Institutional Economics

for his very valuable comments. This paper was discussed during a session of the seminal seminar « Dons, monnaies, prélèvements », Centre de Recherches historiques (EHESS, France), that was animated during many years by Alain Guéry ( ). A first form of this paper was translated by Pr. Emma Bell (Université de Savoie, France), but I am entirely responsible for any remaining errors in this paper. The translation of French texts into English is either our own or has been reviewed by ourselves. We have chosen to translate Montchrestien's and Cantillon's writing using contemporary English syntax and orthography

L'article développe l'idée que l'intérêt des thèses de Veblen ne repose pas crucialement sur l'exactitude de ses thèses psychologiques. Il est plus pertinent de considérer le fondement du travail de Veblen comme un discours sur la nature humaine, une anthropologie, laquelle ne conçoit pas l'homme comme étant essentiellement rationnel. Une condition de possibilité d'une théorie des institutions et de l'évolution sociale est alors posée ; le trait marquant de cette théorie est de survivre à la crise du marxisme et d'être le prototype même du la critique de la société capitaliste.

This introduction canvasses broad themes relating to the nexus of innovation and institutions. It first examines the notion of a “new combination” – a core analytical concept in economic theories of innovation and explanations of emergent novelty through bottom-up processes. Following Schumpeter, different theorists have made different claims about the composition and structure of new combinations. Possible constituent elements include factors of production, capital goods, routines, information, ideas, technologies, and property rights. The article then looks synoptically at the institutional dimensions of innovation from alternative perspectives that focus upon different kinds of institutional rules and policy solutions to innovation problems. Neoclassical and evolutionary approaches tend to emphasize specific policy interventions in markets to channel behavior toward particular desired outcomes, whereas institutional and Austrian approaches tend to focus upon general institutional...

This paper examines the fundamental nature of numbers as they are used in economic systems. In the framework proposed, number sequences are technological objects ('tools') that are constituted by both form and function. To do their job, number sequences have to have the necessary internal structure -all elements (e.g. symbols) of the sequence must be distinct from one another, and the sequence must be a progression. In addition, numerical toolkits have to have the right external structure -they must be situated in a social network of economic agents that confers on them quantitative functions (e.g. identifying set sizes). Number sequences are the product of multilevel evolutionary processes, including psychological selection that screens sequences for their learnability by human users. Number tools are a kind of capital; they are material systems that are as real as other everyday objects. Just as changing physical tools alters the structure of productive activity, so too changing number sequences alters cognitive, behavioral, and social routines.

In this paper we summarize the experiences of Hungarian media discourse analysis related to different symbolic and pragmatic aspects of Europeanization. First, we review the discourses concerning national identity and different understandings of Europe. Secondly, we present the lessons learned from the Hungarian debates on the future of Europe shading more light on how the European Union should develop and the representation of these debates in the media. In our analysis we rely on the corpus of articles selected within the MEDIATIZED EU project between July 2021 and March 2022. In a highly polarized discursive field our results identified opposing media discourses depending on the media outlets: the government's discourse about national sovereignty with constituting elements of a cultural/ primordial identity based on Christianity, the importance of the nation and family, placing member-states at the heart of the European construct with different degrees of rejection of the EU; and one, less prominent discourse presents in the independent media about European values and a rather integrationist stance.

This  paper  states  a  problem:  in  Latin  America  science  is born  and  develops  institutionalized.  The name  it acquires is public policies of science (and technology). Undoubtedly, such is science “from the top”. All existing systems and mechanism of knowledge management are such from the top  to  the  ground  policies,  plans,  programs  and  actions. Against such a state of things, this article argues that it is compulsory  to  de-institutionalize  science  and  research  if we  want  them  to  be  critical,  free,  liberating.      Four arguments  support  the  claim;  firstly,  science  is  or  a repository of  truths  and  experiments,  but a  mindset or  an attitude.  The  second  argument  says  that  institutionalized science    is    academic    capitalism,    centered    around management and administration. The third one affirms that institutionalism  and  neoinstitutionalism  are  truly  fascism. The  fourth  argument  suggests  that  de-institutionalizing science is the gate, so to speak to also de-institutionalize life,  which  is  the  real  concern  after  all.    At  the  end  some conclusions are drawn.

