Health Psychology

Background People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk of HIV acquisition. The number of PWID in South African cities is increasing, and in spite of an advanced HIV prevention and treatment programme, there are PWID who experience challenges accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and HIV related services. Access to and acceptability of SRH and harm reduction services by PWID needs to be further understood and explored. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with 10 key stakeholders and 11 PWID, in Durban, South Africa. Interviews were transcribed and translated. Data were thematically analysed using Dedoose software. Participants described stigma/discrimination from healthcare workers and other clients accessing services as barriers to accessing healthcare services. They were concerned about long waiting times at healthcare facilities because of possibilities of withdrawal, as well as lost opportunities to "hustle". Targeted, non-discriminatory services, as well as mobile clinics existed in the city. Non-governmental organisations reportedly worked together with the public sector, facilitating access to HIV and TB prevention and treatment services. There were also needle exchange programmes and a harm reduction clinic in the city. However, there was limited access to contraceptive and STI services. Although there was reportedly good access to HIV and TB and harm reduction services in the city of Durban, uptake was low. The integration of services to enable PWID to access different services under one roof is critical. There is also a need to strengthen linkages between public and private healthcare, and ensure services are provided in a nondiscriminatory environment. This will facilitate uptake and access to more comprehensive SRH and harm reduction services for PWID in Durban, South Africa.

The employment of mental health peer support (PS) is recommended in national and international mental health policy, and widely implemented across many countries. The key components of PS remain to be identified. This study aimed to develop a typology of components involved in one-to-one PS for adults in mental health services. A systematised review was performed to establish a preliminary long list of candidate components, followed by expert consultation (n = 21) to refine the list. Forty-two publications were full-text reviewed, comprising 26 trial reports, nine training manuals, and seven change model papers. Two hundred forty-two candidate components were identified, which were thematically synthesised to 16 components and eight sub-components, categorised into four themes: recruitment, preparation, practice, and PS worker wellbeing. Our typology can inform reflection and planning of PS practice, and allow more rigorous and synthesised studies, such as component network meta-ana...

Despite a range of long-standing historical, political, ideological, professional, structural, and practical barriers, there has been, and continues to be, a clear consensus that integration between mental health and addiction services is sorely needed and long overdue. This paper focuses on one dimension of the challenge of integration from among the several-the conceptual-and proposes the construct of recovery as an organizing principle for bridging the divide between the two domains. After reviewing briefly the parallel history of the two traditions and their shared need for transformation to a recovery orientation, the authors offer an integrated model of recovery for persons with co-occurring disorders. They then derive from this model the underlying values, guiding principles, key strategies, and essential ingredients of recovery-oriented systems of care which comprise a common approach across both addictions and mental illness, offering a strengths-based solution to achieving integration where pathology-focused approaches have failed. 1 "Treatment in parallel and separate mental health and substance abuse treatment systems . . . is remarkably ineffective" -Drake and colleagues 1, p. 361 This conclusion was drawn by Drake and colleagues from their recent review 1 of research on the care of individuals with co-occurring psychiatric and addictive disorders. While the conclusion itself is not surprising, it is striking that this conclusion continues to be just as salient today as it was when it was first reached over 25 years ago. Since that time, numerous reports, reviews, and research have documented well and extensively the uneasy relationship that exists between mental health services and services for persons with addictions. Consistent epidemiological and service utilization data collected during this same period have shown that mental illnesses and addictions co-occur within the same person as frequently as they exist independently of one another. These data further call into question the current bifurcation of the behavioral health field into two distinct and heavily bounded territories. While work such as the review by Drake and colleagues cited above has sought to overcome this split in the field by repeatedly highlighting the importance of providing integrated care for persons with co-occurring disorders, systemic efforts continue to lag behind and to encounter numerous obstacles. These obstacles range from historical, political, ideological, professional, and fiscal/structural issues at one end of the spectrum (e.g., separate funding streams, independent state agencies) to practical and logistical issues at the other end. And unfortunately, Ridgley, Goldman, and Willenbring's 14 discussion of these obstacles more than 15 years ago remains as relevant today as when first published. Despite these long-standing and formidable barriers, there has been, and continues to be, a clear consensus in the field that integration is both sorely needed and long overdue. This paper focuses on one dimension of this challenge from among those mentioned above: the conceptual dimension-and this for several reasons. First, previous efforts that have focused on the etiology or nature of mental illnesses and addictions, or on the types of treatments required by these conditions, have failed to establish a common ground adequate to provide a foundation for integration. Efforts aimed at resolving the political, fiscal, and structural issues that impede integration have had minimal impact thus far, perhaps in part due to their lack of a shared conceptual framework on the basis of which a persuasive argument for integration could be mounted. Second, and more importantly, the recent emergence of a "recovery movement" in both mental health and addiction offers a potential

We use longitudinal multilevel modeling to test how exposure to community violence and cognitive and behavioral factors contribute to the development of aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Specifically, we examine predictors of self-, peer-, and teacher-reported aggressive and prosocial behavior among 266 urban, African American early adolescents. We examine lagged, within-person, between-person, and protective effects across 2 years. In general, results suggest that higher levels of violence exposure and aggressive beliefs are associated with more aggressive and less prosocial peer-reported behavior, whereas greater self-efficacy to resolve conflict peacefully is associated with less aggression across reporters and more teacher-reported prosocial behavior. Greater knowledge and violence prevention skills are associated with fewer aggressive and more prosocial teacher-reported behaviors. Results also suggest that greater self-efficacy and lower impulsivity have protective effects for youth reporting higher levels of exposure to community violence, in terms of teacher-reported aggressive behavior and peer-reported prosocial behavior. Differences among reporters and models are discussed, as well as implications for intervention.

