Nuclear Physics

The estimation of spectroscopic properties of neutron-deficient nuclei in the A=100 tin mass region is needed for the understanding of the rp-process path and the experimental exploration of the nuclear landscape. In order to evaluate some spectroscopic properties of the Gamow-Teller β+ decay of neutron deficient isobars of A=100, we have performed shell model calculations by means of Oxbash nuclear structure code. The jj45pn valence space used consists of nine proton and neutron orbitals. The calculations included few valence hole-proton and particle-neutronin π g9/2 and vg7/2 orbitals respectively, in 100Sn doubly magic core. Effective interaction deduced from CD-Bonn one is introduced taking into account the nuclear monopole effect in this mass region. The results are then compared with the available experimental data.

We have performed an isospin analysis of single-pion production processes in antiprotonnucleon scattering from threshold to 2.90 GeV/c. Reactions used are pp-+Bprr", iippn-and Bn-$ppn-. Results show that u 1, the total 2 = 1 cross section, rises rapidly from threshold to reach a broad maximum around 2.5 GeV/c and o D, the Z = 0 cross section, rises from threshold and continues on a linearly rising trend at least up to 2.90 GeV/c. In the region of 2.9 GeV/c, crl and o0 have comparable values, thus suggesting that considerable amount of Z= 3 Nz and !&t states is produced even in this low momentum region. We further determine that single pion production processes are not the source of the a0 (2375,190) enhancement observed in the pp and Bd total cross sections and may account for as much as 25 f 8% of the z1 (2350,140) enhancement.

We summarize what is known about the transverse spatial distribution of gluons in the nucleon and its x-dependence from exclusive J/ψ photo/electroproduction in ep fixed-target and collider experiments (HERA H1 and ZEUS). This information can be used to predict the impact parameter dependence of the cross section for certain hard QCD processes (dijet production) in pp and pp collisions at the Tevatron and LHC.

The project touches upon an issue of U-238 ssion reactions and Pu-239 production reactions in subcritical assembly. The experiment took place in November 2014 at the Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems (JINR, Dubna) using PHASOTRON.Data of this experiment were analyzed in Laboratory of Information Technologies (LIT). Four MCNPX models were considered for simulation: Bertini/Dresnen, Bertini/Abla, INCL4/Drensnen, INCL4/Abla. The main goal of the project was to compare the experimental data and simulation results. We obtain a good agreement of experimental data and computation results especially for detectors placed besides the assembly axis. In addition, the U-238 ssion reactions are more probable to be observed in the region of a higher particle energy spectrum, located closer to the assembly axis and the particle beam as well and vice versa Pu-239 production reactions were dominant in the peripheral region of geometry.

I have adapted the nuclear materials storage location to align with mudstone bedrock for either or both above or below sea level tunnels.

Please find a revised scheme to locate a nuclear material storage scheme in mudstone bedrock with the option for both above and below sea level tunnels.

A trial proving tunnel is included to enable characterization to be determined to address risks and experiences tunnelling in the area.

It has significant capacity and can be constructed in stages.
Cumbria Nuclear Material Storage Scheme Constructed in Mudstone Bedrock Proposal
Considering the UK Government has a preference for installing the Nuclear Material Storage tunnels in Mudstone Bedrock the following location is an alternative to locating the work site further from Millom.  The selected area enables the tunnels to be either above sea level or below sea level.  The proposed scheme provides both above and below sea level tunnels to be constructed for the different performances to be assessed.
Each level within the mudstone material area can accommodate up to 11 tunnels each 60 metres apart.  This will enable up to 100 Km of tunnel per level.
The location is suitable for locating a jetty for import of TBMs and materials and export of removed crushed bedrock.
The proposed scheme includes a proving tunnel to enable the characteristics of the sites to be evaluated.  This tunnel will be used to test the logistics, storage methods and trial the equipment and machines required for operating the storage facilities.
The providing tunnel will enable the ground and bedrock and below sea level water movement characteristics and management to be evaluated.
The following images are:
Image 1 Image 1 Proposed Scheme location enabling the construction of on land and offshore tunnels in Mudstone
Image 2 Location of Portals and Storage Footprint
Image 3 Proposed 250m Contour Area
Image 4 Black Combe and Fell Grey Mudstone Area

This paper proposes a theoretical design for an electro-nuclear reactor based on the Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation, which integrates electrical energy input with nuclear mass-energy conversion while accounting for the mass of secondary particles. The reactor is designed to optimize the balance between electrical stimulation and nuclear efficiency. Core calculations incorporate both the classical and revised models for comparative evaluation. This model aims to guide the future development of hybrid energy systems that merge electrical and nuclear processes into a unified, efficient, and safe reactor concept.

