History of Economic Thought

complace en presentar a toda la comunidad universitaria esta publicación, resultado de un esfuerzo iniciado en el año 2006, para dar a conocer los trabajos y las investigaciones que vienen desarrollando los profesores en el área de la teoría y el pensamiento económico. Esta idea tiene su génesis en la apertura de un espacio académico formal y permanente, bautizado como la Cátedra Abierta de Teoría Económica, desarrollada cada semestre, donde se convoca a docentes y estudiantes de la Universidad, a participar en ella. En esta primera publicación presentamos el resultado de la Cátedra, realizada en los semestres 01 y 02 de 2006, son en total cinco ponencias: Distribución económica: una mirada desde la justicia dinámica; Historiografía de la teoría neoclásica de la demanda; Una visión general de la escuela austriaca; Los costos de transacción: un hallazgo no tan reciente. Aproximación a la teoría de los costos de circulación de Karl Marx; La solidaridad como un factor de producción desde la teoría económica comprensiva. Esperamos que este documento se convierta en fuente de consulta autorizada para los profesores y los estudiantes, no solo del área de teoría económica, sino para todos los interesados en estos temas.

The political constitution of markets is promoted by Montchrestien whereas, on the contrary, the absolute autonomy of the sphere of exchange is favoured by Cantillon. Yet, this article seeks to demonstrate that both authors participate in the emergence of a modern way of thinking about the economy. In both cases, we find the idea that the sphere of exchange acquires an autonomy which requires the application of a specific science. In the case of Cantillon, this autonomy is absolute and anticipates the foundations of contemporary economics. On the other hand, Montchrestien's work forms part of a "political economy". This article also aims to show that the mercantilism attributed to Montchrestien in no way implies that, in principle, the economy is a simple transposition of a war-like model. Similarly, it will seek to show that Cantillon, a supposed mercantilist, does not suggest that state intervention is futile, even if he adheres to the fundamental principles of econo...

This article consists in outlining the Polanyi's project. He supports humanistic socialism and critizes strongly those who advocates the idea of centrally planned economy. Against popular marxism and mainstream economics, he tries also to clarify the place of economic determinations in history by using "substantive economy" concept : this is exemplified by the case of ancient Greece. Finaly, Polanyi criticisms has consequences for present time : as soon as for the 1940's, he warns against American capital hegemony that aims at taking up again the Big Market utopia.

for his very valuable comments. This paper was discussed during a session of the seminal seminar « Dons, monnaies, prélèvements », Centre de Recherches historiques (EHESS, France), that was animated during many years by Alain Guéry ( ). A first form of this paper was translated by Pr. Emma Bell (Université de Savoie, France), but I am entirely responsible for any remaining errors in this paper. The translation of French texts into English is either our own or has been reviewed by ourselves. We have chosen to translate Montchrestien's and Cantillon's writing using contemporary English syntax and orthography

La réflexion économique en Grèce ancienne a longtemps été considérée comme inexistante ou relevant du simple sens commun. Pour les uns, il ne saurait y avoir de véritable savoir économique que sous la forme d’une science, soit seulement à partir du XVIIIe siècle avec la naissance de l’économie politique. Pour les autres, les Grecs étaient principalement intéressés à la vie politique et méprisaient les affaires économiques, qu’ils remettaient aux esclaves et aux femmes. Les textes rassemblés dans ce volume remettent en question ces deux présupposés, et témoignent de la vitalité de la réflexion économique en Grèce ancienne. À la lecture des passages que Platon, Aristote, Xénophon, Philodème de Gadara et quelques autres ont consacré à ce sujet, on découvrira une autre idée de l’économie que la nôtre, en tant que pratique et en tant que connaissance. Les traductions des textes présentés ont été revues et modifiées dans la plupart des cas, à la fois pour éviter les modernisations bien intentionnées mais souvent trompeuses, pour donner à percevoir l’homogénéité des questions débattues chez des auteurs distincts recourant au même vocabulaire, et pour être, d’abord et avant tout, au plus près possible des textes tout en tâchant de trouver la bonne distance qui nous sépare d’eux.

