Nuclear Physics Research Papers

Since Einstein died in 1955, very few theoretical scientists have tried to complete his work because the pendulum of history has swung toward favoring field theories based on the quantum for the expected unification of physics. Nearly... more

If Einstein, Schrodinger and their colleagues had not been so intent on relating the non-symmetric tensor to EM and thus unify GR and EM, they could have ptedicted DM and DE as secondary gravitational effects five decades before they were first observed After working on the five-dimensional theory with Bergmann and Bargmann [11], Einstein returned to his 1925 efforts [12] based on a non-symmetric model in 1945 [13]. He continued supporting this mode until his death in 1955. Schrodinger was instead interested in the earlier ideas of Eddington concerning the affine connection and parallel transport which had been used in the Einstein-Cartan anti-symmetric model of 1929 [14], so he adopted the anti-symmetric approach in 1944 [15]. In 1947 [16] and again in his 1951 book Space-Time Structure [17], Schrodinger demonstrated how and acknowledged that his anti-symmetric tensor could be mathematically reduced to an equivalent form that combined the metri and non-symmetric tensors with a constant A. He even suggested that the constant could be Einstein’s old cosmological constant or perhaps it represented the nuclear force or a new gravitational effect [18] but Einstein rejected the notion completely since he was happy with and only thought he needed the metric and non-symmetric tensors to unify gravity and electromagnetism. anti-symmetric tensor could be mathematically reduced to an equivalent form that combined the metric

So, it would seem from Heisenberg uncertainty principle’s expression of uncertainty that bringing space and time back together (from their unnatural mathematical separation) suppresses the quantum effect as exemplified by the disappearance of Planck’s constant, rendering the event physically real for consideration by classical physics. In other words, suppressing Plank’s constant by combining the different quantum expressions for space and time results in a reality described by Newtonian physics and general relativity. This implies that Planck’s constant is at least proportional to a binding constant for space and time at individual quantum points. as exemplified by the disappearance of Planck’s constant, rendering the event physically real for

The difficulty in understanding how a point can be discrete (disconnected and indeterministic) quantum upon reduction while it is just another point in a continuous line (O-D point-element), space or manifold is the real problem for physics and unification. As suggested above, the solution to this problem lies in the fact that the collection of all discrete quantum points that are possible does not represent the relative space of extension, but rather a point-absolute or quantum absolute space of possibilities that reduces to the Riemannian extension or metric-space of relativity when the collapse of the wave function produces a relative reality. So, technically the uncertainty is in the discrete point itself and thus a defining characteristic of the is the real problem for physics and unification. As suggested above, the solution to this problem lies in

All the quantum theory, including the standard model of particles can now be merged with the five- dimensionally extended unified field theory and the n=1 ‘sheet’ can be used to represent the results | or inwardly contain, the superstrings, branes, quantum loops, supergravity and quantum gravity themselves. This ‘quantized curvature’ would also define the real material particles, all of which have half-spin due to the ‘twist’ to the fourth dimension at the single pole: Protons represent the maximur amount of quantized curvature at locations where quantum fluctuations in the rapidly expanding surface blew out to end cosmic inflation, at least until the blowout locations (new protons) were cap} by neutrinos; An electron would be the maximum amount of quantized curvature that could occur before blowout where the surface tension of the ‘sheet’ stopped the blowout, giving the electron an opposite electric charge; And free neutrinos which represent the minimum amount of measurable quantized curvature in the ‘sheet’. All the quantum theory, including the standard model of particles can now be merged with the five- or inwardly contain, the superstrings, branes, quantum loops, supergravity and quantum gravity

For electromagnetism, the anti-symmetric Faraday tensor emerges, and for gravity the anti-symmetric Schrédinger-Einstein-Cartan tensor emerges, completely describing these two manifestations of the single field as extrinsically curved space-time within a ‘sheet’ within the context of classical theories that are already well known, tested and adequately expressed in normal physics.

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The Electron is a Charged Photon with the de Broglie Wavelength

by Richard Gauthier

A charged photon and its light-speed helical trajectory form a surprising new solution to the relativistic electron’s energy-momentum equation. This charged photon model is a new model for the electron, and quantitatively resembles the... more

Figure 1. Energy and momentum relationships in the charged photon model of the electron. Since the charged photon’s total momentum circulates along the helix, the value of the transverse momentum Prrans =e can be associated with an _ internally

Figure 2. The de Broglie wavelength generated from the charged photon model of electron. right with velocity v and the charged photon travels along its helical path with velocity c. velocity v,,.,=c /v as the electron travels to the phase 16. Conclusions The de Broglie equation for the electron forms the basis of quantum mechanics, described by the Schrédinger equation for the electron in non-relativistic quantum mechanics and by the Dirac equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. The charged-photon approach may lead to a somewhat more fundamental and unified description of the quantum world than is provided by the current standard model of physics and

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Ettore Majorana: Notes on Theoretical Physics

by Erasmo Recami

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MANAGING AND EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF LARGE RESEARCH PROGRAMMES

by Trevor Wren BSc MA MPhil PhD MBA

2009

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme. This... more

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

earlier and later stages, linking idea generation to the marketplace:

TABLE 3.1: Grounding methodology and methods in literature best practice

Table 3.2: Three proposed methods within the methodology

TABLE 3.3: Analysis summary for each proposed method

2D analysis matrix with possible assessment ‘grades’ is exemplified in the table below.

TABLE 8.1: Complimentary aspects of the different methods

TABLE 10.1: Method improvements suggested after trial

data matrix analysis, gives the table below gives some case examples. information needed, and enable easier communication of the programme as a whole.

impact research and assessment may differ by impact mechanism (to be developed).

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The Einstein unified field theory completed: A direct challenge to the basic assumptions, theories and direction of modern and post-modern physics (1st Edition)

by James (Jim) E Beichler

2015

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to... more

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest. Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

But the particle cannot be physically reduced to a point, so the measurement taken as the vice closes on tl particle would be the smallest measurable ‘unit of change’ associated with any given experiment. True uncertainty would go to zero when that outer extended boundary of the particle or the ‘unit of change’ is reached. The radius of that boundary would be proportional to h/4z since we would have a situation whe the surface area of the sphere around the origin point of the axes is 4ar*. This would yield the relationship 4nr’ = kh where k is an as yet unspecified constant of proportionality that would differ for each and every experimental situation. Of course, the quantity of h/4z is already, if not coincidentally, expressed in the uncertainty equations. At that point, the outer boundary of the particle or object being measured would b equal to the smallest possible measure by which the particle or object size could be determined real rather than a true quantum which would appear as a dimensionless point at the axis of a space-time diagram representing the quantum or measuring event. On the other hand, as Ax—0 in this case the corresponding uncertainy Ap—infinity by mathematical Reruns J Reins Peet YOR een, eet ey 8 The quantity Ax—0 actually means that the measuring device being used (a high-energy collision experiment) closes in on the outer material limits of the extended object being measured, rather like a vice clamping down tight on a hard round ball (2e. a proton), rather than implying that the particle itself (the target) occupies or is reduced to a point. If the object beng measured could be reduced to a point, then tha point would represent the center of a space-time axis or diagram and no mote, but in reality the particle is extended aorund the pnojnt.

The incomplete nature of the non-Riemannian fix

Reactions of EM and Gravitation to the duality of space ¢ cal = In reality, this duality in the fundamental concept of space and time is or should be reflected in all yhysical theories of nature that involve differentials in space and/or time. The metric represents an -xtended line between two centers of mass or gravity, while the non-symmetric (skew- or anti-symmettic) ortion represents the center of rotation of motion (Clifford’s twist or the later concept of torsion based o1 lis twist) at a point in space. So point and extension differ in the fundamental concept of a rotation. In fact here are two and only two real points or locations in space that naturally emerge in all of physical reality, he centers of mass (gravity) and rotation.

If the velocity ‘v’ goes to zero and the mass ‘m7’ is just falling due toward ‘M’ due to gravity, then the Heaviside term goes to zero and does not contribute at all to gravity. Within a more modern context the equation can be rewritten as

Assume each intersection is a dimensionless point in 3-D space and there is no space between points. At each dimensionless point in 4-D space-time a perpendicular line called an A-line extends into the 5th- D and closes back into the point in 4-D space-time. Each A-line or loop is equal and constant length. Since all of the loops are are of equal size in the 5th-D and parallel to each other, they form a cylinder (A-cylindricity) of sorts in the higher dimension. The 5th-D of space-time is not itself closed with respect to 4-D space-time, but each individual point is closed in the higher dimension with respect to 4-TD snace-time. length and each A-line exited three-dimensional space and returned to that some point in three-dimensional space to form a closed loop.

