Paleoanthropology

Of Graves, Trees and Constellations addresses the debate on the anthropogenic hypothesis of Florentino Ameghino, who postulated a South American origin of human beings during a period marked by intense scientific controversies in prehistoric studies.
Historiographies related to Ameghino’s hypothesis typically conclude either with the death of this renowned naturalist from the Plata region (1911) or with the publication of Hrdlička et al. (1912). Thus, the historical period immediately following these events has been characterized as a “theoretical vacuum” (González, 1991–92), a “point of inertia” (Madrazo, 1985), or “theoretical chaos” (Politis, 1988). Moreover, as Schávelzon (2018, p.58) points out, “Ameghino died in 1911 unaware of the discussions his studies had generated, which were continued by his successors and opponents” and which, as noted by Tonni (2011, p.436), “until recently, Argentine researchers ignored.”

This paper proposes the concept of a Galactic Codex, a comprehensive collection of mathematical structures underlying star systems throughout the galaxy, inspired by the intricate relationships found within our own Solar System. Through the development of a wave solution, it is shown that the Earth-Moon system exhibits a characteristic time of one second, which intriguingly aligns with the ancient Sumerian division of the day. This characteristic time, derived from the mass of the Moon and fundamental physical constants, also appears to correspond to the fundamental radius of the proton. Additionally, the solar system’s Planck-type constant is defined by the kinetic energy of the Earth, highlighting a profound connection between planetary dynamics and fundamental physical principles. The paper also explores how such characteristic relationships might be fundamental to other star systems, suggesting that civilizations capable of interstellar travel may have similarly cataloged these dynamic structures into a Galactic Codex. Potential archaeological evidence of ancient awareness of these mathematical relationships, as seen in cuneiform tablets and megalithic structures, is also considered. Ultimately, this paper envisions the Galactic Codex as a unifying framework for understanding the dynamic mathematical signatures of life-bearing star systems throughout the galaxy.

A correct biological profile leads to a better understanding of the past and assists in the identification of human remains within bioarchaeology and forensic casework. Sex estimation forms a critical component of a biological profile. With the advancement of technologies such as geometric morphometrics (GMM), new methods and a deeper understanding of morphological features can be investigated digitally. However, how well do these methods compare to standard visual methods and how easy are they to employ? This research investigates the use of 2-D shape analysis and visual morphological methods for sex estimation using the greater sciatic notch (GSN). A total of 202 adult os coxae were photographed and analyzed from the Spitalfields Coffin Plate Collection housed at the Natural History Museum, UK. Each os coxae was analyzed digitally to extract a "line" for elliptical fourier analysis (EFA) and subsequent discriminant function analysis (DFA). Os coxae were also scored using two well established morphological methods for the GSN. This study found an overall accuracy of 82.81% when using the computational method (EFA and DFA). Lower accuracies were found for the visual methods with the Bruzek method correctly classifying 82.17% and the Walker method resulting in a much lower accuracy at 72.77%. The finding of this study showcases the benefits of using more computational methods such as shape analysis/GMM. However, it has a nearly identical overall error rate to the Bruzek method and higher accuracy than the Walker method and therefore is a suitable and accurate method for sex estimation. As these practices are evolving, practitioners will have to balance the cost/benefit (e.g., time, training, and accuracy) of using the different techniques while continuing to refine and combine approaches for optimal results in biological profiling. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

SummarySeveral major migrations and population turnover events during the later Stone Age (after c. 11,000 cal. BP) are believed to have shaped the contemporary population genetic diversity in Eurasia. While the genetic impacts of these migrations have been investigated on regional scales, a detailed understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics both within and between major geographic regions across Northern Eurasia remains largely elusive. Here, we present the largest shotgun-sequenced genomic dataset from the Stone Age to date, representing 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia, with associated radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Using recent advances, we imputed >1,600 ancient genomes to obtain accurate diploid genotypes, enabling previously unachievable fine-grained population structure inferences. We show that 1) Eurasian Mesolitic hunter-gatherers were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply diver...

In the light of the results obtained during the last two decades in analysis of signals by time series, it has become evident that the tools of non linear dynamics have their elective role of application in biological, and, in particular, in neuro-physiological and psycho-physiological studies. The basic concept in non linear analysis of experimental time series is that one of recurrence whose conceptual counterpart is represented from variedness and variability that are the foundations of complexity in dynamic processes. Thus, the recurrence plots and the Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) are discussed. It is shown that RQA represents the most general and correct methodology in investigation of experimental time series. By it we arrive to inspect the inner structure of the time series connected to the signals under investigation. Linked to RQA we prospect also the method CZF, recently introduced by us. It is able to account for a true estimation of variability of signals in time as well as in frequency domain. And, consequently, it may be used in conjunction with classical Fourier analysis, accounting however that it is inappropriate in analysis of non linear and non stationary experimental time series. The use of CZF method in fractal analysis is also considered in addition to standard index as Hurst exponent. A large field of possible applications in neurological as well as in psycho-physiological studies is given. Also, there are given examples of other and (possibly linked) applications as example the analysis of beat-to-beat fluctuations of human heartbeat intervals that is sovereign in psycho-physiological studies. We give applications on some different planes to evidence the particular sensitivity of such methods. We reach the objective to show that the previously exposed methods are also able to predict in advance the advent of ventricular tachycardia and/or of ventricular fibrillation. The RQA analysis gives good results. The CZF method gives the most excellent results showing that it is able to give very significant indexes of prediction. We also apply such methods in investigation of state anxiety, and proposing in detail a quantum like model of such phenomenological status of the mind.

This is Chapter 6 of a book called 'Living, Minding World,' which I am publishing chapter by chapter as I do a final edit. It's subtitle is 'where science and religion overlap . . .,' and its over-all thesis is that the ancients were correct to see a kind of intention and intelligence in Nature but went wrong when they interpreted that volition on the analogy of a human king or emperor. This was a fruitful mistake as it suggested the possibility that humans could “read the mind of God in the Book of Nature,” thereby contributing to the launch of science as distinct from religion and philosophy. But it was also deeply misleading; and it's even more so today, given the state of current knowledge.
Today we're in a position to see a kind of intelligence at work in our best understanding of the physical universe – in quantum field, theory, cosmology, genetics and evolutionary biology. We study that intelligence under labels like 'self-organization,' 'autopoiesis,' 'least action' and 'emergence,' and we begin to see ourselves as tentative by-products of self-organization, and not as Lords of Creation, appointed so by an Almighty God. It appears now that all the intelligence needed to account for the world's complexity was inherent from the beginning in that world itself. No external 'watchmaker' was needed.