Objective: To discover a scalable method of food-packaging presentation, which can help reduce per occasion food consumption by making portions sizes more salient and segmented. Methods: Two studies of American undergraduates who ate from tubes of potato chips while watching a movie. In each study, participants ate chips that were either identical (the control group) or which had colored chips inserted at regular intervals (the treatment groups). One treatment group had a distinctively different (reddish) chip present at every 7th (Study 1) or 5th (Study 2) chip, and the 2nd treatment group had one present every 14th (Study 1) or 10th (Study 2) chip. Measures were the number of chips consumed and (in Study 1) the participants estimates of how many they believed they consumed. Results: In both studies, chip consumption was reduced by more than 50%, averaging across the 2 segmentation intervals, with no significant difference between the 2 intervals. Estimates of amount consumed were much more accurate when there was segmentation. Conclusion: Segmenting a package effectively reduced consumption in the settings we have explored. Segmentation cues may operate by any or all of 3 mechanisms: (a) they call attention to and encourage better monitoring of eating, (b) they suggest smaller consumption (portion size) norms, or (c) they break automated eating sequences by introducing a pause. There is some evidence from the 1st study that provides evidence for the 1st, monitoring account.

Leprosy is a chronic disease that can cause disability as a result of nerve damage and causes complex problems. Stigma and association of psychosocial problems tends to occur and increases the risk of mental health disorders of the patients. This research approach is mixing method with AB design type (intervention only). Assessment was conducted by interviewing methods, knowledge tests about leprosy and  instrument Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20). The sampling technique used purposive sampling, obtained 3 participants and allocated individually. Psychoeducational intervention provided through the description, discussion, sharing, chores and directly exercise through experiential learning approach, which consists of 5 sessions for 90 minutes and delivered every week. The result shown psychoeducational intervention was effective for improving mental health, which marked by the decline of psychological distress symptoms after the intervention. This research suggests the follow...

Latar Belakang: Setiap ibu hamil akan mengalami perubahan psikologis, diantaranya kecemasan yang berlebih menjelang persalinan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan tentang persalinan. salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan yaitu memberikan pendidikan kesehatan tentang persalinan. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan dengan media aplikasi smartphone BCBS terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap ibu hamil tentang persalinan. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian quasy experimental pretest and posttest with control group. Teknik pengambilan data yaitu quota sampling. Jumlah sampel 48 orang (24 kelompok intervensi dan 24 kelompok kontrol). Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner pengetahuan dan sikap. Uji yang digunakan yaitu uji Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney, Paired sample t test dan Non paired sample t test. Hasil: Rerata usia kelompok intervensi adalah 27,61 tahun sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol 28 tahun. Mayoritas responden berpendidikan SMA/SMK, i...

Two hypotheses regarding the effects of pubertal timing on substance use were tested in a prospective study of 221 young adolescents. A maturational-deviance hypothesis predicted that early-maturing girls and latematuring boys would experience heightened emotional distress, which in turn would influence initiation and use of substances. Alternatively, an early-maturation hypothesis predicted that early-maturing girls would engage in more substance use than all other groups, independent of emotional distress. Early-maturing adolescents reported more substance use within 1 year. Adolescents experiencing elevated levels of negative affect also reported greater substance use within the next year. However, pubertal timing was not related to emotional distress. Results support the early-maturation hypothesis for girls and suggest its extension to boys.

Objective: Young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are at extraordinarily high risk for HIV infection. Given their dual minority identity, they experience multiple forms of social oppressionracism, homophobia, and poverty. This study tested a model for how these forces contribute to their sexual risk behavior. Method: YBMSM (n ϭ 1,289) from 2 Texas cities completed a 1-time assessment of sexual behaviors and psychosocial variables. Structural equation modeling was used to characterize relationships among variables. Results: Experiences of racism, homophobia, and socioeconomic distress were all associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) either directly or indirectly in a manner largely consistent with model of the effects of social oppression. Racism, homophobia, and socioeconomic distress were each associated with specific psychological vulnerabilities, which were in turn associated with participation in difficult sexual situations (e.g., in a public setting), and then UAI. The effects of racism were largely mediated by depressive symptoms and participation in difficult sexual situations. Homophobia was mediated by depressive symptoms, social support, and internalized homophobia. The effects of socioeconomic distress were partially mediated by decreased social support and greater participation in difficult sexual situations. Socioeconomic distress also had a significant direct effect on UAI not explained by the proposed mediators. Conclusions: Social oppression contributes to YBMSM's psychological vulnerabilities, participation in difficult sexual situations, and their UAI. Interventions to reduce sexual risk in YBMSM should address socioeconomic disadvantage, homophobia, and racism, as well as the psychological challenges that social oppression creates for them.