Furthermore, if the non- or anti-symmettic tensor represents a secondary and unsuspected effect of gravity due to the dualistic nature of space itself, how can electromagnetism and gravity be unified into a single theory? Actually this structure simplifies the unification because gravity-gravnetism is now symmetric with electricity-magnetism. So despite the fact that everything points to a higher fourth dimension of space as well as the (point/extension) duality of space, no one has either attempted or even suspected combining the two methods to unify physics. Yet by recognizing the promise and validity of the hyperspatial model, some scientists have seen it instead as a way t to unify gravity and the quantum. i. re 7 T od as < wt rT>- 1 5 171 . 1 a a ~ Ge In reality, the gravnetic (gravitational) vector potential and the magnetic vector potential A are not intrinsic to the curvature at discrete points in space (in the non-Riemannian-like and tangent space-like fashion), but rather imply that curvature must be extrinsic in a higher dimensional embedding manifold ot space-like structure, thus implying the necessity of a five-dimensional embedding manifold.

The Evolution of Classical Unified Field Theories a a eS “oe Wilson nat Flint sbylously noticed éhe value of the ‘five- dimensional model for incorporating the quantum into relativity very early on in the development of the quantum theory. Wilson even stated that doing so was the only way forward for physics. Yet this strategy for advancing physics has been downplay by almost all other scientists over the past century. How could this have been? Quite simply, this group c English scientists did not accept the Copenhagen Interpretation of the quantum and quantum mechanics. So their work implied that the quantum and relativity could be easily unified if the Copenhagen Interpretation, which puts up synthetic barriers between the quantum and relativity (discrete versus continuity and determinism versus indeterminism) that cannot be easily overcome as well as discourages attempts to do so. So if the Copenhagen Interpretation is disregarded, the unification of the quantum and relativity should not be that difficult although it should be made within a five-dimensional framework of space-time.

These lines would normally remain parallel in the fourth direction and equidistant apart no matter how far they are extended, which is a direct violation of the very concept of the non-Euclidean geometries that were developed to take into account the possibilities presented by the failed parallel postulate and which does nothing to verify the possible physical reality of the three-dimensional space. by-point) was analyzed, but continuity was not ‘proven’ between any individual points in the three- dimensional extension emanating from a line extending in the fourth direction or between individual discrete points and other such points in the three-dimensional extensions. A first step was made though by Einstein’s proving that the physics in every parallel three-dimensional space displaced along the line in the fourth direction of space would be the same, which is also important. It is only necessary now to prove tha discrete points can be used to construct the continuity of three-dimensional space. © Wee gloss ee oes wee 2 lowe = 2 eee mes Bee esol ve eee wee ela ws lee cm BK Tee eee gee chee Poxeeeet: hie ees ll

Each point is equidistant from its contiguous neighbor point

and related theories. This problem is ubiquitous such that all of physics and mathematics suffers from this same problem in one form or another, but it is especially crucial for the standard model of the quantum, which is basically a non-geometrical theory that defaults to a Euclidean flat pseudo-geometrical structure for space-time.

* 4 . The halo forms around the galaxy to maintain three-dimensional integrity of the whole and continuity with the rest of the universe. But only local variations from the spherical universe are allowed, thus we ‘observe’ galaxies as part of our three-dimensional surface with the added ‘halos’. cy So in essence, or perhaps ‘quintessence’, when the matter in the galactic rim extends into the fourth dimension it is gaining DE in the form of inertial momentum (my) without the corresponding gain in mass from the universe as a whole as represented by the global curvature. DE, or the gravitational vector potential, exists everywhere in empty space, but when it is bound or restricted inside a particle it becomes or rather ‘is’ active inertia. However, when the DE is constrained or bound into a material particle by spatial cutvature (under quantum conditions) it becomes ot ‘is’ passive inertia. Within one context, DE supplies the extra speed to the stars and systems in the galactic rim, but within another it is extra inertia because it is constrained within the body of the galaxy (local curvature relative to global curvature) by the matter in the

The halo is like a shadow or mirror image of the galactic core due to the centrifugal force (equal and opposite) of the gravity of the rest of the universe represented by This dependence is exactly what is observed as shown in the graph below. It should be quite clear from this equation that the contribution of the global curvature to the total force in the form of the kinetic energy (applied dark energy) increases as a function of the radius and the slowing of gravitationally derived speed from the central body or local curvature (gravitational field). As each star or star system is added to the galaxy and orbits the galactic core, it has a component of gravitationally derived velocity as well as an extra component that corresponds to the four-dimensionality of the galactic plane. This dependence is exactly what is observed as shown in the graph below. The curves representing the scalar and vector potential contributions to energy add to give the speed curve for the Andromeda galaxy, as shown. The kinetic energy gained from the vector potential graphs as a straight line running from the zero point (galactic center) to the edge of the galactic rim, supplying exactly the kinetic energy needed to explain the constant speeds of stars and star systems around the galactic core. Nearer the galactic core, the vector potential correction to speed is masked or dominated by the stronger

Given the calculated value of the halo curvature, the amount of curvature at the center of the galaxy could then be found by simple triangulation.

No anti-particles (oppositely directed bumps and hills) are created while the creation of protons and electrons slows expansion enough to end the inflationary period

oat causing a wake at its forefront. The wake would contribute increased the inertia of the particle (the nertial points absorbed by the particle would raise the overall internal that constitutes the particle higher und steeper in the fourth dimension) as each point in the wake (external space) is overrun by the advancing yarticle/boat. This would be similar to Higgs’ analogy for describing how a Higgs boson is transferred to a sarticle from the Higgs field to increase the mass of the particle while the particle moves point-by-point through space.

The quantum nature of the universe is reflected in the first equation as a fundamental property of the space-time continuum, but exactly how to apply the quantum concept to the single field and space-time curvature still needs some explanation. Klein had the right idea when he tried to quantize Kaluza’s five- dimensional extension of general relativity. If you quantize the extension along the fifth direction of space-

ime (or the fourth direction of space), then the lower four dimensions of space-time (or three dimensions of space) will also be quantized. However, since Klein was working with the Kaluza model, which was vast »ver-restricted in its application of a higher embedding geometry, Klein’s model was subsequently over- estricted. The fact that what happens along the extra dimension of space also affects the lower three limensions of space is also implied in the Einstein-Bergmann model of Kaluza’s work, although they did 1ot apply this to the quantum as did Klein. Instead, Einstein added a footnote that he and Rosen had ittempted to explain particles, unsuccessfully, on the basis of the Einstein-Rosen Bridge. If instead, we go back to the Heaviside equation or its modern equivalent, quantization becomes a very ~~ “ am The implications of this simple quantization are quite profound. First of all, the dark matter halo round galaxies, represented by the second term in the equation, can now be viewed as a wave interactio: superposition of outgoing quantized gravity waves from the core mass due to the changes in velocity of 1 orbiting masses interacting with the incoming gravity wave (represented by I in “/sec”’ units). In this cas he quantity TP could be likened to David Bohm’s concept of the quantum potential field which is a yackeround field consisting of all possible quantum waves. Secondly, this equation indicates that the stat sravity view of F = mg cannot be quantized in any normal way within the three-dimensional space wher 10rmal gravity acts. This implies that gravity can only be quantized within the higher embedding dimenst “rom a purely static point-of-view, normal gravity is purely structural in our world while the quantum mmediately invokes an interaction which is wholly dynamical and non-structural except in the fact that i changes structure through the interaction.

Each loop is not connected to the other loops outside of the normal three-dimensional point-to-point connection mistakenly assumed and thus afforded by the intrinsic nature of the space-time continuum. In other words, Kaluza utilized a higher embedding dimension, but mysteriously retained the intrinsic nature of space-time curvature. Thus he used a fundamentally flawed mixed intrinsic/extrinsic model of physical reality. Klein’s idea that quantification in the fifth-direction of space will quantize the lower four- dimensional space-time is valid, but only under the newly specified geometrical conditions that render our normal three-dimensional space real. Quantizing surfaces point-by-point into the single field

Each intersection represents a dimensionless point in 3-D space and there is no space between points

The geometrical points in space or space-time about which the quantum would then be considered action or actionable points in space around which the fundamental unit of change determined the quantized three- dimensional ‘sheet’ that is our experiential material world.