INTRODUCTION §1. Lochner meets the history of economic thought §2. Not only economics: the broader perspective of classical political economy §3. Classical liberalism's most elaborate fruit §4. The main thesis §5. Who this book is for (and why it might matter) §6. Some legal notions for non-legal readers §7. A sketch of the chapters CHAPTER 1: THE PROGRESSIVE INDICTMENT §1. The Progressive interpretation 1.1 Five Progressive indictments 1.2 Laissez faire faith or sheer business interests? 1.3 The formalist indictment 1.4 Substantive due process, or "green pastel redness" 1.5 The limits of judicial review §2. The political origins of the Progressive interpretation 2.1 Theodore Roosevelt and the 1912 elections 2.2 LFC's last hooray 2.3 The post-New Deal story §3. The ultimate defamation: Social Darwinism §4. The Progressives' bête noire §5. Why was Lochner wrong? 5.1 A Pound of skepticism 5.2 Sociological jurisprudence 5.3 My method at work §6. The mother of all dissents §7. Conclusion: economic rehab iii CHAPTER 2: REVISIONIST INTERPRETATIONS §1. Why the revisionism? §2. The classical liberal Constitution §3. Republican revisionism 3.1 Republican liberty 3.2 Republican virtue v. liberal freedom 3.3 The republican revival meets the Constitution §4. The Lockean moment 4.1 Virtue and corruption for the new middle class 4.2 Jefferson's economic vision 4.3 Republican revisionists strike back §5. The presumption of error 5.1 The heritage of the Radical Whigs 5.2 The dangers of republican democracy 5.3 Madison's brilliant solution 5.4 Discernment requires morality §6. The problem of faction §7. The Progressive turn §8. The right of exit §9. Some basic revisionist stories 9.1 The presumption of liberty 9.2 Individualism and due process 9.3 Unenumerated rights 9.4 Against big business? §10. A matter of class (legislation) 10.1 Opposing privilege: the Jacksonians 10.2 The commonwealth and Jefferson's Republicanism 10.3 A new judicial standard 10.4 The limits of the class legislation story §11. Historicism and the common law 11.1 Sunstein's neutrality 11.2 Was the common law natural? iv 11.3 Historicist revisionism §12. Revising lessons CHAPTER 3: THE SCOTTISH CONNECTION: ADAM SMITH'S POLITICAL ECONOMY §1. The science of a legislator §2. The other Whigs: the Scottish roots of the American foundation 2.1 Jefferson un-Locked? 2.2 A Scottish Constitution? 2.3 A Scotsman in Princeton 2.4 The Common Sense connection §3. The Smithian Constitution §4. One Smith or two? §5. A spectator-based theory of property §6. The Scottish hallmark: Smith on unintended order §7. No privilege for merchants (or philosophers either) §8. "People of the same trade seldom meet together" §9. Beware the experts §10. A non-utilitarian theory of state intervention §11. Conclusion: a recipe for modesty CHAPTER 4: THE SMITHIAN HERITAGE: PEOPLE AND IDEAS §1. Mr. Smith goes to Washington §2. Two notions of free competition §3. Freedoms on collision path §4. The two faces of classical competition 4.1 Competition as a principle of social organization 4.2 The classical price mechanism 4.3 Process, behavior, custom §5. Monopoly as special privilege 5.1 No monopoly, please, we are classicals 5.2 Privilege has a long history 5.3 Smithian entry barriers? v §6. Millian spillovers and expediency §7. The u(tilitarian)-turn §8. The Scottish connection reloaded: Francis Wayland §9. No country for Benthamites §10. The political economy of the Jacksonians §11. Social Darwinists or Smithian classicals? 11.1 The Smithian Spencer… 11.2 … and the Waylandian Sumner 11.3 The Science exchange §12. Conclusion: the classical stone guest CHAPTER 5: THE JURISPRUDENTIAL JOURNEY TO LOCHNER §1. Promoting growth and social mobility §2. From promotion to regulation §3. Thomas Cooley and the Fourteenth Amendment §4. Police power and negative externalities §5. Where's the beef? Campbell's brief in Slaughterhouse Cases §6. The Slaughterhouse dissents §7. Elevating public interest: Munn v Illinois §8. Liberty of contract's final breakthrough §9. Knocking at Lochner's door: Justice Harlan's dictum CHAPTER 6: THE LAISSEZ FAIRE JURISPRUDENCE OF JUSTICE RUFUS PECKHAM §1. New ideas about competition 1.1 Privilege to injure 1.2 Ruinous competition §2. Peckham's puzzle §3. Elevating competition: the Budd dissent §4. Freedom of contract meets the Supreme Court §5. Lochner reloaded 5.1 Presuming judicial review 5.2 Peckham's means-ends test vi §6. From the means-ends test to the Brandeis brief §7. The era that wasn't -or was it? CHAPTER 7: LOCHNERIZING REGULATION §1. Some post-Lochner numbers §2. The regulatory dilemma §3. What is "reasonable" regulation? 3.1 Brewer's test and its critics 3.2 Present value and reproduction cost 3.3 The Smyth rule §4. Smyth besieged §5. Smyth defended §6. A quest for "order and science" §7. Hadley and the new economics of railways §8. Pooling's not-so-secret charm §9. Love your discrimination: Hadley's explanation… §10. … and Taussig's reiteration §11. Railroad rates as a problem of federalism 11.1 Free-riding regulators 11.2 Here come the Feds §12. Value is not a fact §13. "The illusion of juristic necessity" §14. Conclusion: property and privilege CHAPTER 8: LOCHNERIZING CORPORATE LAW §1. Jacksonianism perplexed §2. A matter of personality §3. Two views of the corporation §4. Partnership problems §5. Negotiating a difficult boundary §6. Applying the boundary §7. A surprising proposal vii §8. The classical corporation 8.1 The classical soul of the classical corporation 8.2 A classical analysis of limited liability §9. A window on antitrust: the limits of corporate actions CHAPTER 9: ANTITRUST BEFORE LOCHNER §1. The two freedoms -once again §2. Corporate law as structural antitrust §3. Contracts in restraint of trade and American law 3.1 English reasonableness 3.2 The corporate and common law blend §4. Congressional competition §5. Distilling antitrust wisdom from classical skins §6. Refining antitrust: the sugar trust case §7. Manufacturing is not trade §8. The structural approach and "foreign" corporations §9. "An impressive array of legal devices" §10. Conclusion: EC Knight and the merger wave CHAPTER 10: LOCHNERIZING ANTITRUST: JUSTICE PECKHAM AND THE SHERMAN ACT §1. Round I: a literal shock §2. Small dealers and worthy men §3. The unsung hero: Judge Shiras's opinion §4. Rufus Peckham à la carte §5. White noise §6. Ruinous competition meets the Supreme Court §7. The revolt against TMFA §8. Round II: the constitutional challenge §9. Backpedalling on literalism 9.1 Transforming the constitutional challenge 9.2 Literalism? What literalism? 9.3 Restraining trade or competition? viii §10. The cast-iron logic of categorical thought §11. Round III: A brilliant solution §12. The last tile: freedom from contract? CONCLUSION: LESSONS FROM AND FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT §1. Time for a solution §2. An authoritative answer §3. Lessons from the history of economic thought §4. The railroads' special duty §5. You made the mess, you clean it up §6. Solving the puzzle -almost 6.1 The ordinary way of doing business 6.2 Of cartels and coercion 6.3 A matter of distribution §7. All (classical) roads lead to Lochner Finale. Lessons from and for the history of economic thought REFERENCES LIST OF CASES