We examined the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (J. Catania, S. Kegeles, & T. Coates) in a sample of unmarried heterosexual adults with an HIV risk factor (n = 716). Labeling one's sexual behavior as risky was associated with having a history of sexually transmitted diseases, particularly genital herpes, and fewer stereotypic health beliefs. For people with secondary sexual partners, greater condom commitment was related to increased labeling, supportive condom norms, and greater enjoyment, and high levels of condom use were related to greater condom commitment, supportive norms, greater enjoyment, and health protective sexual communication. For people with primary partners, greater condom commitment was correlated with increased supportive condom norms, greater enjoyment, and having genital herpes, and high levels of condom use were correlated with greater condom commitment, greater enjoyment, and health protective sexual communication.

Objective-Health behavior theories posit that health-relevant attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills drive subsequent actions people take to protect themselves from health threats. Within the realm of HIV-related sexual risk behavior, much of the research in support of this notion is crosssectional, rather than longitudinal, particularly in studies of gay and bisexual men. Other psychological theories (e.g., self-perception or cognitive dissonance theories) suggest that the opposite could be true -that health-relevant attitudes and beliefs might change as a function of previous risk or precautionary behavior. Appreciating the complex nature of these associations is essential for modifying theory and developing appropriate interventions. Design-Using longitudinal data from gay and bisexual men (n = 1465), we used structural equation modeling to examine three possibilities -that perceived norms and attitudes about sexual risk would be (a) related to unprotected anal intercourse cross-sectionally, (b) related to unprotected anal intercourse at a subsequent time point, and/or (c) predicted from previous instances of unprotected anal intercourse. Results-Safe-sex norms and attitudes were related to unprotected anal intercourse crosssectionally, but did not predict unprotected sex longitudinally. Rather, perceived norms and attitudes changed as a function of previous risk behavior. Conclusions-These results raise the possibility that modified theoretical models might be necessary to adequately describe sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men.

A random telephone survey of attitudes toward underage drinking was conducted in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. The results revealed that alcohol use, especially alcohol-impaired driving, among youth were seen as serious problems by a majority (>80%) of the respondents. Strong support (>80%) was detected for imposing stiffer penalties on bars and restaurants that sell alcohol to minors, older peers who purchase alcohol for minors, and driver's license restrictions for minors who possess and use alcohol. Over 50% favored stiffer penaIties for parents who provide alcohol to minors. Respondents who were parents of teenage children were more likely to believe their teen's friends drink and drive (37%) than they were to believe their own teen drives drunk (10%). These parents were also unlikely to believe their teen had ever come home intoxicated (19%) despite the fact that almost 60% believed their teen has been to parties where there is drinking. These findings, and others

This study tested a model accounting for worries among 275 adults during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel. The main hypothesis posited that psychological and instrumental social support will mediate the association between emotional intelligence and worry, controlling for the level of exposure to the virus risk and demographics. The results showed that social support mediated the above association: social support showed a negative association with worries while instrumental support showed a positive one. The results are discussed in light of existing findings and theories.

In this meta-analysis, we sought to examine the 'active ingredients' (or behavior change techniques; BCTs) used within theory-based physical activity interventions compared to interventions with no stated theory. We retrieved 171 peer-reviewed studies (224 total interventions) that used a controlled experimental design from 68 previous reviews of physical activity interventions. Data from each intervention were coded with regard to their use of theory Section/topic # Checklist item Reported on page # TITLE Title 1 Identify the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, or both.

In this meta-analysis, we sought to examine the 'active ingredients' (or behavior change techniques; BCTs) used within theory-based physical activity interventions compared to interventions with no stated theory. We retrieved 171 peer-reviewed studies (224 total interventions) that used a controlled experimental design from 68 previous reviews of physical activity interventions. Data from each intervention were coded with regard to their use of theory Section/topic # Checklist item Reported on page # TITLE Title 1 Identify the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, or both.

Developmental literature highlights that cognitive, moral, and affective development proceeds from concrete operations to more abstract ones. However, it is not known whether this fundamental developmental trajectory also characterizes the development of social identification (i.e., the feelings of belonging, affiliation, and correctness to a group, coupled with the sense of commonality with fellow ingroup members). This longitudinal study aimed (a) to unfold the association between identifications with two proximal groups (i.e., classmates and friends) and identification with humanity, and (b) to examine how these identifications with close and abstract groups affect adolescents' social well-being (i.e., an indicator of youth adaptation in their societies and communities). Participants were 304 adolescents (61.84% female, M age = 17.49) involved in a three-wave longitudinal study. Identification with proximal social groups (especially classmates) was positively associated with identification with humanity, and identifications with both proximal and abstract groups were related to social wellbeing over time. Moreover, identification with humanity and identification with friends mediated the positive longitudinal effects of identification with classmates on social well-being. The implications of these findings for adolescents' social inclusivity and adjustment are discussed.

