is 0.33 percent via education. The marginal effect of remittances is negatively related to the level of education, indicating that education mitigates the effect of remittances on poverty. Practical implications: This paper includes the implications for the policymakers to justify the need for more effective approaches. It is useful to identify whether and how remittances and human capital interact in their effect on poverty when deciding the most desirable allocation of available resources between these two priorities. Originality/value This paper takes a step forward filling the limited evidence on the role of human capital in remittances-poverty relationship in developing countries. Different from the existing studies which have used the traditional panel estimators, this study utilizes the dynamic panel estimators such as system GMM to tackle the specification issues of endogeneity, measurement errors and heterogeneity.

This study investigates the perception of Nigerian Christian religious students on the impact of online loans on mental health. University students in Nigeria face financial hardship due to economic constraints, leading some to seek online loans, which can have devastating consequences on mental health. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using surveys and interviews to collect data from 53 Christian religious students in Lagos, Nigeria. The study found that younger students were more likely to use online loans, and 90% of respondents were concerned about the impact of online loans on mental health. Respondents reported feeling stressed, anxious, and fearful due to online loan debt. This study highlights the need for universities and policymakers to address the financial struggles of students and provide alternative financial assistance options. The findings also emphasize the importance of financial literacy and responsible lending practices to mitigate the negative impact of online loans on mental health. Universities should provide financial counseling and support services to students, and policymakers should regulate online lending practices to protect vulnerable borrowers. Future research should explore the development of financial literacy programmes and alternative financial assistance options for university students. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of online loans on mental health among Nigerian university students, highlighting the need for proactive measures to address financial struggles and promote responsible lending practices.

Birth registration is a fundamental right crucial for establishing citizenship and informing policy decisions, yet many children in developing nations like Nigeria remain unregistered. This study investigates the determinants of birth registration in Nigeria at both the individual and state levels. Analyzing data from 30,154 children under five years from Nigeria's 2021 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), we find significant disparities in registration rates across demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as among Nigerian states. Multilevel logistic regression reveals associations between registration likelihood and variables such as child age, maternal education, household wealth, urban residency, and health care utilization. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to ensure universal birth registration and safeguard children's rights. Recommendations in education and financial barriers, enhancing inter-agency collaborations, utilizing native language media for education, and implementing mobile registration offices and SMS-based reporting systems to improve registration coverage and accessibility.

Zakat tidak hanya terbatas pada zakat fitrah tetapi juga zakat maal yang diantaranya terdapat zakat pertanian. Potensi zakat pertanian di Indonesia khusunya di Desa Seppang Kecamatan Ujungloe Kabupaten Bulukumba sangatlah besar, namun hal tersebut tidak mamppu berjalan secara optimal karena masih adanya beberapa mispersepsi yang terjadi dimasyarakat dalam memandang zakat pertanian. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kaulitatif. Metode ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh hasil penelitian yang sesuai dengan fakta yang terjadi di lapangan. Dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan observasi secara langsung. Hasil yang didapatkan, diketahui bahwa masyarakat Desa Seppang memiliki persepsi yang bervariatif dalam memahami zakat pertanian. Masih banyak masyarakat memandang jika zakat pertanian dapat digantikan dengan melakukan sedekah; zakat pertanian merupakan bagian dengan zakat fitrah serta adanya tumpang-tindih dalam kewajiban berzakat pada pengelolaan lahan garapan. Berangkat dari hal tersebut, pengoptimalan zakat pertanian Desa Seppang belum mampu dilakukan secara maksimal karena didorong oleh beberapa hambatan seperti minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat serta kurang berfungsinya lembaga zakat yang ada. Sehingga diperlukan upaya dalam mengatasi hambatan tersebut melalui pengedukasian masyarakat mengenai zakat baik melalui media dakwah dan lembaga keagamaan yang ada serta perlunya revitalisasi UPZ sebagai media pengelola zakat yang dengan masyarakat.

This research using panel data regression analysis is a combination of time series data and cross section data. This study aims to influence of labor, income per capita, interest rate, on industrial invesment in East Java Province. The data used by the authors in this study are secondary data type panel data, from 2011 to 2016 obtained from the East Java Statistical Center. In this study also uses multiple regression analysis method using software E-views 9.0. The method used in this study is panel data. The results of the analysis data regression time series and classical test shows that the variable labor have had a positive impact and significant industry investment in east java 2011-2016 variable gross regional domestic product it has some positive effects and significant investment industries in indonesia of 2011-2016 and variable interest rate influential negative and it is not significant impact on the export of coffee in indonesia 2011 – 2016

In recent years, the rise of women entrepreneurs and their participation in the growth of the national economy is crucial for a developing country like Bangladesh. Since women are nearly half of the total human resource in Bangladesh, it is obvious that their participation in the financial sector can make a huge difference in the economic expansion of the country. Nowadays, women have become much sincere than before regarding their lives and rights. Therefore, the number of women entrepreneurs has been increased remarkably during the last couple of decades. Women have now started to contribute to the economic growth by their distinctive jobs. They have altered their typical roles of housewives into a substantial business figure having enough ability and enthusiasm to run a business alone and to face any of its threats in order to make a profit out of it. These women are also taking several practical training and specialized degrees to keep pace with the market need. Therefore, they ...