between Socrates and Plato (151) (when Socrates may be a mere literary convention); the impression Mualem mistakenly gives that Edward Said read Borges (e.g. 'the Saidian claim', 71); overuse of ablative and gerundive absolute grammatical constructions in Mualem's style; and overly detailed exposition of philosophers' doctrines to the exclusion of comparisons with ). Yet, Mualem's book is essential for any Hispanist or comparatist who needs to teach Borges's seminal El jard ın de los senderos que se bifurcan with any depth or breadth.

When it comes to the perceptions of Romanians highlighted by the survey of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) und der Fondation Jean-Jaurès (FJJ), what first strikes the observer is the ambivalent and mixed – if not contradictory – set of ideas and positions on sovereignty. Romanians seem to maintain a positive view of European sovereignty, while at the same time tending to oppose it to national sovereignty. How could this be accounted for? A partial explanation may lie in Romania’s historical evolution and that of the region. In Central and Eastern Europe, independence and effective sovereignty have been the central issues in political history. Similar to other countries in the region, Romania’s quest for effective sovereignty throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is a story of deeply felt positive aspirations, as well as of fragility.

The first four decades of development strategy in India was characterized by the heavy regulation of the economy by the government. It was believed that the private sector in the economy either did not have the resources or the capacity and will to take on the big development projects needed to initiate development in a stagnant economy in the 1950s. However, by the late 1980s it was realized that the policies were not working and like many other countries India too switched gears from a Planned economic model to a one based on the primacy of the Markets and the private sector. The government, since the 8th Five Year Plan to the 12th Five Year Plan moved from a heavy-handed economic planning to an Indicative Planning. The centrality of the growth process is now well established in the development literature and the policy circles. Economic growth is now considered to be the primary driver of the development process with the state playing a redefined in the economy since the 1990s. The current development strategy combines a fine balance between the state and the market.

In a recent contribution on this journal, has provided an interesting argument to refute the Generalised Commodity Exploitation Theorem (GCET), by highlighting a potential asymmetry between labour and other commodities. In this paper, a novel characterisation of the relation between exploitation and productiveness that is at the heart of the GCET is proved. This result is interesting per se, because it is weaker and more general than the standard GCET. But, owing to the rigorous specification of all the relevant conditions, it also clarifies the structure of Matsuo's argument, and its dubious theoretical features. It is also argued that, even if Matsuo's formal argument were deemed convincing, a revised version of the GCET can be proved, which reinstates the symmetry between labour and other commodities in the standard Leontief setting.

