History of Economics

The political constitution of markets is promoted by Montchrestien whereas, on the contrary, the absolute autonomy of the sphere of exchange is favoured by Cantillon. Yet, this article seeks to demonstrate that both authors participate in the emergence of a modern way of thinking about the economy. In both cases, we find the idea that the sphere of exchange acquires an autonomy which requires the application of a specific science. In the case of Cantillon, this autonomy is absolute and anticipates the foundations of contemporary economics. On the other hand, Montchrestien's work forms part of a "political economy". This article also aims to show that the mercantilism attributed to Montchrestien in no way implies that, in principle, the economy is a simple transposition of a war-like model. Similarly, it will seek to show that Cantillon, a supposed mercantilist, does not suggest that state intervention is futile, even if he adheres to the fundamental principles of econo...

Remarkably, there is a considerable amount of research on the economic development of Baku and its environs in the second half of the 19th century and one of the main sources of information least known yet is the contemporary press.
The economic development of Azerbaijan had a tremendous impact on the development of the Russian economy. Moreover, the prominence of the Azerbaijani oil trade remained crucial in the following decades, when the socialist movement gained force in the region. In their turn, the Bolsheviks were keen on holding Baku and Azerbaijan within the Soviet State.
Such economic developments indeed influenced understandably the cultural life of society. Therefore, the fast economic growth of Azerbaijan, mainly due to the exploration and production of oil, became a source of social diversity after many investors and manufacturers decided to come and settle down in the country, at first in Baku.

Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Devleti’nin son döneminde kadınların eğitimi için
açılan yollar ve o yollardan geçerken yaşanan zorluklar kapsamında kadının
tıp, diş hekimliği ve eczalık alanlarında eğitim alarak sağlık sektöründe çalışma
hakkını elde etme mücadelesi ve sağlık eğitimine kabul ediliş süreçleri ele
alınmıştır. Aynı zamanda bu alanlarda eğitimini tamamlayarak söz konusu
meslekleri icra etmeyi hak kazanan ilk Türk kadınları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir
(Emel, Namal, 2024:439).

El presente libro tiene el propósito, en primer término, de analizar la vida y obra de Ignacia Rodulfo, acontecidas entre el siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX, para comprender las razones que la llevó a crear esta obra y, en segundo término, analizar la labor de la Fundación Ignacia durante un siglo de existencia, con el fin de entender y explicar el porqué de su permanencia en el tiempo.

Among the many avenues opened up by Jacques Le Goff for an anthropology of the Middle Ages is the dialectical opposition between two conceptions of time that could be summed up in these two irreconcilable propositions: “time belongs only to God” (the time of the Church) and “time is money” (the time of the merchant). In detail, however, there are many examples that nuance this opposition. Among them, many markets and fairs in the Middle Ages saw their calendar coincide with that of specific religious events and particularly with that of theostensions, the ceremonies at which the relics were displayed. In these cases, did the merchants align their calendar with that of the relics or did the relics follow the merchants’ rhythm? Our aim here is to study a series of synchronies between the ostensions of relics and fairs. We will confine ourselves to therelics of Christ, which were regularly the subject of this type of event.

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We propose that certain classes of economic models best be understood as 'fictions,' in the sense promoted by Roman Frigg and others. The structure of the argument parallels that made by Arnon Levy for information in biology. The lesson is that economists are not really all that concerned over the sorts of things, such as the nature of knowledge, that philosophers deem central to epistemology.

The task of this research article is to shed light on the Republic of Vietnam (RVN/ South Vietnam) - the Republic of Korea (ROK/South Korea) economic ties from 1965 to 1975. The author employed the methodology of histology, including a historical documentary approach, along with desk-research paper reference to acknowledge that the economic relation between South Vietnam and South Korea is a realm of bilateral diplomatic relations and the war is a factor to give a heavy impulse to economic ties. While South Vietnam was subjected to South Korea’s aid to repulse the attacks of Communists as well as reconstruct the national economy after the war, the South Korean government also engaged in South Vietnam’s market and benefited from the US aid and free trade market for South Korea’s commodity consumption. After the removal of Allied troops, South Vietnam and South Korea remained its economic ties to supersede the role of the US in Southeast Asia as well as safeguard South Vietnam from Communism, which was expected to make a seismic change in the economy in this country subsequent to the Fall of Saigon in 1975.

