Physical Anthropology

"Representations", N. 129, Winter 2015.

The essay analyzes the project of maintaining the body of V. I. Lenin in the Mausoleum in Moscow for the past ninety years, focusing on the unique biological science that developed around this project, and the unexpected political role this body has performed.

Los dientes de los vertebrados, y especialmente de los mamíferos, muestran una gran diversidad de formas como resultado de las adaptaciones ecológicas y alimentarias de las especies en función del hábitat y las condiciones ecológicas. La anatomía dental es de gran utilidad para definir especies y caracterizar poblaciones, y se ha utilizado extensamente para definir nuevos taxones y establecer relaciones filogenéticas. Nuestras investigaciones sobre la evolución morfológica de la dentición de los homininos han puesto de relieve la importancia de los dientes en la caracterización de las adaptaciones ecológicas de nuestros antepasados. El presente trabajo es el primero de una serie de tres trabajos que nos planteamos sobre la importancia de las características anatómicas en la interpretación de la evolución de nuestro linaje. En él se describen los principales eventos evolutivos que dieron origen a los dientes y su diversificación.

Palabras clave
dientes, anatomía, evolución, mamíferos, primates, homininos

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Origin and evolution of teeth: from the primitive chordates to modern humans

Abstract
The teeth of vertebrates, especially mammals, show a great diversity of forms as a result of ecological and dietary adaptations in relation to habitat preferences and ecological conditions. The dental anatomy is useful to define and characterize populations and species, and has been used extensively to define new taxa, and
phylogenetic relationships among groups. Our research on the morphological evolution of the hominin dentition has highlighted the importance of the teeth in the characterization of the diet and the ecological adaptations of our ancestors. This study is the first in a series of three papers in which we consider the importance of
the dental anatomical features in the interpretation of the evolution of our lineage. It describes the major evolutionary events that gave rise to the teeth and their diversification. In subsequent works we will analyze in greater detail the diversification of the teeth of mammals and primates.

Key words
teeth, anatomy, evolution, mammals, primates, hominins

Axiom : When a new kind of sword originates and becomes prevalent, then it logically follows that both the sword and its new kind of fencing evolve and become perfected.  That is what must have started happening in Chivalric Europe circa 1100, when a new kind of sword—called variously longsword, langschwert, war sword, espée de guerre, great sword, grans espée, two-hand-sword, etcetera—came into being.  Its history is well-epitomised by the Liechtenauer Lineage of the German Tradition of the Art of Fencing, its Kunst des Fechtens.  The longsword probably first arose somewhere in Germany (i.e. Holy Roman Empire) and eventually spread via migratory innovation and/or native industry to England, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, France, Switzerland, Italy, Benelux, Iberia, Poland, Bohemia, Prussia and Baltica.

"The mega-site of Valencina is currently a major focus of interest for the study of Copper Age Iberia. Remarkable megalithic monuments such as La Pastora, Montelirio or Structure 10.042-10.049 at PP4-Montelirio are found alongside hundreds of other features, including pits and large-sized ditches, some of which have yielded evidence of exotic material craftsmanship without parallels in Iberian Late Prehistory which also suggests long-distance contacts. Part of the flourishing experienced by Valencina in the 3rd millennium BC can be explained by its specific geographic location at the mouth of the Guadalquivir river, facing a marine gulf surrounded by lands of high agricultural potential. Other reasons, however, must have accounted for Valencina's growth as a mega-site, including particularly demographic and economic ones. In order to better understand the demographic and subsistence patterns of the communities that lived and/or frequented Valencina, we analysed 29 human and 7 faunal samples for δ 18 O and δ 13 C isotope analyses. The sampling strategy followed is based on a combination of bone and dental tissues. In addition an intra-tooth study was also carried out to observe intra-individual seasonal changes. Overall, this evidence contributes to the study of diet and mobility patterns, which can in turn provide insights of the demography and economy of the communities that used this mega-site. "

This article examines tattooing as an ancient and contemporary form of body inscription and modification. It frames the
popularity of tattooing in the Western World in relation to other modern body modifications and within the landscape of
consumer culture. Showing parallels between the motivations and meanings of contemporary tattoo practices, a historical
overview of tattoos in premodern and non-Western cultures is presented. The divergent ways in which scholars have
approached tattooing is examined, juxtaposing research in the behavioral sciences that links tattoos to deviant and antisocial
behaviors with ethnographic and social–scientific studies that place tattoos within cultural, symbolic, esthetic, and prosocial
frameworks.

