of Agriculture, Social and Power Sectors
Gadde Omprasad2015
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Abstract
Abstract. India‟s relations with the World Bank can be traced back to the latter‟s origin. India was one of the 17 countries, prepared the agenda for the Bretton Woods Conference ( June 1944). It was also one of the 44 countries which signed the final agreement for the establishment of the Bank. As the Bank operates in India through many kinds of projects, the country obviously offers an experimental ground for learning lessons and getting insights. In the mid of 20th century India assisted the World Bank, by facilitating it to study various problems in sectors like agricultural, social and power sectors to learn and, to “increase its understanding of the fundamental interactions of agriculture, poverty alleviation, and environment development efforts”. Based on these studies World Bank started to suggest policy prescriptions to various problems in these sectors and subsequently what was emerged as and conditionalities based funding. The article provides an insight understanding of ...
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India : evaluating Bank assistance for agricultural and rural development - a country assistance evaluation
2002
The Operations Evaluation Department (OED) is an independent unit within the World Bank: it reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors. OED assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project: and the lasting contribution of the Bank to a country's overall development. The goals of evaluation are to leam from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank's work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also improves Bank work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings. OED Working Papers are an informal series to disseminate the findings of work in progress-to encourage the exchange of ideas about development effectiveness through evaluation. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The World Bank and Agricultural and Rural Development in the 1960s and 1970s
Jacobs University Bremen , 2021
Today the World Bank is one of the largest and most influential development finance organizations worldwide. This dissertation analyzes the history of the World Bank in the 1960s and 1970s, the crucial period in which the Bank transitioned from being a rather small, specialized investment bank for development into becoming a powerful development finance organization. The history of the organization is analyzed with a specific focus on the Bank’s ‘discovery’ and adoption of agricultural and rural development, which played an important role in the World Bank’s transformation over these decades. The thesis draws on a wide array of historical material from different archives, including some newly declassified sources from the World Bank Group Archive. By situating the Bank’s history within the larger international historical context, the dissertation contributes to three connected fields of historical research: the history of international organizations, the international history of the 1960s and 1970s, and the history of development. The thesis approaches development as a contested field that involved debates about meanings and priorities, alongside struggles over financial resources, which it analyzes with a focus on the World Bank. Analysis in chapter two and three demonstrates that the World Bank started to discuss the need for a wide-ranging ‘agrarian reform’ over the course of the 1960s. The Bank’s understanding of such an ‘agrarian reform’ mostly relied on the ideas and experiences of others, and it differed significantly between world regions. In East African countries, the World Bank’s approach to agricultural development was heavily influenced by British late colonial land settlement schemes and contained a large element of so-called ‘technical assistance’. For India, in contrast, the World Bank shared the notion of ‘agrarian reform’, advanced by the U.S. Government and U.S. foundations, that focused on making capital investments into agriculture and on establishing linkages with industry. Chapter four interprets the World Bank’s embrace of a mission for poverty alleviation and rural development, under the presidency of Robert McNamara, as a response to a specific analysis of crisis with established models of development. The dissertation interprets the new focus on rural development as a conservative reformulation of the development belief at the World Bank. Further analysis in chapter five demonstrates that there was a quick disillusionment with this new mission for rural development. It highlights the difficulties and contradictions the Bank encountered as a highly centralized financial institution in its attempt to translate the new focus on rural development into bankable projects. Taken together, the two chapters shed light on the huge gap between rhetoric and practice with regards to poverty alleviation at the World Bank over the course of the 1970s. The final chapter analyzes the World Bank’s adoption of structural adjustment lending in 1980. It argues that the debate about this new lending instrument was entangled with the larger North-South conflict of the 1970s, which in the World Bank took place as a struggle over the access to international financial resources. The analysis also explores the role that disillusionment with rural development played in preparing the ground for some of the neoliberal policy shifts that took root in the World Bank over the course of the 1980s.
India: The Challenges of Development, A Country Assistance Evaluation
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Profitability Through Quantification: The World Bank and Rural Development in the 1970s
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National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.8_Issue.12_Dec2021/IJRR-Abstract011.html, 2021
Indian economy is agricultural economy and real India lies in villages. Without the development of the rural economy, the objectives of economic planning cannot be achieved. Hence, banks and other financial institutions are considered to be a vital role for the development of the rural economy in India. NABARD are playing a pivotal role in the economy development of the rural India. In the Indian context rural development assumes greater significance as nearly 70% of its population lives in rural areas. Most of the people living in rural area draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied sectors. Such areas are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas. Life styles in rural area are different than those in urban areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law enforcement, schools, fire departments may be distant, limited in scope, or unavailable. Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India. The main objective of the rural development programme is to raise the economic and social level of the rural people. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is set up as an apex institution by the Government of India with the main objective of providing and regulating credit and other facilities for the promotion of rural development. It is a single integrated organisation which looks after the credit requirements of all types of agricultural and rural development activities. The present study is a modest attempt to the credit potential for agriculture during the year 2021-22. The study covered aspects such as functions, objectives, management and organizational structure, sources of funds, activities achieved, loan assistance to various institutions, Methodology for preparation of potential linked credit plans (PLPs) and Development Projects in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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Unlike many other aspects of its foreign policy, India’s international development program—or foreign aid, for short—displays a fairly stable pattern of continuity since independence. Although largely focused on South Asia, India has always given aid in some form to the rest of the developing world. Contrary to the claims of many analysts and Indian officials, India’s aid giving is neither unique nor uniquely attuned to developing country needs. Indian aid projects have largely served Delhi’s strategic interests, which used to be primarily military or diplomatic and since the 1980s are primarily economic. However, it is unclear to what extent aid has been effective in securing India’s foreign policy interests. In the final analysis, India’s aid program reflects the regional priorities of a rising power that is not yet able to buy the kind of influence it seeks.
REVISED PAPER ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy-industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India's economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India's geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015-16 as compared with India's 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers' income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
The multiple dimensions of Indian agriculture and its political economy Political economy of agricultural development in India-policies, achievements and concernsby Akina Venkateswerlu, Aakar Books, and CESS, New Delhi, pages 537, price 1695
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and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
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isara solutions, 2010
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