Since the higher dimension is extended to at least as great a distance as the other three dimensions of space (the Einstein radius of the universe), the final quantum number would be nearly infinity in this case. The normal laws and theories of physics that apply in three-dimensional space would be strictly limited to the three-dimensional ‘sheets’. However, the only three-dimensional ‘sheet’ that is characterized by curvature is the primary or fundamental ‘sheet’ (quantum ground state of n=1) so while the theories and laws of physics influence only three-dimensional extension within the ‘sheets’, the laws must be modified for non-ground This quantizes the space-time curvature and unifies the space-time continuum of general relativity and the quantum world. The fundamental ‘sheet’ where the single field is on average densest would account for the n=1 quantum state or ground state of a static universe defined by its static curvature, T,, = G,,. However, higher quantum states can be attained dynamically on a point-by-point basis. Higher quantum states, for n=2 to n = nearly infinity, would appear like pages in a book stacked one on top of the other both above and below the primary n=1 ‘sheet’.

This is why Kaluza’s cut-transformation which is the mathematical equivalent to cutting a splice across the three-dimensional ‘sheet’ perpendicular to the fourth direction (and thus around the particles three- dimensional boundary) yields electromagnetism. a strain in the three-dimensional space surrounding the particle that science observes and interprets as the electrical field.

Whereas points through the surface from point-to-point between such bound like particles would be quite weak even though it transmits the point-by-point ‘stress’ of stretching in the higher expanded fourth dimension of space to the outer surface of the particle in three-dimension space. Obviously, these two internal forces that are the geometrical or structural equivalents to the outer forces of strains associated with the gravity and electric fields are just the strong nuclear force (or field) and the weak nuclear force (or field). This structural switch of roles, whereby the external weak force (gravity) becomes the internal strong force and vice versa, explains exactly how and why the internal weak nuclear force has become associated with the stronger external force of electricity and recast as the electro-weak force in earlier unification schemes. However, a great deal more physics is now implied by the geometrical structure of space-time curvature. Within the particle, the surface of curvature and the point-by-point stretching stress due to expansion in the fourth direction change roles in a sense. The internal particle ‘force’ due to the surface tension becomes by far the stronger of the two internal particles ‘forces’. While a particle is outwardly spherical in three-dimensional space, it is inwardly three-dimensional surface an exponentially curved in the fourth direction of space which would form a strong surface to surface ‘force’ of attraction with another like patticle.

in free space these four-dimensional extensions become the magnetic vector potentials, Dark Energy and shotons depending on the characteristics of any given situation, but when packaged under the metric curvature surface they become inertia and the stress source of the magnetic field strength that manifests in ither moving or stationary particles. If a frve-dimensional space-time continuum representing the single ield is used to interpret Einstein’s equation then no additional term is necessary for Dark Matter, since it 1: ncorporated into the anti-symmetrical portion of the complex tensor. The additional anti-symmetric term iso results in a ‘twist’ in each dimensionless point in three-dimensional space as opposed to the symmetric erm of the tensor which represents the normal Riemannian metric or extension-based geometry of space- ime curvature in the higher embedding dimension of space. vs oa | te, ie ye oF sas a a Y a | te, a cf TT. 1m . Pa 7 The additional or anti-symmetric term — Einstein called it a non-symmetric form in his final attempt to develop a unified field theory — represents a point-geometry as opposed to the normal Riemannian metric, which is an extension-geometry. This point-geometty can account for Dark Energy, inertia, the magnetic vector potential and photons, all of which are represented as points in three-dimensional space extended in the fourth dimension of space as one-dimensional lines (Kaluza’s A-lines).

we Each time the curvature in the fourth direction of space drops by the ‘effective width’ of three-dimensional space (it experiences a quantum drop of ryx or about r,/137) such an equilibrium position is established. This structure turns the continuously sloping curvature into energy ‘steps’ on which the electrons move up and down the curvature as they absorb and emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. These equilibrium positions occur at distances of n°R, from the center of the nucleus where n=1, 2, .3 and so on. The quantity R, is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom and is equivalent to h/2xm,ca or 5.29 x 107" meters. These orbital positions or steps end when the curvature from the nucleus merges with the collective The prescribed — allowed or restricted — electron orbits already exist structurally in the space (along the urvatute) surrounding the nucleus before the electron jumps into (or out of) another orbital position. In ne sense the positions are etched into the curvature in the local space near nuclei by the quantum onditions of existence, but in another sense they are the product of a physical negotiation between the ucleus and the orbiting electrons. Otherwise, they are virtual until an electron falls into any particular orbit. ‘his point would never have been made with regard to previous theories or theoretical models of the orbits, yhich Bohr only defined after the fact by electromagnetic and quantum considerations alone. The positions where the orbits occur are gravitational (curvature) equilibrium positions between the en |e | a ae ae a: cn fe) a ae ae a) ee ae ee oe Te ae en (i rn i es) erie, a ae

This equation readily implies a quantum structure for the orbits such that

The ‘sheet’ which serves as our common three-dimensional space is represented by principle quantum number one. The ‘sheet’ curves spherically in the macroscopic domain to render the Riemannian curvature of our three-dimensional universe as a whole as proposed by general relativity, while there are three basic forms of curvature in the smallest possible local portions of the ‘sheet’ at the quantum level. They define the primary elementary particles.

Under those special conditions where a gamma ray of the correct energy comes close to a nucleus (or other object corresponding to sharply curved space) and actually surrounds the nucleus (touches all sides of the nucleus simultaneously) the quantum stress in the space-time continuum creates the particle and its anti- particle. Of course the last condition is having the proper energy to create the curvature in the ‘sheet’, so curvature packages energy in a sense. This process occurs because the ‘photon’ which is equivalent to an ‘A. line’ or longitudinal portion of the light wave cannot exist at two different places in three-dimensional space simultaneously, such as both sides of the nucleus simultaneously. So, pair production could not have occutred before the inflationary period ended with the creation of elementary particles and can only occur afterwards when the proper quantum and geometrical conditions are met. vn wal El Sd a | - fe = Pe og 7 * oe 7 <: 1 , 2 Wa ca | Pe lost as gamma rays that have no curvature. The annihilation works like opposing wave pulses traveling in opposite directions along a single tightly stretched string. The only difference is that the two pulses in the string cancel each other only momentarily and the energy that they carry continues as before and the pulses reemerge after the collision still traveling as they were before they collided. Annihilation is the same as the oppositely directed pulses cancelling out, however, unlike the pulses in the string the particles covert to energy when they make contact and thus disappear. Pair production creatino anti-narticle/narticle naires onerates in the onnosite wav and could not have

The collision thus results in an inward pressure of -1/3 along the direction of motion and outward stresses of +2/3 and +2/3 of the electrical charge along the remaining two dimensions or directions of space inside the target proton. This configuration thus accounts for the —1/3, +2/3 and +2/3 electrical charge of ‘quarks’ from which the proton is constructed according to the Standard Model. This dimensional model of ‘quarks’ also explains why ‘quarks’ can never be found outside of the particles and nuclei in which they reside, solving one of the major dilemmas associated with ‘quark’ theory. TH: 2d so anche: bon ldbin “SAaandél? Bimdel weedbizre Geneiinwe méetendiimnd wl the donde ohEo I ole rteien| -~-Lhnéene

Yet how can this be so? Quite beyond the obvious question of what is a one-dimensional string and how could it vibrate (?) within the one dimension that it supposedly occupies, the Calabi-Yau bundles fill ‘discrete’ points in space for which no simple connection or connecting property has ever been defined. That is why there are literally millions upon millions of possible different superstring theories. You can put

The distance does not really seem to matter, big or small, since its only purpose is to weaken the effect of the gravitons traveling between the two branes. The bulk seems to have no other purpose than the convenience it affords the model by accounting ‘or the distance between the two branes. The bulk seems to be no more than a mathematical device that w only mandated to justify the distance between the two branes. The branes themselves have no other featur han the fact that they are platforms upon which to place material reality, at least in the case of the primary ot real-world brane. Unlike a normal membrane in three-dimensional space, the branes seem to be one- sided and the single side of each brane is facing the other at a constant distance. In one version of the Randall-Sundrum (RS) Braneworld, dubbed RS-1, the branes are a few centimeters apart, while they are -xtremely distant, but not quite infinitely far apart, in RS-2. In still another version, the RS-1 branes are a rety large distance from one another and infinitely far apart in RS-2.