El Neolítico catalán se ha caracterizado especialmente por su excelente registro funerario. Tanto es así, que a principios del siglo XX Bosch Gimpera hablaba de la "Cultura de los Sepulcros de Fosa", denominación que sigue usándose habitualmente en la actualidad para el Neolítico Medio. En el marco de este volumen monográfico, nos centramos en los enterramientos infantiles, deteniéndonos especialmente en todos los aspectos referentes a las cuestiones antropológicas pero sin obviar otros datos que consideramos relevantes, como el ajuar asociado a los distintos individuos inhumados o la cronología de los contextos funerarios establecida a partir de las dataciones absolutas obtenidas.

El Neolítico catalán se ha caracterizado especialmente por su excelente registro funerario. Tanto es así, que a principios del siglo XX Bosch Gimpera hablaba de la "Cultura de los Sepulcros de Fosa", denominación que sigue usándose habitualmente en la actualidad para el Neolítico Medio. En el marco de este volumen monográfico, nos centramos en los enterramientos infantiles, deteniéndonos especialmente en todos los aspectos referentes a las cuestiones antropológicas pero sin obviar otros datos que consideramos relevantes, como el ajuar asociado a los distintos individuos inhumados o la cronología de los contextos funerarios establecida a partir de las dataciones absolutas obtenidas.

El Neolítico catalán se ha caracterizado especialmente por su excelente registro funerario. Tanto es así, que a principios del siglo XX Bosch Gimpera hablaba de la "Cultura de los Sepulcros de Fosa", denominación que sigue usándose habitualmente en la actualidad para el Neolítico Medio. En el marco de este volumen monográfico, nos centramos en los enterramientos infantiles, deteniéndonos especialmente en todos los aspectos referentes a las cuestiones antropológicas pero sin obviar otros datos que consideramos relevantes, como el ajuar asociado a los distintos individuos inhumados o la cronología de los contextos funerarios establecida a partir de las dataciones absolutas obtenidas.

A la fin du Ve millenaire et au debut du IVe millenaires av. J.-C., les communautes neolithiques du nord-est de la peninsule Iberique s’installent preferentiellement dans les vallees et les plaines proches de la cote mediterraneenne et du centre de la Catalogne. Dans ces zones les conditions ecologiques et le paysage permettent la pratique de l’agriculture et de l’elevage. Cependant, au-dela de l’agriculture, la forte personnalite des groupes neolithiques de cette periode est avant tout fondee sur les pratiques funeraires. Le terme consacre par P. Bosch Gimpera au debut du XXe s. de « culture des Sepulcros de fosa » n’a jamais ete remis en cause, et continue d’etre abondamment utilise. Le contraste est d’autant plus frappant avec les donnees funeraires concernant les periodes precedentes en Peninsule iberique, qu’il s’agisse du Mesolithique ou du Neolithique : elles restent tres pauvres, a l’exception notable des nombreuses sepultures mesolithiques associees aux amas coquilliers mis...

The presence of shaped stone balls at early Paleolithic sites has attracted scholarly attention since the pioneering work of the Leakeys in Olduvai, Tanzania. Despite the persistent presence of these items in the archaeological record over a period of two million years, their function is still debated. We present new results from Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave on the use of these implements as percussion tools. Use-wear and abundant bone and fat residues found on ten shaped stone balls indicate crushing of fresh bones by thrusting percussion and provide direct evidence for the use of these items to access bone marrow of animal prey at this site. Two experiments conducted to investigate and verify functional aspects proved Qesem Cave shaped stone balls are efficient for bone processing and provide a comfortable grip and useful active areas for repeated use. Notably, the patina observed on the analyzed items precedes their use at the cave, indicating that they were collected by Qesem inhabitants, most probably from older Lower Paleolithic Acheulian sites. Thus, our results refer only to the final phases of the life of the items, and we cannot attest to their original function. As bone marrow played a central role in human nutrition in the Lower Paleolithic, and our experimental results show that the morphology and characteristics of shaped stone ball replicas are well-suited for the extraction of bone marrow, we suggest that these features might have been the reason for their collection and use at Qesem Cave. These results shed light on the function of shaped stone balls and are consistent with the significance of animal fat in the caloric intake of Middle Pleistocene humans as shown by the archeozoological evidence at Qesem Cave and possibly beyond.

The radiation and extinction of East African vertebrate fauna have been linked to key climatic changes that occurred around 2.8, 1.7, and 0.5 Ma. This study tests whether vegetation and diet changes were linked to these climatic fluctuations, focusing on the climatic event at 1.7 Ma, by analyzing the stable isotope composition of fossil herbivore teeth from the Olduvai Gorge's stratigraphic units Upper Bed I, Lower Bed II, and Upper Bed II, which span ~1. 83-1.33 Ma, in order to detect shifts in herbivore diets from C 3 to C 4 plants in conjunction with their drinking water isotope geochemistry. C 4 grass expansion is known to be favored by drier conditions, and this study tests whether herbivore diets permanently changed to being C 4 dominant at this key time period. Crocodile teeth are also tested to determine if they may be used as paleoclimatic indicators, since large crocodiles prey on terrestrial herbivores in wetland settings. Vertebrate bioapatite carbon and oxygen isotope compositions are found to show similar trends as those of pedogenic carbonates (carbonate nodules, or concretions), which reflect a drying environment that was changing from C 3 woodland dominated habitats to mixed woodlands and grasslands from Bed I to Lower Bed II times. While a return to more humid conditions in Upper Bed II might be expected to lead to a reversal to C 3 plants, herbivores in this study retained mostly the drought-resistant C 4 plant diet. These results indicate that vegetation and ecosystems passed through a threshold to C 4 domination that did not revert to C 3 despite partial reversals in climate that occurred later. Crocodile teeth were not useful in tracking C 4 plant expansion, but the oxygen isotopes from modern crocodiles are able to show seasonal cycles from wet to dry seasons, and Bed I crocodiles indicate a degree of annual seasonal changes during that time as well.