Coal has been the backbone of Jharkhand's economy and has employed thousands of workers. But coal mine workers face severe occupational hazards, financial insecurity and limited access to social welfare programs. This study conducts a systematic review (2010-2024) to assess the effectiveness of social insurance schemes for coal miners in Jharkhand. Using the Preferred Reporting item for the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) framework, 30 studies were analysed to evaluate coverage, implementation challenges and gaps in key policies including Employee State Insurance (ESI), Coal Mines Provident Fund (CMPF) and government sponsored pension schemes. The results show several problems, including poor health care, slow compensation, and the omission of contractual and informal workers from important welfare programs. However, the corporate social responsibility initiatives by Coal India Limited and other entities to provide extra support are inconsistent and thus not very effective in the long run. The review also reveals the urgent need for policy changes to increase financial security, extend insurance coverage to informal workers, improve the availability of healthcare and compensation systems. This research helps to expand the more general discussion about labour welfare in coal-reliant regions, therefore asking for a more comprehensive and long-term social insurance policy. As Jharkhand transitions to a more diversified economic environment, reinforcing these welfare programs is essential for guaranteeing coal miners and their families a dignified and stable living.

This paper was on the challenges of infrastructure poses to national development in Nigeria. The objective of the paper was to examine the challenges of infrastructure in relation to national development in Nigeria.The source of data was mainly secondary and the analysis was analytical.The subject scope of the paper covered energy, transport, healthcare services, and education.. The analytical analysis found that the provision of infrastructure was far below what is required for the country to attain the desire national development. Similarly, the paper recommends that basicinfrastructural facilitieslike energy,healthcare, and schools, s h o u l d be provided in order to attain national development.

Nigeria, despite advancements in healthcare and economic policies, still struggles to implement effective family planning strategies. This challenge leads to high population growth, unintended pregnancies, and increased maternal and child mortality. Limited access to family planning services impacts both individual families and the nation's economic development. High fertility rates strain resources, hinder educational and employment opportunities, and perpetuate poverty. This paper systematically reviews existing studies to explore the link between family planning practices and economic development in Nigeria, the prevalence of family planning methods, the socioeconomic factors influencing their use, and the impact on economic growth. The study adopts demographic transition theory and secondary data collection methods such as books, journal articles, documentaries, newspapers among other internet based documented materials were reviewed, revealing a low contraceptive prevalence rate of 12% and a high unmet need for family planning in Nigeria, despite being Africa's most populous country. The findings underscore the importance of family planning for economic development, as it allows couples to

The paper examines women's engagement in Tripura's local governance, addressing barriers and advocating for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as an empowerment tool. It explores challenges faced by women, emphasizing ICT strategies, policy adaptations, and community involvement for inclusive governance. It highlighted the importance of digital literacy, infrastructure improvement, cybersecurity awareness, and sustained collaboration among stakeholders. The study envisions a more participatory society by leveraging ICT initiatives to women's needs in Tripura's governance. Through customized policies and community engagement, this paper aims to foster a more inclusive and empowered environment where women actively contribute to decision-making, propelling socioeconomic development in the region.

Empirical results have shown that economic openness and institutional quality variables influence the performance of the economy of different countries and regions differently. While these variables improve the economy of some countries and regions, findings have shown that in others the reverse is the case. In this present study, emphasis is on the contributions of economic openness and institutional quality to the economic performance of the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU). The study utilized the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with annual series ranging from 2000 to 2020. Institutional quality variables were selected using the principal component analysis (PCA). The short run results showed that, while capital account openness impacted positively on GDP per capita, trade openness adversely affected GDP per capita. In the long run, results indicated that FDI inflows had a positive and significant impact on GDP per capita. In the long run also, while governance effectiveness had negative and significant impact on GDP per capita, the impact of political stability was positive and significant. Consequently, the study recommends that in the short run, economic liberalization policy in the bloc should focus more on capital account openness than trade openness, while the long run policy thrust should centre on how to attract and harness FDI inflows into the member countries. This requires improvement in governance through building strong and virile institutions.