The mechanisms by which Psilocybin Therapy (PT) improves depression remain an important object of study, with scientists actively exploring acute psychological experiences and neurobiological processes as candidates. In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we investigated whether acute psychological experiences could meaningfully account for the unique efficacy of PT versus Escitalopram Treatment over a core 6-week trial period. An exploratory-factor-analysis-derived single-factor of depression was used as the outcome. Among a comprehensive set of acute experiences related to psilocybin, so-called "mystical experience" and "ego dissolution" were unique in mediating the effect of treatment condition on depressive response with high specificity. Higher reported levels of mystical experience, emotional breakthrough, and intense responses to music-listening were furthermore associated with greater antidepressant response. These results provide qualified support for the causal mechanistic role of acute psychological experiences in the treatment of depression via PT.

As COVID-19 delivered a devastating blow around Europe, unprecedented mental health issues have arisen. This study outlines the Greek translation and validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in the general population. A sample of 3029 Greekspeaking individuals completed the FCV-19S, as part of a large online survey reporting on the aftermath of the coronavirus on the psychological health of Greeks. A total of 2970 participants completed all items without missing values, and their responses were included in the statistical analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis suggested an acceptable model fit. The internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha = .87 for the whole scale. All hypothesized correlations were as expected, confirming the construct validity of the scale. The results of the analyses suggest that the psychometric properties of the Greek FCV-19S are sufficient.

В статті представлені результати дослідження трансформації поглядів на навчання математичних методів фізики у педагогічних університетах з позицій поліпарадигмальної методологічної системи координат, починаючи з середини 50-х років минулого століття. Результати дослідження представлені у вигляді відповідної періодизації еволюції дидактичних підходів від формально-логічного до компетентнісног

Anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and home confinement has been associated with adverse health behaviors, such as unhealthy eating, smoking, and drinking. However, most studies have been limited by regional sampling, which precludes the examination of behavioral consequences associated with the pandemic at a global level. Further, few studies operationalized pandemic-related stressors to enable the investigation of the impact of different types of stressors on health outcomes. This study examined the association between perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and economic burden of COVID-19 with health-promoting and health-damaging behaviors using data from the PsyCorona Study: an international, longitudinal online study of psychological and behavioral correlates of COVID-19. Analyses utilized data from 7,402 participants from 86 countries across three waves of assessment between May 16 and June 13, 2020. Participants completed self-report measures of COVID-19 infection risk, COVID-19-related economic burden, physical exercise, diet quality, cigarette smoking, 1 Shian-Ling Keng and Michael Stanton are co-first authors on this paper. sleep quality, and binge drinking. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses showed that across three time points, perceived economic burden was associated with reduced diet quality and sleep quality, as well as increased smoking. Diet quality and sleep quality were lowest among respondents who perceived high COVID-19 infection risk combined with high economic burden. Neither binge drinking nor exercise were associated with perceived COVID-19 infection risk, economic burden, or their interaction. Findings point to the value of developing interventions to address COVID-related stressors, which have an impact on health behaviors that, in turn, may influence vulnerability to COVID-19 and other health outcomes.

Limiting attrition (i.e., participant dropout before the conclusion of a study) is a major challenge faced by researchers when implementing clinical trials. Data from a smoking cessation trial for females (N = 246) were analyzed in order to identify baseline smoking-related, demographic and psychological characteristics affecting likelihood of early (i.e., before the quit attempt) and late (i.e., after the quit attempt) dropout. There were a number of significant demographic predictors of attrition. Participants with at least one child living at home were at increased risk of both early and late dropout. Non-Whites were at increased risk of early dropout, while not having a college degree put one at increased risk of late dropout. Age was found to be a protective factor in that the older a participant was, the less likely she was to drop out in the early stages of the trial. With respect to psychological variables, weight concerns increased risk of attrition, as did the experience of guilt. In terms of smoking-related variables, mean cigarettes per day was not a significant predictor of attrition, although length of longest prior quit attempt was a significant predictor of early dropout when age was removed from the regression.

CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository ПЕРЕЛІК УМОВНИХ СКОРОЧЕНЬ 1. АГ -антиген 2. АТ -антитіла 3. ВІЛ -вірус імунодефіциту людини 4. ВПЛ -вірус папіломи людини 5. ВОЗ -Всесвітня організація охорони здоров'я 6. ВЛ -вісцеральний лейшманіоз 7. ГРВІ -гострі респіраторні вірусні інфекції 8. ЗПСШ -захворювання, що передаються статевим шляхом 9. ІБ -імуноблотинг 10. ІФА -імуноферментний аналіз 11. ЛЖВ -люди, що живуть з ВІЛ 12. МОЗ -Міністерство охорони здоров'я 13. MAC -Mycobacterium avium complex 14. ПП -пневмоцистна пневмонія 15. ПБЛ -прогресуюча багатовогнищева лейкоенцефалопатія 16. СВПБ -ступінь вірогідності безпомилкового прогнозу 17. СІН -споживачі ін'єкційних наркотиків 18. СНІД -синдром набутого імунодефіциту 19. СОІКЛ -Сумська обласна інфекційна клінічна лікарня 20. ЦМВ -цитомегаловірус 21. UNAIDS -програма ООН з профілактики ВІЛ-інфекції/СНІДу. 4 ВСТУП АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ТА ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ТЕМИ Глобальне розповсюдження ВІЛ/СНІДу є однією з найбільших проблем, що постає перед сучасним поколінням. В історії людства -це унікальне явище через швидкість поширення, масштаби та глибину наслідків. ВІЛінфекція не лише медична, але й соціальна проблема в країнах усього світу та в Україні зокрема: медицина ще не має в своєму розпорядженні ефективних засобів впливу на джерело інфекції та специфічних методів профілактики; масове розповсюдження цієї хвороби створює загрозу особистій, громадській та державній безпеці і спричиняє важкі соціально-економічні та демографічні наслідки [1, 19]. За даними ВОЗ, Україна займає перше місце в Європі за темпами розповсюдження епідемії. Світова економічна криза лише загострила цю проблему. Епідемія, якщо не вжити своєчасних заходів, буде мати неконтрольований характер та призведе до зростання смертності в Україні. На сучасному етапі динаміка росту захворюваності свідчить про недостатню ефективність профілактичних заходів, тому подальший прогноз песимістичний [8, 33]. Погіршення ситуації спостерігається і в Сумській області. Станом на 01.01.2011 р. показник поширеності ВІЛ-інфекції в Сумській області склав 74,5 на 100 тис., поширеності СНІДу -12,6 на 100 тис. населення. З кожним роком на теренах регіону зростає кількість ВІЛ-інфікованих осіб, які через прояви опортуністичних інфекцій потребують висококваліфікованої стаціонарної допомоги [8]. МЕТА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ На основі вивчення клініко-епідеміологічних особливостей перебігу ВІЛ-інфекції/СНІДу на Сумщині розробити рекомендацій щодо її ранньої діагностики та профілактики серед широких верств населення. ЗАДАЧІ РОБОТИ 1. Визначити динаміку виявлення антитіл до ВІЛ та її особливостей

Online activities such as online gaming and social media use have become very popular and for most individuals, engagement in such activities is highly enjoyable. However, for a small minority of individuals, such behaviors can lead to problematic internet use. There are many screening instruments that assess problematic internet use including the nine-item Internet Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IDS9-SF). The present study translated the IDS9-SF into Bangla and investigated its psychometric properties. The sample comprised 534 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (61.0% male; mean age 15.7 years (SD=1.5) from selected schools (secondary and higher secondary) in Dhaka City. The study included confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and item-total correlation. Results demonstrated that the Bangla IDS9-SF had very good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha = .82), and that IDS score was positively and significantly correlated with scores on depression and anxiety scales. A confirmatory factor analysis showed the model had an excellent fit to the data. Therefore, the Bangla IDS9-SF appears to be a valid and reliable instrument that may be employed in further research on problematic internet use in Bangladesh.

This paper explores the effects and links between the deterioration of the cardiovascular system and heart disease due to physiological stress. Furthermore, this document will divulge the links between high blood pressure (hypertension) and physiological stress as well as obesity and cholesterol levels. This paper examines studies from various well respected scientists and cardiologists. Furthermore, this paper unravel how acute stress can and will build up over an individual’s lifetime and lead to cardiovascular issues. In addition, this article will explain the difference between eustress and distress and their effects on the cardiovascular system. This paper will also include an explanation of how modern healthcare affects the heart and surrounding organs. In the same way, this paper will illustrate the effects and links between physiological stressors (acute and chronic) on the heart and heart disease, while bringing awareness to the topic of stress and suggest ways to cope with...

This randomized behavioral trial examined whether youth living with HIV (YLH) receiving cellphone support with study funded phone plans, demonstrated improved adherence and viral control during the 24 week intervention and 24 weeks post-intervention compared to controls. Monday through Friday phone calls confirmed medications were taken, provided problem-solving support, and referred to services to address adherence barriers. Of 37 participants (ages 15-24), 62 % were male and 70 % were African American. Self-reported adherence was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control at 24 and 48 weeks for the past month (P = 0.007) and log 10 HIV VL was significantly lower at both 24 weeks (2.82 versus 4.52 P = 0.002) and 48 weeks (3.23 versus 4.23 P = 0.043). Adherence and viral load showed medium to large effect sizes across the 48 week study. This is the first study to demonstrate sustained clinically significant reductions in HIV VL using youth friendly technology.

Many adolescents experience sexual harassment and victims of sexual harassment have higher risks regarding well-being and health behaviors such as higher risks of suicidal thoughts, suicidal ideation and feeling unsafe at school. A peer-performed play and school lessons on preventing sexual harassment behavior were presented to secondary school students. We evaluated its effectiveness, using a cluster-randomized controlled design to assign schools to an experimental condition [n = 14 schools; 431 students (51 % female)] and a control condition [n = 11 schools; 384 students (51 % female)]. To measure the effects of the intervention at first post-test and 6-month follow-up, our multilevel analyses used a twolevel random intercept model. Outcome measures were sexual harassment behaviors, behavioral determinants and distal factors influencing these behaviors. At post-test, students in the experimental group reported a reduced intention to commit sexual harassment behavior and higher self-efficacy in rejecting it. At post-test and follow-up there was a significant positive effect on social norms for rejecting sexual harassment behavior. At follow-up, sexual self-esteem was higher in students in the experimental group than in the control group. Effects on these determinants will benefit adolescents' future sexual behaviors. In combination, the play and lessons, possibly together with continued sexual health education and skills programs on social-emotional learning in subsequent school years, have potential for preventing sexual harassment behavior.