Anglo-Sakson Protestan olan İngiltere'nin tarihsel gelişmesi düzgün ve ideal olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Modern ekonomi bilimi ve laissez-faire kapitalizm modeli Adam Smith'in düşünceleriyle İngiltere'de doğmuştur. Protestan bir ülke olan İngiltere Dünyada İhracata Sayalı Sanayileşme Modelini uygulayan ilk ülke olmuştur. Bu ülkede modernleşme Protestan olan burjuvazinin ortaya çıkışıyla, liberal demokratik değerlerin kurumsallaşmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. İktisat sosyolojisi iktisat ile sosyoloji arasında bir köprü görevi görerek iki disiplin arasında iletişimi sağlamaktadır. İktisat sosyolojisinin en iyi eserlerini modernleşme kuramcısı olan Max Weber yapmıştır. Max Weber'e göre kültür önemli bir değişkendir ve her ülkede kapitalizmin izlediği yolu belirlemektedir. Weber'e göre Avrupa'da kapitalizm ve ana akım iktisat düşüncesi Protestan olan burjuvaların kültüründen doğmuştur. Max Weber'e göre ana akım olan Neoklasik iktisat düşüncesinin rekabetçi piyasa modeli kapitalizmin ideal tipidir. Devrimci değil, bir sentezci olan Weber yaptığı çalışmalarda Neoklasik iktisat modelini tarihsel, kültürel ve kurumsal bir temele oturtmayı başarmıştır. Bu bağlamda birbiriyle çatışan iki okulu, ana akım iktisat düşüncesini temsil eden Neoklasik okul ile Alman Tarihçi okulunu uzlaştırmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Almanya ihracata dayalı sanayileşme modeliyle Kıta Avrupası'nda sosyal demokrasinin kalesi olmayı başarmıştır. Günümüzde Almanya kökleri Neoklasik iktisatta olan Neoliberal politikalardan uzak durarak Üçüncü Yolculuğu benimsemektedir. Bu çalışmada Almanya'da devletin öncülüğünde liberal kapitalizmin ve burjuva toplumunun gelişmesi iktisat sosyolojisi yaklaşımıyla aydınlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Om aftenen den 15. januar 2025 holdt praesident Joe Biden sin afskedstale til amerikanerne. Efter indledningsvis at have opsummeret sin regeringsperiodes vigtigste resultater, fokuserede han i resten af talen på at advare om, at 'koncentration af magt i haenderne på nogle meget få ekstremt velstående mennesker' udgør en overhaengende fare for demokratiet i USA, hvis 'de farlige konsekvenser af deres magtmisbrug ikke holdes i skak'. 'I dag danner der sig i Amerika et oligarki, hvis ekstreme rigdom, magt og indflydelse faktisk truer selve vores demokrati, vores fundamentale rettigheder og frihed og enhvers rimelige mulighed for at klare sig'. 1 Han gik i det følgende taettere på, hvori faren består og pegede isaer på den digitale platformsøkonomi (the tech-industrial complex), der vil kunne 'frembyde reelle farer for vores land': 'Amerikanerne begraves under en lavine af misinformation og desinformation, der gør magtmisbrug muligt. […] Sandheden kvaeles af løgne, der fortaelles for magt og for profit. Vi må holde de sociale platforme ansvarlige for at beskytte vores børn, vores familier og selve vores demokrati mod dette magtbrug'.

The argument of this paper, completed at the end of December 2020, has become more relevant today as the US withdrawal from Afghanistan underlines much of what we say about the decline of US power. They include the following: The e a e i i he US s so-called exorbitant privilege and they have dictated the withdrawal from Afghanistan. The Triffin Dilemma of US current account and budget deficits putting downward pressure on the dollar never went away. Today, when a decade of Quantitative Easing has been topped by even greater money creation, the dollar is sinking, generating pressures to raise taxes and cut spending. The financializations that the US has employed in recent decades to keep money flowing into the dollar creditocracy and hold up the do a a e ha e hei c e a d ca be sustained by Federal Reserve support for major asset markets. The cost that creating and maintaining the dollar creditocracy has exacted from the US economy is no longer bearable. The rivals and victims of the US creditocracy are today numerous, growing and increasingly allied in a challenge to the dollar creditocracy. They are creating a multi-and pluripolar world where US unilateralism is no longer just resented, but simply rejected.

Throughout history, monetary systems have repeatedly collapsed, and new systems have emerged to redress the failed flaws. The repercussions of the current monetary system give rise to collapses in modern economic and social life. This study aims to have an Islamic proposition to remedy the flaws of the modern monetary system. The money can be created based on production and work effort in the supply chain starting from a licensed warehousing system. It has been inferred that Electronic warehouse receipts of licensed warehouses can act as an anchor for an Islamic cryptocurrency system that can perform the functions of money readily.

With the world order undergoing shifts amounting to an earthquake, Mick Dunford’s (2023) article provides an illuminating historical account of the seismic activity in which that earthquake principally originated: the material development of the People’s Republic of China, its course and its determinants. While it is common to refer to this earthquake with general labels like ‘the advance of multipolarity’, ‘the rise of the rest’, ‘the shift in the centre of gravity of the world economy away from the West’ or ‘the rise of the BRICS [Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa]’, the contribution of the People’s Republic of China in this development is so
overwhelming that telling the story of this shift in the world order without singling it out is like staging Hamlet without the prince.

is a postdoctoral researcher in the Philosophy of Law at the Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza, Economia e Sociologia of the Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, where she teaches General Theory of Law. She obtained her doctorate in Theory of Law in 2020. She has published the book Liberalismo autoritario. La crisi dell'Unione europea a partire dalle riflessioni di Hermann Heller (Mucchi, 2023), and several essays, including "L' etica ambientale tra diritto, crisi ecologica e libertà fondamentali: profili giuridico-filosofici" in Federalismi.it (4/2024), "Il populismo penale come specie del populismo politico: alcune questioni teoriche" in Tigor (2/2023), and