Глубокое понимание передовой экономической теории, талант преподавателя в сочетании с огромной трудоспособностью позволили Владимиру Железнову уже в 30 лет подготовить к изданию главный труд своей жизни «Очерки политической экономии». Издательский успех «Очерков»-восемь изданий в дореволюционной России, издание 1918 г. в Германии-убедительно свидетельствует о том, что ему удалось дать содержательный ответ на интеллектуальный запрос поворотной исторической эпохи и уже тем самым занять достойное место в истории экономической мысли России. В. Железнов остается первым российским ученым, раскрывшим мировому сообществу экономистов широкую, теоретически насыщенную панораму развития экономической мысли в России в ее особенно плодотворный период (конец XIX-XX в.). Ключевые слова: экономическая теория, история экономической мысли, политическая экономия. JEL: B1, B31.

Messori's paper analyzes the possible impact of the recent crises on the teaching of macroeconomics. In contrast with what happened during the Thirties, today we do not have a new macroeconomic paradigm. This is way the mainstream textbook of Blanchard-Amighini-Giavazzi (2010) remains the best teaching tool for introductory macroeconomics. This conclusion is refused by Amighini-Giavazzi as well as by heterodox economists such as Brancaccio. The first two authors argue that the criticisms raised at the 'mainstream' approach to the teaching of macroeconomics overlook the need for a strong pedagogy. On the contrary, Brancaccio criticizes the mainstream approach through modification of the functional form of a given equation system and reversal of its exogenous and endogenous variables.

This article quantitatively examines women's wealth in İstanbul in the first half of the 18 th century, using inheritance records extracted from İstanbul Court Registers. This study aims to analyze the economic status of women and the factors influencing them based on wealth-related data. This study starts with a general assessment of the wealth distribution in İstanbul in the first half of the 18 th century, followed by an interpretation of individual wealth by gender. The present study also tries to explain the gender wealth gap (GWG) by linking it to the sources of women's wealth. Additionally, it attempts to profile wealthy women, examine their wealth sources and components, and assess the relationship between titles and wealth. In the present study, quantitative findings were interpreted statistically, supported by qualitative findings. In addition, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were applied to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between gender-wealth, debt-wealth, and title-wealth variables. As a result, it is concluded that women's limited sources of wealth accumulation play a crucial role in creating a gender wealth gap between women and men in highwealth groups; the level of borrowing by gender influences the difference in the gender wealth gap between total and net wealth, and a significant relationship exists between women's title and their wealth.

The research "Transfer and Reception of New Institutional Economics: An Example of Two Universities in Serbia" 1 was conducted in 2005/2006. In order to achieve the goals of the Serbian team of the DIOSCURI project, the main aim of the case study is analysis of the influence of Western institutions in the light of transfer and reception of new institutional economics in two academic institutions in Serbia: The Faculty of Law (The Department of Law and Economics) of the University of Belgrade, and The Faculty of Management of BK University. The title of the case study illustrates the focus of the entire research: analysis of Western influence, namely transfer and reception of new institutional economics, on the two institutions and possible obstacles caused by old-fashioned stakeholders and informal institutions. Bearing in mind that the Department of Law and Economics is the leader in the reception of the new institutional economics (NIE) in Serbia, the case study will be mostly about it. The Faculty of Management was chosen because of its "greenfield" character and the fact that from its very beginning it followed the experiences of * The paper is a result of the authors' participation into the DIOSCURI Project no. CIT2-CT-2004-506024: Eastern Enlargement-Western Enlargement. Cultural Encounters in the European Economy and Society After the Accession, European Commission 6 th Framework Program, Specific Targeted Research Projects (STREP), 7 th Priority: Citizens and Governance in Knowledge-based Society. We thank to all respondents their readiness to cooperate and for their professional solidarity. 1 The study compares a department as a faculty unit belonging to a public university, with a faculty. Although not the same, for the purpose of this study, this is a respective organizational unit of a private university. Both entities offer economic knowledge courses as supplementary and supporting to either the study of law (the Department of Law and Economics of the Faculty of Law) or to the study of management (the Faculty of Management). ALEKSANDRA JOVANOVIû I ALEKSANDAR STEVANOVIû ȿɬɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧ.ɫ. ɝɨɞ. 6. ɫɜ. 1 (2011) 120 North American universities. The research investigates whether and how the transfer and reception of the Western ideas and economic theory, particularly the NIE, is affected by the difference between an institution with a two-hundred-year tradition and a newly established one. The question is how a traditionalist institution like the Faculty of Law communicated Western economic thought and whether endurance in teaching the exclusively Marxian paradigm up until the 1990s, was an obstacle to the reception of Western economic thought, particularly NIE.