A preliminary investigation of the lithology of the lithic materials from Burry Holms and comparison with the equivalent raw materials in the local drift deposits has demonstrated that the materials were available locally. The immediate source of the materials may have been either a till of pre-Devensian age and of Irish Sea provenance, or a deposit reworked from such a till. The Devensian tills and fluvioglacial gravels close to Burry Holms yield only a very small quantity of flint, most of which is rather unlike the dominant flint type amongst the artefacts. Either the Devensian deposits were very carefully searched for their rare white-cortex flints, or, more likely, another, now vanished source was exploited. The non-flint lithologies were mainly used for smaller artefacts, presumably because of the poorer knapping properties of those materials. White patinated flint dominates amongst all artefact classes, however, and strongly coloured flint is rare. The relative proportion of flint and nonflint cores closely matches the proportion of retouched artefacts in those materials. All object identified as blade cores are flint, although non-flint blades are found.

The lethally maltreated body of Vittrup Man was deposited in a Danish bog, probably as part of a ritualised sacrifice. It happened between c. 3300 and 3100 cal years BC, i.e., during the period of the local farming-based Funnel Beaker Culture. In terms of skull morphological features, he differs from the majority of the contemporaneous farmers found in Denmark, and associates with hunter-gatherers, who inhabited Scandinavia during the previous millennia. His skeletal remains were selected for transdisciplinary analysis to reveal his life-history in terms of a population historical perspective. We report the combined results of an integrated set of genetic, isotopic, physical anthropological and archaeological analytical approaches. Strontium signature suggests a foreign birthplace that could be in Norway or Sweden. In addition, enamel oxygen isotope values indicate that as a child he lived in a colder climate, i.e., to the north of the regions inhabited by farmers. Genomic data in fact demonstrates that he is closely related to Mesolithic humans known from Norway and Sweden. Moreover, dietary stable isotope analyses on enamel and bone collagen demonstrate a fisher-hunter way of life in his childhood and a diet typical of farmers later on. Such a variable life-history is also reflected by proteomic analysis of hardened organic deposits on his teeth, indicating the consumption of forager food (seal, whale and marine fish) as well as farmer food (sheep/goat). From a dietary isotopic transect of one of his teeth it is shown that his transfer between societies of foragers and farmers took place near to the end of his teenage years.

Ovaj diplomski rad pregled je do sada poznatih nalazišta na kojima je iz koštanih ostataka ekstrahirana i analizirana nuklearna DNA. Podatci dobiveni morfološkom analizom kostiju, nadopunjeni podatcima dobivenim sekvenciranjem mitohondrijske i nuklearne DNA omogućuju znanstvenicima bolji uvid u živote arhaičnih populacija tijekom pleistocena. Uz pomoć različitih softvera, statističkih i analitičkih metoda kojima se analiziraju podatci, dolazimo do novih zaključaka o odnosima različitih arhaičnih populacija, ali i o odnosima različitih populacija ranih modernih ljudi. Ovaj rad zasniva se na pregledu podataka iz paleogenetike i paleoantropologije te na pokušaju usporedbe dobivenih podataka sa svrhom boljega razumijevanja života različitih arahičnih populacija tijekom pleistocena.This thesis is a review of the sites with currently available sequences of aDNA extracted from hominin fossils. The information obtained by morphological analysis of the bones from these sites is complemented ...

According to the raise process of primates’ generation (supreme mammals referring to the monkeys and humans, in Latin means “perfect”, “original”) i.e emerged at the Eocene period, about 46 years ago, the primitive Hominoidaes in Africa were formed at the Oligocene – Miocene period (33 million years ago) and they started to spread in Euroasia since the Middle Miocene (16 years ago). Hominoidaes had widely been spread in a good environmental condition at the Middle and Late Miocene periods, they were especially spread to modern territories of Tutkey and Greece. Analogical samples discovered in the Southern Caucasus, Late Miocene period (Dryopithecus garedziensis referring to the 9.098 – 8.769 millions ago), it shows that the territory was an initial settlement zone and an important point in the evolution process. Human generation that was seperated form Hominoidae family, had been seperated to the, approximately 12 million years ago, Ponginae (orangutan) and gorilla, chimpanzee and human which were reffered to the modern orangutans, Homininae families. 6-8 million years ago, Homininae and Gorillinae generation had been seperated, which human and chimpanzee referred to. Although, Homininae was devided into the Hominina and Panina sumgenerations, that was the common point between human ancestors and Apes, Some types (Sahelanthropus tchandesis and Orrorin tugenensis) existed 7-6 million years ago, had considered to be a common type. Ardipitecus Australopithecus, Orrorin tugenensis or Sahelanthropus which exited at the Late Miocene – Early Pilocene periods, had been suggested to be grouped as seperate sub generation in the Homininae and together with the Homo type in the Hominina generation. But, according to the modern investigations, only Homo type was formed from Homininae subgeneration. A number of types, including Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus sediba, Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus afarensis had directly been considered as initial type of Homo, but it is still unclear which type mainly is that. Homo type which emerged 2,8 million years ago, icludes different already passed types (example: Homo habilis and Homo neanderthalensis ) classified as an ancestor, or modern human similar type as well as modern humans. Some scientists refers Kenyanthropus (usually classified as an australopithecine, remains of 3,2 - 3,5 years) and the development of Homo to the early of the 3 miilion years. Homo type was spread 2 – 1,8 million years ago from Africa to Euroasia, passing from the Southern Caucasus (Dmanisi, Azikh sites), to China and Indonesia, 1,2 – 1,5 million years ago. There is only Homo sapiens sapiens (modern human) species still exists. .

With its 17 carvings, a bear bone from the Dziadowa Skała cave in Poland
represents complex explanations of the Moon phases (> 120 ka). It contains
three proposals, which refered to the pair Full Moon - New Moon (for xample,
no comparison possible and so on). Among others, a proposition from Vaufrey (France) was cited, perhaps the oldest testimony of „three equivalent pairs“ of the Moon in Europe. In their contribution from 2021, the authors A. Rufà / V. Laroulandie dated it to the period 243.000-191.000 BC. An aurochs bone from Nesher Ramla (Israel) adapted the Polish concept. Furthermore, we discuss two interesting finds from the Crimea, Zaskalnaya VI and Kiik-Koba, both about 40 ka old. And finally, we check all fourth pairs of Neanderthals for equivalence in order to gain a deeper understanding of their mental cognition ability.