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, pertumbuhan penjualan dan tingkat utang terhadap penghindaran pajak pada perusahaan sektor industri dasar dan kimia yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2015-2019. Dalam penelitian ini, profitabilitas diukur dengan Return on Assets (ROA), ukuran perusahaan diukur dengan size, pertumbuhan penjualan diukur dengan sales growth, tingkat utang diukur dengan Debt to Assets Ratio (DAR), sedangkan penghindaran pajak diukur dengan Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan verifikatif. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 28 perusahaan yang diperoleh berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling dengan periode penelitian selama 5 tahun penelitian sehingga data observasi berjumlah 140. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang berasal dari laporan keuangan maupun laporan tahunan dan IDX Statistics yang dipublikasi oleh BEI. Analisis ...

This dissertation traces the evolution, survival and re-emergence of a Korean 'selfreconstruction' capitalism from the 1910s to the 1990s. Self-reconstruction capitalist thought and practice kept alive in the 'margins' the only tradition of classical economic liberalism in modern Korean history, one inextricably mixed with Korean and American Protestant ethical thinking. It provided a laissez-faire capitalist model that stood in contrast to the developmental state-led capitalism used first by the Japanese colonial government and then the South Korean state to enact the 'economic miracle.' Because of its Protestant background it overlapped with but differed significantly from the neoliberalism that has prevailed in South Korea since the 1997 Asian Crisis. Following a laissez-faire capitalist model, self-reconstruction capitalists consciously diverged from developmental state business and social practices. These divergences included seeking profitability, business focus, independence from government loans, and allowing their offspring to marry outside the elite. In contrast the developmental state encouraged maximizing revenue, business diversification, reliance on government-backed loans, and, socially, intermarriage within the business and political elite. Self-reconstruction capitalists were the first Korean capitalists to implement employee stock sharing plans, and corporate philanthropy. They were also the first to advocate export-led growth, and the value of societal 'trust' as essential to economic development. Using archived materials and interviews with their peers conducted in both Korea and the U.S., Chapters Two and Three covers the lives and careers of the two first generation selfreconstruction capitalists. Chapter Two focuses on Ilhan New, the Korean-American founder of iii Yuhan Corporation. New was one of the first major capitalists in Korean history, and the protégé of the early major nationalist Sŏ Chae-p'il. Chapter Three focuses on Chŏn T'aek-bo, the 'forgotten father' of South Korean export-led growth who won the first national awards for top exporter in the 1960s five years in a row. Despite this, as an impediment to the developmental state, he was the first capitalist divested of his business empire by military dictator Park Chung Hee. Using archived materials and interviews with their peers and children conducted in both Korea and the U.S., Chapter Four traces the ties and interactions among a sub-section of the business elite in South Korea through the 1960s to the early 1980s. This sub-section was the second and third generation of self-reconstruction capitalists, who founded and sustained some of the largest and most influential business groups in the country, such as Daesong, Byucksan, and HanGlas. It describes the differing fates of their enterprises in the face of the 1997 Asian Economic Crisis as tied to their pursuit of self-reconstruction capitalist business practices. This chapter also examines the important role played by the Korean Christian Businessmen's Committee (KCBMC), which reached its zenith of influence in the 1970s. The KCBMC and its American parent organization argued that laissez-faire Protestant businessmen were the most ethical humans alive, and therefore the 'natural' leaders of Korea. Joining the KCBMC in the 1970s as a rising 'star' in the Hyundai group, Lee Myung-bak took this lesson to heart. As South Korean President from 2008 to 2013, Lee pursued the 'dream' of a laissez-faire, classical liberal Korean economy. Although his attempt ran up against the realities of a now neoliberalist South Korea, Lee's administration provides a fitting epilogue for this study, by pointing to the re-emergence of self-reconstruction capitalism, an alternative strain Foundation, the Province of Alberta, and the University of Alberta. I thank all of my interviewees and correspondents for providing me with invaluable insight into the times and persons that follow in this account, and particularly the following: Jason Choi, Choi Yongchung, Chŏn T'aek-bu, Jeanine Dean, Kim Chang Sung, Kim Gyurng-Rae, Kim Kyo-sik, Kong Chae-uk, George Ogle, and Harold Witmer. Two peerless historians of Korean Christianity stand out both in terms of their scholarship and personal help while in Korea, namely Kang In-chŏl, and Park Chung-shin. Sara Dorow, Lydia Dugbazah, Aya Fujiwara, and Del Robinson provided special help for particular challenges in the process for which I am grateful. It has been my privilege to have a network of family, friends, and professional colleagues in Korea going back three decades. Each of the following provided more hospitality, help, and moral/physical support within and without Korea directly in aid of this work than I could ever describe. I wish to thank my longest term friend from Korea, Diane Lee, my sister-in-law Lee Min Ah and her family, my brother Stephen Gold, fellow Monitor Company Seoul alumni Eunhee Kim and Jaewook Yoo, and the entire Choi family of Kangnam, particularly Jason Choi, Sangbin Choi, and Heyryung Choi. I am grateful that the late Dr. Fritz Lehmann and Dr. Edward Wagner both introduced me to the fascinations of Korean history. Dr. Sarah Hammond was a brilliant young scholar and fellow enthusiast of all things CBMC related whose early passing was particularly tragic. I trust that in some way she can still appreciate my reciprocation of her thanks to me in her dissertation. viii Finally, again my thanks and love for the tireless patience of my immediate family, including my wife Dorie and my daughters Emma and Ava. In these three the words 'bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things' come to life.