PT. BUKIT ASAM PRIMA merupakan anak perusahaan dari PT. BUKIT ASAM dan bergerak dibidang trading batubara, sesuai dengan AD (Anggaran Dasar) perusahaan salah satunya mengusahakan pertambangan batubara, dengan bekerjasama dengan PT. CAHAYA TIARA PERKASA sebagai pemilik lahan pertambangan, berencana untuk memproduksi batubara hasil produksi sendiri, yang mana tentunya akan menganalisa beberapa aspek kelayakan sebelum memulai rencana bisnis tersebut. Tujuan yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kelayakan bisnis pembukaan tambang batubara ditinjau dari aspek-aspek studi kelayakan bisnis. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah studi kelayakan bisnis dengan aspek penilaian seperti aspek pasar, aspek teknis atau operasi, aspek manajemen dan sumber daya, aspek hukum, aspek ekonomi sosial, aspek dampak lingkungan, dan aspek keuangan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis studi kelayakan bisnis adalah pembukaan tambang batubara di Petangis, kalimantan Timur layak untuk dilakukan. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah perusahaan dapat menjalankan rencana membuka tambang batubara yang bersifat open pit mining di daerah Petangis.

Po-IcY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2539 'ummary findings rhe transition from plan to market provides a rare help coordinate production and trade emerge opportunity for insight into the endogenous spontaneously in a widely "disorganized" environment. development of economic institutions. Economic Using a largely unexplored set of firm-level data, they activities under the Soviet regime were coordinated by a document the emergence of business associations at the c entral authority. Soviet coordinating mechanisms were beginning of the transition and provide evidence that disrupted during the transition period, leading to an these new coordinating institutions mitigated the initial ncrease in firms' transaction costs. decline in output. Building on the growing literature on Blanchard and Kremer (1997), among others, complexity and transaction costs, they interpret the ~mphasize the negative impact of this "disorganization" emergence of these informal institutions as the firms' Dn output behavior at the beginning of the transition. rational attempt to coordinate activities in a Although their argument is correct, Recanatini and decentralized economy. Ryterman believe that their work and similar analyses In other words, the creation of complex organizations stop short of fully characterizing the transition by such as associations is the spontaneous result of a natural concentrating only on reform's disruptive effects. tendency in every system to create order at the edge of Recanatini and Ryterman start where the earlier work chaos. Business associations are more likely to emerge ends, examining the business associations that emerged where there is disorder, to provide their members with spontaneously in response to the transition's challenges. stability, coordination, and the information needed to They provide empirical evidence that institutions that improve performance. This paper-a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the impact of the transition process on institutional development.

El sistema financiero de la Unión Europea se basa en tres tipos de normas jurídicas: • las disposiciones de los Tratados; • las disposiciones del Derecho derivado; • las disposiciones adoptadas mediante acuerdos interinstitucionales. El Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Europea fija en sus artículos 268 al 280 las Disposiciones financieras relativas a los ingresos y gastos de la Comunidad. De conformidad con el artículo 279 del Tratado, los reglamentos financieros que tengan por objeto especificar las modalidades de establecimiento y ejecución del presupuesto serán adoptados por el Consejo, por unanimidad, a propuesta de la Comisión, previa consulta al Parlamento Europeo y previo dictamen del Tribunal de Cuentas. El presupuesto general de la Unión Europea es el acto por el que se aprueban los ingresos y gastos previsibles de la Comunidad Europea que se consideran necesarios para un determinado ejercicio. Las normas de establecimiento y ejecución del presupuesto de las Comunidades Europeas se especifican en el Reglamento Financiero [Reglamento (CE, Euratom) nº 1605/2002 del Consejo, de 25 de junio de 2002].