This paper introduces some of the invaluable aspects of, and new perspectives arising in, the field of zooarchaeology. Studying archaeological animal remains provides clear evidence of past human diet, but the contributions zooarchaeology can make to archaeological research have a much broader scope. Zooarchaeological research provides an interesting insight into the study of past environments, animal domestication, biostratigraphy, the social side of food, animal remains as clothing or even as building materials and art manifestations, amongst others. Zooarchaeology is subdivided here into environmental or physical zooarchaeology, which mainly deals with climate, seasonality and dating of a site, and social zooarchaeology, which deals with hunting techniques, animal management, social hierarchy and symbolism. This array of possibilities is illustrated through examples drawn from diverse periods and places. Some of the issues concerning zooarchaeology are analysed in more depth through the site of Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (Murcia, Spain). This case study provides a practical application of zooarchaeological perspectives in the study of human evolution.

The field of zooarchaeology is therefore not limited to the study of past dietary habits. Rather the study of animal remains allows a deeper understanding of complex human-animal interactions and a greater comprehension of archaeological societies and cultures.

La Revista de la Sociedad de Antropología Física ha cumplido ya 30 años y lo hemos querido celebrar de una manera especial con este número conmemorativo. En él, además de los artículos de investigación que conforman el número anual, encontraréis una segunda parte constituida por la valoración sobre la SEAF de distintos presidentes de la SEAF, una historia sobre nuestra sociedad y, finalmente, distintos artículos de revisión sobre materias de nuestra disciplina.

Please start recording these revised measurements and submitting them to the Forensic Data Bank so we can improve the nature of metric data in forensic anthropology. These will eventually be incorporated into the Fordisc software. Data Collection Procedures 2.0 is the first version of many to come. The DCP will be versioned, like the Fordisc software. Changes in newly released versions will be detailed in the introductory section of the manual. The DCP is also accompanied by an instructional video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtkLFl3vim4
The amendments contained in the DCP 2.0 are listed at the beginning of this manual. They include changes to the measurements, references, and age estimation section. The age estimation materials were provided by George Milner and are designed to correspond to the Transition Analysis method incorporated in the next iteration of the Fordisc software program. Line drawings have been simplified and streamlined, and obvious measurements have been removed from figures. We urge the user to read the definitions and not rely solely on illustrations. The accompanying video is also a useful resource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtkLFl3vim4.

This volume of Andean Past contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "Editor's Preface" by Monica Barnes; "Donald Frederick Sola" by Monica Barnes; Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo" by A. Jorge Arellano-Lopez; "Death Notices (Robert Ascher, Bernd Lambert, Daniel W. Gade, and George Bankes) by Monica Barnes and Bill Sillar; "Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru" by Richard L. Burger, Catherine M. Bencic, and Michael D. Glascock; "Characteristics and Significance of Tapia Walls and the Mochica Presence at Santa Rosa de Pucala in the Mid-Lambayeque Valley" by Edgar Bracamonte; "Health at the Edge of the Wari Empire: An Analysis of Skeletal Remains from Hatun Cotuyoc, Huaro, Peru" by Sara L. Juengst and Maeve Skidmore; "Demographic Analysis of a Looted Late Intermediate Period Tomb, Chincha Valley, Peru" by Camille Weinberg, Benjamin T. Nigra, Maria Cecilia Lozada, Charles Stanish, Henry Tantalean, Jacob Bongers, and Terrah Jones; "Macrobotanical Remains from the 2009 Season at Caylan: Preliminary Insights into Early Horizon Plant Use in the Nepena Valley, North-Central Coast of Peru" by David Chicoine, Beverly Clement, and Kyle Stich; "Obsidian Technology at the Wari Site of Conchopata in Ayacucho, Peru" by Catherine M. Bencic; "Incahuasi, Canete" by Alejandro Chu; "Luis Barreda Murillo's Excavations at Huanuco Pampa, 1965" Monica Barnes; "Early Village Formation in Desert Areas of Tarapaca, Northern Chile (Eleventh Century B.C.--Thirteenth Century A.D.)" by Simon Urbina, Leonor Adan, Constanza Pellegrino, and Estefania Vidal; and "Don Mateo-El Cerro, a Newly Rediscovered Late Period Settlement in Yocavil (Catamarca, Argentina) by Alina Alvarez Larrain.

