The Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation: Integrating Electric and Nuclear Energy
Saleh A L I Al Hamed2025, Saleh Ali Saleh Al-Hamed
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15189777visibility
…
description
9 pages
link
1 file
Sign up for access to the world's latest research
checkGet notified about relevant papers
checkSave papers to use in your research
checkJoin the discussion with peers
checkTrack your impact
Abstract
This research introduces a new theoretical framework in nuclear physics, referred to as the Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation, which integrates electric input energy with nuclear massenergy interactions. Unlike conventional models that consider nuclear energy as solely a function of mass difference, the Al-Hamed model incorporates the energy contribution from electric potentials and includes the cumulative mass of all particles resulting from the nuclear reaction. The proposed equation: E = [(Q × V) + (Δm-S) × c²] accounts for both electrical energy (via charge and voltage) and mass-energy transformations (considering secondary nuclear products such as neutrons, mesons, or photons). This dual approach provides a more comprehensive description of electro-nuclear interactions, especially in scenarios involving controlled fusion or electro-stimulated decay. The paper presents a comparative analysis with traditional equations, applies the model to practical scenarios, and discusses its implications for advanced reactor designs and highefficiency energy systems.
Related papers
New Concepts in Nuclear Energy and atomic mass
Physical research , 2025
In this research, we introduce new equations for describing nuclear energy and atomic mass, which take into account the sum of the masses of other objects resulting from nuclear fission. We analyze the old equations and the new equations, and compare the results. We find that there is a difference between the results, which is due to the fact that our calculations take into account the sum of the masses of neutrons resulting from nuclear fission .
Some Novel Features of the Classical Electromagnetic Theory and their possible impact to understand and enhance Low Energy Nuclear Reaction ( LENR )
2016
In this paper we will discuss how we can study some effects associated with LENR from the principles of classical electromagnetic theory. We are aware that this approach has its own risks, because many mainstream physicists consider nuclear fusion should be associated with tunneling through Coulomb barrier, which is a pure quantum effect. Introduction Since Pons & Fleischmann reported their experiments around 1989, many labs in the world tried to replicate their results, but many failed. Thereafter, there was a wave of rejection to their claim that table-top nuclear fusion at room temperature is possible. Some establishment physicists even called cold fusion idea as pathological science. But many non-mainstream physicists and chemists continued their works in underground manner. And some eminent physicists have taken risks to join this underground movement, including Prof. Hagelstein from MIT. But the rejection of mainstream physics towards cold fusion/LENR remain strong. Even the f...
The Nuclear Second Law, Part I: Engineering
Fred D Lang, 2025
This work proposes a paradigm shift in nuclear safety. Fission and fusion phenomena are treated as inertial processes. This simple statement has profound implications when applied to the thermodynamic understanding of a nuclear engine given that its MeV release is: independent of terrestrial reference; not affected by temperature, kinetic, physical potential or gravitational influences; a single phenomenon describes the macro; and has no enthalpic meaning. This approach leads, for example, to fission engine analytics resulting in matrix solution of: average neutron flux, useful power output and system heat rejection, these coupled to reactor coolant mass flow. The only appropriate descriptive vehicle for nuclear phenomena is Second Law exergy analysis, treating MeV release as a thermodynamic potential. This approach demands reinterpretation of Einstein's 𝛥𝐸 = 𝑐^2 𝛥𝑚 by describing his ΔE, not as a ΔEnergy, but an exergetic potential, an ultimate "Free Exergy." Free Exergy consists of both recoverable and irreversible portions of the MeV release. In transference to a coolant, the recoverable release produces an exergetic increase (ṁΔg); the fluid exergy's 𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑓 being explicitly computed from an Inertial Conversation Factor (Ξ). Importantly, Ξ also transforms recoverable nuclear release to an explicit, and consistent, thermal power (ṁΔh). Asserted is that nuclear phenomena traditionally have had no direct computational nexus with thermodynamics. Since N Reactor days, there has been no direct nexus between nuclear power and its resultant coolant energy flow. N Reactor's neutron flux was not well measured but was the motive force behind delivering 4000 MWt to the Columbia River. It is well known that neutron flux in a 1270 MWe PWR is approximately 1.0x10 13 1 n0cm-2 sec-1. This flux a product of Neutron Transport Theory (NTT). However, a back-calculated flux based on the PWR's rated 3640 MWt produces twice the NTT flux. From the time of the Manhattan Project, nuclear engineers had treated flux as a relative parameter: hard to measure, a relative value to be normalized, is not uniform in the axial or radial, etc.