Anglo-Sakson Protestan olan İngiltere'nin tarihsel gelişmesi düzgün ve ideal olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Modern ekonomi bilimi ve laissez-faire kapitalizm modeli Adam Smith'in düşünceleriyle İngiltere'de doğmuştur. Protestan bir ülke olan İngiltere Dünyada İhracata Sayalı Sanayileşme Modelini uygulayan ilk ülke olmuştur. Bu ülkede modernleşme Protestan olan burjuvazinin ortaya çıkışıyla, liberal demokratik değerlerin kurumsallaşmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. İktisat sosyolojisi iktisat ile sosyoloji arasında bir köprü görevi görerek iki disiplin arasında iletişimi sağlamaktadır. İktisat sosyolojisinin en iyi eserlerini modernleşme kuramcısı olan Max Weber yapmıştır. Max Weber'e göre kültür önemli bir değişkendir ve her ülkede kapitalizmin izlediği yolu belirlemektedir. Weber'e göre Avrupa'da kapitalizm ve ana akım iktisat düşüncesi Protestan olan burjuvaların kültüründen doğmuştur. Max Weber'e göre ana akım olan Neoklasik iktisat düşüncesinin rekabetçi piyasa modeli kapitalizmin ideal tipidir. Devrimci değil, bir sentezci olan Weber yaptığı çalışmalarda Neoklasik iktisat modelini tarihsel, kültürel ve kurumsal bir temele oturtmayı başarmıştır. Bu bağlamda birbiriyle çatışan iki okulu, ana akım iktisat düşüncesini temsil eden Neoklasik okul ile Alman Tarihçi okulunu uzlaştırmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Almanya ihracata dayalı sanayileşme modeliyle Kıta Avrupası'nda sosyal demokrasinin kalesi olmayı başarmıştır. Günümüzde Almanya kökleri Neoklasik iktisatta olan Neoliberal politikalardan uzak durarak Üçüncü Yolculuğu benimsemektedir. Bu çalışmada Almanya'da devletin öncülüğünde liberal kapitalizmin ve burjuva toplumunun gelişmesi iktisat sosyolojisi yaklaşımıyla aydınlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Bruce Caldwell's Hayek's Challenge should be welcomed as the first serious book on one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. However, this review begins by pointing out a number of curious omissions and silences concerning Hayek's career in the book. We propose that the key to understanding the turns and reversals in his thought lay in his politics, and not as Caldwell has it, in some abstract philosophical doctrines. Central to that thesis is Hayek's fostering the development of Neoliberalism through such institutional structures as the Mont Pèlerin Society. Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992) was one of the most important figures in twentieth century economics and politics, and so it is with no small sense of gratitude and relief that we greet the appearance of Bruce Caldwell's Hayek's Challenge (2004) [henceforth cited as HC]. This is the book we had been waiting for, one that we could in good conscience give to our students, our colleagues and friends in order to provide them with a solid grounding in what Hayek was all about. Caldwell's gloss is the result of intense immersion in the archives and struggle with all the relevant texts -a forbidding mass, which some of us have known for some time -which were by no means transparently open to comprehension and engagement. For example, I personally have watched some of the UCLA Oral History interview tapes that Bruce mentions in his Introduction (HC: 6), and had despaired of figuring out what to make of the autobiographical account proffered therein. The situation has been further occluded by the fact that Hayek had become the object of glowing hagiography for some and fervid damnation by others, so consultation of the secondary literature had become akin

Bruce Caldwell's Hayek's Challenge should be welcomed as the first serious book on one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. However, this review begins by pointing out a number of curious omissions and silences concerning Hayek's career in the book. We propose that the key to understanding the turns and reversals in his thought lay in his politics, and not as Caldwell has it, in some abstract philosophical doctrines. Central to that thesis is Hayek's fostering the development of Neoliberalism through such institutional structures as the Mont Pèlerin Society. Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992) was one of the most important figures in twentieth century economics and politics, and so it is with no small sense of gratitude and relief that we greet the appearance of Bruce Caldwell's Hayek's Challenge (2004) [henceforth cited as HC]. This is the book we had been waiting for, one that we could in good conscience give to our students, our colleagues and friends in order to provide them with a solid grounding in what Hayek was all about. Caldwell's gloss is the result of intense immersion in the archives and struggle with all the relevant texts -a forbidding mass, which some of us have known for some time -which were by no means transparently open to comprehension and engagement. For example, I personally have watched some of the UCLA Oral History interview tapes that Bruce mentions in his Introduction (HC: 6), and had despaired of figuring out what to make of the autobiographical account proffered therein. The situation has been further occluded by the fact that Hayek had become the object of glowing hagiography for some and fervid damnation by others, so consultation of the secondary literature had become akin

Most current explanations of the crisis which began in 2007/8 tend to search for scapegoats, in the format of behavioral flaws. Their treatment of 'risk' is an important signpost to where such theories go awry. This paper suggests a structural theory of the crisis, informed by Institutionalist themes. We insist there is an alternative to a neoclassical macroeconomics, in the guise of possible alternative heterodox microfoundations for Minsky's account of economic crises, beyond the Kaleckian markup model. The sketch is based upon elevation of some formal notions of computational complexity to pride of place, and characterization of crises as a collapse of complexity. It is an attempt to portray a market system evolving to a point of 'inherent vice': an endogenous development which by its very nature, cannot be tamed through conventional insurance or risk models. Inherent vice (n., insurance terminology): An exclusion found in most property insurance policies eliminating coverage for loss caused by a quality in property that causes it to damage or destroy itself. . . . the economy is a complex system of interacting individuals -and these individuals themselves are complex systems. Neoclassical economics radically oversimplifies both the individuals and the system -and gets a lot of mileage by doing that; I, for one, am not going to banish maximization-and-equilibrium from my toolbox. But the temptation is always to keep on applying these extreme simplifications, even where the evidence clearly shows that they're wrong. What economists have to do is learn to resist that temptation. (Paul Krugman blog,