The first descriptive purpose of this article is to document changes in the industrial composition of Renaissance Florence through business censuses that we have extracted from household-wealth declarations in the 1427, 1433, and 1458 Florentine catasti (tax censuses). The finances of all Florentine businesses, both export oriented and domestically oriented, were comprehensively self-reported in these tax censuses-an innovative new element in the fiscal calculation of gross and taxable household wealth. These consecutive censuses reveal a decline in the number of businesses in many but not all of the industries in Florence over this thirty-year period. The second purpose of this article is to explain this economic decline. We find, through both quantitative and qualitative evidence, that the innovative tax catasti themselves were to blame: they all too effectively extracted enormous levels of taxes from the wealthy Florentine population in order to fund mercenary wars related to the emergence of Italian Renaissance regional or "territorial" states. The economic decline was due not only to the direct effect of heavy taxes but also to the indirect effect of default contagion among highly leveraged companies doing business with each other on credit. In a previous article in this journal, 1 John Padgett and Paul McLean demonstrated that high business leverage was rooted in the social embeddedness of Florentine businessmen in dense underlying social and political networks. Hence, "credit bubbles" occurred even in early-modern economies operating through personalistic social exchange. This case study contradicts the rosy portrait in the social science literature of a positive relationship between state formation and economic growth. We show * We are deeply grateful to Katalin Prajda and Claudia Tripodi, who were comembers of the archival research team out of which this project emerged. (See Scientia.global magazine, September 5, 2018, for an article about, and pictures of, the team.) We also appreciate the useful comments and suggestions of Bill Caferro, Richard Goldthwaite, and the anonymous JMH referees.

This paper addresses Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and its impact on policy modeling research. The Policy Modeling Research Evaluation Model (PMRE Model) measures the effectiveness of AI search engines ChatGPT-4 and Google Scholar across the various stages of the policy cycle. The model suggests a five-stage optimization system to evaluate information retrieval: (i) input & storage sections, (ii) visualization of the PMRE Surface, (iii) potential-final solution, (iv) database of the final solution, and (v) the optimal solution. The model leverages AI search engines in the context of studying economic growth. Findings show that the two AI search engines can complement specific contexts. They serve different purposes, and their combination can lead to more robust outcomes.

Whereas economics and sociology had a long tradition in Germany, these disciplines gradually developed at the end of the 19 th and the beginning of the 20 th century in the Kingdom of Serbia and, in particular, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where the establishment of economics and sociology as independent academic disciplines took an unusual course under the influence of the leading European countries (England, France, and Germany). This chapter aims to analyze German influences on interwar sociological and economic thought, which had, by that time, already gained momentum after the broader introduction of economic and sociological subjects into universities and the launching of specialized journals. In terms of influence, a prominent role belongs to the most renowned German thinkers, such as Max Weber, Werner Sombart, Ferdinand Tönnies, and others. In addition, the political circumstances, especially the World Economic Crisis and the rise of Nazism, led to more frequent citations of German authors who had studied the crisis of capitalism. Research suggests that the reception of German thinkers involved different groups of scientists and scholars: former academics of the Kingdom of Serbia who had studied abroad, former subjects of the Habsburg Monarchy, and Russian émigrés.

Egy befektetés vagy hitelfelvétel hozamának kiszámítása egyáltalán nem egyértelmű feladat. A cikk célja annak bemutatása, hogy milyen hozamkategóriákat lehetséges értelmezni, hogyan történhet ezek kiszámítása. A szerző bemutatja hogyan kezelik az egyes hozamvariációk a pénzáramlások tagjait, az időt és a befektetési helyzet egyéb paramétereit. Végül kísérletet tesz arra, hogy értelmezze, hogy az egyes eszközoldali (befektetési) és forrásoldali döntéseknél milyen hozamdefiníciót tekintsünk alapértelmezésnek