This research introduces a new theoretical framework in nuclear physics, referred to as the Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation, which integrates electric input energy with nuclear massenergy interactions. Unlike conventional models that consider nuclear energy as solely a function of mass difference, the Al-Hamed model incorporates the energy contribution from electric potentials and includes the cumulative mass of all particles resulting from the nuclear reaction. The proposed equation: E = [(Q × V) + (Δm-S) × c²] accounts for both electrical energy (via charge and voltage) and mass-energy transformations (considering secondary nuclear products such as neutrons, mesons, or photons). This dual approach provides a more comprehensive description of electro-nuclear interactions, especially in scenarios involving controlled fusion or electro-stimulated decay. The paper presents a comparative analysis with traditional equations, applies the model to practical scenarios, and discusses its implications for advanced reactor designs and highefficiency energy systems.

This research introduces a new theoretical framework in nuclear physics, referred to as the Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation, which integrates electric input energy with nuclear massenergy interactions. Unlike conventional models that consider nuclear energy as solely a function of mass difference, the Al-Hamed model incorporates the energy contribution from electric potentials and includes the cumulative mass of all particles resulting from the nuclear reaction. The proposed equation: E = [(Q × V) + (Δm-S) × c²] accounts for both electrical energy (via charge and voltage) and mass-energy transformations (considering secondary nuclear products such as neutrons, mesons, or photons). This dual approach provides a more comprehensive description of electro-nuclear interactions, especially in scenarios involving controlled fusion or electro-stimulated decay. The paper presents a comparative analysis with traditional equations, applies the model to practical scenarios, and discusses its implications for advanced reactor designs and highefficiency energy systems.

This research introduces a novel formulation of the nuclear fusion energy equation, known as the Al-Hamed Equation. Unlike the traditional fusion equation, which considers only the mass difference between initial and final nuclei, the Al-Hamed model incorporates the cumulative mass of all particles produced during the fusion process, including secondary products such as neutrons and mesons. The improved equation is expressed as: E = [(m₁ + m₂)-(m₃ + S)] × c² Where m₁ and m₂ are the masses of the fusing nuclei, m₃ is the mass of the resulting nucleus, S is the total mass of secondary products, and c is the speed of light. A comparative analysis using deuterium-proton fusion demonstrates a significant energy deviation due to the inclusion of the neutron's mass, validating the Al-Hamed model as a more accurate framework for fusion energy calculations.

Measurements of the W ± → ± ν and Z → + -production cross sections (where ± = e ± , µ ± ) in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV are presented using data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 81 pb -1 . The total inclusive W ± -boson production cross sections times the singlelepton-flavour branching ratios are σ tot W + = 11.83 ± 0.02 (stat) ± 0.32 (sys) ± 0.25 (lumi) nb and σ tot W -= 8.79 ± 0.02 (stat) ± 0.24 (sys) ± 0.18 (lumi) nb for W + and W -, respectively. The total inclusive Z-boson production cross section times leptonic branching ratio, within the invariant mass window 66 < m < 116 GeV, is σ tot Z = 1.981 ± 0.007 (stat) ± 0.038 (sys) ± 0.042 (lumi) nb. The W + , W -, and Z-boson production cross sections and cross-section ratios within a fiducial region defined by the detector acceptance are also measured. The crosssection ratios benefit from significant cancellation of experimental uncertainties, resulting in σ fid W + /σ fid W -= 1.295±0.003 (stat)±0.010 (sys) and σ fid W ± /σ fid Z = 10.31±0.04 (stat)±0.20 (sys). Theoretical predictions, based on calculations accurate to next-to-next-to-leading order for quantum chromodynamics and to next-to-leading order for electroweak processes and which employ different parton distribution function sets, are compared to these measurements.