This study examines how digital transformation might help India achieve sustainable development, paying special attention to the opportunities and problems in important industries like manufacturing, healthcare, energy, and agriculture. The crucial duty of striking a balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth falls to India, a country that is developing quickly. Digital technologies have a great deal of promise to increase productivity, cut down on resource waste, and encourage inclusive growth. The study looks at government programs like Digital India, which seeks to improve e-governance, build digital literacy, and increase digital infrastructure while tackling the obstacles to digital adoption, particularly in rural areas. Digital illiteracy, cybersecurity threats, and restricted internet access are cited as major barriers to realising the full promise of digital transformation. The report also emphasises how crucial it is to incorporate digital solutions into sustainable activities, such as waste management, renewable energy, and precision agriculture, in order to generate longterm financial and environmental advantages. In the end, the report offers suggestions for utilising digital transformation to build a fair and sustainable digital future for India, helping to fulfil the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN.

The eventual disconnection between voters´ preferences and specific policies is of special concern in decentralized countries, where any policy initiative might be simultaneously seen either as an erosion or a reinforcement of selfrule. The aim of this paper is to apply this framework to the harmonization of the Spanish Inheritance and Gift Tax (IGT). We econometrically contrast whether citizens´ living in Autonomous Communities (ACs) that led a tax race to the bottom regarding this tax or in those that exert a greater taste for political autonomy are more likely to oppose a more nationally uniform tax than the rest of Spaniards. Empirically, we exploit data from the 2019 wave of the Institute for Fiscal Studies Fiscal Barometer. According to our main results, citizens living in low taxation ACs and citizens living in some more pro-self-rule regions are even more likely to favor harmonization.

يصل عدد أنواع النخيل إلى نحو 5000 نوع، وتنتشر زراعته في مصر والدول العربية، ووفقاً لمنظمة الأغذية والزراعة التابعة للأمم المتحدة (فاو) تتصدر مصر دول العالم من حيث انتاج التمر، إذ يبلغ انتاجها من التمور 1.6 مليون طن بنسبة 18% من الانتاج العالمي تليها المملكة العربية السعودية بنسبة 16%. كما يمثل الإنتاج المصري 25% من الإنتاج العربي بعدد 16 مليون نخلة منهم 1.4 مليون نخلة مجدول منهم نحو 600 ألف نخلة مثمرة.
ويرجع نمو معدلات الإنتاج المصري إلى عدة أسباب منها: احتياج هذا المشروع إلى عمالة مدربة تعمل في ظروف عمل قاسية وهو ما يتوفر في الفلاح المصري وبتكلفة منخفضة، بالإضافة إلى توفر الأراضي الصحراوية بأسعار رخيصة، وأيضًا توفر المياه الجوفية والمناخ الجاف المناسب لنمو الثمرة، فضلًا عن الموقع الجغرافي لمصر وتوفر خطوط الشحن للتصدير.
تتبنى الحكومة المصرية حاليًا المشروع القومي لزراعة 5 ملايين نخلة. وذلك في إطار اهتمامها بالنهوض بقطاع التمور باعتباره من القطاعات الواعدة من حيث خلق فرص عمل للشباب وزيادة الصادرات وتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية والمجتمعية. وعلى هذا تسعى الدولة إلى إنشاء أكبر مزرعة تمور على مستوى العالم بتوشكى والعوينات على مساحة 40 ألف فدان.
وبناء على ما تقدم تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل اقتصاديات الاستثمار في قطاع التمور في مصر وتحديد اقتصاديات الانتاج وتحليل للصادرات والواردات عالميا من التمور وأيضا علي مستوي مصر، وتحليل سريع للأسواق النهائية من حيث الطلب والأسعار وكميات الانتاج ومعدلات النمو المتوقعة، فضلا على تحديد عوامل نجاح الاستثمار في النخيل في مصر وأفضل الأماكن والتي يمكن إنشاء المشروع فيها. واخيرًا تحليل الحوافز الاستثمارية للقطاع وجهود الدولة لدعم وزيادة الانتاج والتصدير.