Dans un contexte africain où les désidératas environnementaux et socio-économiques sont des plus criards, la présente recherche se propose d’analyser l’influence des pratiques de la finance verte sur la performance des groupes bancaires implantés sur ce continent. Cette étude s’appuie sur les rapports annuels de 42 banques multinationales originaires de six régions et une période allant de 2005 à 2014. Au terme d’une régression en données de panel, il apparaît qu’en Afrique, l’adoption des normes et procédures de gestion vertes, la parité hommes/femmes au niveau de l’équipe dirigeante et les investissements philanthropiques sont positivement corrélés à la performance économique et financière des holdings bancaires. Par ailleurs, les produits et services financiers verts, la proportion de crédits accordée aux investissements nocifs à l’environnement, la qualité de la politique de crédits verts, la parité au sein du conseil d’administration, l’actionnariat salarial, la pratique de la finance solidaire, la transparence bancaire et les activités bancaires offshores influencent négativement la rentabilité financière et économique des organisations bancaires à vocation internationale sur le continent. Au final, on peut dire que la pratique de la finance verte est une opportunité d’affaires certaine que les banquiers et les États africains gagneraient à s’en approprier ou à créer un cadre propice.

In this paper, we address a unique problem in Chinese language processing and report on our study on extending a Chinese thesaurus with region-specific words, mostly from the financial domain, from various Chinese speech communities. With the larger goal of automatically constructing a Pan-Chinese lexical resource, this work aims at taking an existing semantic classificatory structure as leverage and incorporating new words into it. In particular, it is important to see if the classification could accommodate new words from heterogeneous data sources, and whether simple similarity measures and clustering methods could cope with such variation. We use the cosine function for similarity and test it on automatically classifying 120 target words from four regions, using different datasets for the extraction of feature vectors. The automatic classification results were evaluated against human judgement, and the performance was encouraging, with accuracy reaching over 85% in some cases. Thus while human judgement is not straightforward and it is difficult to create a Pan-Chinese lexicon manually, it is observed that combining simple clustering methods with the appropriate data sources appears to be a promising approach toward its automatic construction.

This paper examines the enduring impact of Jean-Baptiste Say's A Treatise on Political Economy on classical economic theory and modern economic policy. It highlights Say's Law, which posits that supply creates its own demand, challenging mercantilist views and emphasizing the intrinsic link between production and consumption. The paper also discusses Say's vision of the entrepreneur as a catalyst for economic growth through innovation and resource allocation, distinguishing him from his contemporaries. It also explores his concept of self-regulating markets, tracing its origins to Adam Smith and its development through Say's work, which suggests that individual actions in pursuit of self-interest lead to efficient resource allocation without significant government intervention. The paper acknowledges the critiques on Say's Law, particularly during economic downturns, and the subsequent rise of Keynesian economics, which advocates government intervention to stimulate demand. Finally, it reflects on Say's legacy, including his influence on subsequent economic thought, and the global application of his principles in various economic policies. The paper concludes that Say's insights, while contested and flawed, remain important to understand market economies and shaping economic policy in the face of contemporary challenges.

Resumen A medida que el Estado romano se expandía por Italia y el mundo mediterráneo, la desigualdad económica de los habitantes que abarcaba se incrementó. Pero circunstancias políticas y naturales hacían que, por momentos, disminuyera. Estos cambios pueden estimarse mediante el coeficiente de Gini; sin embargo, la escasez de fuentes históricas genera importantes fluctuaciones en las estimaciones de producción y valores monetarios. La medida de entropía de Thiel, al incorporar la incertidumbre inherente a las cifras de las fuentes, resulta particularmente útil. Además, considerando que existió un crecimiento demográfico en el alto imperio, es posible emplear esta herramienta para identificar quiénes eran los pobres, quiénes vivían al límite de la subsistencia y la presencia de grupos sociales intermedios, que si bien no formaban parte de la élite imperial, tampoco vivían al día.

A medida que el Estado romano se expandía por Italia y el mundo mediterráneo, la desigualdad económica de los habitantes que abarcaba se incrementó. Pero circunstancias políticas y naturales hacían que, por momentos, disminuyera. Estos cambios pueden estimarse mediante el coeficiente de Gini; sin embargo, la escasez de fuentes históricas genera importantes fluctuaciones en las estimaciones de producción y valores monetarios. La medida de entropía de Thiel, al incorporar la incertidumbre inherente a las cifras de las fuentes, resulta particularmente útil. Además, considerando que existió un crecimiento demográfico en el alto imperio, es posible emplear esta herramienta para identificar quiénes eran los pobres, quiénes vivían al límite de la subsistencia y la presencia de grupos sociales intermedios, que si bien no formaban parte de la élite imperial, tampoco vivían al día.