интервалом пять дней. В новостной ленте, конечно, преобладает информация о самых последних криминальных событиях, произошедших в Свердловской области, прежде всего, грабежах. Что касается степени интерактивности сайта, то на нем присутствует рубрика «Вопрос-ответ», благодаря которой любой гражданин может получить задать вопрос и через какое-то время получить ответ на интересующий вопрос. Также на сайт выведены все контакты данной организации, а также всех филиалов, расположенных в Свердловской области. На сайте присутствует фото-и видео-галерея. Сотрудники управления вневедомственной охраны ГУ МВД России по Свердловской области представлены в разделе «Доска почѐта». О каждом отличившемся сотруднике размещена статья с фотографиями. О достойных поступках сотрудников может прочитать любой желающий. Информация об услугах УВО предоставляется достаточно четко и ясно. Так, в разделе «Услуги» можно найти полную информацию о специализации и категориях предоставляемых работ, а также прейскурант цен на данные работы. Услуги описаны в понятной для восприятия таблице. Оценивая официальный сайт управления вневедомственной охраны ГУ МВД России по Свердловской области, мы, безусловно, можем говорить о том, что сайт полностью поддерживает имидж и статус учреждения. У простых граждан возникает чувство доверия к публикуемой информации, а в УВО -доверие. I. A. Permiakov, student, M. V. Pevnaya, associate professor,

In the market economy the "actors" act according to rules of the game -the institutions -which impose certain restrictions on their behavior, making it more predictable for the other participants, reduce risk and uncertainty, and furthermore lowers transaction costs, etc. Institutions can be broadly divided into formal (coming from the state) and informal (derived from market participants and their interactions). Market participants are trying to creatively interpret the rules for their own use. The financial sector is regarded as being particularly creative in its approach to the formal rules due to its flexibility, speed and innovation. In this context it is interesting to consider a growing interest of the participants of the commercial financial market in the idea of environmental protection from the perspective of institutional economics. This constitutes the aim of the study, which main concern is to answer the following questions: How can the ecological behavior of the financial market players be attributed to the new institutions? What are the driving forces behind this phenomenon? What sanctions are imposed for breaking informal rules? How do the formal and informal institutions interact? Finally, how could the state influence and reinforce such behavior? Słowa kluczowe: ekologiczny rynek finansowy, ekonomia instytucjonalna, instytucje formalne, instytucje nieformalne.

Muhimu
Kazi hii, iliyoandikwa na Mrumba Edward John, ni ubunifu wa kipekee na haijatolewa kutoka kwa chanzo chochote kilichopo. Lengo kuu la mwandishi ni kuangaza kanuni za Ukarimu na kujitolea, na kujenga kesho iliyobora kwa vizazi vijavyo.
Kama vile jua linavyohifadhi maisha kwa viumbe vyote, mwandishi anaona mawazo yake kama mwanga wa miongozo kwa jamii yake. Amekuwa ishara ya matumaini na mwelekeo kwa wale wanaotafuta uwazi na uhuru wa mawazo, akiwasaidia kufikia malengo yao na kuchangia mabadiliko muhimu katika jamii zao.

Штучний інтелект (ШІ) стрімко розвивається, пропонуючи людству безліч можливостей: від автоматизації виробництва до революційних змін у медицині. Проте, поряд з потенціалом для покращення життя, виникають серйозні етичні проблеми, які потребують негайного вирішення. Однією з ключових етичних проблем є питання відповідальності за дії ШІ, що, в свою чергу, породжує питання щодо того, як правове поле повинно адаптуватися до нових реалій, у

This study examined teacher leadership behavior in the high school mathematics classroom according to Kouzes and Posner's conceptual framework of credible, exemplary leadership. Data were gathered from 13 mathematics teachers, and 445 high school mathematics students from two suburban high schools. This study found that students did not perceive their teachers to be credible leaders in the classroom and that higher levels of mathematics anxiety in students were found to be significantly related to two teacher leadership behaviors. There were no significant gender differences found between male and female students' reported mathematics anxiety levels; however, gender differences were found to exist between male and female students' perceptions of their teacher's leadership behavior. (Contains 52 references.) (Author) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from ...

