The Cracow Instrument and Moffit's Developmental Theory of Juvenile Delinquency

Education & Treatment …, 2004

The Santa Barbara Assets and Risks Assessment to Predict Recidivism among Male and Female Juveniles: An Investigation of Inter-Rater Reliability and Predictive Validity. by Shane R. Jimerson , Jill D. Sharkey , Kathryn M. O'Brien , Michael J. Fu.

2020

YVJJ939648_supplemental_material for Heterogeneity in the Continuity and Change of Early and Adult Risk Factor Profiles of Incarcerated Individuals: A Latent Transition Analysis by Bryanna Fox, Kelly Kortright, Lexi Gill, Daniela Oramas Mora, Richard K. Moule and Edelyn Verona in Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Education and Treatment of Children, 2004

This study aims to advance our understanding of the assessment of numerous factors associated with recidivism among females and males involved in the juvenile justice system. In particular, this study examined the reliability (i.e., inter-rater) and validity (i.e., construct, criterion, and predictive) of the Santa Barbara Assets and Risks Assessment (SB ARA) with a population of first time juvenile offenders (n=423). The results of this study provide preliminary evidence that the SB ARA has adequate reliability and validity properties. Notably, the SB ARA provided prediction of recidivism for both females and males. The analyses also revealed a different set of indicators that predicted recidivism for females and males, thus, providing evidence supporting the position that there are some unique and some common indicators predicting recidivism for females and males. It is proposed that the SB ARA provides an exemplar in assessing both assets and risks among many salient developmental dimensions, is appropriate to use with males and females, and provides a better understanding of youths served by juvenile justice professionals. Government policies, school discipline procedures, and juvenile justice practices have become increasingly focused on predicting which youths will commit violent crimes . Research into the nature of reoffending has found that 5% to 8% of all first time offenders go on to commit more than half of all violent crimes (Bear,

2013

This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of many others. First, I would like to thank my parents, Pam and Carl Buck, who have offered me love, support, and guidance throughout my life. They have always encouraged me to set high standards and goals in all domains of my life. I am especially grateful for my fiancé, Will Anderson, for his love, support, and humor, which have been paramount over the course of my academic journey. I would like to thank my advisor Theodore Dix for his continual support, patience, and guidance during my time as a graduate student. He continually amazes me with his dedication to his students' progress and his love of science. I will be forever grateful for his help in promoting my academic development as a writer, researcher, and thinker of psychology and child development.

European Journal of Criminology, 2009

Scholars in the field of developmental criminology traditionally assign a major role to long-term risk factors such as inadequate parental supervision or poor school performance. Only recently has attention been paid to the effects of situational risk factors such as the presence of co-offenders and being drunk. Hardly any empirical research, however, integrates both long-term and short-term risk factors. We formulated hypotheses derived from the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential theory (Farrington 2005) with regard to long-term and shortterm risk factors for serious delinquency, and tested these hypotheses using data from the WODC Youth Delinquency Survey (data sweep 2005) of 292 juvenile delinquents. The findings indicate that serious delinquency is related not only to (an accumulation of) long-term risk factors, but also to situational factors, such as lack of tangible guardians and having used substances (alcohol or drugs) prior to the offence.

Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2008

Sufficient research now exists in the psychology of criminal conduct literature to address the long-term impact of early childhood and adolescent experiences on later adult outcomes. In the present meta-analysis, selected studies were prospective and longitudinal, tracking a variety of early childhood and family factors that could potentially predict later involvement in the adult criminal justice system. Thirty-eight studies met the selection criteria. Major findings indicate that dynamic versus static predictors are related to later adult criminal justice involvement. The older the child was at the time the predictor was measured, the stronger was the relationship to adult offending. Within the set of dynamic predictors, childhood and adolescent factors that rate most highly include a variety of behavioural concerns including early identification of aggression, attentional problems, motor restlessness, and attention seeking. Emotional concerns consistent with depression including ...