Авторските материали в книгата се основават на общата представа, че в условията на глобализация все повече се изостря проблемът с насилието като израз на т.нар. култура на войната, насочена към принуждаване или унищожаване на едни участници в световното общество от други, които пречат или се противопоставят на интересите и стремежите на последните. По най-различни начини се установява, че основният път за ефективно и конструктивно решаване на този проблем е "въоръжаването" с "културата на мира и сътрудничеството", основана на взаимно разбирателство, търпимост и солидарност между цивилизациите, народите и културите, на принципите за мирно регулиране на възникващите конфликти, на взаимно уважение и разбирателство между всички членове на обществото, на подкрепата на демократичните институции и политиката на държавите за осигуряване и укрепване на социалното партньорство. Разгледани са и практически мерки за подготовка в различни страни на световната общност, особено в Европа и Русия, на миротворчески формирования и на проводници на идеите на сътрудничеството и социалното партньорство. Книгата е предназначена за научни работници и практици, педагози, специализанти, студенти и всички, които имат връзка с анализа, функционирането, прогнозирането и регулирането на международни, вътрешнодържавни, регионални, отраслови, политико-правни, образователни и други социални процеси и взаимоотношения.

»Der Markt« gilt gemeinhin als zeitloser und effektiver Mechanismus zum Tausch von Gütern und zur Bildung von Preisen. Dieser Band, der die Ergebnisse des von der DFG geförderten Netzwerks »Das Versprechen der Märkte« bündelt, problematisiert diese Annahme und zeigt, dass Märkte das Ergebnis historischer Praxis sind: Sie entstehen und existieren durch das Marktgeschehen selbst, das weit über die Markttransaktion hinausreicht und durch die jeweilige Gesellschaft geprägt ist. Die Beiträge machen marktbezogene Praktiken von der Frühen Neuzeit bis zum beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert sichtbar und verknüpfen sie transregional vergleichend miteinander. Ausgangspunkte der Sondierungen sind so unterschiedliche Aspekte wie die Gestaltung und Bemessung von Waren, Werbung als Medium, die Begrenzung von Gewinnen oder der Zugang zu Märkten.

W 2021 r. ówczesny Minister Edukacji i Nauki powierzył Akademii Sztuki
Wojennej realizację zadania zleconego „Kampania polska 1939 roku – synteza” w celu dokonania wszechstronnej oceny kampanii 1939 roku, która w dotychczasowej historiografii nie została całościowo zbadana. Pomimo upływu lat cały czas nie opracowano kompleksowej syntezy. Liczne odniesienia do II Rzeczypospolitej, które obecne są w przestrzeni publicznej oraz ważna rola, jaką odgrywa kampania 1939 roku w świadomości historycznej kolejnych pokoleń, a przede wszystkim szeroki dostęp do źródeł archiwalnych wszystkich stron konfliktu oraz kolejne opracowania bogatsze o nowe ustalenia, nakazują zrewidować dotychczasowe wyniki badań i dokonać kompleksowej, obiektywnej i rzetelnej oceny tej kampanii.

A new journal offers a chance to name its object of study. There are social scientists and social sciences, but is there such a thing as social science? History of Social Science may seem puzzling given cogent challenges to the history of science set in the singular. Surely complaints that the word science implies a unity that does not exist can be extended to the term social science as well. We concede this point but have something else in mind. By History of Social Science we mean to signal that it is worth considering as a collective various approaches to the study of society that took form in the late nineteenth century, even if they continue to be identified with separate social sciences. Until recently, most accounts have centered on the pasts of individual disciplines and their specific concerns. Relatively little attention has been paid to parallels, connections, and differences among these pasts. For many decades the "history of the social sciences" was a hollow label, an umbrella term for a bundle of otherwise isolated disciplinary histories.