With a data sample of 86 000 Z ---+ r+r -(y) events collected in 1990 through 1993 we have measured the polarization of rleptons as a function of the production polar angle using the following 1-prong r decay modes: r-~ e-~evT, r---+/.t-Vuv~, r----+ 7r-(K-)v~, r-~ p-v, and r----+ a~'v, We obtain for the ratio of vector to axial-vector weak neutral couplings for electrons gve/gA~ = 0.0791 -t-0.0099(Stat) + 0.0025(syst) and taus gvT/gA, = 0.0752 -t-0.0063(stat) + 0.0045(syst) consistent with the hypothesis of e -r universality. Assuming universality of the e -r neutral current we determine the effective electroweak mixing angle to be sin 2 0~ fr = 0.2309 + 0.0016.

In this paper we present a method to improve the description of 0+1 dimensional boost invariant dissipative dynamics in the presence of large momentum-space anisotropies. We do this by reorganizing the canonical hydrodynamic expansion of the distribution function around a momentum-space anisotropic ansatz rather than an isotropic equilibrium one. At leading order the result obtained is two coupled ordinary differential equations for the momentum-space anisotropy and typical momentum of the degrees of freedom. We show that this framework can reproduce both the ideal hydrodynamic and free streaming limits. Additionally, we demonstrate that when linearized the differential equations reduce to 2nd order Israel-Stewart viscous hydrodynamics. Finally, we make quantitative comparisons of the evolution of the pressure anisotropy within our approach and 2nd order viscous hydrodynamics in both the strong and weak coupling limits.

The gravitational pressure of the environment leads to the degeneration of the electron gas and de Broglie waves in the Earth's core. The condensed de Broglie waves lose their connection with particles and become free neutrinos and antineutrinos. Neutrino oscillations generate muon neutrinos and their compounds. The capture of neutral bosons Z o by protons gives rise to nuclear reactions. Ascending flows of protons and neutrons provide low-temperature nucleosynthesis of isotopes of chemical elements up to uranium in the core and mantle of the Earth due to β-and β +-decays. The environment of the electromagnetic field spends its energy on heating the core and assembling nuclei heavier than iron.

Гравитационное давление окружающей среды приводит к вырождению электронного газа и волн де Бройля в ядре Земли. Уплотнённые волны де Бройля теряют связь с частицами и становятся свободными нейтрино и антинейтрино. Осцилляции нейтрино порождают мюонные нейтрино и их соединения. Захват протонами нейтральных бозонов Z o дает начало ядерным реакциям. Восходящие потоки протонов и нейтронов обеспечивают низкотемпературный нуклеосинтез изотопов химических элементов вплоть до урана в ядре и мантии Земли за счёт бета-распадов. Окружающая среда электромагнитного поля расходует свою энергию на разогрев ядра и сборку ядер тяжелее железа.

The vortices of the electromagnetic field environment form galaxies, stars and planets. The pressure gradient in galactic and stellar vortices creates a gravity force directed toward the center without masses, generating the "Dark Matter" effect. The pressure in the center of stars leads to the degeneration of the electron gas and de Broglie waves. In this case, the condensed de Broglie waves lose their connection with particles and become free neutrinos and antineutrinos. Neutrino oscillations generate muon neutrinos and their compounds. The capture of muon photons by protons gives rise to the process of thermonuclear nucleosynthesis of elements in the cores of stars.

Вихри окружающей среды электромагнитного поля формируют галактики, звезды и планеты. Градиент давления в галактических и в звездных вихрях создает направленную к центру силу тяготения без наличия масс, порождая эффект «Тёмной материи». Давление в центре звёзд приводит к вырождению электронного газа и волн де Бройля. При этом уплотнённые волны де Бройля теряют связь с частицами и становятся свободными нейтрино и антинейтрино. Осцилляции нейтрино порождают мюонные нейтрино и их соединения. Захват протонами мюонных фотонов дает начало процессу термоядерного нуклеосинтеза элементов в ядрах звезд.

As part of the CERN LHC injector chain upgrade, LINAC4 will accelerate H ions to 160 MeV, replacing the old 50 MeV proton linac. The ion source, the Low Energy Beam Transfer (LEBT) line, the 3 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole and the Medium Energy Beam Transfer (MEBT) line hosting a chopper, have been commissioned in the LINAC4 tunnel. Diagnostic devices are installed in the LEBT and MEBT line and in a movable diagnostics test bench which is temporarily added to the MEBT exit. The paper gives an overview of all the instruments used, including beam current transformers, beam position monitors, wire scanners and wire grids for transverse profile measurements, a longitudinal bunch shape monitor and a slitandgrid emittance meter. The instrumentation performance is discussed and the measurement results that allowed characterizing the 3 MeV beam in the LINAC4 tunnel are summarized.