The bulk can then be closed and defined as a single-polar Riemannian embedding manifold. If curvature is then returned to the primary ‘sheet’, the Randall-Sundrum model corresponds quite nicely with the single field model which has been developed within this paper. This correlation is important because it demonstrates that other scientists, even when they are working from false premises, are slowly approaching the same model as here proposed. ptt 17 wine oe

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INTRODUCTORY NUCLEAR PHYSICS

by Mohamed Ashraf

New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

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Handbook of Nuclear Engineering Dan Gabriel Cacuci

by Mohammed Gawish

nuclear reactors

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Yung-Kuo Lim. (ed.) Problems and Solutions on Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics for U.S. PhD q.pdf

by Akshay SB

Yung-Kuo Lim. (ed.) Problems and Solutions on Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics for U.S. PhD

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Quantum-Vortex Electron Formed From Superluminal Double-Helix Photon in Electron-Positron Pair Production

by Richard Gauthier

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e)... more

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elements of nuclear physics

by professor Tareq abdhulkadhum naser Alasadi

1.1 General survey It is customary to regard nuclear physics as the field of study that includes the structure of atomic nuclei, the reactions that take place between them, and the techniques, both experimental and theoretical, that shed... more

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Dark matter and dark energy from quark bag model

by Maxim Eingorn

2013

We calculate the present expansion of our Universe endowed with relict colored objects - quarks and gluons - that survived hadronization either as isolated islands of quark-gluon "nuggets", or spread uniformly in the Universe. In the... more

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NOVEL APPROACHES IN SURFACE LUMINESCENCE DATING OF ROCK ART: A BRIEF REVIEW

by Evangelia C. Panou and

2017, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry (MAA)

The direct dating investigation of rock art remains a deficit issue yet the surface luminescence dating of rock surfaces initiated in the 90's has made some considerable progress. The luminescence dating of lithic surfaces inheres a dual... more

Figure 2 Irradiation, storage and eviction of electrons. Energy levels in an insulator (mineral) with luminescent centers LC, electron traps T, holes (H) The luminescence physical phenomenon relates to the solid-state physics and nuclear physics (dosime- try) with ionizing radiation and absorbed doses, of valence/conductivity zones, the trapping sites which are imperfections of the lattice — impurities or de fects of traps and holes or luminescent centers, anc the energy level bands. The diagram illustrating the creation of luminescence centers in crystal lattice: through exposure to ionizing radiation Irradiation Storage-Eviction is shown in Fig.2.

Figure 3 Bleached luminescence by depth in marble. Experimental data (dots) and fittings by Eq. (5) (solid curves) for exposure times from 2 days (far left) to 8 years (far right) (from Laskaris & Liritzis 2011, Fig.10). A demonstration of the experimental data for en- teliko marble, Greece (circles) and the Cumulative Analysis of the outer 1 to 5 mm of a modern ana- logue sample may investigate if this surface had been sun exposed long enough for its residual lumi- nescence signal to be reduced to negligible levels. Thus, for a rock art ex posed to sun for some thou- sands of years, tx, it has zero De, along a few mm from top surface, say d ponentially towards sa ter the long exposure x. Thereafter De increases ex- uration in deeper layers. Af- period a fallen piece to the ground and covered by sediment, will exhibit a flat increase of D. to the d epth d, and a non-linear in- crease beyond dx to he saturation d, depth (see Fig.4). In fact, the beta dose contribution in the about first mm will increase a bit the dose at the surface layer, thereafter the dose is constant to a depth x, the dx. This flat De, beyond the first mm may determine the date the piece has fallen (Liritzis et al., 2017). | a tn VE at, Se ho ) ( : ( : : en, ne (OVCT \ 2.

Figure 5 Fitting of experimental data (Sohbati et al., 2015), by their proposed multiple exposure and burial events mod of luminescence versus depth, as squares and circles applying two protocols for D,, the solid red line with associated 1 dashed 95% confidence lines, and blue solid line with red dashed 95% confidence lines, compared with the cumulativ double log-normal, black solid and dashed pink lines, respectively.

Figure 6. Part of the fortified wall of Strofilas settlement showing carved vessels (A), and a reproduced image of ship (I (from Liritzis 2010).

Table 2: Coefficients of the Double Exponential equation (eq. 8, 9) These tables indicate generally better matching of the cumulative log-normal distribution equation than the double exponential one.

Table 3: Error Values of fitness using Cumulative Log-normal model (eq. 5, 7) Table 4: Error Values of Fitness using Double Exponential model (eq. 8, 9)

At any rate the trap filling rate F(x) depends on the dose rate in the situation under consideration. The variation of dose rate with depth into the rock must also be taken into account because of the dif- ference between radionuclide concentrations, and/or water contents at the rock/sediment or rock/air interface. For a rock art usually vertical in situ, water uptake at the surface is assumed negligi- ble. But during burial the sediment contributes beta rays dose rate to the outer layers of 1 mm, thereafter the dose comprises from the rock internal radioactiv- ity and the gamma ray dose rate of surrounding sed- iment. Thus, avoiding the outer about 1 mm with a usually patina coating there is no variation in beta radiation with depth into the rock sample for a rock sample buried in sediment. Note these are dose rates to the average matrix. Additional dose rate comes from cosmic radiation (not significantly dependent on depth into rock surface over the centimeter scales considered here) and internal depth-independent uranium, thorium and potassium inclusions are added and modifications for the effect of grain at- tenuation are taken into account. To calculate the dose rate in a given depth interval x; to x2, the depth- independent dose rate is negligible except if inho- mogeneity is noticed within the rock (see, Frelesleb- en et al., 2015). Briefly the trapping and de-trapping of electron traps in rock art minerals by ionizing ra- diation and light exposure respectively are different processes for a rock art exposed surface in situ and for a fallen piece into sediments. The instantaneous trapped charge concentration (electrons in trap lat- ice defect points) at depth x is n(x,t) and the availa- ble concentration sites are N(x) with a trap filling rate F(x), which is proportional to dose rate d(x) which for homogeneous radiation field around a fallen rock is constant), and inversely proportional to a filling rate constant fo, ie. F(x) = d(x) / fo. mee hh,

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Nobel Prize on Hoax . Rally Against Nobel Prize 2017 ( physics and Physiology on Fiction and Illusion ) -- Paper Published on 28.10.2017 - 25 days after prize declared

by vijaymohan das

Time is consciousness ( Time mindness or Atomic genes , TM ) present in CCP ( thought script of Anti mind particles ) While Space is Void which is Nothing . How could space create ripples ? A Fake Mathematical Theory of Space Time... more

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CT-SCAN

by refa m

CT-Scan (Computed Tomography Scanner) merupakan alat penunjang diagnosa yang mempunyai aplikasi yang universal untuk pemeriksaan seluruh organ tubuh, seperti susunan saraf pusat, otot dan tulang, tenggorokan, dan rongga perut... more

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Ettore Majorana: Unpublished Research Notes on Theoretical Physics

by Erasmo Recami

2009

Divergence Of A Double (Contravariant) ‘Tensor

1@ This German word means “tentatively”, and refers to the successive assumptions. Note, however, that in the original paper the cited word is written as “versucherweiser”.

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS

2@ Note that, more appropriately, it should be written d4r = d?V dt, since dr denotes the 4-dimensional volume element, while drmV is the 3-dimensional space volume element.

4@ Note that some things in the last three square brackets (the x,y, z-derivatives and the indices 1,2,3,4 of the w components) should be slightly corrected. However, at variance with what is usually done by us, we choose to leave unchanged the expressions appearing in the original manuscript.

The canonical quantization of a Dirac field w is here considered (start ing from a Lagrangian density L), by introducing the field variables P, F conjugate to w,w. After imposing the commutation rules, the Hamilto: nian H was deduced, and an expression for the energy W was obtaine in terms of the annthilation and creation operators a,b. The quantitie. n; are number operators.

5@ This German word means “gauge invariance”; the author uses this property in order to set the potential ~ to zero.

Particular representations of Dirac operators.

From this, the Richardson formula for the electron current i follow (Richardson effect):

8@ In the original manuscript, the author neglect to equate the following expression to zero. 7@ Here, the following insert appears in the original manuscript, reporting what follows:

8@ Here, the following insert appears in the original manuscript, reporting what follows:

Following the Dirac method, the eigenvalues of the Maxwell equation are obtained from:

4@ In the original manuscript, the author considered in what follows the role of the operators V? =L? and L = VV?. He denoted with q the vector (x,y,z). 5@ A bar over a quantity denotes complex conjugation.

6@ Probably, the author proceeded in analogy with the Dirac field .

T is the angular momentum in units h/2r.