Early Archaic human skeletal remains found in a burial context in Lapa do Santo in east-central Brazil provide a rare glimpse into the lives of hunter-gatherer communities in South America, including their rituals for dealing with the dead. These included the reduction of the body by means of mutilation, defleshing, tooth removal, exposure to fire and possibly cannibalism, followed by the secondary burial of the remains according to strict rules. In a later period, pits were filled with disarticulated bones of a single individual without signs of body manipulation, demonstrating that the region was inhabited by dynamic groups in constant transformation over a period of centuries.

This document is the first in a series of guides aimed at promoting best practice in different aspects of archaeological science, produced by members of the Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Centre (STARC) of The Cyprus Institute. The current document was largely developed in the context of two projects: People in Motion and Promised. The implementation of People in Motion involved the study of large skeletal assemblages from Byzantine sites across the Mediterranean. Osteological work on these assemblages was co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus through the Research and Innovation Foundation (Project: EXCELLENCE/1216/ 0023). In addition, Promised aims at promoting archaeological sciences in the Eastern Mediterranean, with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 811068. The aim of this guide is to cover the main aspects of the excavation and macroscopic study of human skeletal remains. The focus is on bioarchaeological/ human osteoarchaeological assemblages, rather than forensic anthropological material, though many of the practices described are shared between these disciplines. It cannot be overemphasized that each skeletal assemblage will pose different challenges and any approach to field recovery and laboratory procedures will have to be adapted to these. Therefore, the current guide is meant to serve only as a general outline of best practices and the described field and lab-based methods should be modified depending on individual circumstances, such as the sample size, preservation of the material, research questions and other parameters. References are given throughout the document, but our aim is by no means to provide an exhaustive account of the literature. This document is an open resource and it is anticipated to be updated at regular intervals. We would greatly appreciate any feedback and recommendations for future improvement.

This paper presents a general overview of the current state of the art of archaeological research at the Valencina de la Concepción Copper Age site. The main aim is to put the contributions presented in this volume within a general perspective, with special reference to ongoing debates and promising avenues of research. First, a review is made of the research history of this site, assessing the general conditions of the currently available empirical evidence. Second, a series of topics are discussed, including the spatial organisation of the settlement, its chronology, subsistence economy, metallurgy, exchange and social complexity.

quienes proporcionaron las imágenes que acompañan el texto. Agradezco a José Javier Ramos y a Roberto Rojo por la revisión y comentarios de este trabajo. La presente investigación forma parte del Proyecto Famsi 05054 "Sacrificio humano y tratamientos mortuorios en el Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan".

L’analisi antropologica e paleopatologica dei reperti umani rinvenuti nella cattedrale di Alba è stata condotta al fine di ottenere informazioni necessarie sia per delineare il profilo biologico del campione in esame (sesso, età all’exitus) e le principali caratteristiche antropometriche (statura, robustezza) sia per dedurre indicazioni sulle condizioni di vita, le attività e le abitudini comportamentali e di lavoro e lo stato di salute o malattia. Parallelamente ai rilievi antropologici e paleopatologici sono state effettuate analisi volte alla valutazione dello stato di conservazione, in quanto esso rappresenta la premessa indispensabile ad ogni tipo di approfondimento successivo: identificare e quantificare il danno provocato da agenti tafonomici sul reperto, seguendo criteri valutativi standardizzati, permette un’interpretazione più ragionata dei risultati antropologici e paleopatologici, di particolare utilità quando si affrontano studi comparativi e paleoepidemiologici. Per ciascuna sepoltura singola studiata è stata compilata la scheda antropologica informatizzata (CINTI 2012), creando così un archivio digitale di tutti i dati biologici dei resti scheletrici presi in esame.