Generasi millennial merupakan generasi yang usia muda dan lebih berani berwisata pada era new normal dibandingkan dengan generasi di atasnya maupun dibawahnya. Oleh karena itu, studi ini  bertujuan  untuk  mengetahui  faktor-faktor  yang  mempengaruhi  motivasi  wisatawan  millennial berkunjung  ke  Desa  Wisata  Jatiluwih.  Studi  ini  menggunakan  analisis  data  deskriptif  kuantitatif dengan  metode  confirmatory  factor  analysis.  Teknik  penentuan  sampel  diambil  secara  purposive sampling  dengan  jumlah  200  responden  wisatawan  millennial  yang  berkunjung  ke  Desa  Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, kuesioner dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis faktor yang dibantu dengan menggunakan SPSS Versi 26 for Windows. Terdapat lima faktor pendorong yang mempengaruhi motivasi wisatawan millennial  berkunjung  ke  Desa  Wisata  Jatiluwih  Kabupaten  Tabanan  yaitu:  keinginan  keluar  dari rutinitas, hobi, mempererat hubungan dan kekerabatan, petualangan, serta gengsi dan terdapat empat faktor  penarik  yang  mempengaruhi  motivasi  wisatawan  millennial  berkunjung  ke  Desa  Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan yaitu: tempat-tempat alami, fasilitas sanitasi, kebersihan, dan daya tarik wisata. Faktor keinginan keluar dari rutinitas menjadi faktor dominan dalam mendorong wisatawan millennial berkunjung ke Desa Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan dengan memiliki nilai eigenvalue sebesar 4,734 dengan persentase variance sebesar (26,301%), sedangkan faktor tempat-tempat alami menjadi faktor dominan dalam menarik wisatawan millennial berkunjung ke Desa Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan yang memiliki nilai eigenvalue sebesar 7,478 dengan persentase variance (33,989 %).

Sanayi işletmelerinde stres testi, bu çalışma ile literatüre yeni kazandırılmış bir kavram olmakla beraber, Basel III kriterleri çerçevesinde, hali hazırda bankalarda zorunlu olarak uygulanmaktadır. Makro ve mikro düzeyde oluşan riskler kaynaklı sorunları öngörüp, gerekli önlemleri alarak, kaçınılmaz ve önlenemez bazı şoklardan mümkün olan en az hasarla kurtulabilmek için stres testi analizi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Lakin, ekonomi literatüründe stres testlerinin bankacılık alanı dışında uygulama alanı bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, sanayi işletmelerinde de uygulanabilecek bir stres testi metodolojisi geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sanayi işletmelerine, gerçek piyasa koşullarında olağanüstü bir durum yaşanmadan, simülasyon yöntemi yardımıyla oluşturulan sınamalar ile yaşanabilecek makro ve/veya mikro bir şok karşısında nasıl durumlar ile karşı karşıya kalabileceğinin bilgisi sunulmaktadır. Geliştirilen sanayi işletmelerinde likiditeye dayalı stres testi yöntemi, Borsa İstanbul'da işlem gören ve mali verilerine ulaşılabilen tekstil sektörü firmalarında test edilmiştir. Çalışmada sanayi işletmeleri için pratik olarak uygulanabilen ilk stres testi metodolojisini ortaya konulmasının yanı sıra; tekstil sektöründe faaliyet gösteren şirketlerin, piyasada yaşanabilecek makro ve mikro şoklar karşısındaki kırılganlıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Economic growth and tourism development have become critical issues in recent decades. The tourism sector is recognized for its potential to drive economic growth but remains highly sensitive to economic shocks. This study aims to analyze the impact of the tourism sector on economic growth in Central Java, Indonesia. Using multiple linear regression analysis on cross-sectional data from districts and cities in Central Java in 2022, the research examines tourism village variables as a robustness check for tourism proxies. The research stages include data collection, model estimation, and validation. Findings reveal that tourism villages and the number of tourism sector workers have no significant impact on economic growth, indicating that the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis is not supported. Instead, increased investment, improved human capital quality, and equitable economic development play a more vital role in fostering growth. Poverty, however, does not significantly affect economic growth. This research underscores the need to understand recovery dynamics and formulate effective strategies for the tourism sector. Strategic government policies are necessary to promote tourism destinations, enhancing regional competitiveness and attractiveness. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on the sensitivity of the tourism sector and provide actionable insights for policymakers.

Regardless of the several agencies and projects created to develop the rural communities and eventually leading to national development through its operations and modifications, the desired transformation of the rural communities still remain questionable. The purpose of this research work is to assess the various developmental plans, projects and programmes, their problems and way forward. Different books, journals, textbooks and publications were consulted as secondary data. The developmental planning faced numerous problems and makes its objectives unachievable, problem like corruption, lack of relevant data and continuity, slightly defunct public sector among others. The major limitations to the research are time constraint, access to literature and the age of data since the research is based on secondary data. This research through its findings and recommendation can help contribute in solving the problems associated with developmental planning at all level, it can also help understand what is needed to be done when carrying out projects and programmes.