Діджиталізація являє собою докорінні перетворення, що виражаються в проникненні цифрових технологій в бізнес-процесі, покращення продуктивності та налагодження комунікації зі споживачами. Головною ознакою таких трансформацій є покращення роботи бізнес-процесів, одночасно зі скороченням грошових і часових витрат на їх організацію

ccording to Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler (2009), capital is not an economic quantity, but a mode of power. Their fundamental thesis could be summarized as follows: capital is power quantified in monetary terms. But what do we do when we quantify? What is the nature of money in a capitalist society? Indeed, what is power? In the following, we try to develop a concept of power as the ability of persons to create particular formations against resistance. The kinds of formations persons can think of depend on the society they live in, which can be identified by what Cornelius Castoriadis called its social imaginary significations (SIS). The core SIS of capitalism is rational mastery operating with computational rationality. Computational rationality in turn rests on a particular understanding of how signification works: it works through operational symbolism, as theorized by Sybille Krämer in analyzing the philosophy of Leibniz. When the concept of the SIS of modern rationality ...

La edición de este libro ha sido financiada con cargo al Grupo de Referencia CEMA (HR20_23R, Gobierno de Aragón). Asimismo, la obra forma parte del plan de trabajo del proyecto de investigación coordinado CORE, Subproyecto 1: El Estado dividido. Contestación, conflicto y revuelta social en la Corona de Aragón (siglos xiii-xv). Una perspectiva comparada (PID2021-123286NB-C21; financiado por el Ministerio de

The desire to enhance participation in forest management has had a high profile in Indian policy-making circles since 1988 but the attempts to introduce new institutional arrangements have been poorly understood. This book brings together the results of researches in many different parts of India, giving a historical perspective on the nature of ‘the community’ which is expected to participate, as well as a theoretical discussion of possible forms that participation might take. Several of the papers attempt to unpack  the discourses that have currently developed around the questions of gender, community, NGO and forest department roles and ask how these constructions actually hinder a realistic understanding of the issues involved.

Az osztalékpolitikáról szóló szakirodalom központi kérdése, hogy létezik-e a részvé­nyesek szempontjából optimális osztalékpolitika, azaz lehet-e osztalékpolitikai döntésekkel többletértéket teremteni a tulajdonosok számára. Az osztalékpolitikai cikkek általános kiindulópontja Modigliani és Miller 1961-ben publikált tanulmánya, amely az osztalékpolitika irrelevanciáját állítja középpontba: tökéletes piacon az osztalékpolitika érdektelen, nem teremt többletértéket. E cikk egyértelmű igazodási, viszonyítási pontot jelent a téma kutatói számára, akik a kérdéskört abból a nézőpontból vizsgálják, hogy miként befolyásolják a tökéletestől eltérő piaci körülmények a vállalatok osztalékpolitikáját, és ezeket a tökéletlenségeket figyelembe véve hogyan árazza a piac a vállalat által követett osztalékpolitikát. A gyakorlatban tényezők széles köre lehet hatással a vállalatok által követett osztalékpolitikára és a döntések, változtatá­ sok piaci fogadtatására

Daerah penyangga berperan penting bagi kawasan pelestarian alam dengan memadukan kepentingan konservasi dan perekonomian masyarakat. Kecamatan-kecamatan yang berada pada Wilayah Pengembangan (WP) Jalancagak kabupaten Subang merupakan kawasan-kawasan yang penting dimana beberapa kecamatan termasuk ke dalam kawasan hutan lindung, konservasi alam dan air serta sektor pendukung ekonomian masyarakat. Fungsi daerah penyangga dapat diwujudkan secara optimal dengan pengelolaan pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, nilai ekonomi dan konservasi lahan masyarakat. Namun dengan adanya pembukaan lahan terutama untuk pembangunan perumahan menyebabkan keseimbangan kawasan penyangga terganggu. Hal ini tentu harus mendapat perhatian yang lebih, agar kawasan tersebut dapat di optimalkan peruntukannya tanpa mengurangi daya dukung lahan. Salah satu alternatif untuk optimalisasi daerah penyangga adalah dengan membuat zonasi daerah penyangga yang terbagi menjadi tiga kawasan yaitu jalur hijau, jalur interaksi dan ...

An extensive literature on the relationship between decentralization (or localization) and corruption has developed in recent years. While some authors argue that there is a positive relationship between decentralization and corruption, others claim that decentralization in fact leads to a reduction in the level of corruption. This important policy question has not yet been laid to rest, since previous empirical work simply uses eclectic regressions and lacks a conceptual framework to discover the root causes of corruption. This paper attempts to fill this void by presenting a framework in identifying the drivers of corruption both conceptually and empirically in order to isolate the role of centralized decision-making on corruption. The following results emerge: • For a sample of 30 countries (developing and industrial), corruption is caused by: a lack of service-orientation in the public sector, weak democratic institutions, economic isolation (closed economy), colonial past, internal bureaucratic controls and centralized decision making. • Decentralization is found to have a negative impact on corruption, with the effect being stronger in unitary than in federal countries.

