The Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation: Integrating Electric and Nuclear Energy

Substantia

It is shown how Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic field with Planck quantisation of allowed modes appears to provide a semiclassical account of nuclear interactions. The mesons emerge as plasmons, collective excitations in an electron positron pair sea. The lifetime and mass of mesons are predicted.

2016

Abstract: Through a phenomenological approach using the concept of sub-quantum fluid, the theory argues the possibility of a cold genesis of elementary particles and of fields, explaining the electro-magnetic and the gravitic fields by equations of ideal fluids applied to the subquantum and the quantum “primordial dark energy”. The possibility to explain the cold genesis of “dark” photons and of “dark ” elementary particles is obtained by a CF-chiral soliton model of lepton, resulted as vortex of „primordial dark energy”, respective- as Bose-Einstein condensate of gammonic (e+-e-)-pairs confined in a very strong magnetic field, in the Protouniverse’s period of time. This possibility results by a model of primordial ‘gravistar ’ with a self-growing property given by the confining of “primordial dark energy ” into “dark photons ” and into “dark particles ” by a “vortex cascade ” mechanism induced by its magnetic field and gravitationally sustained. The supposed primordial “big bang ” ...

Prespacetime Journal, 2019

In this paper, a particular attempt for unification shall be indicated in the proposal of a third kind of relativity in a geometric form of quantum relativity, which utilizes the string modular duality of a higher dimensional energy spectrum based on a physics of wormholes directly related to a cosmogony preceding the cosmologies of the thermodynamic universe from inflaton to instanton. In this way, the quantum theory of the microcosm of the outer and inner atom becomes subject to conformal transformations to and from the instanton of a quantum big bang or qbb and therefore enabling a description of the macrocosm of general relativity in terms of the modular T-duality of 11-dimensional supermembrane theory and so incorporating quantum gravity as a geometrical effect of energy transformations at the wormhole scale.

The Standard Model of particle physics provides our inceptive understanding regarding the physical origin of mass, charge and spin – the basic attributes of matter. With an overview of the different aspects of these basic attributes, the present status of our understanding is assessed in this article.

Progress in Physics has been created for publications on advanced studies in theoretical and experimental physics, including related themes from mathematics and astronomy.

Through a phenomenological approach using the concept of sub-quantum fluid, the theory argues the possibility of a cold genesis of elementary particles and of fields, explaining the electromagnetic and the gravitic fields by equations of ideal fluids applied to the subquantum and the quantum " primordial dark energy ". The possibility to explain the cold genesis of " dark " photons and of " dark " elementary particles is obtained by a CF-chiral soliton model of lepton, resulted as vortex of " primordial dark energy " , respective-as Bose-Einstein condensate of gammonic (e +-e-)-pairs confined in a very strong magnetic field, in the Protouniverse's period of time. This possibility results by a model of primordial 'gravistar' with a self-growing property given by the confining of " primordial dark energy " into " dark photons " and into " dark particles " by a " vortex cascade " mechanism induced by its magnetic field and gravitationally sustained. The supposed primordial " big bang " of the Universe results as a period of gravistars transforming into magnetars, supernovae and into (micro) quasars. The resulted model of expanding Universe gives a semi-sinusoidal variation of the expansion speed. The approach, even if does not propose an enough unitary equation of the known basic fields, it explains naturally the fundamental interactions, by the same basic concept.

arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2020

We study the stability of a hypothetical QED neutron, which consists of a color-singlet system of two $d$ quarks and a $u$ quark interacting with the quantum electrodynamical (QED) interactions. As a quark cannot be isolated, the intrinsic motion of the three quarks in the lowest-energy state of the QED neutron may lie predominantly in 1+1 dimensions, as in a $d$-$u$-$d$ open string. In such an open string, the attractive $d$-$u$ and $u$-$d$ QED interactions may overcome the weaker repulsive $d$-$d$ QED interaction to bind the three quarks together. We examine the stability of the QED neutron in a phenomenological three-body model in 1+1 dimensions with an effective interaction between electric charges extracted from Schwinger's exact QED solution in 1+1 dimensions. The phenomenological model in a variational calculation yields a stable QED neutron with a mass of 44.5 MeV. The analogous QED proton with two $u$ quarks and a $d$ quark has been found to be too repulsive to be stabl...

2011

SELECTED RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DIVISION OF PARTICLE AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS P hysicists participating in the ATLAS experiment were actively involved in the first ATLAS measurement of the pp → γ*/Z → ττ production cross-sections in p-p collisions at 7 TeV, complementing measurements of the Z boson through the electron and muon decay modes. The decays of Standard Model gauge bosons to τ leptons are important background processes in the search for the SM Higgs boson and for new physics phenomena, thus their production cross-sections need to be measured very precisely. The first measurement of Z → ττ cross-section was important for the commissioning and validation of τ identification techniques, crucial for the full exploitation of the ATLAS potential in searches for new physics involving τ leptons. The Z → ττ cross-section was measured separately using four different final states defined by the decay modes of the τ leptons. The distribution of the visible mass (without taking into account neutrinos) for the final state, where one of the τ leptons decays into a muon and the second into hadrons, is shown in Fig. 1. Comparison of the individual cross-sections with the combined result is shown in Fig. 2. The obtained total combined Z → ττ production cross-section of 0.97 nb-1 is in agreement with next-to-next-to-leading order calculations and other experimental results. Y ear 2012 saw a spectacular discovery of a new heavy boson at the LHC, announced by both the ATLAS and the CMS collaborations. The observed particle is consistent with the long-sought Higgs particle postulated by the Standard Model. The discovery came from two gold-plated decay channels:

2022

This paragraph was evidently meant provocatively; other fields of study do not reduce to physics, but emerge from it, and are "caused and determined" by it. Similarly, the babbling of a brook and the fluffiness of a cloud "derives" from hydrodynamics, but additional ideas from acoustics, nonlinear dynamics, turbulence, chaos, etc., are indispensable in a fuller (and still incomplete) understanding of these phenomena. xi

2004

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of ...

We become more aware of how little we know about how the cosmos functions as we learn more about it. The Universe is full of secrets, from the doorstep of our own Solar System to the far-off shores of the intergalactic ocean. With the help of a large number of telescopes and satellites, we have increased our understanding of the universe. We have been investigating the history of the cosmos, from the Big Bang through comets' peculiarities and our curiosity about the chemistry of stars. One thing unites many of the most prevalent theories: they start from a mathematical framework that aims to explain more than our existing leading theories can. We Humans, inquisitive creatures shaped by Darwin's theory of natural selection, are used to asking questions. The question is not 'do we know everything from the very nature of physical laws to the underlying discomfort of the ultimate question of our place in the Universe?' or it is 'do we know enough?' But how does the creative principle reside in mathematics? There's something very mathematical about our gigantic Cosmos, and that the more carefully we look, the more equations are built into nature: From basic arithmetic to the calculation of rocket trajectories, math provides a good understanding of the equations that govern the world around us. Our universe isn't just described by math, but that universe is a "grand book" written in the language of mathematics. We find it very appropriate that mathematics has played a striking role in our expanding understanding of the universe − its origin, composition and destiny.

zenodo, 2024

The Standard Model of particle physics, the core framework of modern physics, has achieved significant accomplishments in many areas but also faces several challenges. For example, the Higgs mechanism explains the origin of the mass of fundamental particles, but it lacks a mechanism for calculating these masses and fails to explain their diversity. Fundamental particles, the primary subjects of research within the Standard Model, are viewed as indivisible point particles without internal structure. However, this study considers them as dynamic orbital structures formed from a more basic substance-termed "matter-charges." It suggests that all particles are stable structures composed of varying numbers of matter-charges. In this framework, a particle's structure-and thereby its mass-is determined by the number of matter-charges composing it. Thus, with the structures of fundamental particles such as electrons, muons, taus, quarks, and Higgs particles determined, their masses can also be accurately calculated, presenting significant differences from the Higgs mechanism. Furthermore, this framework illustrates the complete process from the formation to the stabilization of particles, and provides a consistent method for directly calculating the mass, radius, and magnetic moment of hadrons, which significantly differs from the Standard Model. The article delineates the structures of dozens of particles, computing their properties that closely align with experimental data, thereby demonstrating the reliability of the method. Moreover, as the foundational understanding shifts from fundamental particles to matter-charges, this framework's impact extends beyond the domain of particle physics. Further details are available in the supplementary information.

2024

The proton and neutron are the fundamental particles of the nucleus. Besides these a good number of subatomic particles including π,μ,τ etc. with different masses, life periods, charges and spin also been observed.

2011

Experiments with cold and ultracold neutrons have reached a level of precision such that problems far beyond the scale of the present Standard Model of particle physics become accessible to experimental investigation. Due to the close links between particle physics and cosmology, these studies also permit a deep look into the very first instances of our universe. First addressed in this article, both in theory and experiment, is the problem of baryogenesis, the mechanism behind the evident dominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. The question how baryogenesis could have happened is open to experimental tests, and it turns out that this problem can be curbed by the very stringent limits on an electric dipole moment of the neutron, a quantity that also has deep implications for particle physics. Then we discuss the recent spectacular observation of neutron quantization in the earth's gravitational field and of resonance transitions between such gravitational energy states. These measurements, together with new evaluations of neutron scattering data, set new constraints on deviations from Newton's gravitational law at the picometer scale. Such deviations are predicted in modern theories with extra-dimensions that propose unification of the Planck scale with the scale of the Standard Model. These experiments start closing the remaining "axion window" on new spindependent forces in the submillimeter range. Another main topic is the weak-interaction parameters in various fields of physics and astrophysics that must all be derived from measured neutron decay data. Up to now, about 10 different neutron decay observables have been measured, much more than needed in the electroweak Standard Model. This allows various precise tests for new physics beyond the Standard Model, competing with or surpassing similar tests at high-energy. The review ends with a discussion of neutron and nuclear data required in the synthesis of the elements during the "first three minutes" and later on in stellar nucleosynthesis.