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS CONTINUATION II: INCLUDING THE MATTER FIELDS

Without matter fields, the conjugate Hamiltonian variables are:

11@ In the following, the author looked for the variable conjugate to wy.

21@ The page ended with an attempt to generalize the above results to arbitrary linear com- binations of the E and H fields (with space-time dependent coefficients), in the case of Mazwell equations without sources:

Variational Method i.e., the minimum value assumed by the mean value of the energy with respect to any wavefunction y. If we consider only a given set of func- tions y, the minimum will correspond to an approximate value. The given approximation improves when the set is enlarged. When this set reduces to the only unperturbed wavefunction considered in the pertur- bation method, we obtain the same result given by that method. If the set is composed also of further wavefunctions besides the unperturbed wavefunction, in general we will have a better approximation.

7@ The original manuscript then continues with some calculations aimed at evaluating the derivatives of p. In the following we report only the final results.

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS Preliminaries For The X And Y Terms

10@ In the original manuscript it is noted that:

11@ Remember that the X term is a superposition of the 2s2s!S and 2p2p1S' ones.

12@ Remember that the 2s2s'S and 2p2p'S terms are superpositions of the terms called X and Y by the author. The notation used here is the same as in the previous subsection.

14@ For the new states considered by the author, see the previous footnote.

16@ In the original manuscript, in the last line of the previous expression, the first two terms are missing.

1°@ The energy W is measured in rydbergs. 20@ In the following tables, Majorana gave the numerical values of the Schrodinger radial wavefunction x (and its derivatives) for some values of r. They should have been obtained by solving the differential equation reported above. However, it is interesting to note that the quoted numerical values do not come out neither by using the series expansion method out- lined in the notes (method I), nor by solving numerically the equation with the approximate expression for the potential quoted just above (method II). Probably, the numerical values given by the author were obtained by considering the complete potential considered at the end of the previous subsection (method III). To give an idea of the departure from the Majorana tables, in the following we give some values of x and its derivatives for W = 0.32, obtained by using the mentioned three methods. Notice that the series solution can be applied only for r<i:

21@ Observe that the author apparently uses « or r to denote the same quantity. However, below, itisr=k-+ a2, quantity k being the distance from the last node of the eigenfunction.

22@ In the following table the author puts for some approximated expressions for the poly- nomial P for some maximum values n of the index r. For a given n, the first one of the coefficient an is equal to 1, while the other non-vanishing coefficients (with decreasing r) are obtained from the formula r(r+1)

Denoting with D the distance from the last node: E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS

24@ This Section was left incomplete by the author.

By using the Houston formula (Goudsmith method), for the terms *po12, ‘o we have:

33@ In the following expression, as reported in the original manuscript, the factor E in the second term and the equating to zero is lacking. 34@ In the following, E denotes the electric field, gac,qpc the electric dipole moments and vac,V’Bc the frequencies of the given transitions.

RESONANCE BETWEEN A p (£ = 1) ELECTRON AND AN ELECTRON WITH AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER ¢’

Eigenfunctions Of ds, ds, ps And pi Electrons

44@ See the previous footnote. Notice also that S = S; +82, and analogously for the T terms. Here the manuscript is corrupted and we have represented by dots the expressions we cannot easily interpret.

46The wavelengths of the following spectral lines are expressed in angstroms.

HYPERFINE STRUCTURES AND MAGNETIC MOMENTS: FORMULAE AND TABLES

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS Hyperfine structure formula:

On using electronic units:?! 51@ In the original manuscript, an unidentified reference (see pages 15 and 25) appears here. First Method

1@ In the original manuscript some scratch calculations are reported, leading to the follow- ing expressions for b and c (obtained by substituting the expansions for P2, P3, P3' into the differential equation for Pz written above).

3@ In the original manuscript the upper limit of the following integrals is not explicitly indicated.

By substitution into the above equation, from the vanishing of first-order terms, one has

whose physical meaning probably, was not clear.

1@ In the original manuscript, the unidentified Ref. 8.47 appears here.

2@ In the original manuscript some numerical calculations appear here, that probably rep- resent an attempt to evaluate the magnetic susceptibility of sodium Na (considered as an In the following notes the author reported a (preliminary?) study or Pauli paramagnetism. He considered an ensemble of N degenerate fer- mions (so that N is proportional to the third power of the Fermi mo- mentum, or V3/2 where V is the electrostatic potential) interacting with a magnetic field H by means of the Pauli term uoH, and obtained ar expression for the magnetic susceptibility x. The number of spin-up anc spin-down fermions was denoted with n’ and n", respectively.

In the ferromagnetic case, if each atom has n neighbor atoms:

For any given value of N, y solutions exist:

4@ We find the original text quite obscure.

7@ We find the original teat to be quite obscure, and our own interpretation is only a probable one.

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS FERROMAGNETISM: APPLICATIONS

By imposing the matching conditions for the wavefunction and its deriva tive, one obtains:

2@ In the original manuscript, there appear here the following calculations:

[The footnote continues on the next page]. 3@ In the original manuscript, the following calculations appear at this point:

The author applied the perturbation theory to the problem of the scat tering of a particle of momentum p = hy from a potential V; the free particle wavefunction is denoted with dy. Some approximated expres sions for the transition probability were obtained within the framewor. of the Dirac method, which are subsequently applied to the particula case of Coulomb scattering.

8@ This equation is a particular case of the more general one reported just after it, and is also considered by the author in another place; see Appendix 6.10.

Now, replace ¢ with ¢ — eg; the phase advancement becomes then

11@ Jn the original manuscript, the factor 3 is lacking.

Let us now consider a fixed a and take the limit G — 0. At zeroth orde approximation, i.e., exactly for 6 = 0, we can use the Wentzel methoc By choosing as mass unit M, wavelength unit \/27 and velocity unit for the incident particles, from A = h/Mv it follows that h = 27 in ov units. Moreover, the kinetic energy of the incident particle is 1/2. From Eqs. (4) and (2) it follows that b = 3, k = @/2 anda=a. B substituting these into Eq. (1), we get the expression for the potenti energy, and the Schrddinger equation corresponding to the eigenvalu 1/2 will be:

The author considered the transition from a discrete (unperturbed) state wo with energy Eo to a continuum (perturbed) state ~, assuming that the unperturbed system has two continuum spectra dw and wy with energy Eo + W. What here reported are the scratch calculations which prepared the Sect. 28 of Volumetto IV, to which we refer the reader for notations and further explanations of the arguments treated by the author. However, a further generalization is present here with respect to what considered after Eq. (4.499) of Volumetto IV.

2@ The numerical values 2500/81 and 1250/81 seem to have been written by the author after he deduced the numerical value for p (see below).

Explicit expressions for a particular form of the interaction potential between Z protons and Y neutrons are worked out. See also the paper published by Majorana in Z. Phys. 82 (1933) 137, or in La Ricerca Scientifica 4 (1933) 559. 4@ Notice that here the author refers to the “ordinary” exchange energy depending on the electrostatic interaction among protons. Nucleon Interaction I

12@ In the original manuscript, the unidentified Ref. 5.25 appears here.

13@ In the original manuscript, the unidentified Ref. 11.59 appears here.

15@ In the original manuscript, the unidentified Ref. 3.43 appears here.

7.3.5.2 Zeroth approximation C=0; P?Vp = P®Vy; P = constant, P’ = constant. k= PUP, t= Py] P-

Let us consider three fields In the following pages the author apparently elaborated a relativistic field theory for nuclei composed of scalar particles of two different kinds (one

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS SYSTEMS WITH TWO FERMIONS AND ONE BOSON

24@ Note that, in subsequent pages, the author denotes with Z the following operator corre- sponding, effectively, to the net charge rather than to the total number N of particles.

THOMSON’S METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF e/m

1N is the total number of charged particles, while 7 is the atmospheric pressure (see below).

Integrals Of An Ordinary Differential System And The Partial Differential Equation Which Determines Them

Integrals Of A Total Differential System And The Associated System Of Partial Differential Equation That Determines Them

ALGEBRAIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE TENSOR CALCULUS

Euclidean Manifolds. Any V, Can Always Be Considered As Immersed In A Euclidean Space

or a definite form a, and taking x; and y; not proportional, it follows:

GEOMETRICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATIC FORMS II 1@ In the original manuscript, a reference appears (p. 154) of a unspecified text.

Geodesic Coordinates Along A Given Line 2@ The symbol G is introduced by the author in reference to the initial of the Italian word “giacitura”, which means “section”.