Market competition and institutional regulation has been long regarded as a force that can improve productivity in the economy. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether market competition and institutional regulation that governs the market can affect the performance of large construction firms (LCF) in Malaysia in terms of productivity. It is important because productivity performance is best known to measure long-term economic performance, improving competitiveness and living standards. In response, this paper aims to discuss and present a conceptual model that links the constructs of market competition, institutional regulation, and their interactions with firm-level construction productivity. In addition, this paper also evaluates methods to measure these variables and model their relationships based on appropriate theoretical and statistical considerations. It is expected that this study has both theoretical and practical implications. Therefore, it could help with theoretical propositions between constructs studied, which can be tested in the future. It is anticipated future research could help with theoretical and policy implications regarding market competition and institutional regulation that could improve LCF's long-run productivity performance based on sustainable economic incentives.

A revised application of Ostrom's (Ostrom, 2007) Social-Ecological System (SES) framework to Hardin's ‘tragedy of the commons’ (Hardin, G. (1968), Science, 162(3859): 1243–1248) demonstrates that its institutional structure is more complex than either Hardin or Ostrom had imagined. The ‘tragedy’ arises from several interacting resources and institutions. If the grass on the pasture was not subject to appropriation, the cattle were not privately owned, or property- and contract-enforcement institutions supporting market exchange were absent, then the ‘tragedy of the commons’ would not have arisen regardless of the open-access pasture. This paper highlights the utility of the SES framework and the care required to apply it precisely to specific social-ecological situations.

Coase's (1960) contractual single-exchange framework is challenged by Arruñada (2017) as a framework that cannot be used to understand the complex nature of property law and related institutions. Arruñada proposes the sequential exchange model as an alternative framework. Differences between the two approaches are considered and some applications in land and natural resources are used to evaluate his critique. These cases support Arruñada's critique of the simple contracting approach to property, showing that for many natural resources private contracting has not been the solution and that a mix of property institutions govern. Contrary to Arruñada, however, I argue that the limits of the single-exchange framework arise not because of sequential exchange, but because assets (parcels of land) are complex and physically connected.

L’économie nationale est toujours dans sa quête d’une croissance économique qui peut entrainer le bien être des Marocains, le nouvel model de développement cherche de nouvelles pistes pour réaliser cet objectif. L'économie institutionnelle dans sa forme moderne propose une nouvelle approche du thème de la croissance économique basée sur ce que l'on appelle les règles du comportement institutionnel. En se basant sur la base de donnée IMIST, nous avons opérer une revue de littérature de la production scientifique nationale portant sur la croissance économique dans sa relation avec les institutions, fait ressortir un gap à combler , La recherche scientifique, dans ce domaine est encore prometteuse, l’intéressement à ce sujet dans la scène scientifique nationale contribuera à trouver des solutions créatives et innovante aux décideurs des politique nationale pour relancer la croissance économique nationale.

Institutional economists concerned with rules often focus on the trade-off between individuals and social incentives. This paper argues that the real trade-off that individuals face is between the organizations they belong to in contrast to social rules, and asks when do individuals find it in their interests to act in the interests of their organizations and when do they support impersonal rules? The answer involves a distinction between anonymous relationships between individuals who do not know each other personally, but know the organizations that the other belongs to, and impersonal relationships in which all individuals are treated the same. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kyklos as part of a special symposium edited by Ravi K. Roy and Arthur T. Denzau that has been assembled to reflect on the contribution of Arthur T. Denzau and Douglass C. North's seminal work on "Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and institutions."

To fill the gap in the previous studies, the study aims to examine the institutional constraints and reform of the EU in response to the Ukraine conflict. Employing a combination of institutional economics approaches with geopolitical perspectives, the study finds that the EU should prioritize strengthening its institutional resilience and enhancing strategic autonomy to safeguard its interests and take a proactive role in shaping the global order. Aligning diverse policy interest groups with the common security and foreign policy of the EU can foster greater cohesion in foreign and security affairs. Furthermore, the study also uses a mathematical-logical framework to address institutional reform in response to external shocks, considering several factors such as institutional entrepreneurship, transaction costs, path dependence, and more coherent policy interests of member states for its adaptive efficiency. The institutional reform needs to address some institutional constraints of the EU, such as limited military capabilities, diverse policy interest groups, energy dependence on Russia, and geopolitical factors such as the global rivalry between the USA and China.