Anthropology is involved through scientists belonging to its sub-branches related to the ongoing debates in all scientific fields dealing with the subject and fulfills its duty in laying the foundations of the future while contributing to possible explanations with the establishment of the bridge between the past and the present. Perhaps the most important benefit of interdisciplinary studies is that it gives a wide range of perspectives to events and facts; With this aspect, we frequently encounter interdisciplinary studies. There are several approaches to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become the common problem of the world today as a global disaster. From an anthropology perspective, it appears as a multidimensional pattern expressed by the concept of pandemic. In this study, pandemics in the past, underlying diseases, human migrations, factors affecting the rate of spread of outbreaks, cultural factors that caused the disease to become a global pandemic and the results of pandemics were discussed. With the studies on pandemics experienced in the past and the main approaches of anthropology, a conclusion was made on the possible balance sheet of the epidemic by establishing a cause-effect relationship. It is thought that pandemics, which are renewed by mutations, seen in a wide variety of geographical regions, spread across the continents and spread all over the world, and caused by viruses without population immunity, will be repeated as long as the world returns. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the socioeconomic , cultural, financial and educational costs are minimized by taking the previous experiences into consideration in order to meet and overcome pandemics. Structured Abstract: Anthropology is in close contact with almost every branch of science, from sociology to biology, from paleontology to geography, from odontology to osteology, from medicine to philosophy, from geology to archeology, from psychology to economic sciences. Anthropology is one of the sub-branches of Anthropology and medical anthropology is a science in which public health is evaluated from a social and

gedruckt mit unterstützung des ministeriums für Bauen, wohnen, stadtentwicklung und Verkehr des landes nordrhein-westfalen. für die finanzielle unterstützung des forschungsprojektes danken wir: einband: gestaltung i. hellmich, scriptorium funde aus grab 38 des eisenzeitlichen Brandgräberfeldes von harsewinkel, Kreis gütersloh (foto: s. Brentführer, lwl-archäologie für westfalen). satz und layout: inga hellmich, scriptorium Redaktion: charlotte stein, frank huismann, scriptorium Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek die deutsche nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese publikation in der deutschen nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische daten sind im internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. isBn 978-3-89995-997-0 issn 1438-1338 © 2013 isensee Verlag, haarenstraße 20, 26122 Oldenburg gedruckt bei isensee in Oldenburg alle Rechte, insbesondere das der Übersetzung in fremde sprachen, vorbehalten. Ohne ausdrückliche genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder teile daraus auf photomechanischem wege (photokopie, mikrokopie) zu vervielfältigen oder unter Verwendung elektronischer systeme zu verarbeiten und zu verbreiten. 5

In Eurasia, the period between 40,000 and 30,000 BP saw the replacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern humans (AMH) during and after the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. The human fossil record for this period is very poorly defined with no overlap between Neandertals and AMH on the basis of direct dates. Four new 14 C dates were obtained on the two adult Neandertals from Spy (Belgium).

The original peopling of the Americas has puzzled researchers for decades. While some evidence points to a single wave of migration, still other data suggests two or more waves. Their reasonable estimated arrival dates range from 14,500 to over 20,000 BP, although some scholars push back their arrival even farther. Drawing from archaeology, genetics, historical linguistics, and physical anthropology, the peopling of the Americas debate encompasses research from a wide range of experts. In this study, craniometric data is examined through the means of the cranial index, defined as the ratio calculated by multiplying the maximum width (XCB) of the head by 100, then dividing by the maximum length of the head (GOL). Cranial indices are known to vary between different regions of the world, suggesting that different ratios represent different geographic affinities of peoples. I examine cranial indices from 112 individuals dating from the Terminal Pleistocene to the Early Holocene found throughout the Americas. These indices are then compared to the 2,524 indices from 30 populations examined in the Howells Craniometric Data Set using basic statistical functions. Results of these tests suggest morphological affinities between certain ancient and modern groups, offering insight into possible links between the two populations.

In this chapter the main results of the scientific study presented in this volumen are discussed. The conclusiones are articulated around a wide series of themes, including: (i) temporality, diachrony and tempo, (ii) architecture and monumentality; (iii) demography; (iv) subsistence economy, (v) scales of production, technology and exchange; (vi) symbolism; and (vii) social complexity. In this wider context, Montelirio is connected with current debates around the Valencina de la Concepción Copper Age settlement and the lifeways of southern Iberian Copper Age societies.

H. Meller/N. Nicklisch/J. Orschiedt/K. W. Alt, Rituelle Zweikämpfe schnurkeramischer Krieger? In: H. Meller/M. Schefzik (Hrsg.), Krieg – eine archäologische Spurensuche. Begleitband zur Sonderausstellung im Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 6. November 2015 bis 22. Mai 2016 (Halle [Saale] 2015) 185-189.

This paper provides an overview of funerary practices in southern Spain from the Mesolithic to the Copper Age. In particular, the authors analyse the megalithic structures that have been radiocarbon dated and those which yield results when using a bioarchaeological approach. Broadly speaking, at this time funerary containers present different morphological types, the most frequent being the Megalithic construction; funerary practices were collective and grave goods were communal. Paleodemographics have found that there was equal distribution of both sexes and that the population was represented normally and included subadults and all age categories. However, more bioarchaeological information must be provided in combination with absolute dating.