This paper explores the critical role of women's empowerment in fostering entrepreneurship in India. It examines the socioeconomic factors that influence women's participation in entrepreneurship, the challenges they face, and the impact of government policies and initiatives aimed at promoting women's entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that empowering women not only contributes to economic growth but also leads to social change. By analysing various case studies and existing literature, this paper highlights the need for a multi-faceted approach to enhance women's entrepreneurial capabilities.

Bankaların temel işlevi, kısa vadeli mevduatları uzun vadeli krediye dönüştürmektir. Bu rol, bankaları doğası gereği likidite riskine karşı savunmasız hale getirir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, likidite riskinin Türkiye'de faaliyette bulunan özel sermayeli ticari bankaların karlılığı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Verileri eksiksiz elde edilebilen sekiz özel ticari bankanın 2010-2021 dönemine ilişkin yıllık verileri Türkiye Bankalar Birliği'nin veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Likidite risk yönetimi değişkenleri ile banka karlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin doğasını belirlemek için tanımlayıcı istatistikler, korelasyonlar ve regresyon analizleri kullanarak elde edilen ikincil verileri değerlendirmek için Stata 17 istatistiksel yazılım programı kullanılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi bulgularına göre, likit varlıkların kısa vadeli yükümlülüklere oranı, likit varlıkların toplam mevduatlara oranı ve toplam kredilerin toplam varlıklara oranı negatif bir korelasyona sahiptir. Buna karşılık, kredinin toplam mevduatlara oranı karlılık ile pozitif ilişkilidir. Regresyon bulgularına göre, likit varlıkların kısa vadeli yükümlülüklere oranı ve kredilerin toplam varlıklara oranı Türkiye'de faaliyette bulunan özel ticari bankaların karlılığı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif etkilere sahiptir. Buna karşılık, kredilerin toplam mevduatlara oranı bankaların karlılığını olumlu etkilemektedir.

İktisat kuramına 1970'li yıllarda Arthur Okun tarafından kazandırılan Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksi (Economic Discomfort Index = EDI) ile kronolojik olarak ardından literatüre giren Sefalet Endeksi (Misery Index), makro ekonomik sağlıksızlığı temsil edebilen ve orijinal haliyle temelde enflasyon oranı ile işsizlik oranı değişkenlerinin toplanmasına dayalı olarak oluşturulmuş endekslerdir. Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksi bileşenlerinin münferit olarak ele alınarak takipteki kredilerle ilişkilendirildiği iktisat literatüründeki çalışmalardan hareketle, Türkiye Ekonomisi'nde hesaplanan hoşnutsuzluk endeksi ile takipteki krediler rasyosu arasında karşılıklı etkileşimin olabilmesi de mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, VAR analizi yardımıyla ekonomideki hoşnutsuzluk endeksi ile takipteki kredi oranlarının karşılıklı etkileşimlerinin tespiti yapılarak, Türkiye Ekonomisi'nde hoşnutsuzluk endeksi değişimlerinin ve takipteki kredi oranlarının değişimlerinin birbirini karşılıklı etkilediği, ancak endeks değişimlerinin takipteki kredi oranlarının değişimlerine etkisinin daha uzun dönemli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Zakat is an obligation that must be carried out by every Muslim. Therefore, it is very important to increase interest in tithing, there are several factors that influence interest in tithing including understanding of zakat and trust in zakat institutions, so that interest in zakat increases. This study aims to determine the effect of understanding zakat and trust in muzakki on interest in paying zakat in BAZMA RU II Dumai City. This study uses quantitative methods. The population in this study are Pertamina Muslim employees who are in the Pertamina RU II Housing Complex, Dumai City. Sampling was carried out using the Slovin formula so that the number of samples was 265 people. The data used in this study is primary data. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, with the help of the SPSS 21 program. The results of this study are that there is a positive and significant influence between understanding zakat and muzakki's trust on interest in paying zakat with a percentage of 58% and the remaining 42% influenced by other factors.