Mit seinen 17 Ritzungen zählt ein Bärenknochen aus der Dziadowa Skała Höhle in Polen zu den Vertretern komplexer Darlegungen von Mondphasen (> 120 ka). Es wurden dort insgesamt drei Erklärungsmodelle aufgeboten, die sich auf das Paar Vollmond-Neumond bezogen (z.B. kein Vergleich möglich usw.). U.a. wurde der Entwurf aus Vaufrey (Frankreich) zitiert, dem vielleicht ältesten Zeugnis von "drei Äquivalenzpaaren" des Mondes in Europa. In ihrem Beitrag von 2021 datierten die Autorinnen A. Rufà / V. Laroulandie ihn in den Zeitraum von 243.000 bis 191.000 Jahren v.h. Ein Auerochsenknochen aus Nesher Ramla (Israel) adaptierte den polnischen Vorschlag. Außerdem werden zwei interessante Funde von der Krim besprochen, aus Zaskalnaya VI und Kiik-Koba, die um 40 ka entstanden sind. Zum Schluss werden alle vierten Paare der Neandertalerfunde auf Äquivalenz überprüft, um ein vertieftes Verständnis von deren mentaler Kognitionsfähigkeit zu erlangen.

The lithic assemblage from Shizitan 29, a late Upper Paleolithic open-air site in Shanxi, China, provides evidence for the earliest, well-dated microblade production in East Asia, ca. 26/24 Ka cal BP. To pursue a behavioral rather than traditional typological understanding of this key adaptive technology, we apply a techno-functional approach that enables us to reconstruct the entire operational sequence in behavioral terms through the derivation of technical objectives. This methodology can serve as a model to be applied to other assemblages for greater understanding of the origins and spread of the broadly distributed eastern Asian Late Pleistocene microblade industries. Within the eight cultural layers at Shizitan 29, microblade production abruptly appears at the top of Layer 7 following earlier core-and-flake production, supporting hypotheses of microblade technology arising within adaptive strategies to worsening Late Glacial Maximum environments. Significantly, reconstruction of the operational sequence supports microblade technology being introduced into the North China Loess Plateau from regions further north. It also allows us to re-think microblades' relationship in behavioral terms with earlier limited examples of East Asian blade production and the evolution and spread of microblade technology, providing new insights into the adaptive relationships between subsequent microblade productions.

Homo sapiens' birth time is somewhere between 2 million and 100 thousand years but still blurry. NEW PARADIGM: 1.) Pre-140 000 years Homo is NOT HUMAN, instead, PraeHomo or PseudHomo. There is sufficient evidence that they went extinct due to the glacial maximum ~140 000 years ago (incl. Pseudo-Sapiens, Pseudo-Neanderthals & Pseudo-Denisovans, except the latest Erectus from Java). 2.) At about that time (~140 ka), instead of Africa, the macroevolutionary birth of Sapiens in the Levant. REAL Sapiens, REAL Neanderthals, and REAL Denisovans originated from this new population. In other words, the common ancestral population was NOT in Africa before 500 ka, but instead in the Levant ~140 ka. 3.) A new evolutionary process: DNA-driven ProgRetrogProg evolution. The parallelisms shown here between extreme climatic warmings and anatomical progressions, and vice versa, suggest that, instead of natural selection, a nonstop dominance struggle in the DNA between positive and negative forces drove ProgRetrogProg human evolution. 4.) Important anatomical and behavioral traits such as globular brain, bipartite brow, protruding chin, intentional burial and shell beads appear, disappear, reappear in the fossil and archaeological records, thus confirming ProgRetrogProg human evolution.

The reconstruction and subsequent rescue archaeological excavation in the baroque chapel of St Barbara in the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Přeštice has resulted in the discovery of one atypical burial in a small bricked vault. The vault contained skeletal remains in a very poor state of preservation. The discovery of the skeletal remains in the chapel was unexpected given the absence of any signs of a grave being present. In this article we describe the attempt to identify the person to whom
the skeletal remains belong. Based on anthropological analysis, these remains were interpreted as probably female over 50 years of age. By combining archaeological context, anthropological analysis and historical sources, the skeleton was interpreted as the remains of Marie Anna Lindauer, a resident of Pilsen and the mother of Josef Ondřej Lindauer, the dean in Přeštice and the bishop in Budweis.

Hello, little human,

My name is Akšam, and I am a Neanderthal. I am about 8, 9, or maybe 10 years old. I don’t really know—I can’t count, and I don’t go to school. But I am curious, skillful, and I love interesting and unusual objects. Come with me on a journey to the past!
I will show you what Štramberk looked like long ago. You’ll discover its rich history, its beautiful and fascinating landscape, its rare plants and animals, and even my own remains that were found here. I’ll introduce you to prehistoric animals, quarries full of fossils, important historical figures, and some old legends—but don’t worry, the Tatars won’t cut off your ears anymore! And of course, our journey won’t be complete without breathtaking views of the landscape.

Ahoj, človíčku,
jmenuji se AKŠAM a jsem neandertálec. Je mi asi 8, 9 nebo 10 let. Nevím, neumím počítat a nechodím do školy, ale jsem zvídavý, zručný a líbí se mi zajímavé a zvláštní předměty. Vydej se se mnou na cestu do pravěku!
Představím ti, jak to kdysi vypadalo ve Štramberku. Seznámím tě s jeho bohatou historií, krásnou a zajímavou krajinou, vzácnými rostlinami a živočichy, s mými pozůstatky, které se zde nalezly, s pravěkými zvířaty, s lomy, ze kterých pochází zkameněliny, s významnými lidmi a s některými pověstmi – ale neboj se, dnes už ti tady Tataři uši neuřežou. Při našem putování nebudeš ošizený ani o krásné výhledy do krajiny.

En este trabajo se abordan las faunas de peces recuperadas en el yacimiento de Santa Catalina, una secuencia cronoestratigráfica que discurre entre el Magdaleniense Superior y el Aziliense (15-10 ka cal BP) y que contempla también un paquete fechado en el Magdaleniense Final. Se trata de la asociación ictiofaunística más antigua reportada hasta la fecha para la prehistoria del Atlántico europeo, con más de cuatro mil restos estudiados, de los que más de tres mil han podido ser identificados a nivel taxonómico, y una de las colecciones prehistóricas más grandes y la más diversificada de la prehistoria cantábrica. Entre los datos más destacables, la presencia abrumadora de taxones exclusiva o prioritariamente marinos y las evidencias inequívocas que apuntan al bacalao y a los pleuronéctidos como base de unas pesquerías en donde el género Salmo constituye un elemento constante e importante a lo largo de la secuencia. Además de los datos biogeográficos que el registro aporta, donde dest...

Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived across western Europe and parts of Asia from approximately 430,000 to 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals had robust body, with a prominent brow ridge, a larger braincase, and a wide nose. They were well-adapted to cold climates. In this short article, we present a model for tracing the Neanderthal niches on the Iranian Plateau. Our approach incorporates various factors, including the distribution of Paleolithic occupations associated with Neanderthal remains, geomorphological characteristics (high contrast topography) around them, and the anatomical features of Neanderthals.

Biological anthropologists inform a largely professional discourse on the evolutionary history of our species. In addition, aspects of our biology, the ways in which we vary, and certain patterns of behavior are the subjects of a more public and popular conversation. The social contexts in which we work not only define our times but also produce the anthropologists that in turn construct an emergent understanding of our species' (and our societies') inner workings. In this review of scholarly production, I focus on developments within a selection of "sub-subdisciplines" that were particularly influential in bending the arc of biological anthropology in 2008, namely: evolutionary medical anthropology, anthropological neuroscience, forensic anthropology, primatology, and paleoanthropology. Ultimately, this review demonstrates, yet again, anthropology's great contribution: the ability to incorporate new technologies and research methodologies into a synthetic and integrative interdisciplinary approach toward the elucidation of human behavior, evolution, and biocultural engagements with the environment.

Since prehistoric times, the island of Sardinia—in the western Mediterranean—has played a leading role in the dynamics of human population and mobility, in the circulation of raw materials and artefacts, idioms and customs, of technologies and ideas that have enriched the biological, linguistic and cultural heritage of local groups. For the Phoenician and Punic periods (from the 9th to the 3rd centuries BCE), the ancient site of Nora—in southern Sardinia—represents an emblematic case in the study of migratory phenomena that occurred on the Island from the Iron Age until the Roman conquest. Despite the importance of exploring (and characterising) such movements from a wider bio-cultural perspective, the application of bio-geochemical tools for geographical provenance to the ancient skeletal populations of Sardinia is yet scarce. The present work is the first step towards filling this gap with the development of the first isoscape of southern Sardinia using new bioavailable Sr isotope data and a machine-learning approach. From a geolithological point of view, Sardinia is rather heterogeneous and requires detailed studies to correctly assess the distribution of the isotopic signature of bioavailable Sr. The random forest model employed here to construct the Sr isoscape uses several external environmental and geological variables. The most important predictors are related to age and bedrock type, with additional input from local soil properties. A 10-fold cross-validation gives a mean square error of 0.0008 and an R-squared of 0.81, so the model correctly predicts the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of unknown areas. By using a Bayesian provenance assignment workflow, we tested the isoscape here produced to determine the geographic origin and the mobility of archaeological and modern fauna collected from the Phoenician-Punic site of Nora and the surrounding Pula Plain. Our results indicate that archaeological sheep and goats (87Sr/86Sr < 0.7090) are compatible with areas close to Nora and Pula Plain, in agreement with archaeological evidence of pastoralism in those areas. Modern wild and domesticated fauna (87Sr/86Sr > 0.7090) show compatibility with several natural and anthropogenic locations in southern Sardinia, as expected based on modern species distribution data. Finally, we discuss the large Sr isotopic variability of the Nora baseline, where human mobility studies of human cremated and inhumed individuals are currently underway.

This issue of Current Research in the Pleistocene, Volume 24, contains 81 papers, the most we have ever bundled together in a single volume. This is up 100 percent from just two years ago. Unfortunately, CRP sales have not risen so dramatically. Last year, only 23 (about 30 percent) of our authors actually purchased Volume 23, and in the last two years, sales have only increased by about 20 percent. To pay for the rising cost of production, we need to increase sales. As a CRP reader and/or writer, you can do two things to help. First, if you have not purchased your copy of Volume 23 or Volume 24, consider doing it now (order forms are available in the back of this volume). Second, if you are an instructor or student, ask your university library to subscribe to CRP. We currently have surprisingly few institutional subscriptions, and in many cases the only way to get your library to subscribe is for YOU to make the request. The information contained in this issue and the previous 23 volumes of CRP should be accessible to both faculty and students, on the shelves of your institution's library. All previous issues, with the exception of volumes 1-4, are still available. Encourage your library to acquire a complete set, as well as the current issue. In gathering these statistics, we realized, too, that very few CRP writers are active members of the Center for the Study of the First Americans, which produces and publishes CRP. In fact, of the 81 lead authors who contributed to Volume 24, only 11 (14 percent) are members. If you are a member, we want to thank you for your continued support of the Center. However, if you are not a current member, we want to encourage you to become one. With membership comes not only a subscription to the Mammoth Trumpet, the Center's quarterly newspaper, but also a sense of pride knowing that you contributed to the Center's mission to disseminate your and your colleagues' research about the peopling of the Americas to the general public.

It is reported here that planetary and atomic scales (the proton) may be described by a characteristic time of about 1 second, where the second we have today comes from the ancient Sumerians having divided the Earth rotation period into 24 units (hours) and their base 60 counting system that ultimately resulted in dividing the hour into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds. We find the ground state of the our solar system is based on the mass of the Moon, and that the algebraic condition for the Moon nearly perfectly eclipsing the Sun may be a condition for optimal habitability of earth-like planets in habitable zones in general. It is found from a relationship in Vedic yoga that an equation exists for the radius of the habitable planet that produces a planetary radius for all spectral-types of stars about that of the Earth. It is suggested that perhaps this size, owing to its gravity, might be ideal for life chemistry to take place based on elemental properties. It is found that our characteristic time of one second, yielding the proton radius closely, and describing our Solar System, may have been inherited from the Big Bang, and that the the protoplanetary disc that gave rise to the the planets may have inherited this characteristic time from the Big Bang as well. We find the characteristic time of one second follows from not just the Sumerian quantization of time into (24, 60) for the earth rotation but that this works with the radius and mass of the Earth, which results in a quantization of angular momentum for the Solar System.. We also find that 1 second encodes for the core element of life, carbon. In short, we can encode everything in the Universe from the Big Bang, to the proton, to the protoplanetary disc, to the Solar System, to life with one unit, a second of time.