The Nuclear Equation of State in Heavy Ion Collisions
HNPS Proceedings, 2020
We present several possibilities offered by the dynamics of intermediate energy heavy ion collisions to investigate the nuclear matter equation of state (EoS) beyond the ground state. In particular the relation between the reaction dynamics and the high density nuclear EoS is discussed by comparing theoretical results with experiments.
Theoretical Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves, Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion to State that Mass-Energy Equivalence has Exception
With the advent of 20 th century the focus of study for major scientific group was 'electromagnetic waves'. There were varied opinions between the group for supporting Newton's theory of light as a particle and Maxwell's theory of light as a wave. With the development of Planck's constant and Einstein's theory of relativities it became profound that light, which is type of electromagnetic wave, behaves both as a particle and as wave, and thus the theory of wave-particle duality came into existence. In mid-20 th century after the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the theory and analysis of nuclear fission became profound. During this time the voids in the chain reaction for the tremendous amount of energy available were filled with the conclusion that a part of mass is getting converted into energy, according to E = mc 2. In this paper we are making an attempt, through theoretical analysis, to conclude that electromagnetic radiation and thus its energy can only be produced by accelerating a charged particle and not by conversion of any type of mass, as is given the current nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions.
Correlations between fission fragments and light charged-particles in the reaction20Ne+197Au at 13 MeV/nucleon
Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Atoms and Nuclei, 1982
Energy of light charged-particles has been measured in coincidence with one or two fission fragments in the reaction Z°Ne+ 197Au at a bombarding energy of 13 MeV/u. The fission cross section was found equal to 1,340 + 260 rob. Assuming that it represents the totality of the fusion cross section, the critical value l c is deduced equal to 93 _+ 9 h, higher than /By=o-74 in the rotating liquid drop model. The main emission source for protons and alpha particles seems to be a thermally equilibrated composite system. The competition between fission and charged particle emission is unexpected in the frame of the statistical treatment. A high energy component is observed in the forward direction. These results correspond to the first step of a study programme on the evolution of nucleus-nucleus collisions between 10 and 100 MeV per nucleon.
elements of nuclear physics
1.1 General survey It is customary to regard nuclear physics as the field of study that includes the structure of atomic nuclei, the reactions that take place between them, and the techniques, both experimental and theoretical, that shed light on these subjects. Rigid adherence to such limits would, however, exclude much that is both exciting and informative. The nucleus entered physics as a necessary component of the atomic model and nuclear effects in spectroscopy and solid state physics now provide not only elegant methods for determination of nuclear properties but also convincing demonstrations of the powers of quantum mechanics. Equally, those particles sometimes described as elementary or fundamental, although first recognized in the cosmic radiation, soon assumed a role of importance in nuclear problems, especially in the understanding of the forces between neutrons and protons. Advances in the study of particles, or sub-nuclear physics, besides leading to the discovery of new and previously unsuspected physical laws, have frequently stimulated back-reference to complex nuclei
NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS AN INTRODUCTION
NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS AN INTRODUCTION, 2021
Electron Mediated Nuclear Reaction Theory Andrea Calaon -Independent Researcher Electron Mediated Nuclear Reactions (EMNR
Updated version of my "theory" about Cold Fusion/LENR
On the Role of Nuclear Binding Energy in Understanding Cold Nuclear Fusion
Mapana Journal of Sciences
The basic aim of this paper is to highlight the hidden energy source and understand the mechanism of the controversial and spectacular ‘cold nuclear fusion’ at nuclear energy scales. Following the concept of strong interaction, theoretically, fusion of proton seems to increase the binding energy of the final atom by 8.8 MeV. Due to Coulombic repulsion, asymmetry effect, pairing effect and, other nuclear effects, final atom is forced to choose a little bit of binding energy less than 8.8 MeV and thus it is able to release left over binding energy in the form of internal kinetic energy or external thermal energy. Thus, in cold fusion, heat release to occur, binding energy difference of final atom and base atom seems to be less than 8.8 MeV.