This article assesses anthropological thinking about the race concept and its applications. Drawn from a broader national survey of geneticists' and anthropologists' views on race, in this analysis, we provide a qualitative account of anthropologists' perspectives. We delve deeper than simply asserting that " race is a social construct. " Instead, we explore the differential ways in which anthropologists describe and interpret how race is constructed. Utilizing the heuristic of constructors, shifters, and reconcilers, we also illustrate the ways in which anthropologists conceptualize their interpretations of race along a broad spectrum as well as what these differential approaches reveal about the ideological and biological consequences of socially defined races, such as racism in general and racialized health disparities in particular. [race concept, social construction, racism, health disparities]

The First World War is still widely regarded as a recent event. However, with the passing of the last survivors, History is becoming the domain of Archaeology. These archaeological finds give a clear insight into global politics and aspects of social life, including alterations to suffrage and class boundaries.  Archaeologists’ discoveries, interpreted anthropologically, help uncover how and why such a brutal war took place, as human relations often parallel their geo-political counterpart. The distinctive approach of newly-developed battlefield archaeology provides different and complementary information about the conflict.  Material remains allow researchers to discover a broad range of original perspectives about everyday lives of soldiers. Throughout this article, a multidisciplinary approach will be followed to discuss remains left after battle, landscapes in a broad sense, the archaeology of First World War battlefields, and finishing with concerns about the role of archaeology in historical periods.

Mention of the Middle Ages often conjures up a picture of dark and crowded places, inhabited by limping, smelly people covered in ulcers for which there was no cure and where a simple infection usually resulted in a miserable death. Application of herbal salves or squashed frogs for infected wounds worsened the inflammation sooner than healed it. Earlier studies of medieval health care have consequently
concluded that ‘medieval people lived in a medically dangerous and helpless world’. Is such a conclusion wholly justified? Medically dangerous their world surely was, but perhaps they were not completely helpless, at least not in the case of fractures. Anglo-Saxons had plenty of opportunities to acquire some skill and achieve a moderate success in fracture treatment, which is what this paper seeks to demonstrate.

'Anne Russchen and Rolf Bremmer's "For a Broken Limb" is remarkable for its careful methodology, one that demonstrates the benefits of smart interdisciplinary work. [...] The result is a fresh picture of Anglo-Saxon medicine, one that runs counter to "Dark Age" stereotypes.' Irina Dumitrescu in Anglia 133 (2015).

Since Homo floresiensis was first described in October 2004 there has been a lively debate over its status. Is it a late surviving species of early Homo or merely a modern individual afflicted with disordered growth and one of the many syndromes resulting in microchephaly? Recently the discovery team has published a series of articles providing detailed descriptions of the hominin material, its geomorphological context, and the associated archaeology and faunal material (Morwood and Jungers: J Hum Evol 57 ). In addition, other researchers have put forward new hypotheses for possible pathologies including Laron's Syndrome and Myxoedematous Endemic (ME) Cretinism. Here I review this new information and conclude that the evidence supports the hypothesis that Homo floresiensis is a late-surviving species of early Homo with its closest morphological affinities to early

Kinship and social structure have long been a major focus of anthropological research, mainly in the subfield of cultural anthropology. But recent small-scale societies are not the only ones organised along kinship relations, their counterparts in the past apparently followed the same patterns. When dealing with archaeological cultures two different approaches can be identified: the interpretation of material culture in terms of social kinship and the reconstruction of biological kinship by analysing the human skeletal remains from funerary contexts. Various methods have been used for the latter on a population and individual level. This article will discuss the recent application of current methods for two Neolithic sites; a collective grave of the Bernburg culture from Benzingerode and four Corded Ware culture multiple burials from Eulau, both located in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. From these examples it becomes evident that in these ancient societies social kinship, expressed in the funeral ritual by the spatial arrangement of the individuals within the grave, was also based on genetic kinship. Combined approaches, which consider social and biological relations and utilize insights from cultural anthropology, can reach the most detailed level of kinship reconstruction currently possible.