We apply to nucleon decay the knowledge about the short-distance structure of baryon wave functions gleaned from QCD form factor calculations and the J/$ --) pp decay rate. We review the uncertainties arising when current algebra and PCAC are aused to relate N + z+ meson decay rates to (OlqqqjN) matrix elements. We show that the relevant matrix elements are not directly related to those of the leading twist operators "measured" in conventional high momentum transfer physics, but argue for -an indirect relation based on models that fit both form factor and J/q decay data. We use these inputs to calculate the p * e+s" decay rate in minimal SU(5) and other grand unified theories (GUTS) for a specified value of the heavy vector boson mass mx. Our results combined with the recent experimental lower limit on this mode indicate that rnx > 2 X 10 l5 GeV in the minimal SU(5) GUT, and we derive analogous bounds for super-symmetric GUTS. Our calculated lifetime for a given value of rnx is considerably shorter than previous estimates made using non-relativistic SU(6) or the bag model, a difference traceable to the different normalizations of 2 and 3 quark wave functions at short distances.

Mass mixing and CP violation in the B°-B ° system are studied in the standard six-quark model. The mass and width differences are obtained by reliable methods, and their radiative corrections included to leading logarithm. Constraints on the Kobayashi-Maskawa parameters are rederived in order to permit a quantitative account of B ° phenomenology. Strong evidence against the observability of CP violation in B°-B ° mixing is presented. * These fractions are based on solid-angle restrictions and detector efficiencies associated with the CLEO detector, * An analysis of KM parameters in the presence of such corrections has been performed in ref. [28]. See also ref. [29].

We discuss the pair production of massive photinos +or other neutral gauginos in e e annihilation. We present +-cross sections for e e +--+ yy and e e -t yyy including finite mass effects for both the selectron and the gaugino. * Work supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE-AC03-76SF00515. § On leave of absence from Theory Division,

Laser technologies improved after the understanding of the Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) which allows energetic laser beams to be compressed to tens of femtosecond (fs) pulse durations and focused to few m. Protons of tens of MeV can be accelerated using for instance the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) method and focused on secondary targets. In such conditions, nuclear reactions can occur and radioisotopes relevant for medical purposes be produced. High repetition lasers can be used to produce enough isotopes for medical applications. This route is competitive to conventional methods mostly based on accelerators. In this paper we study the production of 67 Cu, 63 Zn, 18 F and 11 C currently used in positron emission tomography (PET) and other applications. At the same time, we study the reaction 10 B(p,) 7 Be and 70 Zn(p,4n) 67 Ga to put further constraints to the proton distributions at different angles and to the reaction 11 B(p,) 8 Be relevant for energy production. The experiment was performed at the 1 petawatt (PW) laser facility at Vega III located in Salamanca-Spain. Angular distributions of radioisotopes in the forward (with respect to the laser direction) and backward directions were measured using a High Purity Germanium Detector (HPGE). Our results are reasonably reproduced by the numerical estimates following the approach of Kimura et al. (NIMA637(2011)167).

The next years will see the completion of several new facilities at Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) opening up new possibilities in the fields of nuclear structure, nuclear dynamics, nuclear astrophysics and applications. These include a new line for high-intensity cyclotron beams, a new facility for in-flight production of radioactive ion beams, the PANDORA plasma trap for multidisciplinary studies and a high-power laser for basic science and applied physics. The nuclear physics community has organized a workshop to discuss the new physics opportunities that will be possible in the middle term (5–7 years) by employing state-of-the-art detection systems. A detailed discussion of the outcome from the workshop is presented in this report.

Protontherapy is hadrontherapy’s fastest-growing modality and a pillar in the battle against cancer. Hadrontherapy’s superiority lies in its inverted depth-dose profile, hence tumour-confined irradiation. Protons, however, lack distinct radiobiological advantages over photons or electrons. Higher LET (Linear Energy Transfer) 12C-ions can overcome cancer radioresistance: DNA lesion complexity increases with LET, resulting in efficient cell killing, i.e. higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). However, economic and radiobiological issues hamper 12C-ion clinical amenability. Thus, enhancing proton RBE is desirable. To this end, we exploited the p + 11B → 3α reaction to generate high-LET alpha particles with a clinical proton beam. To maximize the reaction rate, we used sodium borocaptate (BSH) with natural boron content. Boron-Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) uses 10B-enriched BSH for neutron irradiation-triggered alpha particles. We recorded significantly increased cellular leth...