Secara umum, pasar merupakan tempat bertemunya pembeli dan penjual, selain itu pasar juga dapat dikatakan sebagai tempat penawaran dan permintaan. Jumlah pejual dan pembeli pasar digolongkan menjadi pasar persaingan sempurna dan pasar persaingan tidak sempurna. Pasar persaingan sempurna adalah pasar yang terbentuk dari penjual dan pembeli yang banyak dimana produk yang dijual bersifat homogen. Harga komoditi hanya ditentukan oleh perpotongan antara kurva permintaan pasar dan kurva penawaran pasar. Dengan demikian perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan sempurna merupakan price taker (penerima harga) dan dapat menjual setiap jumlah komoditi pada harga yang telah ditetapkan. Pasar persaingan tidak sempurna adalah pasar dimana produsen mempunyai kekuatan untuk mengatur harga dan barang yang dijual bersifat heterogen, pasar ini terdiri atas monopoli, persaingan monopolistic, monopsoni dan oligopsoni. Berkait dengan masalah Bentuk-Bentuk Pasar, maka yang menjadi pembahasan adalah: 1. Pengertian Pasar 2. Jenis-jenis Pasar Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah "Ekonomi Mikro" selain itu untuk menganalisis mengenai Pengertian pasar, Fungsi pasar, Jenis jenis pasar beserta contohnya, Kekurangan dan kelebihan pasar. Pasar adalah titik pertemuan antara permintaan dan penawaran untuk melakukan transaksi jual dan beli. Pasar dikategorikan menjadi dua jenis yaitu, Pasar Persaingan Sempurna dan Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna. Pasar diartikan sebagai suatu tempat atau proses interaksi antara produsen dan konsumen. Beberapa menggambarkan pasar sebagai tempat di mana permintaan (pembeli) dan penawaran (penjual) bertemu untuk suatu barang/jasa tertentu. Dalam pasar, aktivitas ekonomi seperti produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi berlangsung, membentuk harga keseimbangan (harga pasar) dan volume perdagangan. Usaha di pasar melibatkan dua pihak utama, yakni produsen dan konsumen, yang masing-masing memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan harga barang di pasar. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan pasar membantu masyarakat dalam menjalankan aktivitas perekonomiannya, memastikan bahwa kepentingan baik konsumen maupun produsen terpenuhi, serta memenuhi kebutuhan hidup mereka (Khoir et al., 2023). Untuk pengertian secara luas pasar adalah suatu kegiatan yang merupakan hubungan antara permintaan dan penawaran terhadap barang dan jasa. Pasar adalah hubungan keseluruhan dari permintaan dengan penawaran terhadap barang atau jasa. Dari segi pembeli dan penjual maka pasar dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu pasar persaingan sempurna dan pasar persaingan tidak sempurna. Pasar Persaingan Sempurana Pasar persaingan sempurna yaitu industri di mana terdapat banyak penjual dan pembeli dan setiap penjual atau pembeli tidak dapat memengaruhi keadaan di pasar. Pada pasar bentuk ini ciri-cirinya adalah sebagai berikut : a. Perusahaan adalah pengambil harga. Pengambil harga berarti tu perusahaan yan ada dalam pasar tidak dapat menentukan atau mengubah harga pasar. b. Setiap perusahaan mudah keluar atau masuk pasar. Sekiranya perusahaan mengalami kerugian dan ingin meningalkan industri tersebut, ia dapat dengan mudah untuk keluar dari pasar. Sebaliknya jika ada produsen yan ingin masuk ke dalam industri, produsen tersebut dapat denan mudah untuk melakukan kegiatan yang diinginkannya tersebut.

aiz ve faiz dışı gelirler, bankaların aracılık fonksiyonunun temel unsurunu
oluşturmaktadır. Ancak teknolojik gelişmeler, rekabet koşulları, ürün ve
hizmet çeşitliliği, maliyetler vb. gibi faktörler bankaları farklı gelir
kaynaklarına yönlendirmektedir. Bu çalışma ile bankalarının faiz dışı
gelirinin performansları üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de faaliyet göstermekte olan ve Türk
bankacılık sektörünün aktif toplamının % 87,8’ini oluşturan en büyük ilk
on mevduat bankası örneklem olarak belirlenmiştir. Bankalara ait 2013-
2023 dönem verilerinin ele alındığı araştırmada panel veri analizinden
yararlanmıştır. Analizler kapsamında bağımlı değişkenler için bankaların
öz kaynak kârlılığı ile aktif kârlılığı tercih edilirken, bağımsız değişken
olarak da bankaların net faiz dışı gelirler/toplam faaliyet gelirleri
kullanılmıştır. Analizlerin etkinliğini arttırmak amacıyla toplam krediler /
toplam aktifler, toplam öz sermaye / toplam aktifler, personel giderleri /
toplam aktifler, toplam mevduatın logaritması ve kredilere uygulanan faiz
oranı gibi bazı değişkenler de çalışmaya kontrol değişkeni olarak
eklenmiştir. Analizler sonucunda bankaların faiz dışı gelirlerinin
performanslarını olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Değişkenler
arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilen bulgularda kontrol
değişkenlerinden personel giderleri/toplam varlıklar değişkeninin
bankaların aktif kârlılığı üzerinde bir etkisi bulunmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma, alan yazındaki benzer çalışmaları tamamlayıcı ve
destekleyici nitelikte olup, kapsadığı dönem, örneklemi ve sonuçlarıyla
literatüre güncel bulgular kazandırmaktadır.