The lethally maltreated body of Vittrup Man was deposited in a Danish bog, probably as part of a ritualised sacrifice. It happened between c. 3300 and 3100 cal years BC, i.e., during the period of the local farming-based Funnel Beaker Culture. In terms of skull morphological features, he differs from the majority of the contemporaneous farmers found in Denmark, and associates with hunter-gatherers, who inhabited Scandinavia during the previous millennia. His skeletal remains were selected for transdisciplinary analysis to reveal his life-history in terms of a population historical perspective. We report the combined results of an integrated set of genetic, isotopic, physical anthropological and archaeological analytical approaches. Strontium signature suggests a foreign birthplace that could be in Norway or Sweden. In addition, enamel oxygen isotope values indicate that as a child he lived in a colder climate, i.e., to the north of the regions inhabited by farmers. Genomic data in fact demonstrates that he is closely related to Mesolithic humans known from Norway and Sweden. Moreover, dietary stable isotope analyses on enamel and bone collagen demonstrate a fisher-hunter way of life in his childhood and a diet typical of farmers later on. Such a variable life-history is also reflected by proteomic analysis of hardened organic deposits on his teeth, indicating the consumption of forager food (seal, whale and marine fish) as well as farmer food (sheep/goat). From a dietary isotopic transect of one of his teeth it is shown that his transfer between societies of foragers and farmers took place near to the end of his teenage years.

The text is a reflection about the works produced by Anthropology and Ethology from the common point of view adopted since the field work, as well the consequences of this over the product of knowledge, on behalf of our discussion about the borders that define Humankind, our identity and our otherness.

Laetoli, Tanzania is one of the most important palaeontological and palaeoanthropological localities in Africa. We report on a survey of the extant terrestrial gastropod faunas of the Laetoli-Endulen area, examine their ecological associations and re-examine the utility of Pliocene fossil molluscs in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Standardised collecting at 15 sites yielded 7302 individuals representing 58 mollusc species. Significant dissimilarities were found among the faunas of three broad habitat types: forest, woodland/bushland and open (grassland and scattered, xeric shrubland). Overall, more species were recorded in the woodland/bushland sites than in the forest sites. Open sites were less diverse. Environmental factors contributing most strongly to the separation of habitat types were aridity index and elevation. The results are supplemented with new mollusc data from the Mbulu Plateau south of Lake Eyasi, and compared to the list of species cumulatively recorded from the Ngorongoro area. Some regional variation is apparent and historical factors may explain the absence of some fossil taxa from Laetoli today. Differences in seasonality separated upland forest sites on the Mbulu plateau from those at Lemagurut at Laetoli. Indicator species were identified for each habitat. These included several large-bodied species analogous to the Laetoli Pliocene fossil species that were then used for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Based on the estimated aridity index, and adopting the widely used United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global climate classification, the four stratigraphic subunits of the Upper Laetolil Beds (3.6-3.85 Ma) would be placed in either the UNEP's Dry Sub-humid or Semi-arid climate classes, whereas the Upper Ndolanya Beds (2.66 Ma) and Lower Laetolil Beds (3.85-<4.36 Ma) would be assigned to the Humid and Semi-arid climate classes respectively. Pliocene precipitation at Laetoli is estimated as 847-965 mm per year, refining previous estimates. This is close or slightly higher than the present mean annual precipitation, and is likely to have corresponded to a mosaic of forest, woodland and bushland within a grassland matrix consistent with other reconstructions.

La ciencia, como expresión de conocimiento perfecto y acabado, tiene a cargo dos tareas fundamentales en relación con su objeto formal: la definición de su esencia y la demostración de sus propiedades. En tal sentido, Aristóteles considera a Sócrates como el verdadero fundador de la actitud científica por haber sido el primero que se preocupó por las definiciones de las cosas 1 . San Alberto Magno enseña que, precisamente en virtud de estos dos quehaceres, la lógica como instrumento de la ciencia ha de dividirse en las partes respectivas: lógica de la definición y lógica de la demostración 2 . Y es precisamente el modo de definir el que da pie a la conocida división del saber especulativo según los tres tipos básicos de abstracción 3 . La posibilidad de la ciencia depende, entonces, de la posibilidad de encontrar las definiciones adecuadas. Como la definición es un principio de la ciencia no cabe llegar a ella en virtud de un proceso demostrativo 4 . Como ocurre con todos los principios, la definición es término de un proceso inventivo, que apela de manera prioritaria a la condición intuitiva del entendimiento y a su perspicacia en el comercio con los sentidos y el invalorable auxilio de la vis cogitativa. El punto de apoyo fundamental de esta posibilidad está justamente en la asignación del objeto formal propio del intelecto

The study of the archaeological remains of fossil hominins must rely on reconstructions to elucidate the behaviour that may have resulted in particular stone tools and their accumulation. Comparatively, stone tool use among living primates has illuminated behaviours that are also amenable to archaeological examination, permitting direct observations of the behaviour leading to artefacts and their assemblages to be incorporated. Here, we describe newly discovered stone tool-use behaviour and stone accumulation sites in wild chimpanzees reminiscent of human cairns. In addition to data from 17 mid- to long-term chimpanzee research sites, we sampled a further 34 Pan troglodytes communities. We found four populations in West Africa where chimpanzees habitually bang and throw rocks against trees, or toss them into tree cavities, resulting in conspicuous stone accumulations at these sites. This represents the first record of repeated observations of individual chimpanzees exhibiting stone ...

Автор раскрывает принципы устройства и механизмы функционирования организма-системы «человечество»; описывает хронологию макроисторических процессов, через которые оно проходит по мере геоцивилизационного движения. Описана структура системы, выстроенная как по вертикали (при иерархизации уровней системы), так и по горизонтали (при формировании последовательности сменяющих друг друга эпох и этапов). По мнению автора, геоцивилизационное движение организма-системы «человечество», со всеми атрибутами приобретенных изменений, должно осуществляться в трехмерном пространстве, при этом на каждой из осей должны располагаться семь эпох – «магическая», «сакральная», «религиозная», нынешняя «рациокритическая», а также пока еще не наступившие, условно названные им «неорелигиозная», «неосакральная» и «неомагическая» эпохи, соответственно.