Major research breakthroughs over the past 30 years in the field of psychoactive substance use prevention research have served to: (1) improve understanding of pharmacological effects on the central nervous system and the health and social consequences of the use of these substances, particularly for children and adolescents, (2) delineate the determinants and processes that increase vulnerability to or, conversely, protect from the initiation of psychoactive substance use and progression to substance use disorder (SUD) and based on this understanding, (3) develop effective strategies to prevent the initiation and progression of psychoactive substance use. The challenge we now face is incorporating what we have learned from this research into the mindsets and work of those involved in supporting, planning and delivering prevention programming to populations around the world and integrating these scientific advances into existing service systems and, where applicable, within everyday life, i.e., to normalize them. Dissemination and implementation science provides a framework for this solid prevention research to fully achieve its potential.

 How people think about their bodies has become a big issue in modern society, affecting many parts of their health and relationships with others. However, not much research has been conducted on the link between how people feel about their bodies and how well they are adjusting to marriage. This is especially true when it comes to how these feelings affect the marriages of teachers, counsellors, and other non-teaching staff who work in public secondary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. This study examines the relationship between body image perceptions and marital adjustment levels among married persons in public secondary schools in Anambra State. Employing a correlational research design, the study addresses three research questions to assess the extent and direction of the relationship between these variables. A sample of 1280 married persons was selected from a population of 4887 through multi-stage sampling. Data were gathered using the two research instruments adapted for the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with percentages summarizing the data and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient assessing relationships. The results indicated that 57.4% of participants had a healthy body image perception, while 42.6% had a low perception. Additionally, 93.2% reported good marital adjustment, while 6.8% were maladjusted. A very low positive correlation was found between body image perceptions and marital adjustment. This study recommends that school management invests in professional development for counsellors, focusing on contemporary issues related to body image, self-esteem, and marital counselling to enhance support for staff members.

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and femicide (intimate partner femicide, IPF), as a worldwide phenomenon, cannot be explained in a simple way. From an ecological point of view, there are individual factors contemplated. In the current studies, we consider personality as an individual factor to clarify what differentiates a non-lethal IPVAW situation from a femicide. Study 1 was designed to investigate the accuracy with which trained interviewers judged the personality of a group of IPVAW perpetrators during an interview. The target sample of study 1 was composed of 293 males who after being interviewed completed a measure of personality assessing the “Big Three” model of personality. The interviewers performed fairly accurate judgements about the personality of the target participants. Study 2 shows the differences in personality, using Eysenck’s personality model, between the IPF and IPVAW perpetrators and their victims. The total sample study 2 was formed of 551 pa...

Young adults continue to be over represented in injury and death statistics associated with transport related crashes. The current paper investigates the application of the dual process model of risk to the processing of transport related risky behaviours. One hundred Australian participants completed an online survey exploring four transport related risky situations. Participants were assessed on their cognitive and affective evaluations of the risky situations as well as their self reported likelihood of participation in them. The findings indicate that perceptions of risk for specific transport related behaviours are not processed in a consistent manner. Predictive factors, including gender, affective and cognitive processing, as well as the subsequent self reported likelihood of engaging in the behaviours, varied between situations. The research indicates that driver interventions may need to be individually targeted to specific transport related risky behaviours to compensate for the variation in predictive factors.

Young adults continue to be over represented in injury and death statistics associated with transport related crashes. The current paper investigates the application of the dual process model of risk to the processing of transport related risky behaviours. One hundred Australian participants completed an online survey exploring four transport related risky situations. Participants were assessed on their cognitive and affective evaluations of the risky situations as well as their self reported likelihood of participation in them. The findings indicate that perceptions of risk for specific transport related behaviours are not processed in a consistent manner. Predictive factors, including gender, affective and cognitive processing, as well as the subsequent self reported likelihood of engaging in the behaviours, varied between situations. The research indicates that driver interventions may need to be individually targeted to specific transport related risky behaviours to compensate for the variation in predictive factors.

We aim to review the association between childhood-onset mental health conditions and increased risk for early substance use including opioid misuse and opioid use disorders (OUD). The association between mental health conditions and opioid misuse suggests youth with mental health conditions may benefit from opioid prevention efforts that concurrently address mental health. To aid in the identification of youth with mental health conditions who could benefit from interventions, we will review opportunities and challenges associated with screening for mental health symptoms or substance use in settings where youth at high risk for mental health conditions present. We will also review how research projects within the National Institutes of Health's Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) Prevention Cooperative are addressing mental health within opioid misuse and OUD prevention interventions for youth.