The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is designed to measure a high-precision integral spectrum of the endpoint region of T2β decay, with the primary goal of probing the absolute mass scale of the neutrino. After a first tritium commissioning campaign in 2018, the experiment has been regularly running since 2019, and in its first two measurement campaigns has already achieved a sub-eV sensitivity. After 1000 days of data-taking, KATRIN’s design sensitivity is 0.2 eV at the 90% confidence level. In this white paper we describe the current status of KATRIN; explore prospects for measuring the neutrino mass and other physics observables, including sterile neutrinos and other beyond-Standard-Model hypotheses; and discuss research-and-development projects that may further improve the KATRIN sensitivity.

Field theories naturally give rise to multiple jets of hadrons in short-distance processes, such as e+e -annihilation. In particular, a low-energy jet of hadrons distributed in some cone of opening angle 6 would be naively expected to evolve at high energies into multiple jets within the angle 6. We explore to what extent this will happen in quantum chromodynamics. * Permanent address. ** Jet opening angles decrease very roughly as Nhadrons/Eje t. * To ensure that the quanta are made at short distances we think of Ej~ t -~ ~/~ (in e + e-) or Ejet = (PT)jet (in pp---~high-pT jets ). ** Extracted from the work of Polyakov [4]. (This proliferation can be nicely interpreted as a branching process [5] .) It is by now common wisdom that this conjectural picture should in some way apply to QCD. *** We will not discuss the case where one observes some' fixed number of jets at large fixed angles to one another. The probability of such a configuration vanishes roughly as a power of 1/In E. * We always measure p2 in units of A2~ (1 GeV)2. In this section we ignore the difference between q--* qG and G--* GG. The picture does not warrant any better. ** For reasons of symmetry we assume that each breakup is into two partons of essentially equal p2. * The azimuthal angle of the partons is entirely random. ** We choose a u-quark jet for all partons. This should be acceptable, as we are interested in calorimetric properties, not flavor. * Quantities such as (p~-Had), which are not linear as is (45), are probably more sensitive to perturbative broadening.

The path integral approach to representing braid group is generalized for particles with spin. Introducing the notion of charged winding number in the super-plane, we represent the braid group generators as homotopically constrained Feynman kernels. In this framework, super Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov operators appear naturally in the Hamiltonian, suggesting the possibility of spinning nonabelian anyons. We then apply our formulation to the study of fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). A systematic discussion of the ground states and their quasi-hole excitations is given. We obtain Laughlin, Halperin and Moore-Read states as exact ground state solutions to the respective Hamiltonians associated to the braid group representations. The energy gap of the quasi-excitation is also obtainable from this approach.

Hadron production and lepton-pair production in e + e -collisions are studied with data collected with the L3 detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies √ s = 192-208 GeV. Using a total integrated luminosity of 453 pb -1 , 36 057 hadronic events and 12 863 lepton-pair events are selected. The cross sections for hadron production and lepton-pair production are measured for the full sample and for events where no high-energy initial-state-radiation photon is emitted prior to the collisions. Lepton-pair events are further investigated and forward-backward asymmetries are measured. Finally, the differential cross sections for electron-positron pair-production is determined as a function of the scattering angle. An overall good agreement is found with Standard Model predictions.

Sterile neutrinos with mass in the range of one to a few keV are important as extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics and are serious dark matter (DM) candidates. This DM mass scale (warm DM) is in agreement with both cosmological and galactic observations. We study the role of a keV sterile neutrino through its mixing with a light active neutrino in Rhenium 187 and Tritium beta decays. We pinpoint the energy spectrum of the beta particle, 0 Te (Q β -ms), as the region where a sterile neutrino could be detected and where its mass ms could be measured. This energy region is at least 1 keV away from the region suitable to measure the mass of the light active neutrino, located near the endpoint Q β . The emission of a keV sterile neutrino in a beta decay could show up as a small kink in the spectrum of the emitted beta particle. With this in view, we perform a careful calculation of the Rhenium and Tritium beta spectra and estimate the size of this perturbation by means of the dimensionless ratio R of the sterile neutrino to the active neutrino contributions. We comment on the possibility of searching for sterile neutrino signatures in two experiments which are currently running at present, MARE and KATRIN, focused on the Rhenium 187 and Tritium beta decays respectively.