Esta é uma tradução direcionada não somente ao público acadêmico, mas também a todos aqueles que se interessam pela História da Ciência, mais particularmente pela História da Biologia, da Geologia e da Paleontologia. Neste sentido, a tradução que nos dispusemos a realizar tem como objetivo tornar inteligível e agradável a leitura de importantes textos de Cuvier para qualquer leitor, seja ele um biólogo, um geólogo, um historiador, ou um aficionado da História da Ciência.Nossa proposta de traduzir para o português a principal obra de divulgação das ideias de Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) partiu da constatação de que existe uma crescente demanda de conhecimento de seus trabalhos em países que têm a língua portuguesa como seu idioma. Esta demanda tem sido promovida com a crescente importância que a comunidade acadêmico-científica tem atribuído à História e Filosofia das Ciências, especialmente no Brasil.

espanolDurante el desarrollo del proyecto de investigacion “Recu-peracion de restos paleontologicos, catalogacion y datacion de los yacimien-tos del Pleistoceno-Holoceno de las cavidades del Pirineo oscense”, se han prospectado diversas cavidades del Pirineo oscense en busca de nuevos yaci-mientos paleontologicos. Estas cavidades se hallaban situadas en la sierra de Secus, Barranco Jardin, los Lecherines, la sierra de Tendenera y el Serrato Gallisue. En dichas zonas se ha encontrado o se ha confirmado la presen-cia de ocho nuevos yacimientos paleontologicos. Ademas, se ha continuado la excavacion de yacimientos en los que se habia trabajado previamente, como la cueva de la Brecha del Rincon y la de los Osos de Lecherines. Mediante el estudio de los restos faunisticos recuperados en estos yacimientos, se ha cons-tatado la presencia de numerosos restos de Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica (bucar-do), Ursus arctos (oso pardo) y Ursus deningeri. En la cueva de los Bucardos se han recuperado dos...

In November 2023, the first archaeological investigation of Reljina Cave, located on the coastal slope of southern Velebit, was conducted. A preliminary typological analysis of pottery indicated that the cave was used during the Neolithic, Eneolithic, Bronze Age, and the Middle Ages. The combination of archaeological research and interviews with shepherds from the cave’s immediate surroundings enabled the interpretation of its use in both recent and ancient periods.

“The first human beings were born in the vast geographical area between the Java Islands and Palestine,” explains Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. “The Australopithecus gradually transformed themselves into human form but this great transformation did not take place overnight, nor even in one century, but by slow degrees.” P. R. Sarkar describes the origin of human beings from Homo Erectus, and how humans spread around the world in prehistoric times, with their physical features and skin color adapting to the varieties of environments where they lived. His three-part series of discourses here describes the development of our human family in fascinating detail, and shows that diversity does not have to be an obstacle to creating a universal human society. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was a spiritual teacher in the tradition of Shiva and Krishna. He founded the global socio-spiritual organization Ananda Marga (“Path of Bliss”).

The Article is about the results of study of Homo erectus remains discovered from Dmanisi settlement (Early Pleistocene). Dmanisi settlement i.e.located at the territory of the Republic of Georgia, Southern Caucasus, is considered to be a settlement where the most ancient Homo erectus samples outside of Africa had been discovered. Remains discovered here showed that, beyond Africa, people had been spread about 1,8 million years ago. Dmanisi remains can also be considered to be an early prove and fact untill today, which showed the spread of the human ancestors to the north of the different parts of the world and people moved outside of Africa. Five skulls (three of which belong to male and two female), as well, more than 60 different other bones discovered as a result of archaeological and paleoanthropological remains enable us to have much more information about morphological structure and the way of life of the people lived here. Remains were called as Homo erectus georgicus, according to the country where they had been discovered. Homo erectus is sometimes thought to be evolved from the subgroup of Homo erectus georgicus. But according to other opinions, Homo erectus georgicus had evolved after the evolution of Homo erectus and this is one lower type of Homo erectus. Generally, Homo erectus lived about 2,3 – 0,5 million years ago. Gradual oocupation of Homo erectus at Dmanisi settlement is considered to be an important biogeographical event and also, had been the main evolution point. Emergence and the spread of Dmanisi people inside of Homo erectus, had become the reason for important discussions

قطعات اسکلتی سنگواره‌شده نشان می‌دهد خانوادۀ انسان‌نماها در حدود هفت‌میلیون سال پیش وجود داشته‌اند. در طی سال‌های گذشته سابقۀ سنگواره‌ای انسان‌های اولیه و استرالوپیته‌کوس‌ها به‌سرعت افزایش یافته است و این شواهد انباشته دیدگاه ما را دربارۀ پیدایش جنسمان تغییر داده است. ساختار غار رایزینگ استار، بخشی از محوطۀ میراث جهانی گهوارۀ بشریت در آفریقای جنوبی، برای سال‌ها توسط غارنوردان مورد کاوش قرار گرفته بود، ولی به هیچ سنگواره‌ای از آنجا اشاره نشده بود. این موضوع در سپتامبر 2013 (اوایل پاییز ۱۳۹۲) تغییر کرد، زمانی که دو غارنورد آفریقای جنوبی، نخستین استخوان‌های سنگواره‌ای شناخته‌شده از چیزی را که اکنون انسان نالدی نامیده می‌شود، در آن یافتند. مجموعۀ نالدی غنی‌ترین مجموعه از انسان‌نماهایی است که تا به حال در آفریقا کشف شده است. انسان نالدی به همان اندازه که دانش ما را ارتقاء می‌دهد، پیچیدگی شجره‌نامۀ انسان و ناآگاهی ما دربارۀ انسان باستانی را نیز برجسته می‌کند. در این پژوهش تلاش بر آن شده تا با کمک تازه‌ترین یافته‌ها و داده‌ها، پژوهشگران پارسی‌زبان را با این گونۀ انسانی آشنا کنیم. عرصۀ ورودمان کتابخانه‌ای و روش پژوهش اسنادی است. نخست دربارۀ کشف و شناسایی این گونۀ انسانی سخن خواهیم گفت و در ادامه به بررسی ریخت‌شناسی او در مقایسه با دیگر گونه‌های انسانی می‌پردازیم. انجام تدفین توسط انسان نالدی را از نظر می‌گذرانیم و سرانجام حکاکی‌های منتسب به او را بحث و بررسی خواهیم کرد. بی‌شک آگاهی از این اکتشافات تازه که نور بیشتری بر خاستگاه انسان‌ها می‌تاباند، ما را در فهم درست درخت تبارزایی انسان و پیچیدگی آن یاری‌رسان خواهد بود.