Keçili and Bahşili erected stone monument complexes are situated in the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkish Thrace. These two sites are found roughly in the middle of the peninsula, on low hills with no view of the two seas Marmara or Aegean Sea. Right near the fresh water sources with fertile lands surrounding, they are situated in the most dense forest cover of the land. These two occurrences of erected stone monuments are not very far from each other. These standing stones are found on the localities marked as ancient graveyards on the old maps but only in Keçili locality we find a number of medieval ottoman gravestones with Arabic inscriptions on a separate sector of the site. Similar stones are called "martyr gravestones" by the local people not only in Turkish Thrace but on the Asian part facing the Gallipoli peninsula as well. Are these erected stones date to medieval (Byzantine or Ottoman) or nomadic cultures which later frequented these lands until they transformed to a sedentary life? This paper tries to find the answers to these questions.

Although Linnaeus coined Homo sapiens in 1735, it was Blumenbach forty years later who provided the first morphological definition of the species. Since humans were not then allowed to be ante-Diluvian, his effort applied to the genus, as well. After the Feldhofer Grotto Neanderthal disproved this creationist notion, and human–fossil hunting became legitimate, new specimens were allocated either to sapiens or new species within Homo, or even to new species within new genera. Yet as these taxonomic acts reflected the morphological differences between specimens, they failed to address the question: What constitutes H. sapiens? When in 1950 Mayr collapsed all human fossils into Homo, he not only denied humans a diverse evolutionary past, he also shifted the key to identifying its species from morphology to geological age – a practice most paleoanthropologists still follow. Thus, for example, H. erectus is the species that preceded H. sapiens, and H. sapiens is the species into which H. erectus morphed. In order to deal with a growing morass of morphologically dissimilar specimens, the non-taxonomic terms " archaic " (AS) and " anatomically modern " (AMS) were introduced to distinguish between the earlier and later versions of H. sapiens, thereby making the species impossible to define. In attempting to disentangle fact from scenario, I begin from the beginning, trying to delineate features that may be distinctive of extant humans (ES), and then turning to the fossils that have been included in the species. With the exception of Upper Paleolithic humans – e.g. from Cro-Magnon, Dolni Vestonice, Mladeč – I argue that many specimens regarded as AMS, and all those deemed AS, are not H. sapiens. The features these AMS do share with ES suggest the existence of a sapiens clade. Further, restudy of near-recent fossils, especially from southwestern China (~11-14.5 ka), reinforces what discoveries such as H. floresiensis indicate: " If it's recent, it's not necessarily H. sapiens " .

A new visual method for the determination of sex using the human hip bone (os coxae) is proposed, based on a revision of several previous approaches which scored isolated characters of this bone. The efficacy of the methodology is tested on a sample of 402 adults of known sex and age of French and Portuguese origins. With the simultaneous use of five characters of the hip bone, it is possible to provide a correct sexual diagnosis in 95% of all cases, with an error of 2% and an inability to

"""How does a revolt come about and what does it leave behind? What impact does it have on those who participate in it and those who simply watch it? Is the Greek revolt of December 2008 confined to the shores of the Mediterranean, or are there lessons we can bring to bear on social action around the globe?

Revolt and Crisis in Greece: Between a Present Yet to Pass and a Future Still to Come is a collective attempt to grapple with these questions. A collaboration between anarchist publishing collectives Occupied London and AK Press, this timely new volume traces Greece’s long moment of transition from the revolt of 2008 to the economic crisis that followed. In its twenty chapters, authors from around the world—including those on the ground in Greece—analyse how December became possible, exploring its legacies and the position of the social antagonist movement in face of the economic crisis and the arrival of the International Monetary Fund.

In the essays collected here, over two dozen writers offer historical analysis of the factors that gave birth to December and the potentialities it has opened up in face of the capitalist crisis. Yet the book also highlights the dilemmas the antagonist movement has been faced with since: the book is an open question and a call to the global antagonist movement, and its allies around the world, to radically rethink and redefine our tactics in a rapidly changing landscape where crises and potentialities are engaged in a fierce battle with an uncertain outcome.

Contributors include Vaso Makrygianni, Haris Tsavdaroglou, Christos Filippidis, Christos Giovanopoulos, TPTG, Metropolitan Sirens, Yannis Kallianos, Hara Kouki, Kirilov, Some of Us, Soula M., Christos Lynteris, Yiannis Kaplanis, David Graeber, Christos Boukalas, Alex Trocchi, Antonis Vradis, Dimitris Dalakoglou and the Occupied London Collective. Art and design by Leandros, Klara Jaya Brekke and Tim Simons. Edited by Antonis Vradis and Dimitris Dalakoglou of Occupied London.