It is shown that the ponderomotive force of a nonuniform intense neutrino beam can generate large scale quasi-stationary magnetic fields in a dense electron plasma. This mechanism can be responsible for the origin of magnetic fields in the early universe. @ 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Transverse mass spectrum is one of the experimental parameter used to describe relativistic kinematic and mechanisms for hadron-hadron collisions and extended to nucleus-nucleus collisions. Charged pions emitted from Au+Au and Pb+Pb collisions at central rapidity (|𝑦𝑦| < 0.5) and impact parameter 𝑏𝑏 ≤ 3.4 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 at different values of lab energies are investigated. The transverse mass distributions of secondaries depend on the energy of the interacting system. The experimental results compared with predictions by Quantum Molecular Dynamic model QMD and it ultra-relativistic implementation Ur-QMD using art version Ur-QMD-2.3. This model can give suitable distribution for transverse mass and describe experimental data for collision energy below 40 GeV. Above this energy, the hadron productions are not systematic which may due to the creation of different nuclear states of non-thermal equilibrium and high energy densities. The inverse slop parameter represents the effective temperature of the mechanism responsible for hadron productions. The temperature increases in regular tool with collision energy up to 40 GeV.

The measurements of partial production crosssections of he multiple helium fragments emitted in 14.5 28 Si Em interactions are reported. The production rate of helium fragments due to fragmentation of, 28 Si ions is studied and compared with that obtained for various incident ion projectile at different energies . The dependence of < N a > on the mass number of the incident beams is formulated. The multiplicity distributions of the helium fragments produced in 14.6 and 3.7 A GeV 28 Si as well as 200 A GeV 32 S exhibit KNO scaling .

Transverse mass spectrum is one of the experimental parameter used to describe relativistic kinematic and mechanisms for hadron-hadron collisions and extended to nucleus-nucleus collisions. Charged pions emitted from Au+Au and Pb+Pb collisions at central rapidity (|𝑦𝑦| < 0.5) and impact parameter 𝑏𝑏 ≤ 3.4 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 at different values of lab energies are investigated. The transverse mass distributions of secondaries depend on the energy of the interacting system. The experimental results compared with predictions by Quantum Molecular Dynamic model QMD and it ultra-relativistic implementation Ur-QMD using art version Ur-QMD-2.3. This model can give suitable distribution for transverse mass and describe experimental data for collision energy below 40 GeV. Above this energy, the hadron productions are not systematic which may due to the creation of different nuclear states of non-thermal equilibrium and high energy densities. The inverse slop parameter represents the effective temperature of the mechanism responsible for hadron productions. The temperature increases in regular tool with collision energy up to 40 GeV.

Transverse-momentum and angular distributions of all residual charges due to fragmentations for 16O projectile on emulsion at 3.7A GeV are recorded and compared with that obtained for 12C, 22Ne, 24Mg and 28Si at the same momentum. The experimental parameters that indicate the mechanism responsible for projectile fragmentation are discussed. The effect of target size on fragmentation process for both 16O and 24Mg projectiles are studied. The results, in the given range of masses and energy show that there is unified mechanism responsible for projectile fragmentation.

The FOCUS photoproduction experiment took data in the ninenties and produced a wealth of results in charm physics. Some of the studies were seminal for contemporary experiments, and even paved the way for the technology of many charm and beauty analysis tools.

The result of a search at the LHC for heavy stable charged particles produced in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV is described. The data sample was collected with the CMS detector and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 pb -1 . Momentum and ionization-energy-loss measurements in the inner tracker detector are used to identify tracks compatible with heavy slow-moving particles. Additionally, tracks passing muon identification requirements are also analyzed for the same signature. In each case, no candidate passes the selection, with an expected background of less than 0.1 events. A lower limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of a stable gluino is set at 398 GeV/c 2 , using a conventional model of nuclear interactions that allows charged hadrons containing this particle to reach the muon detectors. A lower limit of 311 GeV/c 2 is also set for a stable gluino in a conservative scenario of complete charge suppression, where any hadron containing this particle becomes neutral before reaching the muon detectors.