Türk-İslâm tarihinde önemli gelişmeler ile yer edinen Selçuklu Tarihi, birçok araştırmanın konusu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Mâverâünnehir ve Horasan'da ortaya çıkıp, fetihler ile ilerleme kaydederek Irak, İran, Suriye ve Anadolu coğrafyasına sahip olan Selçuklular, bu bölgelerde meydana getirdikleri siyasî, askerî, idarî, sosyal ve kültürel faaliyetleri ile Türk-İslâm dünyasına yön vermiş ve derin izler bırakmıştır. Biz de bu denli önemli olan Selçuklu Tarihinin, diğer dönemlere nazaran karanlıkta kalmış olduğunu düşündüğümüz Horasan ve Irak Selçuklu Devletleri-Abbasî Hilafeti İlişkilerine yönelik bir çalışma hazırlayarak naçizane bu döneme ilgi çekmek ve farkındalık yaratmak istedik. Horasan Selçuklularının 431/1040 Dandanakan Savaşı ile kurulmasının hemen ardından, gücünü kaybeden ve Büveyhî baskısı altında ezilen Abbasî hilafetinin, Tuğrul Bey'i Bağdâd'a davet etmesi ile başlayan Selçuklu-Abbasî ilişkileri, Sultan Tuğrul'un Abbasî halifelerinin dünyevî yetkilerini ellerinden alması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Horasan Selçukluları döneminde iyi ilişkiler sergileyen Abbasî halifelerinin içten içe kaybettikleri dünyevî yetkilerini geri alma düşüncesi hep var IV olmak ile birlikte, Irak Selçuklu Devleti'nin kurulması onlara aradıkları fırsatı sağlamış ve faaliyete geçmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak baktığımızda Abbasî halifelerinin amacının, sadece dünyevî yetkilerini geri almak olmadığı, Türkleri bu bölgeden çekip çıkartmak olduğu anlaşılacaktır.

Este documento es un análisis metateórico de la teoría de la dinámica de la historia propuesta por North, Wallis, y Weingast (2009), cuyo eje explicativo se centra en el manejo de violencia, por parte de grupos humanos poderosos, como nexo causal del cambio histórico. La capacidad de estos grupos de coordinar acciones violentas busca, más que la posibilidad de cambios históricos, la ratificación del statu quo político. Se discute que detrás de esta construcción teórica se encuentran los juegos evolutivos y los juegos no cooperativos de coordinación, cuyos equilibrios representan diferentes stadia de desarrollo social.

The entrepreneurship which has been understood so late as an important concept in Economics is a center of economic development at the present day. The entrepreneurship is seen the power of economic growth and improvement. Therefore the way which Turkish entrepreneur class followed is important for Turkish economic history. The aim of this study is to analysis economic thought and economic politics that affects evolution of entrepreneur class from 1923 to 1929 which is the period named Liberal Term.

Este documento presenta un resumen del libro Capital and Finance in the Age of the Renaissance de Richard Ehrenberg, una obra que analiza el desarrollo de los mercados financieros en Europa durante el siglo XVI, centrándose en figuras clave como los Fugger, los Welser y los Medici. Explora la evolución del crédito público, la expansión del comercio y el papel de las bolsas de valores en ciudades como Amberes, Lyon y Venecia. Además, examina las crisis financieras que afectaron a monarquías como España y Francia, contrastando con la consolidación del sistema financiero en Inglaterra y los Países Bajos. Finalmente, se destaca el impacto de estos procesos en la formación del capitalismo moderno y el papel de la especulación en la economía global.

This document presents a summary of Storia delle dottrine economiche: Un’antologia by Amintore Fanfani, providing an overview of the evolution of economic thought from Antiquity to the 20th century. The work explores key theoretical currents, including voluntarism, naturalism, and neovoluntarism, analyzing their impact on economic doctrines and public policies. Special attention is given to the historical development of capitalism, the relationship between economic models and religious or ideological frameworks, and the transition from interventionist policies to economic liberalism. The summary also examines responses to the Great Depression of 1929, the rise of corporatism, and alternative economic paradigms, such as Roosevelt’s New Deal and post-war economic planning. Fanfani argues that economic theories are not immutable truths but rather historical constructions shaped by political, social, and ethical considerations. The conclusion highlights the need for a "well-oriented" economy, one that balances efficiency, social justice, and individual freedom, aligning economic development with the broader principle of benvivere, where material prosperity serves the well-being of all rather than a privileged few.

Este documento resume la crítica de Dante Urbina a los supuestos fundamentales de la teoría económica ortodoxa, cuestionando conceptos clave como la racionalidad del consumidor, la función de producción, la distribución del ingreso, la maximización de beneficios, los mercados competitivos, el equilibrio general, la intervención estatal, el libre comercio y el desarrollo económico. A través de modelos matemáticos, evidencia empírica y enfoques interdisciplinarios, el análisis demuestra las inconsistencias y el carácter poco realista de los supuestos neoclásicos. La conclusión aboga por un nuevo paradigma económico que integre la sociología, la antropología, la psicología, la historia y la ciencia política, priorizando la justicia, la equidad y la sostenibilidad sobre la eficiencia puramente orientada al mercado.