Nepal, a least developed country, has an aim of achieving target of 2500 US $ per Capita GNI by 2030 A.D. In spite of our limping economic growth, we have gargantuan economic target. Output of a country can be attributed to its capital stocks, working populations and technological developments of the country. The study aimed to define relation of capital stocks, both Public and Private, and working populations to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The relation was defined by panel data estimations of modified Cobb-Douglas production functions.
Ample infrastructural stock is the basic requirement for the socio-economic development of Nepal. The research aimed at finding the conditions of Nepal’s capital stocks in comparisons to neighbouring SAARC Countries and whole world.

The study revealed that Nepal lags behind even of South Asian standard. There is a challenge of meeting the pace of investments in public capital of other countries cause Nepal’s public capital ratio has plummeted since the restoration of democracy in 1990 A.D, further creating more infrastructural gaps. Slow growth of country is caused by lack of investments; it is evidenced by the significant relations of output of a country with capital stocks. From the study, there is endorsement that high investment of a country is followed by resultant growth. The optimistic aspect of the study is that developing countries can gain much more than already developed countries; hence, providing opportunity to catch up developed country’s growth in relatively short duration.

The major recommendation of the study is to accumulate public capital by more than five times of what we have now in between 2015 – 2030 A.D. In same period, Nepal needs to at least trebles its private capital stocks, if we are to achieve 2500 US $ GNI per Capita by 2030 A.D. Furthermore, Nepal need not worry about redundancy of public investment because the above investment also does not surpass the optimal public capital ratio.

Keywords: Capital Stocks, Production functions, GDP, Public capital ratio, Investment, Growth

This study discovered the role of social structures in shaping youth empowerment through entrepreneurship education. It examined how various social structures, such as family, education systems, community networks, and cultural norms, influenced the access to opportunities, resources, and skills necessary for youth entrepreneurship. The theoretical perspectives of Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Social Capital Theory were used to frame the analysis, highlighting the importance of understanding roles, inequality, and networks in youth empowerment. The study identified how family, education systems, community networks, and cultural norms contribute to or hinder youth entrepreneurial aspirations. It discussed the critical role of entrepreneurship education in fostering creativity, risk-taking, and critical thinking, and how sociological concepts could be integrated into curricula to enhance the learning experience. Furthermore, challenges such as social inequality, cultural resistance, and gender-based barriers were addressed, along with the opportunities for leveraging social structures, such as harnessing social capital, building partnerships, utilizing technology, and promoting policies that address inequality. The study recommended introducing entrepreneurship education into national curricula, encouraging community-based initiatives, incentivizing private sector involvement, and expanding access to funding and mentorship for marginalized youth. In conclusion, it emphasized the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to empower youth and create pathways for entrepreneurial success, contributing to societal and economic transformation.

Günümüzde ulusal ve uluslararası bankaların artan rekabet koşullarında birleşme ve devralmalarla ölçeklerini büyüttükleri ancak uluslararası finansal krizlerde bankaların finansal kırılganlıklarının da arttığı görülmektedir. Global belirsizliklerin yüksek olduğu ve hızla değişen bir çevrede faaliyetlerini sürdüren bankalar, krizlere karşı hazırlıklı olabilmek için etkin ve verimli bir performans analizine ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Çalışmada Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe, 2006 -2010 dönemlerine ait kamu ve özel sermayeli mevduat bankaları ile Türkiye'de kurulan yabancı sermayeli bankalarda ELECTRE yöntemi kullanılarak finansal performans analizinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Banka performans sıralamaları incelendiğinde kriz dönemlerinde bazı bankalarda sıralama sapması yaşandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

antecedents of the UTAUT model with the Innovation Diffusion Theory to empirically assess the perceived usability of Internet banking and its role for economic growth. Postexperience data were collected from 315 banking clients in Lahore, Pakistan. After validating the sample's reliability, validity, adequacy, and sphericity, a structural equation model (SEM) was employed to test the study's hypotheses. The findings revealed that the perceived usability of bank clients was positively influenced by perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, which in turn impact their intention to continue the use of Internet banking. Mediating role of perceived usability did not support by the results. However, the presence of ease of use and usefulness exhibited a positive moderating effect of financial risk on users' intention to continue using Internet banking. These findings provide valuable insights for academics seeking to comprehend users' experience and usability about the use of technology. Additionally, the results steer policymakers to formulate effective policies that maintain users' engagement in Internet banking, thus contributing to economic growth through effective use of technology. Notably, this study contributes new perspectives based on data collected from functioning Internet banking users in developing economies.