قطعات اسکلتی سنگواره‌شده نشان می‌دهد خانوادۀ انسان‌نماها در حدود هفت‌میلیون سال پیش وجود داشته‌اند. در طی سال‌های گذشته سابقۀ سنگواره‌ای انسان‌های اولیه و استرالوپیته‌کوس‌ها به‌سرعت افزایش یافته است و این شواهد انباشته دیدگاه ما را دربارۀ پیدایش جنسمان تغییر داده است. ساختار غار رایزینگ استار، بخشی از محوطۀ میراث جهانی گهوارۀ بشریت در آفریقای جنوبی، برای سال‌ها توسط غارنوردان مورد کاوش قرار گرفته بود، ولی به هیچ سنگواره‌ای از آنجا اشاره نشده بود. این موضوع در سپتامبر 2013 (اوایل پاییز ۱۳۹۲) تغییر کرد، زمانی که دو غارنورد آفریقای جنوبی، نخستین استخوان‌های سنگواره‌ای شناخته‌شده از چیزی را که اکنون انسان نالدی نامیده می‌شود، در آن یافتند. مجموعۀ نالدی غنی‌ترین مجموعه از انسان‌نماهایی است که تا به حال در آفریقا کشف شده است. انسان نالدی به همان اندازه که دانش ما را ارتقاء می‌دهد، پیچیدگی شجره‌نامۀ انسان و ناآگاهی ما دربارۀ انسان باستانی را نیز برجسته می‌کند. در این پژوهش تلاش بر آن شده تا با کمک تازه‌ترین یافته‌ها و داده‌ها، پژوهشگران پارسی‌زبان را با این گونۀ انسانی آشنا کنیم. عرصۀ ورودمان کتابخانه‌ای و روش پژوهش اسنادی است. نخست دربارۀ کشف و شناسایی این گونۀ انسانی سخن خواهیم گفت و در ادامه به بررسی ریخت‌شناسی او در مقایسه با دیگر گونه‌های انسانی می‌پردازیم. انجام تدفین توسط انسان نالدی را از نظر می‌گذرانیم و سرانجام حکاکی‌های منتسب به او را بحث و بررسی خواهیم کرد. بی‌شک آگاهی از این اکتشافات تازه که نور بیشتری بر خاستگاه انسان‌ها می‌تاباند، ما را در فهم درست درخت تبارزایی انسان و پیچیدگی آن یاری‌رسان خواهد بود.

Tabun Cave, located on the slopes of Mount Carmel (Israel), constitutes one of the key Levantine Palaeolithic sites because of its exceptionally long sequence (ca. 25 m) that has yielded a suite of lithic industries spanning the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic periods. This site is also known to have produced human remains found in the Middle Palaeolithic layers: a Neanderthal female skeleton (C1), and a mandible (C2) commonly classified as Homo sapiens but whose attribution is still debated. Determining the chronology of Levantine Palaeolithic caves has often been limited by severe diagenetic processes, affecting the accuracy of age results obtained using trapped-charge dating methods. Characterising the mineralogical composition of the sediments in such conditions is an important step that was done in this study using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We show that most of our sediment samples underwent diagenesis from the decomposition of guano, ash or bones, based on the presence of authigenic phosphates, which may impact the dose rate. Considering this information, we report here age results obtained using postinfrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR 290) of polymineral fine grains for Tabun Cave. Our pIRIR 290 ages are in overall agreement with thermoluminescence (TL) dating results obtained previously on burnt flints, reinforcing the antiquity of key transitions in the Middle Pleistocene record from Tabun Cave. The ages suggest that the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition at Tabun, possibly coinciding with the arrival of Homo sapiens in the Levant, may be constrained between 265 ± 26 ka (late Lower Palaeolithic, Bed 72, Unit X) and 288 ± 29 ka (early Middle Palaeolithic, Beds 63-64, Unit IX), while the age of the base of the overlying mid-Middle Palaeolithic Layer C (Unit I; Beds 22-19) ranges between 204 ± 18 ka and 192 ± 14 ka. Consequently, the Tabun C2 mandible discovered at the base of Layer C may prove to be among the oldest Homo sapiens fossils found outside Africa.

The Ngaloba specimen (LH 18) from Lateoli, Tanzania, includes a partial maxilla and largely intact cranial vault. LH18 represents an important stage in the mid-Pleistocene Homo fossil record (205 ± 17 ka or 290 ± 25 ka) and expresses several primitive and derived craniofacial features. Although the cranium was found in several pieces and underwent post-mortem deformation, reconstructions have allowed for morphological comparisons. Some researchers argue that Ngaloba's general maxillary shape, reduced prognathism, and reduced robusticity align the specimen with modern humans, while others argue that intermediate alveolar prognathism and short maxilla place it in the archaic grade. Taxonomic placement of LH 18 is further complicated by the ever-changing shape of the specimen. Here, we demonstrate four events in which a portion of the right zygomaticoalveolar crest is originally attached, then re-attached incorrectly, is absent, and then is re-attached and further rotated incorrectly. The left portion of the maxilla also demonstrates post recovery wear and breakage, with palate expansion. Through analyses of 3D surface and CT scans in Geomagic Design X, we qualitatively and quantitatively assess the various shapes the maxilla has taken. Implications for comparative studies utilizing this specimen are also discussed. While this research highlights recent changes in LH 18, it also demonstrates the importance of scanning original specimens, and the need for supporting proper curation techniques at museums. Accordingly, this research also demonstrates the particular needs of the National Museum of Tanzania to safeguard fossil specimens for future research.

The use of innovative techniques such as micro‐photogrammetry and geometric morphometrics may have a major impact on the differentiation of cut marks made with different raw materials and, thus, link butchering processes with stone tool reduction sequences. This work focuses on a sample of cut‐marked bones from the Bell&#39;s Korongo (BK) site (Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), which is an emblematic early Pleistocene site where a large faunal assemblage, including a diverse megafauna, occurs in association with quartzite and basalt industries. We present a detailed study of a sample of 58 cut marks identified on a set of recently excavated BK fossils, using a micro‐photogrammetric and geometric morphometric approach, with the aim of identifying the raw materials used in the butchery of carcasses. In order to carry out this study, we previously carried out an experimental analysis to characterize cut marks and their morphology according to the types of raw material found at BK...