Occupied London is an anarchist collective writing on all things urban. Since 2007, the collective has worked together to publish an irregular journal, offering a platform for discussion within the global social antagonist movement, and featuring contributions by writers and collectives from around the globe, including Nasser Abourahme, Zygmunt Bauman, Franco Berardi, Klara Jaya Brekke, Manuel Castells, Mike Davis, Dimitris Dalakoglou, Christos Filippidis, David Graeber, Richard Pithouse, Marina Sitrin, Antonis Vradis, and many, many more. Since 2008, the collective has maintained a wildly popular blog, “From the Greek Streets,” providing up-to-the-minute coverage of the urban revolt of December 2008 in Greece, and examining the impact and legacies of the revolt and the crisis that followed. http://www.occupiedlondon.org | http://www.occupiedlondon.org/blog)

AK Press is a worker-run, democratically-managed publisher of anarchist and radical literature. Founded in 1990, AK Press is a ten-person collective of committed anarchists, spread between Oakland, Baltimore, and Edinburgh, working hard to publish more than twenty new titles each year, and distributing thousands of other titles from like-minded publishers around the globe. (http://www.akpress.org | http://revolutionbythebook.akpress.org)"""

Paper for a BA course in Human Osteology

Some researchers think that only the estimation of age at death can be determined with any degree of reliability from the juvenile skeleton (Holcomb and Konigsberg 1995, Scheuer and Black 2004, White and Folkens 2005:385), while others remain positive about the possibilities for the estimation of sex of the subadult skeleton (Hunt and Gleiser 1955, Garn et al. 1977, Black 1987, Weaver 1980,  De Vito and Saunders 1990, Mittler et al. 1992, Schutkowski 1993, Molleson et al. 1998, Loth and Henneberg 2001, Sutter 2003, Cardoso and Saunders 2008, Wilson et al. 2010 and Veroni et al. 2011). This paper provides a review on most of the methods published on the determination of sex of juvenile skeletons.

The later phase of the Central European Early Neolithic witnessed a rise in collective lethal violence to a level undocumented up to this date. This is evidenced by repeated massacres of settled communities of the Linearbandkeramik (ca. 5600–4900 cal BC), the first full farming culture in this area. Skeletal remains of several dozen victims of this prehistoric warfare are known from different sites in Germany and Austria. Here we show that the mass grave of Halberstadt, Germany, a new mass fatality site from the same period, reveals further and so far unknown facets of Early Neolithic collective lethal violence. A highly selected, almost exclusively adult male and non-local population sample was killed by targeted blows to the back of the head, indicating a practice of systematic execution under largely controlled conditions followed by careless disposal of the bodies. This discovery significantly increases current knowledge about warfare-related violent behaviour in Early Neolithic Central Europe.

isbn 978 086159 197 8 issn 1747 3640 © The Trustees of the British Museum 2014 Front cover: Detail of a mummy of a Greek youth named Artemidorus in a cartonnage body-case, 2nd century ad. British Museum, London (EA 21810) Printed and bound in the UK by 4edge Ltd, Hockley Papers used in this book by The British Museum Press are of FSC Mixed Credit, elemental chlorine free (ECF) fibre sourced from well-managed forests All British Museum images illustrated in this book are © The Trustees of the British Museum

This study addresses changes in health which were consequential to the Neolithic transition in the southern Levant, judged on the basis of the study of specific and nonspecific stress indicators, trauma, and degenerative joint disease in 200 Natufian (hunter-gatherer) skeletons (10,500-8300 BC) and 205 Neolithic (agricultural) skeletons (8300-5500 BC) from the southern Levant. The comparison of the health profiles of pre-Neolithic (Natufian) and Neolithic populations reveals a higher prevalence of lesions indicative of infectious diseases among the Neolithic population, and an overall reduction in the prevalence of skull trauma among

In this paper we analyze the recently excavated grave from Stubline near Obrenovac in Serbia,
south of the Sava River. This is the southernmost Avar grave and possibly one of the latest.
A juvenile man has been buried, presented with an incomplete belt set. So far, we know of only
two (Late) Avar graves from this zone, apart from some stray-finds. To interpret this burial we
employed the results of geographical, anthropological and archaeological analyses, and some theoretical
considerations on funerals as well.