Objective-We recently reported that a randomized controlled trial of a family-focused intervention for parentally-bereaved youth predicted higher cortisol output 6 years later relative to a control group of bereaved youth . The current study evaluated longitudinal mediators of the preventive intervention effect on cortisol 6 years later. Method-Parentally bereaved children (N=139; mean age 11.4, SD = 2.4; age range = 8-16 years; 54% male; 61% Caucasian, 17% Hispanic, 7% African American, 15% other ethnicities) were randomly assigned to the 12-week preventive intervention (n=78) or a self-study control (n=61) condition. Six years later (mean age 17.5, SD 2.4), cortisol was sampled as youth participated in a parent-child conflict interaction task. Using 4 waves of data across the 6 years, longitudinal mediators of the program impact on cortisol were evaluated. Results-Program-induced increases in positive parenting, decreases in child exposure to negative life events, and lower externalizing symptoms significantly mediated the intervention effect on cortisol 6 years later. Conclusions-An intervention targeting improved parenting and reduced child exposure to additional life stressors following the death of a parent may have long-term neuroendocrine effects.

The study developed a multi-dimensional measure to assess participant responsiveness to a preventive intervention, and applied this measure to study how participant baseline characteristics predict responsiveness and how responsiveness predicts program outcomes. The study was conducted with caregivers who participated in the parenting-focused component of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), a prevention program for families that have experienced parental death. The sample consisted of 89 caregivers assigned to the intervention condition in the efficacy trial of the FBP. Positive parenting, caregiver depression, and child externalizing problems at baseline were found to predict caregivers' use of program skills outside the group, and more child internalizing problems predicted more positive perceptions of the group environment. Higher levels of skill use during the program predicted increased positive parenting at the 11-month follow-up, whereas positive perceptions of the group environment predicted decreased caregiver depressive symptoms at follow-up. Caregiver skill use mediated the relation between baseline positive parenting and improvements in positive parenting at 11-month follow-up, and skill use and perceived group environment mediated changes in caregiver depression from baseline to 11month follow-up.

A Prevention Service Development Model (PSDM) is presented as an approach to develop prevention programs that are both effective and that are readily adopted for implementation in community settings. The model is an integration of concepts and methods from two fields, prevention research and marketing research as applied to new service development. Questions that are posed at each stage of the PSDM are described. Studies from the development of two preventive interventions are presented to illustrate research at several of the stages of the model.

This study examined service user characteristics and determinants of access for enrollees in integrated EAP/behavioral health versus standard managed behavioral health care plans. A national managed behavioral health care organization's claims data from 2004 were used. Integrated plan service users were more likely to be employees rather than dependents, and to be diagnosed with adjustment disorder. Logistic regression analyses found greater likelihood in integrated plans of accessing behavioral health services (OR 1.20, CI 1.17-1.24), and substance abuse services specifically (OR 1.23,. Results are consistent with the concept that EAP benefits may increase access and address problems earlier.

We employed multilevel structural equation modeling with data collected during telephone interviews with 1,156 parents of sixth graders from 36 rural schools to examine the relationships of family sociodemographic factors, parents' perceptions of their child's susceptibility to future substance use involvement, parents' perceptions of their ability to prevent such problems, and the perceived benefits of family-skills programs designed to prevent adolescent problems. Family-level findings suggested that parent gender and marital status were particularly salient; each exhibited direct effects on each of the three parent perceptions examined. Findings supported the hypotheses that parental efficacy perceptions inversely affect perceptions of child susceptibility and that perceptions of child susceptibility positively affect perceived program benefits. At the community level, lower household incomes were associated with higher levels of perceived child susceptibility to substance use.

We employed multilevel structural equation modeling with data collected during telephone interviews with 1,156 parents of sixth graders from 36 rural schools to examine the relationships of family sociodemographic factors, parents' perceptions of their child's susceptibility to future substance use involvement, parents' perceptions of their ability to prevent such problems, and the perceived benefits of family-skills programs designed to prevent adolescent problems. Family-level findings suggested that parent gender and marital status were particularly salient; each exhibited direct effects on each of the three parent perceptions examined. Findings supported the hypotheses that parental efficacy perceptions inversely affect perceptions of child susceptibility and that perceptions of child susceptibility positively affect perceived program benefits. At the community level, lower household incomes were associated with higher levels of perceived child susceptibility to substance use.

The population of the elderly in the world will double from 2015 to 2050, reaching nearly 2.1 billion. The ageing population suffers from physical health, mental health and psychological well being. There is no such customized policy that caters to helping the ageing population. The present paper studies women, ageing, health and their quality of life. The study tried to capture the two major and vast diversified areas. So, respondents are randomly selected from four different states of India, i.e., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The present investigation tried to cover 64 cities of these four states and the eleven hundred samples. The data analysis revealed that there is a significant difference in QoL with different demographic factors as well as health status. There was a significant difference in QoL with Literacy level, Marital Status, Retirement, Social Economic Status, Area of Residence & place of staying and Health status of elderly women. This calls for paying attention to the age requirements in terms of the factors mentioned. This study contributes to the constructive and reflective handling of the health and well being of the ageing female population. The policymakers must look into the issues of health of the elderly population and make customized policies and actions that can assist the elderly population in dealing with functional decline and in enhancing daily living performance and physical functions.