Functional explanations in the social sciences come in two kinds. First, evolutionary or ‘reproduction explanations’, which concern the proliferation of cultural traits. Second, non-evolutionary or ‘persistence explanations’, which account for the stability of institutions. To clarify the distinction, I discuss the causal structure involved in both kinds of explanation. Furthermore, I give it more content by arguing that reproduction explanations are historical, while persistence explanations are ahistorical, at least if they stand on their own. Finally, I argue that an ahistorical account of functions can account for how institutions can malfunction. They generate fewer beneficial consequences, if any at all. This raises the question whether well-functioning institutions are all valuable, as is in fact suggested by the attribution of functions such as cohesion, solidarity and wellbeing. Just as most other forms of social functionalism, rational choice functionalism suffers from this problem. Yet, it can be solved by rejecting welfarism, the theory of value with which rational choice theory is commonly combined.

تتناول هذه الدراسة إمكانية إعادة بناء النظام الاجتماعي في سوريا من خلال نموذج "دولة الحد الأدنى"، حيث يقتصر دور الدولة على الوظائف الأساسية مثل الأمن والقضاء والدفاع، بينما يُترك للمجتمع إدارة شؤونه الداخلية وفق القيم الإسلامية والهياكل الاجتماعية التقليدية.
يبحث البحث في كيفية تمكين النظام الأبوي، وتعزيز دور العشيرة والقبيلة في تنظيم الشؤون المحلية، مع دعم المجتمع المدني ليعمل بشكل مستقل في إطار القيم الإسلامية. كما يتناول أهمية المرجعية الأخلاقية المستمدة من الوحي الإسلامي في ضبط الحياة الاجتماعية دون الحاجة إلى تدخل حكومي مباشر.
يتضمن البحث مراجعة للنماذج الإسلامية التاريخية في الحوكمة المحلية، مثل نظام الحسبة، ودور الأوقاف في تقديم الخدمات، وكيفية تكييف هذه التجارب لتناسب السياق السوري المعاصر. كما يناقش التحديات التي قد تواجه هذا النموذج، مثل التحديات السياسية والاقتصادية، ويقترح حلولًا عملية لضمان نجاح تطبيقه.

The contributions to this paper result from a workshop on the concept of 'civil society' from a historical perspective, held at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin in December 2002. They document a central topic of the debate: the (explicit or implicit) regulative and normative implications of the civil society concept. Three aspects are pointed out that traditional, mostly normative, concepts of civil society tend to neglect or externalise: a possible conceptualisation of civil society by opposite terms, by locating its origin in war and violence, and by reflecting the impact of power within civil societies. All contributions are based on the idea that the problem of power and violence, whether they are opposite to civil society, or rather part (or even precondition) of it, might be an indicator to which extent conceptions of civil society in fact imply normative assumptions. Such assumptions are confronted with the ambivalence of (civil) societal reality. It is shown how the concept of civil society at the beginning of modern times emerged from opposite notions such as fanaticism and barbarianism (Colas); from violence and war (Leonhard) and, finally, which interrelations of power, enforcement, and discipline were typical for organisations in civil society at the time and today (Llanque, Sarasin, Bröckling, Priddat). This paper aims at stimulating further empirical research on the ambivalence of civil society and its "dark sides". Die Beiträge dieses discussion papers gehen auf einen Workshop am WZB im Dezember 2002 zurück, der historische Forschungsperspektiven des Konzepts Zivilgesellschaft zum Gegenstand hatte. Sie dokumentieren einen zentralen Strang der Debatte: um die -explizit oder implizit -enthaltene regulativ-normative Tendenz in der Konzeptualisierung von Zivilgesellschaft. Hervorgehoben werden drei Aspekte, die in den geläufigen, vielfach normativ geprägten Begriffsbestimmungen von Zivilgesellschaft übergangen oder externalisiert werden: die Konzeptualisierung von Zivilgesellschaft aufgrund von Gegenbegriffen, die Ursprünge von Zivilgesellschaft in Krieg und Gewalt, schließlich die Bedeutung von Macht innerhalb von Zivilgesellschaften. Die Beiträge sind durch die Annahme verbunden, daß sich an der Frage, ob Macht und Gewalt als Gegensatz oder Teil, gegebenenfalls als Bedingung zivilgesellschaftlicher Strukturen aufgefaßt werden, Art und Grad normativer Konzeptualisierungen von Zivilgesellschaft entscheiden. Der normative Gehalt zivilgesellschaftlicher Konzeptbildung wird problematisiert, indem er mit den Ambivalenzen (zivil)gesellschaftlicher Realität konfrontiert wird. Gezeigt wird, wie seit der Frühen Neuzeit das Konzept der Zivilgesellschaft in Entgegensetzung zu den Feindprinzipien des Fanatismus und der Barbarei entwickelt wurde (Colas); inwieweit die Entstehung von Zivilgesellschaften durch Gewalt und Krieg bedingt war (Leonhard); schließlich welche Verhältnisse von Macht und Zwang, Sozial-und Selbstdisziplinierung für zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationsformen typisch waren und sind (Llanque, Sarasin, Bröckling, Priddat). Die Beiträge wollen zu weiterer, empirischer Forschung über die Ambivalenzen der Zivilgesellschaft und ihre "dunklen Seiten" anregen.