Several studies have found that microcredit is unsuccessful in increasing rural household’s socioeconomic welfare. To improve the effectiveness of credit, researchers suggest that non-credit support services should be provided alongside financial support. Despite Thailand agricultural cooperatives (ACs) offering such services, Thailand poverty rates remain high, particularly in rural areas. Low participation rates may explain why ACs have been largely ineffective in improving rural household welfare. This study investigates the reasons behind low AC member participation rates to increase their effectiveness, improve rural Thai households’ socioeconomic welfare, and ultimately decrease Thailand’s poverty levels. We used rural household survey data from the Nakhonratchasima province, in Northeast Thailand. Data was collected from AC members and non-members in 2017 using a two-stage stratified sampling technique. Our study used the probit model to estimate the probability of AC partici...

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is nutritionally superior to other cereals of the family Poaceae, with the potential to
perform better in marginal environments. In the present context of climate change, ecologically sound and lowinput foxtail millet varieties can be chosen for agricultural sustainability. The planned research was carried out at
the green house of the Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to investigate the
impact of various levels of NPK fertilizer on the growth, development, and yield of foxtail millet lines from USDA
germplasm. Eight lines of foxtail millet; U2, V19, V73, V93, V101, V106, V107, and V111, were under study along with
NPK fertilizers’ treatments; T1=000 NPK as a control, T2=20:15:15 NPK, T3=30:20:20 NPK, T4=40:25:25 NPK, and
T5=50:30:30 NPK (kg ha−1
). NPK treatments were applied twice during the study periods: first dose was applied
after one week of the emergence of seedlings and the second dose was applied at the age of four weeks of
seedlings. The time to 50% emergence ranged from 4.33 (V111) to 5.92 (U2) days, and the emergence was highest
in V111 (10.02), and V19 had the lowest emergence index of 4.95. Furthermore, all genotypes achieved a complete
final emergence percentage of 100, except U2 (92.89%) and V19 (89.33%). The highest growth rate and assimilation
rate were observed in V111 and V107 under the impact of treatment 5. Among the different treatments, T3 resulted
in the maximum plant height, panicle length, and grain yield per panicle. The highest panicle weight and grain
yield per panicle were observed in line V106. Line V107 synthesized the highest chlorophyll a while V93 produced
highest chlorophyll b contents which is statistically similar toV19. Line V19 had the highest total chlorophyll and
V93 produced the highest carotenoid contents. Application of NPK at the rate of 50:30:30 kg ha−1
produced
maximum chlorophyll a (23%), b (15.8%), total chlorophyll contents (14.2%), plant fresh biomass (2.06%), and grain
yield (23.6%) as compared to control treatment. Overall, T3 (30:20:20) and T5 (50:30:30) were observed to be better
as compared to other treatments. With respect to growth, yield, and chlorophyll contents, lines U2, V19, V93, V106,
V107, and V111 were observed to be potentially superior.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Kemiskinan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terhadap Pembangunan Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yang merupakan suatu pendekatan ilmiah terhadap pengambi-lan keputusan menejerial dan ekonomi. Metode analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode analisis regresi data panel dengan menggunakan alat analisis yaitu program Eviews 2020/ Eviews 12 untuk memudahkan proses pengolahan data. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, data skunder diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatera Utara selama kurun waktu tahun 2020 sampai dengan tahun 2023, adapun tipe data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data runtun waktu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Kemiskinan berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap Pembangunan Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan menggunakan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 14,08381 > t tabel yaitu 2,039513 dan nilai sig. 0,0000 < 0,05. 2) Pertumbuhan Ekonomi berpengaruh negatif dan sig-nifikan terhadap Pembangunan Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan menggunakan tingkat ke-percayaan sebesar 0,474608 < t tabel yaitu 2,039513 dan nilai sig. 0,6359 > 0,05. 3) Kemiski-nan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan ter-hadap Pembangunan Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan menggunakan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 101,3606 > F tabel yaitu 3,31583 dan nilai sig. 0,000000 < 0,05.

The purpose of this study was to determine the procedures managing village funds and identify the factors supporting and inhibiting the allocation of village funds in improving education in Ngombak Village. This research uses qualitative research with ethnographic research design. The informants in this study were village financial system staff, early childhood education teachers, kindergarten teachers, head of community groups and chairman of the village council body. Data collection techniques use interviews and documentation, while to test the validity of the data using source triangulation and to analyze data, namely data condensation, data presentation and conclusion drawing. With the results of the study: 1) In carrying out its duties the Ngombak Village government is in accordance with Regent Regulation Number 1 of 2021 concerning the management and use of village fund. 2) the obstacles experienced by the Ngombak Village government are the budget factor and the covid-19 pande...