Las fiestas de Minerva o Minervalias. El decreto 604 del 29 de octubre de 1899, estipula la celebración de las Fiestas de Minerva con el propósito de clausurar el ciclo escolar. Las celebraciones tendrían lugar el último domingo de octubre de cada año. Las fiestas incluían un desfile escolar donde participaban las escuelas nacionales y privadas, enseguida había una ceremonia en un lugar abierto, al inicio, y luego en templos construidos especialmente para esta actividad. Luego del discurso oficial y de pequeños actos de baile a cargo de escolares, tenía lugar una merienda para los niños ofrecida por las damas de la sociedad guatemalteca. Finalmente, la tarde terminaba con juegos infantiles, presentaciones de esgrima y en la noche, las fiestas infantiles cedían a los bailes para adultos.

Leonid Kantorovich contributed both to pure and applied mathematics and always wished for these fields to inform each other. To this day he is the only Russian/Soviet and, indeed, the only East European laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in economics. His pioneering mathematical contributions include the theory of vector lattices, transport theory, approximation methods (particularly in their relation to functional analysis), and linear programming. As an economist, he is renowned for advocating the optimization methods in planning. He is also recognized as a founder of an entirely new field of study, which some have even labeled a 'mathematical revolution' in Soviet economics.

A presente obra tem por tema “a implementação dos direitos da mulher trabalhadora na Justiça do Trabalho do Rio Grande do Sul entre 1941 e 1946” e como objetivos: geral, investigar com base na legislação, na revisão bibliográfica e nas fontes primárias a trajetória historiográfica da implementação dos direitos da mulher trabalhadora na Justiça do Trabalho do Rio Grande do Sul entre 1941 e 1946; específico, discorrer sobre a mulher na história e as peculiaridades do percurso rumo à conquista de direitos, identificar o trabalho, o contexto político e as leis protetivas à mulher, identificar o acesso da mulher na Justiça do Trabalho do Rio Grande do Sul e a implementação dos direitos e por fim, debater acerca da efetividade dos direitos da mulher rio-grandense no contexto sociopolítico.

This article engages the global displacement crisis by rendering the concept of ‘home’ as a theological problem for politics, linking contemporary geopolitical conflict to broader issues of forced migration. For help, we engage Simone Weil's theopolitical critique of domination-based political organising, Hannah Arendt's insights into the texture of political space and belonging, and Jodi Dean's concept of a ‘collective desire for collectivity’ to propose a lateral, connective politics of home that secures local communities while also fostering global connection. Our constructive theological proposal is that the power of love for home entails the embrace of neighbour (near and far) that moves beyond the usual options of liberal cosmopolitanism, communitarian localism, and the Realpolitik of geopolitical alliances. By reconsidering and intensifying the Christian concept of neighbour-love and linking it to the common reality of displacement and the common longing for home, we take the first steps towards illuming and unveiling a political theology of home that is neither preferential nor naively inclusive.

La investigación en economía empleando archivos documentales permite interpretaciones más claras sobre las ideas y desarrollo de las mismas a través del tiempo; el contexto de escritura en relación con interlocutores y antagonistas; y la naturaleza de los problemas abordados. En este documento se presentan ejemplos de trabajo con borradores, correspondencia, tablas de contenido, notas, y material relacionado, de cuatro economistas del "Grupo de Cambridge": Piero Sraffa, Richard Kahn, Joan Robinson y John Maynard Keynes. En cada caso se describen los hallazgos e importancia de la investigación realizada en los archivos.