From (3), by summing over every value of i, we obtain the quantities 5;, (with n? arbitrary constants; for example they are given by the initial

3@ In the original manuscript, the following note appears: Change the sign of Riemann’s symbols. Also, the following is pointed out, referring to equations reported in Levi-Civita I: Notes on the Tallis formulae: Eq. (3), p.201 is correct; Eq. (4), p.201, change the sign; Eq. (26), p.219 is correct.

) Number of the independent symbols of first kind.

13@ The author evaluates the matrix elements of operators L, between p states, in terms of those between y states, already considered on the previous pages. In the following, we do not report the mere arithmetic calculations aimed at obtaining the numbers given in the tables.

ve obtain the values reported in the following tables:

Only the coefficients by_; and by 4, are non vanishing. Resonance Between A d Electron And A p Shell I

Probably, the numerical values for the second derivative of P3' were deduced in some manner from the following formula (which appears in the manuscript): 2@ The table reported in the original manuscript contains slightly different numerical values with respect to those one can evaluate from the formulae given by the author, namely:

6@ This Section was probably left incomplete. The corresponding page in the original manuscript reported the following table with practically no entry, pointing out the inten- tion of the author to evaluate P, and its derivatives for some values of W and X, in analogy with what was already done for P2:

COULOMB SCATTERING: ANOTHER REGULARIZATION METHOD E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS

E. MAJORANA: RESEARCH NOTES ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS NUCLEAR POTENTIAL

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La bomba atómica, Heisenberg y el Proyecto Manhattan

by Maximiliano A Taverne

2019

Una investigación sobre los efectos del nazismo en el desarrollo de la bomba atómica y su posterior uso.

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Tabla de núclidos

by Juan J Segura Flórez

Resumen Los nucleídos son átomos o núcleos atómicos los cuales poseen un número especifico de protones (Z) y un nú-mero de neutrones (N), existen más de 3800 nucleídos descubiertos de los cuales solo el 10 % son estables, debido a la... more

Resumen Los nucleídos son átomos o núcleos atómicos los cuales poseen un número especifico de protones (Z) y un nú-mero de neutrones (N), existen más de 3800 nucleídos descubiertos de los cuales solo el 10 % son estables, debido a la cantidad exorbitante de nucleídos descubiertos, una configuración de orden como el presentado en la tabla periódica (de los elementos químicos) es ineficiente y no permite sintetizar muchas de las propiedades que cada uno de los nucleídos posee, ni permite establecer un patrón que nos permita predecir ciertos comportamientos. La tabla de los radio nucleídos tiene una configuración la cual nos permite saber las propiedades básicas e importantes de cada uno de los nucleídos, tales como el periodo de semidesintegración (es decir, el tiempo que tiene una muestra radiactiva para la cual la actividad es la mitad de la actividad inicial), el número másico (el cual nos dice en total cuantos protones y neutrones tiene el nucleido), el decaimiento de el nucleido (ya sea por emisión de partículas alfa, o por emisión beta positivo o negativo), etc. El presente informe de laboratorio muestra datos de algunos nucleídos de los cuales se identifica sus propiedades y con base en ello se halla el patrón con el cual fue pensada su configuración, haciendo patente de forma explícita su funcionalidad y porque es tan importante, pues la tabla de radio nucleídos es a la física nuclear como la tabla periódica es a la química. Abstract Nucleids are atoms or atomic nuclei which have a specific number of protons (Z) and a number of neutrons (N), there are more than 3800 nucleated discovered of which only 10 % are stable, due to the amount exorbitant discovered nuclei, is possible and does not allow many of the properties that each of the nuclei possesses, allows a pattern that allows us to predict certain behaviors. The table of nucleated radios has a page that allows to know the basic properties and the important aspects of each of the nucleidos, the stories as the half-life period (that is, the time that a radioactive sample has for which the activity is the half of the initial activity), the mass number, the decay of the nuclide (either by emission of alpha particles, or by positive or negative beta emission), etc.. The present laboratory report shows data of some nuclei of which its properties are identified and based on it, it was found the pattern with which it was thought, making the patent in an explicit way its functionality and because it is so important, because the table of radio nuclides is to nuclear physics as the periodic table is to chemistry.

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Electronics

by Sun Deep

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Nuclear Energy in Malaysia

by Revathy Ganesan

We are happy to present to you the enclosed report, titled Nuclear Energy in Malaysia, which you have commissioned us to prepare at the beginning of the semester. The report contains our research regarding the issue of nuclear energy in... more

Figure 2 Public support towards implementation of nuclear energy

Figure 4 Reasons for objecting the implementation of nuclear energy

Figure 5 Comparative Radiation Exposures with Other Sources the public are worried of the safety and the accident risk nuclear energy pose. Source: Malaysian Nuclear A gency

Table 1 Public perception towards nuclear energy The fourth, fifth and sixth question are interrelated questions asking whether the public support or object the implementation of nuclear energy in Malaysia and also the reasons

Table 2 Public opinion on general statements regarding nuclear energy in Malaysia From Table 2, the majority of the public absolutely agreed with the statements that

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LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion

by Lewis Larsen

2019, Lattice White Paper: LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion

If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and... more

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The Charged-Photon Model of the Electron, the de Broglie Wavelength, and a New Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

by Richard Gauthier

This article continues to develop the charged-photon model of the electron. In particular, the relativistic de Broglie wavelength of a moving electron is derived from the model. De Broglie’s own derivation is also summarized and compared... more

Figure 1. De Broglie wavelength generated from charged photon model of electron (computer graphic thanks to Chip Akins)

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THE IMPACTS OF NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FUNDING IN THE UK: A PUBLIC MANAGEMENT EVALUATION SUMMARY

by Trevor Wren BSc MA MPhil PhD MBA

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts. It shows how the varied... more

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts. It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) - the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

Observation of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS experiment at CERN. (Credit: CERN).

Harwell Oxford, one of the UK's foremost Science and Innovation Campuses.

Professor Peter Higgs visits the CMS experiment at CERN. (Credit: CERN).

The structure of graphene. (Credit: Dreamstime) Characterising graphene

Image of the Galileo satellites, part of Europe's new global navigation satellite system. (Credit: ESA). manipulate increasingly large and more complex data set: The power of computing developed to analyse massive and mixed scientific data sets in turn transforms industry and everyday life. STFC and our predecessors have been at the forefront of computing knowhow for the past 50 years. During this time, we have led the way across the whole spectrum of computing capabilities, from high performance computing facilities and digital curation, to graphics and software, from networking to grid infrastructure and the World Wide Web.

Timeline of key space missions, in all of which the UK and STFC have played a significant role.

Daresbury Laboratory Tower. >IrC nas partnered with the lecnnology strategy board as a ‘cluster champion’ to deliver business support as part of its Launchpad competitions. The £2 million Materials and Manufacturing Northwest Launchpad? is designed to accelerate new business projects and stimulate start-up businesses centred around the cluster of materials and manufacturing companies at Sci-Tech Daresbury and the Runcorn Heath Business and Technical Park. A key aim of the scheme is also to strengthen this cluster and STFC, as its chosen cluster champion, will deliver business support services to successful applicants. The Technology Strategy Board are learning from STFC’s business and investment support activities to enhance and improve their future Launchpad competitions and overall SME support programmes.

Visualisation suite at the Hartree Centre, Daresbury Laboratory. The Hartree Centre focuses on partnerships with business and academia to unlock the commercial opportunities offered by high performance computing systems. This has the benefit of utilising and growing UK skills in this area and has attracted IBM as the major partner to develop these opportunities. The Centre is working closely with a number of major companies such as Unilever, where we have established a forma research partnership.

A division of De Beers, Element Six is an international

Astrophysics research supported by STFC led to the concept of a plasma device that generates ozone inside sealed containers. Ozone is a powerful disinfectant and this device provides a new way to make food safer for consumption, and prolongs its shelf-life. The device can be used after packaging and aims to cut down on the 7 million tonnes of food waste that is created every year in the UK®. Follow- on Funding from STFC was granted to develop the device and engage with industrial partners to explore possible applications. A company called Anacail was spun-out of Glasgow University in 2011°’ to commercialise this product. Anacail is initially being targeted at the food packaging industry, worth £9 billion in 2010%, and is set to undergo trials on production lines at several UK food processing plants®. Anacail have also been supported by EPSRC throiioh their Collahorative Trainino Accoriint fiind The Innovations Partnership Scheme is designed to transfer technology and expertise developed through STFC funding to the marketplace in partnership with industry and other academic disciplines. STFC technology or expertise must be integral to the project and can be developed with STFC funding at UK higher education institutes, STFC aboratories, CERN and ESO. In 2012/13, we awarded funding to 11 projects, each with an industrial partner. STFC committed £1.7million, which leveraged a further £800K from the industrial partners. University College London spin-out, Zeeko®, have benefited from the support of this scheme. In collaboration with Glyndwr University, they have been the first collaboration in the world to gain acceptance by ESO for their polished mirrors designed to be deployed in the E-ELT® - a significant achievement for the UK's optical manufacturing industry. Glasgow University in 2011°” to commercialise this product.