Глубокое понимание передовой экономической теории, талант преподавателя в сочетании с огромной трудоспособностью позволили Владимиру Железнову уже в 30 лет подготовить к изданию главный труд своей жизни «Очерки политической экономии». Издательский успех «Очерков»-восемь изданий в дореволюционной России, издание 1918 г. в Германии-убедительно свидетельствует о том, что ему удалось дать содержательный ответ на интеллектуальный запрос поворотной исторической эпохи и уже тем самым занять достойное место в истории экономической мысли России. В. Железнов остается первым российским ученым, раскрывшим мировому сообществу экономистов широкую, теоретически насыщенную панораму развития экономической мысли в России в ее особенно плодотворный период (конец XIX-XX в.). Ключевые слова: экономическая теория, история экономической мысли, политическая экономия. JEL: B1, B31.

Hoy en día, en todo el mundo, la economía agraria es una disciplina de pleno derecho, que ocupa su lugar en cátedras de universidades, asociaciones profesionales, revistas científicas y otros ámbitos. Cabe destacar que incluso se publicó un Manual de Economía Agraria, que consta de 4 tomos, en la prestigiosa colección de North Holland 1 . Este hecho es relativamente nuevo, si bien desde la antigüedad muchos autores habían brindado opiniones y consejos sobre el manejo de las fincas, los sistemas de cultivo y una variedad de temas similares relacionados con nuestras propias preocupaciones 2 . A algunos de ellos los honramos como nuestros maestros. Sin embargo, ninguno se habría definido como «economista agrario», incluso si la etimología del vocablo «economía» significa «administración de la casa», implicando así las consideraciones agrícolas que eran necesarias para sostener los hogares en una sociedad agraria. Al mismo tiempo, otra paradoja debería llamar nuestra atención: el surgimiento de la economía agraria se produce en un momento en que la importancia de la agricultura en toda la actividad económica nunca ha sido de tan poco peso. No quiero decir que la agricultura no sea importante, todo lo contrario, ya que sabemos que una falla en el sistema agrícola mundial conllevaría una tragedia sin parangón en el pasado; aunque también sabemos que en los países más industrializados, la agricultura en sentido estricto no representa más que un pequeño porcentaje del PIB, cifra que no supera el 20%, si se considera la participación de los alimentos en el total de gastos. Cabe reconocer que estos porcentajes son significativamente más altos en los países «pobres » en desarrollo. No obstante, incluso en estos últimos países, queda claro que la opulencia no es el resultado de la expansión de los sectores agricultura y alimentos únicamente, sino que la prioridad debería ser el desarrollo de las actividades no agrícolas. Por ende, a primera vista, formar un cuerpo de economistas especializados en agricultura y en disciplinas afines no parecer ser un tema de tratar con urgencia. De este modo, el surgimiento de la economía agraria como disciplina es un fenómeno nuevo, que debería ser objeto de explicación y análisis. La presente ponencia se enfoca en abordar este tema, en un intento de conectar la evolución del sector con la creciente complejidad del análisis, desde el siglo XVIII en Europa hasta la época actual de desliberalización, durante la crisis de las

Messori's paper analyzes the possible impact of the recent crises on the teaching of macroeconomics. In contrast with what happened during the Thirties, today we do not have a new macroeconomic paradigm. This is way the mainstream textbook of Blanchard-Amighini-Giavazzi (2010) remains the best teaching tool for introductory macroeconomics. This conclusion is refused by Amighini-Giavazzi as well as by heterodox economists such as Brancaccio. The first two authors argue that the criticisms raised at the 'mainstream' approach to the teaching of macroeconomics overlook the need for a strong pedagogy. On the contrary, Brancaccio criticizes the mainstream approach through modification of the functional form of a given equation system and reversal of its exogenous and endogenous variables.

ccording to Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler (2009), capital is not an economic quantity, but a mode of power. Their fundamental thesis could be summarized as follows: capital is power quantified in monetary terms. But what do we do when we quantify? What is the nature of money in a capitalist society? Indeed, what is power? In the following, we try to develop a concept of power as the ability of persons to create particular formations against resistance. The kinds of formations persons can think of depend on the society they live in, which can be identified by what Cornelius Castoriadis called its social imaginary significations (SIS). The core SIS of capitalism is rational mastery operating with computational rationality. Computational rationality in turn rests on a particular understanding of how signification works: it works through operational symbolism, as theorized by Sybille Krämer in analyzing the philosophy of Leibniz. When the concept of the SIS of modern rationality ...