The contributions to this paper result from a workshop on the concept of ‘civil society’ from a historical perspective, held at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin in December 2002. They document a central topic of the debate: the (explicit or implicit) regulative and normative implications of the civil society concept. Three aspects are pointed out that traditional, mostly normative, concepts of civil society tend to neglect or externalise: a possible conceptualisation of civil society by opposite terms, by locating its origin in war and violence, and by reflecting the impact of power within civil societies. All contributions are based on the idea that the problem of power and violence, whether they are opposite to civil society, or rather part (or even precondition) of it, might be an indicator to which extent conceptions of civil society in fact imply normative assumptions. Such assumptions are confronted with the ambivalence of (civil) societal reality. It is shown how the concept o...

L'urbanisation rapide en Afrique de l'Ouest favorise le développement d'un secteur artisanal de transformation et de commercialisation des produits agricoles locaux. Si les consommateurs de ces produits ont des attentes différentes en matière de qualité, ils ...

Small beef cattle farming has not only important role to meet the need of meat in Indonesia, but also its important to life of 5,736 million farm households in Indonesia. Population of beef cattle by tenure based on national data in 2011, there were 10.96 million heads (73.95%) owned and operated by farmer and remains 4.34 million heads (26.04%) operated by other parties (PSKS, 2011).  This study investigated the level of technical efficiencies and the determinants of inefficiency among Bali cattle ( Bos sondaicus ) fattening farm which rearing by farm-household owner and tenant under the system of share cattle-fattening ( Gaduhan Ternak) in Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 34 owner and 40 tenant farm-households, which was selected by purposive sampling method. Sample of cattle fattening farm households had been analyzed with Stochastic Frontier Production function with Maximum Likelihood Estimate Method. The results of t...

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar la racionalidad instrumental de la nueva economía política en la transformación institucional del Estado, a partir de un abordamiento conceptual y metodológico transdisciplinario que implica la interacción de lo económico y lo político. La racionalidad se analiza desde sus componentes individual y social, para desprender sus implicaciones en la teoría de la acción colectiva y en la racionalidad económica de las decisiones, como elementos para determinar los diferentes enfoques de la economía política. Se hace especial énfasis en la implementación de los principios de la corriente institucionalista hasta madurar en el denominado neoinstitucionalismo y luego en una nueva economía política, pasando por los fallidos intentos de la nueva economía y la imposición de las premisas fundamentales de la nueva macroeconomía clásica en la regulación de los procesos de globalización económica. Finalmente se concluye que la nueva economía política proporciona los fundamentos teóricos metodológicos y el instrumental necesario para los procesos de cambio y transformación institucional del Estado.

The purpose is to explore the institutional forces in a transitional regulated economy. Furthermore, the study seeks to gather information about firms' perception of these forces and the way by which these firms seek to handle them and use them to build competitive advantages. The study is of qualitative character with an instrumental case study design and a mix of deductive and inductive research approaches. The main data used in the study is collected from in-depth interviews with representatives from three different actors in the dairy market. Beyond the interviews, secondary data is used for additional perspectives and clarification. The study is based on institutional theory and its institutional-based view. This is combined with the resource-based view and industrial organization economics for the creation of a theoretical framework that maps the creation of competitive advantages through management of institutions. Empirical foundation: China as a transitional regulated economy and its dairy industry is the studied setting. This context was found to be suitable due to the prominent institutional environment and instability. We conclude that there is relevance for firms in the recognition of the institutions in the investigated context. There are certain capabilities and strategies that are useful and lead to development of competitive advantages through better management of the institutional context.