Objectives: This study examined whether changes in optimism in older adulthood are associated with subsequent health and wellbeing outcomes. Method: Longitudinal data are from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults (N = 12,998, 2006/2008 to 2014/2016 waves). To evaluate changes in optimism, we examined optimism assessed in 2010/2012 and adjusted for optimism assessed 4 years earlier in 2006/2008 in regression models, which, under the specified statistical models, is equivalent to assessing changes in optimism during the 4-year interval. We examined 35 outcomes assessed in 2014/2016, including: indicators of physical health, health behaviors, psychological distress, psychological wellbeing, and social factors. Results: Increases in optimism (e.g. from the lowest to highest quartile) were favorably associated with several physical health outcomes such as a reduced risk of mortality (relative risk [RR] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62, 0.94) and better self-rated health, but were not associated with specific disease outcomes (e.g. diabetes, stroke) or health behaviors. Increased optimism was also inversely associated with all psychological distress indicators and positively associated with multiple aspects of psychosocial wellbeing. Conclusion: An optimistic mindset may be desirable in its own right. Increased optimism may also enhance health and wellbeing among older adults.

Objective-Spirituality has been linked to improved adjustment and functioning in individuals with cancer; however, its effect on quality of life following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has not been well-studied. This study investigated changes in spirituality in hematologic cancer patients recovering from HSCT and relationships between spirituality and dimensions of quality of life following HSCT. Methods-Participants (N = 220) completed measures of two dimensions of spirituality (meaning/peace and religious faith), depression, anxiety, fatigue, pain, and physical and functional well-being prior to transplant and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-transplant. Results-Meaning/peace declined at 1 month post-transplant and returned to pre-transplant levels by 6 months post-transplant, and faith increased from pre-transplant to 6 months posttransplant. Mixed-effects linear regression models indicated that greater pre-transplant meaning/ peace, but not religious faith, predicted less depression, anxiety, and fatigue, and better physical and functional well-being during the 12 months following transplant. The capacity to find meaning and peace may facilitate recovery following HSCT. Results suggest that spirituality may be a resilience factor that could be targeted to improve quality of life for HSCT recipients.

Although it is commonly assumed that social support positively predicts health, the empirical evidence has been inconsistent. We argue that three moderating factors must be considered: (1) support-approving norms (cultural context); (2) support-requiring situations (stressful events); and (3) support-accepting personal style (low neuroticism). Our large-scale cross-cultural survey of Japanese and US adults found significant associations between perceived support and health. The association was more strongly evident among Japanese (from a support-approving cultural context) who reported high life stress (in a support-requiring situation). Moreover, the link between support and health was especially pronounced if these Japanese were low in neuroticism.

Purpose-This study investigated mediating effects of selected psychological resources (sense of control, self-esteem, optimism, and neuroticism) on the association of social class(education and subjective social status [SSS]) with current health status (self-rated health and the number of chronic conditions). Method-This sample consisted of 1805 Americans (818 males and 987 females) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey, 2004-2006 and 1027 Japanese (505 males and 522 females) from the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) survey in Tokyo, Japan, 2008-2010. Information on social class, psychological resources, and health status was obtained using telephone interviews or written questionnaires. Results-A mediation analysis was conducted separately for males and females in Japan and the U.S. Neuroticism significantly mediated the association of education and SSS with self-rated health and chronic conditions among males and females in both countries, with one exception (not for chronic conditions among Japanese females). Sense of control significantly mediated the association of education and SSS with self-rated health among males and females in both countries. As hypothesized, self-esteem significantly mediated almost all of the associations of education and SSS with self-rated health and chronic conditions among men and women in the NIH Public Access

Introducción 1. El hecho inicial 2. Métodos y discusión metodológica en estudios de memoria. La contribución y las limitaciones de la psicología experimental. La aproximación biológica. 1. INTRODUCCION .2. METODOS 2.1 Diseño experimental 4. DISCUSIÓN CAPITULO 6 Caracterización comparativa de las propiedades dela HLT espaciado-dependiente con las de la HLTmasivo-dependiente. 1. INTRODUCCION 108 VI 2. METODOS 2.1 Diseño experimental 2.2 Experimentos con CI: preparación de dosis e inyección 2.3 Experimentos de cambio de contexto 2.4 Análisis de datos 3.RESUTADOS 3.1 Efecto del cambio entrenemiento-evaluación de las claves contextuales.

The main objectives of this study are to describe the smoked cocaine user's profile in sociallydepressed areas and their needs from a harm-reduction perspective, to investigate their use of smoking crack and compare the acute effects between injecting and smoking consumption. The study took place in SAPS, Barcelona, Spain. Two focus group sessions were undertaken with a total of 8 drug users. Secondly, the 8 participants answered a structured questionnaire and in the course of the sessions, as a snowball activity, were trained to survey 6 other crack smokers. Results: We obtained 56 questionnaires. The majority of participants were from non-European Community countries (62.69%), 70.2% of participants referred to sharing the smoking equipment. The most frequent symptoms reported during smoked cocaine were mydriasis (83.33%)), perspiration (72.92%) and compulsive object search (70.83%) During the group sessions, participants said that smoked cocaine is much more addictive than injected cocaine and causes more anxiety. Participants also reported the difficulty of changing from injected use to smoked use, due to the larger amount of cocaine needed to reach the same effects as when having injected. We can conclude that the research, focused on achieving greater knowledge of the smoked cocaine user's profile, their usage of smoking crack, consumption patterns and acute effects, should be incorporated into substance misuse interventions.