Kendi çıkarları peşinde koşan ekonomik birimler toplum için en iyiyi yapmaya Adam Smith ile başlasa da tüketim peşinde koşan homo economicus'lar John Stuart Mill ile rasyonel kimliğe bürünmüş, insan ekonominin bir nesnesi haline gelerek oyun insanı (homo ludens) kimliğini kaybetmiş ve serbest piyasa ekonomisi içinde kendisine verilen rolü yerine getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada ekonominin tarihsel gelişimi içinde özellikle iktisadın kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Adam Smith'in temel argümanları eleştirilmiş ve insanın homo economicus değil olsa olsa homo ludens olabileceği fikrine değinilmiştir.

This paper addresses Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and its impact on policy modeling research. The Policy Modeling Research Evaluation Model (PMRE Model) measures the effectiveness of AI search engines ChatGPT-4 and Google Scholar across the various stages of the policy cycle. The model suggests a five-stage optimization system to evaluate information retrieval: (i) input & storage sections, (ii) visualization of the PMRE Surface, (iii) potential-final solution, (iv) database of the final solution, and (v) the optimal solution. The model leverages AI search engines in the context of studying economic growth. Findings show that the two AI search engines can complement specific contexts. They serve different purposes, and their combination can lead to more robust outcomes.

The Royal Archives of Mari illustrate the relationships between mobile
and settled groups, as well as the military confrontation between these two social actors, which are sometimes portrayed as antagonists. The sources may lead to think that actual war was only conducted by settled states, whereas mobile groups could only carry out raids. According to this interpretation, the onslaughts of these communities are not taken into account as authentic warfare by the authorities of a settled group like the state of Mari. The present work aims to challenge the communis opinio that city sieges represent the sole form of true warfare by highlighting the presence of state raids in the sources and thus revisiting the traditional
stereotype of raids as barbaric actions carried out by mobile groups only.

Az osztalékpolitikáról szóló szakirodalom központi kérdése, hogy létezik-e a részvé­nyesek szempontjából optimális osztalékpolitika, azaz lehet-e osztalékpolitikai döntésekkel többletértéket teremteni a tulajdonosok számára. Az osztalékpolitikai cikkek általános kiindulópontja Modigliani és Miller 1961-ben publikált tanulmánya, amely az osztalékpolitika irrelevanciáját állítja középpontba: tökéletes piacon az osztalékpolitika érdektelen, nem teremt többletértéket. E cikk egyértelmű igazodási, viszonyítási pontot jelent a téma kutatói számára, akik a kérdéskört abból a nézőpontból vizsgálják, hogy miként befolyásolják a tökéletestől eltérő piaci körülmények a vállalatok osztalékpolitikáját, és ezeket a tökéletlenségeket figyelembe véve hogyan árazza a piac a vállalat által követett osztalékpolitikát. A gyakorlatban tényezők széles köre lehet hatással a vállalatok által követett osztalékpolitikára és a döntések, változtatá­ sok piaci fogadtatására

This paper examines the enduring impact of Jean-Baptiste Say's A Treatise on Political Economy on classical economic theory and modern economic policy. It highlights Say's Law, which posits that supply creates its own demand, challenging mercantilist views and emphasizing the intrinsic link between production and consumption. The paper also discusses Say's vision of the entrepreneur as a catalyst for economic growth through innovation and resource allocation, distinguishing him from his contemporaries. It also explores his concept of self-regulating markets, tracing its origins to Adam Smith and its development through Say's work, which suggests that individual actions in pursuit of self-interest lead to efficient resource allocation without significant government intervention. The paper acknowledges the critiques on Say's Law, particularly during economic downturns, and the subsequent rise of Keynesian economics, which advocates government intervention to stimulate demand. Finally, it reflects on Say's legacy, including his influence on subsequent economic thought, and the global application of his principles in various economic policies. The paper concludes that Say's insights, while contested and flawed, remain important to understand market economies and shaping economic policy in the face of contemporary challenges.

Авторските материали в книгата се основават на общата представа, че в условията на глобализация все повече се изостря проблемът с насилието като израз на т.нар. култура на войната, насочена към принуждаване или унищожаване на едни участници в световното общество от други, които пречат или се противопоставят на интересите и стремежите на последните. По най-различни начини се установява, че основният път за ефективно и конструктивно решаване на този проблем е "въоръжаването" с "културата на мира и сътрудничеството", основана на взаимно разбирателство, търпимост и солидарност между цивилизациите, народите и културите, на принципите за мирно регулиране на възникващите конфликти, на взаимно уважение и разбирателство между всички членове на обществото, на подкрепата на демократичните институции и политиката на държавите за осигуряване и укрепване на социалното партньорство. Разгледани са и практически мерки за подготовка в различни страни на световната общност, особено в Европа и Русия, на миротворчески формирования и на проводници на идеите на сътрудничеството и социалното партньорство. Книгата е предназначена за научни работници и практици, педагози, специализанти, студенти и всички, които имат връзка с анализа, функционирането, прогнозирането и регулирането на международни, вътрешнодържавни, регионални, отраслови, политико-правни, образователни и други социални процеси и взаимоотношения.