Su cuerpo tenso levanta la enorme piedra una y otra vez. Por momentos, la hace rodar por el piso con las manos para ayudarse. Luego, la mejilla de su rostro contraído se pega nuevamente a la roca para subir la cuesta mil veces recorrida. Finalmente, con la ayuda de un hombro y la tensión de sus piernas y brazos transpirados esforzándose al límite de sus capacidades, Sísifo deposita la gigantesca roca en la cima de la montaña. La satisfacción de la meta alcanzada le dibuja una sonrisa que dura solo un instante en su rostro fatigado. Porque apenas unos segundos después, ve cómo la piedra desciende rodando rápidamente hacia la base de la montaña donde lo espera para repetir la agotadora tarea. Por siempre.
Según la mitología griega, Sísifo fue condenado por los dioses a cargar con una pesada roca hasta la cima de una montaña. Una vez logrado el objetivo, la piedra caía por su propio peso hasta la base y Sísifo debía volver a subirla repitiendo esta trabajosa rutina indefinidamente. Nuestra vida se parece bastante a la de Sísifo. Nos proponemos un objetivo que pensamos que va a hacernos felices, trabajamos duro para alcanzarlo y, si lo alcanzamos, disfrutamos brevemente de nuestro logro. Pero poco tiempo después nos damos cuenta de que todavía no somos felices. Necesitamos algo más. Entonces, nos proponemos otro objetivo pensando que este sí va a hacernos felices. Pero, en realidad, solo estamos dando comienzo a un nuevo ciclo. Pero entonces, ¿es posible ser feliz? En este breve escrito se presentan las tres únicas respuestas posibles a esta pregunta: la respuesta del ingenuo, la del desencantado y la del esperanzado.

Работа опирается на решения двух волостных судов Томской губернии (Тулинского и Бащелакского) по искам маслоделов против сдатчиков молока; основная часть этих материалов впервые вводится в научный оборот. Авторы раскрывают неявный механизм действия маслодельных артелей начала XX века. В отличие от кооперативного замысла, известного своей демократичностью, успешность западносибирских артелей во многом зависела от принуждения крестьян к вступлению в члены артели и сдаче молока только на данный завод. Принуждение относилось как к тем крестьянам, которые хотели только продать излишки молока, не вступая в члены кооператива, так и к тем, которые осознанно относились к артельному делу, но не хотели быть участниками данного кооператива.

Mezâlim Mahkemeleri, İslâm Tarihinde daha ziyade normal mahkemelerde halledilemeyen olağanüstü davalara bakan "mahkemeler üstü bir mahkeme" gibi işlev görmekte idi. Bu mahkemelere genellikle halife veya hükümdar ya da adaletin tevzii hususunda onlara vekalet edebilecek liyâkatte kişiler başkanlık ederlerdi. Hz. Muhammed döneminde şekillenip Dört Halife döneminde kurumsallaşan bu mahkemelerin benzerlerine eski Türk devletlerinde de rastlanılmakta idi. Ancak Türkler, İslâmiyeti kabul ettikten sonra tıpkı Emeviler ve Abbasiler döneminde olduğu gibi Mezâlim geleneğini benimsediler ve hattâ bu kurumu daha da geliştirdiler. Tolunoğulları, Ihşidiler, Gazneliler, Büyük Selçuklular, Atabeyler, Türkiye Selçukluları, Eyyûbîler ve Memlûkler döneminde sultanlar, haftanın belirli günlerini mezâlime ayırarak halkın şikayetlerini bizzat kendileri dinlemeye özen gösterdiler. Osmanlılar döneminde ise "Mezâlim Divânı" veya "Mezâlim Mahkemeleri" adı altında bir kurum bulunmamakla birlikte bu kurumun görevini "Divân-ı Hümayûn" yerine getiriyordu. Osmanlı sultanları da zulme uğrayanların en büyük umudu, adaletin en keskin kılıcı idiler. Bununla birlikte Türk ve hattâ bütünüyle İslâm tarihinde ilk olarak Musul Atabeyi Nureddin Mahmud Zengi ve onun sarayında yetişip daha sonra müstakil bir devlet kuran Eyyubî hükümdarı Selahaddin, bu mahkemeler için hususî binalar inşâ ettirmiştir. Bunlara "Adalet Sarayı" manâsında "Dârü'l-Adl" denildi. Eyyûbîler'in Mezâlim mahkemeleri hususundaki yenilikleri bu somut adımlarla sınırlı kalmadı. • ANAHTAR KELİMELER Adalet, mezâlim mahkemeleri, Eyyubîler, Darü'l-Adl. • ABSTRACT Atrocity Courts were such widespread Islamic superior courts that try extraordinary cases proven to be insoluble in the normal courts. They used to function under the presidency of the Caliph himself or the ruler or someone who had the right and the merit to represent them in distributing justice. Tribunals having features in common with the Atrocity Courts which had been created in Prophet Muhammad's time and istituted in the period of Four Caliphs' were also seen in the ancient Turkish states. After they had affiliated Islam Turks sustained the Atrocity Courts just like the Umayyads and Abbasids did, and they even improved it. Under Tulunids, Ikshidids, Ghaznavids, Great and Roman Seljuqs, Atabegs, Ayyubids and Mamluks •