Related topics
Related papers
Basics of Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics start with the equation E=mc 2 .Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons called nucleons. Electrons are orbiting around the nucleus. The total mass of a stable nucleus is always less than the total mass of the individual protons and neutrons put together. The energy of the mass that disappears from the universe is converted to the energy of photons. A very large amount of energy is released even when a very small amount of mass disappears. Supposewe arrange different nuclei in a row based on their weight, with the lightest nuclei on the left and the heaviest nuclei on the right. As we move along the graph from left to right, the general trend is initially the amount of mass that disappears per proton and neutron to increase as we move to the heaviest nuclei. But after a certain point on the graph, the trend reverses. For elements heavier than iron ,as we move further to the right on the graph ,the amount of mass that disappears per proton and neutron , decreases as we move heavier elements. When the nuclei of certain elements on the left part of the graph fuse together, and the energy of the mass is released in the form of photons. But the elements on the right side of the graph, the opposite is true. It means that if the heavier elements spilt apart, mass decreases, thereby releasing energy. This is called fission reaction, which releases most of its energy. However nuclei can absorb incoming neutrons sometimes, that causes fission reaction.
Advances in basic nuclear science associated with nuclear energy data
ND2007, 2007
Using few examples, this document attempts to illustrate the connexions between the physics, the methods both theoretical and experimental used in the collection of data relevant for Nuclear Energy and those of basic Nuclear Physics. The specialisation on themes and subjects imposed by an applicative science certainly generates overall shifts in focus as well as originality in techniques in order to meet the specific needs of the engineer. On the other hand, the contact always remains close with the most fundamental nuclear science which both nourishes, and is nourished by the Nuclear Energy Data enterprise.
On low-energy nuclear reactions
2019
Based on our recent theoretical findings (Phys. Rev. C 99, 054620 (2019)) it is shown that proton and deuteron capture reactions of extremely low energy may have accountable rate in the case of all elements of the periodic table. Certain numerical results of rates of nuclear reactions of two final fragments of extremely low energy are also given. New way of thinking about low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) phenomena is suggested. Possible explanations for the contradictory observations announced between 1905-1927 and possible reasons for negative results of 'cold fusion' experiments published recently by the Google-organized scientific group (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1256-6) are given.
Event-by-event analysis: Possible testing ground for the nuclear matter equation of state
Physical Review C, 1983
Intranuclear cascade calculations and fluid dynamical predictions of the kinetic energy flow are compared for collisions of 4 0~a + 4 0~a and 2 3 8~+ 2 3 8~. The aspect ratio, R13, as obtained from the global analysis, is independent of the bombarding energy for the intranuclear cascade model. Fluid dynamics, on the other hand, predicts a dramatic increase of R l j at medium energies Ei,1,<200 MeV/nucleon. In fact, R I 3 ( E l a b ) directiy reflects the incornpressibility of the nuclear matter and can be used to extract the nuclear equation of state at high densities. Distortions of the flow tensor due to few nucleon scattering are analyzed. Possible procedures to remove this background from experimental data are discussed.
Study of nuclear physics for nuclear fusion
Based on the concept of "damp matching" [1] and the famous d ϩ t fusion data, a conventional quantum mechanics calculation shows that the plasma fusion, muon-catalyzed fusion, and the lowenergy nuclear reaction are essentially same in the sense of resonant tunneling through the Coulomb barrier. The good agreement between theory and experimental data justifies the selectivity in resonant tunneling, which implies the possibility of having fusion energy with no strong neutron and gamma radiation. KEY WORDS: d ϩ t fusion cross section; selective resonant tunneling; Coulomb barrier; muon-catalyzed fusion.
Comparisons of experimental and theoretical nucleus-nucleus potentials for heavy-ion reactions
Physical Review C, 1980
A broad range of heavy-ion-induced fusion excitation functions are classically analyzed. The fusion-barrier parameters are compared with predictions of the proximity potential, a Yukawa-plus-exponential model, and a modified Woods-Saxon potential. The Yukawa-plus-exponential model is found to give the best overall agreement with the data. The proximity potential is too shallow, but would be in closer agreement with data if a necking contribution were added. NUCLEAR REACTIONS Extracted fusion barriers and radii from fusion data with heavy ions, compared several theoretical models.
Theoretical descriptions of compound-nuclear reactions: open problems and challenges
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, 2014
Compound-nuclear processes play an important role for nuclear physics applications and are crucial for our understanding of the nuclear many-body problem. Despite intensive interest in this area, some of the available theoretical developments have not yet been fully tested and implemented. We revisit the general theory of compound-nuclear reactions, discuss descriptions of pre-equilibrium reactions, and consider extensions that are needed in order to get cross section information from indirect measurements.
Intro. to Nuclear Energy Self-study Notes
2013
Energetics, radioactive decay, fission, fusion, reaction rates, power © 2013 Dr Zeina Rahal. Permission granted to reproduce for personal use only. Commercial copying, hiring, lending is prohibited.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.