2012

Approximately 20% of all sexual crimes are committed by adolescents (Barbaree & Marshall, 2006). Those adolescents that are adjudicated for a sexual offense and subsequently complete a treatment program, typically have low sexual recidivism rates that range from approximately 5% to 15% (Nisbet, Wilson, & Smallbone, 2004; Vandiver, 2006; Waite et al., 2005; Worling & Curwen, 2000). Despite this low recidivism rate, policy and laws derived from adult laws have been created with the justification that such regulations are necessary to protect the public from even juvenile sexual offenders. During the past decade, all juveniles convicted of a sexual crime in Alabama were mandated to complete treatment. Subsequently, each adolescent was assigned a risk level of none, low, moderate, or high that was determined by the committing court in a post release hearing. This project examined the predictive validity of these different levels of risk assignment on sexual and non-sexual recidivism. A total of 658 male juvenile sex offenders were included as participants in this study. A total of 29 participants were rearrested for a sexual crime within ten years of being released from treatment. The aggregate re-arrest rate for sexual crimes was 4%. However, none of the designated high risk juveniles were re-arrested. Interestingly, over 8% were re-arrested for some violation of registration requirements. Implications for accurately assessing risk and developmentally appropriate strategies for managing juveniles with sex offenses are discussed. iii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my major professor and committee chair, Dr. Barry Burkhart, for his endless patience, support, and guidance throughout graduate school and especially during the dissertation process. I would also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Elizabeth Knight, Dr. Frank Weathers, Dr. Alejandro Lazarte, and Dr. Greg Weaver for their support and assistance on this project. I would like to thank my parents for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout graduate school. Also, for always believing in me and teaching me to persevere and strive to reach my highest potential. I would also like to thank my sister, Amy, who helped me to see the light at the end of the tunnel and who truly understands the time and commitment it takes to complete a dissertation. A special thanks to my cohort, especially Amber and Becca, who have traveled with me on the journey through graduate school. Without you all, this road would have been much longer and much less enjoyable. Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my husband, Jamey for his continuous love, patience, and calming presence when I needed him the most. Also, his knowledge and assistance with this dissertation process was tremendously helpful. I am eternally grateful to have such an amazing person to spend the rest of my life with.

2007

International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2012

This study examined which dynamic risk factors for recidivism play an important role during adolescence. The sample consisted of 13,613 American juveniles who had committed a criminal offense. The results showed that the importance of almost all dynamic risk factors, both in the social environment domain (school, family, relationships) and in the individual domain (attitude, skills, aggressiveness), decreased as juveniles grew older. Therefore, the potential effect of an intervention aimed at these factors will also decrease as juveniles grow older. The relative importance of the risk factors also changed: In early adolescence, risk factors in the family domain showed the strongest association with recidivism, whereas in late adolescence risk factors in the attitude, relationships, and school domain were more strongly related to recidivism. These results suggest that the focus of an intervention needs to be attuned to the age of the juvenile to achieve the maximum potential effect o...

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2019

Delinquency refers to a juveniles' behavior pattern characterized by repeated offending, and is regarded mainly in its social, but also criminal aspects. Delinquent and non-delinquent individuals may be a product of the same society or even the same family. Young individuals who are unable to find affection and protection within the family may become more susceptible to delinquency as a form of empowerment. More than socioeconomic conditions, the lack of interaction between parents and children, the existence of psychopathological problems in either parent, and academic problems, together with a biological vulnerability, may be deciding factors for the involvement of young individuals in delinquent behavior. This review aims to analyze the influence of environmental and genetic factors in the development of delinquent behavior. Studies related to the influence of the environment and genes on the development of delinquent behavior were obtained from multiple databases, through rigorous exclusion and inclusion criteria. Of the 152 documents retrieved, 87 were retained for further analysis, and 36 final studies were considered eligible for inclusion. In addition to these, ten studies were added trough manual search, with the final sample thus comprising 46 articles, published between 1983 and 2016. Objectives, methodological aspects (samples and instruments), and main conclusions were extracted from each study. Overall, the interaction between genetic and environmental factors appears to best explain the variation of delinquent behavior. Environmental risk factors may have differential effects on the behavior of individuals, particularly according to their genetic propensity for delinquency.