Students taking part in the ‘Explore your Universe’ programme, a joint programme between STFC and the UK Association for Science and Discovery Centres. Ernest Rutherford Fellowships STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowships are prestigious awards awards 12 new fellowships each year and in the 2012/13

We currently host 24 apprentices and our scheme has Laboratory. This year the Science Mi pathway for 250 apprentices by 20 apprenticeships are intended to con been running for 20 years. Each apprenticeship offers 4 years paid training in electronic, electrical and mechanical engineering. 70% of the apprentices that have been taken on are still working at STFC’s Rutherford Appleton nister David Willetts aunched'” the first ever Higher Apprenticeship in Space Engineering! with the aim of providing a national 5. These new tribute to UK space industry by supplying advanced skil drive economic growth. s and knowledge to years paid training in electronic, electrical and mechanical

“The sections focus on areas of importance to demonstrate impact; publications, collaborations, further funding, staff development and next destina- tions, technology development, IP and licensing, spin-outs, measures of esteem, public engagement, and use of facilities.

Our performance compared to the leading scientific nations in this area can be illustrated by the following graph: The graph clearly shows that the UK is the best country in the world in particle physics citation impact and has held this position from 2008 to 2011.

The graph clearly shows that the UK is one of the best countries in the world in nuclear physics citation impact. We have been consistently 2nd in the world and have showed a year-on-year improvement in citation impact for the past 4 years. Our performance compared to the leading scientific nations in this area can be illustrated by the following graph:

Appendix 3 - Interim evaluation results for Explore your Universe

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A_Das_T._Ferbel_Introduction_to_Nuclear_and_ParBookZZ.org_.pdf

by Sulistiyawati Dewi Kiniasih

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Appunti inediti di fisica teorica

by Erasmo Recami

di nuovi spunti e idee teoriche, in fisica e matematica, stimolanti e utili anche per la ricerca scientifica contemporanea. Un futuro secondo volume pubblicherà almeno una frazione di altri manoscritti inediti, ancora più tecnici, ma... more

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Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

by Ferdinando Buonanno

1982, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

When a uniform, static, magnetic field (Bo) is applied, a preponderance of NMR-sensitive nuclei will align themselves with the lines of magnetic induction in such a way that a net magnetic moment is generated within a sam- ple. (N = north, S = south) In the absence of any externally applied magnetic field, individual nuclear magnetic dipoles within a sample are randomly ori- ented.

Upon application of a radiofrequency (RF) pulse, the net magnetic moment is perturbed from its equilibrium position, and because of its properties of spin, begins to precess about the static field direction. The angle between the z axis and the magnetization vector continues to increase as long as the pulse remains on. When it is turned off, the vector precesses freely at the final angle, 8, and its rotation describes the wall of the cone. The component of magnetization which rotates in the x,y plane (shaded area) generates the nuclear signal.

The frequency of the emitted nuclear signal is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. In this schematic di- agram, the magnetic field strength is propor- tional to the proximity of the lines; the field is strongest at left. Nuclei in the higher field strength will emit signals of higher frequency than will those in the weaker field. col The factors which determine T; and Tz are numerous, but particular ones may be of interest in imaging biologi- cal systems. T; and T2 are most sensi- tive to the degree of molecular motion. In solids and at low temperatures, there

The four-coil, resistive electromagnetic design often used in clinical NMR imaging applica- tions.

Plane selection in NMR imaging. These schematic diagrams demonstrate selection of sagittal planes in the head, but the magnet and gradien coils can be designed to allow selection of transverse or coronal planes. a. The pair of circular gradient coils superimpose a linear magnetic field gradient on the static field Bo. Planes at positions A, B, and C wil experience successively higher total magnetic field strength. A tailored RF pulse with a narrow, rectangular frequency distribution wil then excite only those nuclei within a single plane. The thickness or position of the plane may be altered electronically by changing th width or frequency offset of the RF irradiation spectrum. In the “oscillating-gradient” plane selection technique, the currents in the gradient coils are periodically reversed, thereby generating an alternating field gradient. Signals are collected only from the plane (at B) in which the total magnetic field does not vary.

Chemical Shift (parts per million) In this example, a high-resolution 3!P NMR spectrum from muscle tissue will typically show sugar phosphate (sugar-P), inorganic phosphate (P;,), phosphocreatine (P-Cr), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP peaks). The peak separations are due to chemical shift differ- ences between the phosphorus nuclei of the metabolites; in particular, the chemical shift of the P, peak depends on the intracellular pH value. The chemical shifts of the peaks are measured relative to some arbitrary standard resonance frequency; in this case, the phos- phocreatine resonance.

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Quantum-Vortex Electron Formed From Superluminal Double-Helix Photon in Electron-Positron Pair Production

by Richard Gauthier

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt(2/α) = 16.6e)... more

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ENEMY of my ENEMY: Keeping Iran Cornered through Saudi-Israeli Strategy

by Dr. Matthew Crosston

Truly turning Iran, long-term, into a functioning member of the global community, not just with its benefits but with its responsibilities and obligations, might be the only real plan that allows the Iranian people, long-studied and... more

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An Indian Scenario on Nuclear Energy: A Comprehensive Study to Present a Case for Nuclear Power Engineering Studies in Indian Universities

by Dr Ugur Guven

drguven.info

With the increase in power demand, India’s infrastructure is growing at tremendous speed in concordance with its growth rate. Indian is looking to strengthen its capabilities in both economic front and industrial front. In order to... more

Figure I: C ontribution of Different Power Sources in India 1.1 Nuclear Power Generation Due to the fact that with growing need of industry and domestic usage a lot of capacity addition witl the nuclear energy is planned under XI plan. The total power generation capacity with nuclear powe plants which are already running in the country is shown in the table I, which indicates the growth i nuclear power generation with high capacity factor. Due to the increasing demand for electricity, onl the sustainable energy option for Indian is nuclear energy, since great availability of nuclear resource: is an added advantage for facility development. The capacity factor of PHWR in operation is closely 8( %, which is an excellent performance that is ahead of international standards. In designing the PHWI nilant naade for indigqanizatinn Tndia’a nwn nnarating aynenancra nnaratingn aynanance in PHWR:

TABLE II: Nuclear Power Plants under O peration uneconomical. But it was justified on the grounds of self-sufficiency, a theme popular in India.

3. Technology Developments India started its research and development activities with Bhabha Atomic Research organization

4.1 Nuclear Manpower Needs for India TABLE III: Nuclear Power Plants under C onstruction Nuclear Energy Programs need lot of man power for its success; India needs trained professionals for construction, design and for operation of these nuclear power plants. For construction of twin reactor power station requires 1000 personals in various levels. Moreover, for annual plant operations, we require more than 800 trained professionals [5]. India needs to look for opening of various programs at various levels from trained professionals with certification courses to master’s level diplomas, since it will strengthen the future of Indian Initiatives. Furthermore. the need for trained nuclear engineering vrofessionals is also naramount on areas such as horium on the magnitude of 360000 tones (which is easily enough to power India for the next 5t years) [12]. In order to use these natural strengths in the fields, India needs to plan long term program which will result in large capacity installations and also technological inventions. India also needs ook for developing manpower with the help of conventional university degree programs, as well ertified professionals training other than HBNI, Homi Bhabha National Institute and BARC. Sin rom the past experience, it is known that creating manpower towards IT sector attracted a gre attention of the world towards India. With the same format, we can design university programs ridge the gap in terms of manpower for Nuclear Industry. bridge the gap in terms of manpower for Nuclear Industry.