A measurement of the b-hadron production cross section in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 7 TeV is presented. The dataset, corresponding to 85 nb -1 , was recorded with the CMS experiment at the LHC using a low-threshold single-muon trigger. Events are selected by the presence of a muon with transverse momentum p µ T > 6 GeV with respect to the beam direction and pseudorapidity |η µ | < 2.1. The transverse momentum of the muon with respect to the closest jet discriminates events containing b hadrons from background. The inclusive b-hadron production cross section is presented as a function of muon transverse momentum and pseudorapidity. The measured total cross section in the kinematic acceptance is σ(pp → b + X → µ + X ) = 1.32 ± 0.01(stat) ± 0.30(syst) ± 0.15(lumi)µb.

Using a high statistics sample of photoproduced charm particles from the FOCUS experiment at Fermilab, we compare the lifetimes of neutral D mesons decaying via D 0 → K -π + and K -K + to measure the lifetime differences between CP even and CP odd final states. These measurements bear on the phenomenology of D 0 -D0 mixing. If the D 0 → K -π + is an equal mixture of CP even and CP odd eigenstates, we measure y CP = (Γ(CP even) -Γ(CP odd))/(Γ(CP even) + Γ(CP odd)) = 0.0342 ± 0.0139 ± 0.0074.

Fermilab high-energy photoproduction experiment E687 measu.res a branching ratio of l?(Q + &~+v)/r(IIt -+ &r+) = 0.58 f 0.17 (stat) + 0.07 (sys). This branching ratio is combined with theoretical inputs to obtain a new measurement of the D$ absolute branching ratio of r(D$ + @)/r(D$ -+ all ) = 0.031 + O.OOS(stat) + 0.005 (sys) h 0.004 (theoretical).

We report the first measurements of inclusive W and Z boson cross sections times the corresponding leptonic branching ratios for pp collisions at √ s = 1.96 TeV based on the decays of the W and Z bosons into electrons and muons. The data were recorded with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 72.0 ± 4.3 pb -1 . We test e-µ lepton universality in W decays by measuring the ratio of the W → µν to W → eν cross sections and determine a value of 0.991 ± 0.004(stat.) ± 0.011(syst.) for the ratio of W -ℓ-ν couplings (gµ/ge). Since there is no sign of non-universality, we combine our cross section measurements in the different lepton decay modes and obtain σW ×Br(pp → W → ℓν) = 2.749 ± 0.010(stat.) ± 0.053(syst.) ± 0.165(lum.) nb and σ γ * /Z × Br(pp → γ * /Z → ℓℓ) = 254.9 ± 3.3(stat.) ± 4.6(syst.) ± 15.2(lum.) pb for dilepton pairs in the mass range between 66 GeV/c 2 and 116 GeV/c 2 . We compute the ratio R of the W → ℓν to Z → ℓℓ cross sections taking all correlations among channels into account and obtain R = 10.84 ± 0.15(stat.) ± 0.14(syst.) including a correction for the virtual photon exchange component in our measured γ * /Z → ℓℓ cross section. Based on the measured value of R, we extract values for the W leptonic branching ratio, Br(W → ℓν) = 0.1082 ± 0.0022; the total width of the W boson, Γ(W ) = 2092 ± 42 MeV; and the ratio of W and Z boson total widths, Γ(W )/Γ(Z) = 0.838 ± 0.017. In addition, we use our extracted value of Γ(W ) whose value depends on various electroweak parameters and certain CKM matrix elements to constrain the Vcs CKM matrix element, |Vcs| = 0.976± 0.030.

Bose-Einstein correlations between same charge particles are measured in samples of proton-proton collisions at 0.9 and 7 TeV centre-of-mass energies, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The signal is observed in the form of an enhancement of number of pairs of same-sign charged particles with small relative momentum. The dependence of this enhancement on kinematic and topological features of the event is studied.

Results are reported from a search for new physics processes in events containing a single isolated high-transverse-momentum lepton (electron or muon), energetic jets, and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a 4.98 fb -1 sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, obtained with the CMS detector at the LHC. Three separate background estimation methods, each relying primarily on control samples in the data, are applied to a range of signal regions, providing complementary approaches for estimating the background yields. The observed yields are consistent with the predicted standard model backgrounds. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the parameter space for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model, as well as on cross sections for simplified models, which provide a generic description of the production and decay of new particles in specific, topology based final states.