Paul Thornell Baker (1927-2007)

Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations

Journal of Public Health Policy, 2008

This paper describes accelerating development of programs in global health, particularly in North American academic institutions, and sets this phenomenon in the context of earlier programs in tropical medicine and international health that originated predominantly in Europe. Like these earlier programs, the major focus of the new global health programs is on the health needs of developing countries, and perhaps for this reason, few similar programs have emerged in academic institutions in the developing countries themselves. If global health is about the improvement of health worldwide, the reduction of disparities, and protection of societies against global threats that disregard national borders, it is essential that academic institutions reach across geographic, cultural, economic, gender, and linguistic boundaries to develop mutual understanding of the scope of global health and to create collaborative education and research programs. One indication of success would be emergence of a new generation of truly global leaders working on a shared and well-defined agenda -and doing so on equal footing.

2012

The SHAFR Guide Online

SSRN Electronic Journal

What is the Fulbright? Senator J. William Fulbright (from Arkansas) had a vision of the brightest minds in the United States going abroad and the future leaders from other countries coming to the United States. 1 He envisaged the international exchange of knowledge as a prerequisite for the proper functioning of any kind of world government. Coming just after World War II, Fulbright felt the moment was right to turn his vision into reality.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 1992

Harland was always involved in sci-could be picked the next day to replace tors, a man who by his example got the entific activities outside the university, you.' best out of his associates, and a man He served on many study section Harland's scientific contributions whose warmth and openness made him and advisory boards. He was president were recognized throughout his career, a true friend to countless people. His of the American Society of Biological He was a member of the National enormous energies, whether focused on Chemistry (1959-1960)and president of Academy of Sciences and of the a problem, writing a grant, or even at the International Union of Biochemistry American Academy of Arts and age 77, 30 feet up a tree while hunting (1979-1985) and during the presi-Sciences. He received numerous honor-deer, were the envy of all his many dencies of Lyndon Johnson and Richard ary degrees and awards including the friends. Harland's total dedication to Nixon was a member of the President's National Medal of Science-pretty good science has been and will be an inspi-Science Advisory Committee. Harland for a kid who spent two years in kinder-ration for all of us who have had the was on many editorial boards and was garten and two years in the first grade, privilege and the pleasure of knowing one of the founding editors of TIBS. As a Everyone who knew Harland revered him. He was unique and irreplaceable. young member of the JBC Editorial him, not just because of his accomplish-Board, he was instrumental in elimin-ments, but because of his basic intel-DAVID A. GOLDTHWAIT ating self-perpetuating appointments by lectual honesty. Here was a man with resigning after five years, arguing, and no pretensions, a man whose opinions Department of Biochemistry, School of finally brashly stating 'Listen, if all you and decisions were always based on Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, guys died tomorrow, a good Board principles and not on any personal fac-Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

A key feature of transnationally organized governance elites is that their claim to authority is based on an already presumed universal validity. This is so, at least for those with a claim to authority that is epistemic in character, because there is a general belief that the institution of science produces findings that transcend national borders. Thus, for example, medical doctors from different countries can agree to engage in governance activities based on a shared epistemological framework. I have elsewhere (Sending 2014) compared the emergence of a transnational field of population governance driven by demographers with the emergence of the international governance of the UN Secretariat. Both follow distinct trajectories. Actors that are part of transnational elites compete for positions of authority, but they do so within a shared register in which national borders do not count as prima facie valid grounds on which to dismiss any particular claim about the issues at stake in these fields, be they health, population, or economic governance. This is in contrast to the field of international governance, where competing claims are assessed within a shared epistemological framework in which national borders are the key rationale for the respective actors' position and differentiation from others. For students of international politics, an important yet seriously understudied case in this regard is the emergence of the international civil servant: tracing the socio-genesis of this breed of transnational elites is central to an appreciation of the competition and social division of labor between professionals charged with representing the national and those charged with representing the international. At the Paris Peace Conference, there were at least two models on the table for the design of the League of Nations: transgovernmental and secretariat. The former model was drawn from the experience of wartime cooperation, in which national representatives were to meet their counterparts from other states on a regular basis to coordinate with each other and to agree on future courses of action within distinct issue areas. According to this logic, international gover-nance would operate on the basis of the competence of professionals operating within a shared and universalized epistemic framework in different issue areas, such as health and economics (Dubin 1983:470). A particular version of this model was advanced in Paris by Sir James Arthur Salter, an economist. Salter sought to secure a prominent position for economists and the Treasury relative to the Foreign Office and diplomats in coordinating relations with other states. In his view, " the Foreign Office representing a specific point of view as the Treasury does, but not being the sole medium of communication " (quoted in Dubin 1983:475). It was, however, the " secretariat model " that prevailed. Rather than the League being anchored in a preexisting transnational network of functionally defined experts, or in national representatives or liaisons meeting permanently in Geneva with the support of a small conference Secretariat, the very category of the international came to define, however loosely, the social space in which the Secretariat was to operate. The Secretariat was to represent and manage the international as a space distinct from the sum total of member states'

2014

the Netherlands. His main research interests are in the realm of European security, domestic factors in foreign policy making and the role of public opinion on international affairs. Pierangelo Isernia is Professor of Political Sciences in the Department of Political

Global Exchanges: Scholarships and Transnational Circulations in the Modern World, 2018

2017

The prime goal of this article is to analyze ways cultural variability or differences can militate in favor of or against objective results in intelligence quotient tests. In assessing human behavior, cross-cultural psychology has opened new dimensions which include cognitive awareness, responses to external and internal stimuli, and environmental, geographical, and ecological constitutions. This new methodology of viewing human behavior has radicalized the notion held by genetic psychologists that human intelligence and aptitude are chiefly the product of nature and therefore immutable, rather than the product of nurture (cultural environment) and therefore changeable. Developments in cross-cultural psychology have led to the discovery that when exposed to other cultures, human beings have the innate potentiality to change aspects of their customs and traditions, which then lead to changes in culture and environment. The notion of immutability of human intelligence, which involves ...

The Polar Journal

The disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) has been marked by confrontation between those who believe that the study of politics can and should be modelled on the natural sciences, a position defended most forcibly in the United States, and those who have dissented, viewing this ambition as methodologically unjustified and ethically undesirable. But the scientific template against which to judge such claims is constantly shifting. In this article it is suggested that mainstream IR theorists are likely to turn increasingly to the biological sciences for inspiration and intellectual legitimacy. Some of the possibilities and problems involved in this move are explored, focusing in particular on the prominent role played by evolutionary psychology in the social sciences. A variety of reasons are offered, political and theoretical, as to why IR scholars should be extremely wary of looking to the biological sciences to provide universalistic accounts of human behavioural patterns.

From the beginnings of the UN Secretariat, its Secretaries-General reached out to a wide audience, considering themselves servants of peace beyond narrow organizational tasks. The article argues that it is the Secretaries-General perception as an international civil servant which led them to endeavour a more expansive role ever since. To unfold this argument, the article, first, traces the international civil servant roots of the Secretary-General. Second, the article illustrates that the themes and rhetorical details of the Secretaries-General inaugural addresses provide a lens to detect and trace the trajectory of the Secretaries-General self-understanding as international civil servants providing the grounds to expand their role. Secretaries-General as international civil servants always embraced the ideal of serving peace, thereby seeking to gain a political role. This international civil servant trajectory illustrates that the role of the UN Secretary-General transcends historical periodization of the UN and sheds light on the evolution of the UN’s global nature and mission.