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Counter-Terrorism Policy & Radicalisation Among UK Citizens of Kashmiri Heritage

by Owais Rajput

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Quantum-entangled superluminal double-helix photon produces a relativistic superluminal quantum-vortex zitterbewegung electron and positron

by Richard Gauthier

Two oppositely-charged quantum-entangled superluminal open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose a double-helix photon model. During electron-positron pair production these charged half-photons curl up their single-helical trajectories to... more

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IL CONTATORE GEIGER

by Achille Cristallini

Riassunto. Questo lavoro è stato realizzato in occasione del Corso di aggiornamento “I laboratori della prof”, organizzato dalla Sezione di Bologna dell’AIF per commemorare la prof.a Curzia Marchi Trevisi. Esso si basa sulla tesi di... more

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AN EQUATIONS OF MOTION METHOD FOR THE EXACT SOLUTION OF THE NUCLEAR EIGENVALUE PROBLEM IN A MULTIPHONON SPACE

by N. Lo Iudice

2007, Theoretical Nuclear Physics in Italy

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MODERN FYSICS PHALLACIES: THE BEST WAY NOT TO UNIFY PHYSICS

by James (Jim) E Beichler

Proceedings of the Vigier IX Conference, Baltimore, MD, 2014

Too many physicists believe the ‘phallacy’ that the quantum is more fundamental than relativity without any valid supporting evidence, so the earliest attempts to unify physics based on the continuity of relativity have been all but... more

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The Earth moves with light velocity relative to the sun

by Gerges Tawadrous

The Earth moves with C velocity (light velocity) relative to the Sun i.e. The light is produced by The Earth Motion, where The Earth transforms her motion mechanical waves into light waves, producing the light beams These light... more

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"Svelati i Misteri delle Unità naturali di Planck grazie al Modello Doppio Elicoidale del Fotone" di Oreste Caroppo

by Oreste Caroppo and

Le Unità naturali di Planck comprese attraverso il Modello Doppio Elicoidale del Fotone Dalle UNITÀ NATURALI DI PLANCK attraverso il MODELLO DOPPIO ELICOIDALE DEL FOTONE fino alla loro più profonda comprensione fisica Il significato... more

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New Trends in Physics CD- ROM /book, elementes pictures, spheres in nuclei, forecasted nuclei

by Lubomir Vlcek

1996, New Trends in Physics

New Trends in Physics /book, elementes pictures, spheres in nuclei, forecasted nuclei, ZOO-3D editorfor interactive inspecting of nuclei spheres/, Academic Electronic Press, Bratislava, 2000, CD- ROM, ISBN 80-88880-38-6.... more

New Trends in Physics /book, elementes pictures, spheres in nuclei, forecasted nuclei, ZOO-3D editorfor interactive inspecting of nuclei spheres/, Academic Electronic Press, Bratislava, 2000, CD- ROM,
ISBN 80-88880-38-6.

http://www.trendsinphysics.info/

L. Vlcek, : New Trends in Physics, Slovak Academic Press, Bratislava 1996, ISBN 80-85665-64-6.

Presentation on European Phys. Soc. 10th Gen. Conf. – Trends in Physics ( EPS 10) Sevilla , E
9 -13 September 1996,
http://www.trendsinphysics.info/prvky/prvkyang.htm SPHERES IN NUCLEI ,

Forecasted nuclei (42)
Spheres in nuclei

The theory of Mgr. Lubomir Vlcek published in the book New trends in physics performed in cooperation with Ing. Branislav Sobota, PhD., an employee of TU Košice will enable you as the first ones the insight into the stabile spheric nuclei of isotopes and isobars of practically all the elements known so far with pair and impair number of nucleons.
Alfa elements

General auxiliary spheres

http://www.trendsinphysics.info/prvky/prvkyang.htm

book:

http://www.trendsinphysics.info/

1.Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field is asymmetrical,

2. Form of the interference field is non-linear,

3. Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values:

Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave
Tkin ad = mc2[ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)]
Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle
Tkin id = mc2[ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)]

Nomenclature and terminology ,

Criticism of Einstein's Theory of Relativity , Our New Theory of
Relativity ,

Theory and Its Comparison with Experiment ,

Form of the Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric
and Magnetic Field ,

Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field - A New Theory ,

Kaufmann's Experiment ,

Electromagnetic field. Maxwell's equations.

Non-linear form of the interference field ,

Fizeau's Experiment ,

Harre's Experiment ,

Doppler's principle - correct relations ,

Consequences 1, Possible generalization of the theory relating to all fields
(gravitational,nuclear, etc.) where the speed of propagation is constant and equals c ,

Calculation of the kinetic energy of a body moving at a given velocity v , Nuclear field ,

Radius of force reach of particles, calculation of speed, frequencies, and mass particles, "mass defect" notion ,

Unified theory of field ,

Consequences 2 ,A physicist's consience Epilogue ,

References ,

The New Coordinate System In Physics And Magic Numbers ,

The New Coordinate System In Physics , Nuclear Shells ,

Conclusion

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INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR PLANTEL COYOACÁN " RICARDO FLORES MAGÓN " " UNA PRÁCTICA DE LA ÉPOCA OBSCURA " ALUMNO: LUIS DIEGO GONZÁLEZ GARRIDO

by Diego Garrido

In this research they will realize the relevance of medieval alchemy in science that we know today as chemistry. In the next chapters the principles of alchemy, its "etymology", symbology, important representatives, objectives and... more

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The Charged-Photon Model of the Electron Fits the Schrödinger Equation

by Richard Gauthier

This article shows how the charged photon model of the electron is consistent with the time-dependent and the time-independent forms of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation, which describes the conservation of total energy of a... more

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Special Relativity Hypothesis Reason (Matter Creation Theory

by Gerges Tawadrous

Why there's No velocity higher than Light Velocity C =300000 km/sec? Because • The Matter is created from light beams coherence (according to Young Experiment-The Main Hypothesis) • The Time is created as the Matter Changing measurement •... more

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FOUR PILLARS OF WISDOM: Fundamental concepts of natural science

by James (Jim) E Beichler

2012

Science is a work in progress, although the progress that science has made over the past few decades has been vastly limited by the narrow, limited and dogmatic worldviews representing the major paradigms of physics. It is not hard or... more

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Particle Double Nature Reason

by Gerges Tawadrous

Abstract How The Matter Is Created? Why the particle has double nature? What's The Gravity Reason And Mechanism? Does the gravity needs time to effect or works instantly? If the Planet moves by gravity, why does the moon revolve... more

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Atlas Triumphant: Russian Nuclear Capability Today, by Sarah Nolder, Modern Diplomacy - Russia, September 26, 2015

by Dr. Matthew Crosston

Although the Cold War is over, and now the most prevalent threats to national security are conventional and asymmetric in nature, nuclear weapons will always remain an integral part of international security, in addition to being a... more

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Based on simple hobbyist DIY technology already experimented with: - AN ANTIMATTER ELECTRIC ROCKET COULD SOON BE REALITY

by John R Iwaszko

In 2011, a satellite accidently detected that antimatter was created by thunderstorms. This antimatter consisted of positrons – the antiparticles of electrons. This fact, along with prior investigations and experimentation with High... more

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Climate Crisis and the Cosmic Bomb: Is the American Dream an Expression of Cultural Trauma

by Zhiwa Woodbury

By combining key principles from the theories of cultural trauma and developmental trauma and applying them to the collective unconscious from an ecopsychological perspective, America's persistent dysfunctional paralysis in the face of... more

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TUGAS RINGKASAN MATERI

by Rico Pratama

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Life in Idol (In Statue) Is True ( Pran Pratishtha ) And It Is By Virtue Of Sleeping And Arousal Property Of Basic Building Blocks Which is Property Of Life ( New Definition ) . Death Is Illusion . Concept Of Soul Is Myth.

by vijaymohan das

Universe is made up of God Particles or Basic Building Blocks ( Fig -1) or mind and mass . To Understand life ( new definition ) we have to understand sleeping and arousal phenomenon in living animals , plants and seed , molecules ,... more

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MAKALAH K3 (KECELAKAAN AKIBAT KERJA DAN PENCEGAHANNYA DI LABORATORIUM KIMIA DASAR)

by zahra zhafira

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NUCLEAR RADIATION AMELIORATION VIA ORGANMIC BUBBLE .docx

by MIKE EMERY

AMELIORATION IS THE PROPER WORD, TAKE SOMETHING BAD AND TURN IT INTO SOMETHING GOOD – THIS APPLIES TO ALL HARMFUL RADIATIONS LIKE 5G, CELL PHONE MICROWAVES, THE GRID, EVEN NEGATIVE EMOTIONS ARE ABSORBED AND TRANSMUTED TO BENEFICIAL LIFE... more

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The Theory of Everything

by Javad Fardaei

2019, The Theory of Everything

Abstract and Introduction: The Theory of Everything (TOE) is a mystery for most human beings up to this date. But, by believing in the well organized Quantum Mechanics Universe and knowing the principle of Quantum science, I discovered... more

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