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Schafzucht auf den Gütern des gräflichen Zweiges der Hunyadi aus Mojmirovce (Ürmény, die die Herrengüter Mojmírovce, Trnovec nad Váhom, Dolný Pial und Čereňany in Ponitrie nad Pohronie besaßen. Im Spektrum der ungarsichen Adeligen, die den überwiegenden Teil des landwirthschaftlichen Bodens auf dem Gebiet damaliger Slowakei besaßen, gehörten die Huynadi in der 2. Hälfe  des 18. und im 19. Jahrhundert zu bedeutsamsten Wegbereitern der moderner Landwirtschaft auf unserem Gebiet. Die Hauptverdienste um das ökonomische Wachstum der Familie Hunyadi hat Johann Nepomuk Hunyadi (1734-1792) und sein Sohn Josef (1773-1822), die auf die öffentlichen Ämter verzichteten und ihre ganzen Aktivitäten voll auf die Verwaltung und Modernisierung des Wirtschaften auf eigenen Gütern konzentriert haben. Im Jahre 1797 vertrauten sie die Verwaltung einem ausgezeichneten Landwirtschaftsfachmann Carl Appel (1779-1839) an, dem Absolventem des Wirtschaftinstitutes im Stuttgart. Die Schafzucht wurde in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts - mit Ausnahme des Entrages aus dem Betrieb un der Pacht der Brennereien und Kneipen - zum lukrativsten Teil des Hunyadi Unternehmens. Die Hauptrolle in der Schafzucht spielte das Musterherrschaftsgut Mojmírovce bei Nitra, auf dem sich an erster Stelle alle modernen Weisen des Wirtschaftens und Ergebnisse der Veredelungsverzuche durchgesetzt haben. Die dominante Aufgabe in der Schäferproduktion auf dem slowakischen Gütern des Geschlechtes spielten drei moderne Pachthöfe: Poľný Kesov (Mezőkeszi), Veľká Dolina (Gross Thal) und Horný Taráň (Obere Tharan) auf dem Herrschaft Mojmírovce. Die Familie Hunyadi gehörte zu den bedeutsamsten Schafzüchtern in Ungarn. Auf vier slowakischen Hunyadi Herrschaftsgütern wurden im dem ersten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts von 8 189 bis 11 407 Schafstücke, auf den ungarischen Gütern in der Somogyer Gespanschaft von 26 000 bis 28 000 Schafe gezüchtet. Die Hunyadi Familie züchtete in der ersten Hälfe des 19. Jahrhunderts auf allen Familiengütern insgesamt 35 000 bis 40 000 Schafe. Vor allem die Einküfte aus dem Direktverkauft der Wolle waren die größte Devise deren Einküfte. Die Hunyadi verkauften die Wolle auf heimischen aber auch ausländischen Märkten in London, holländischen Verviers und Wien.

This paper describes the emergence of complexity as duplicated evolutionary process. The first procedural source of complexity is the quantum jump of the evolution of the human species when it started to maintain certain brain-internal models of its environment. The second-parallel-procedural origin is the evolution of a communication structure, a language, with which an already existing group of primates could frame their internal models. In contrast to definitions of complexity which use the concept in the context of theoretical physics, this approach reveals some perplexing properties of model building for a special subject of investigation, namely the human species. All adequate models of political economy (economics is just the sub-discipline that freezes political dynamics) have to be complex. Since today's mainstream economic theory lends its formal apparatus from the mathematics of Newtonian physics, it misses the most essential features characterizing human social dynamics, i.e. its complexity. On the other hand, a formal definition of complexity by mathematicians, e.g. the one provided by Princeton Companion to Mathematics, sometimes falls short of the inspirations gained by closely observing biological systems. What is needed thus is transdisciplinary research. The first part of the paper takes Erwin Schrödinger's book 'What is Life?' as a starting point for this issue. In this part, several-sometimes highly speculative-suggestions on how to proceed are presented. The following second part then identifies two central obstacles that turn out to be overcome: First, scientific research in this field always has to come up with a synthesis that states what is essential. A wealth of singular islands of knowledge isolated in their domains is unsatisfactory. Second, the modelling of political economy dynamics as a complex system has to be rooted in an understanding of how living systems in their deepest structure work. The

French mercantilism is generally associated with absolutist policy-making subject to capture by rent-seeking interests. This article investigates how the Bureau du Commerce, a small state agency in charge of commerce and the supply side, handed out rents and privileges to private entrepreneurs. We coded how the Bureau investigated and decided all 267 voluntary submissions received between 1724 and 1744. It is shown that the Bureau's formal, rule-based decision-making process could actually differentiate between alternate policy aims and target them consistently over time, with more or less powerful sets of rents. From this, a hierarchy of revealed policy preferences is derived. First comes technical innovation and diffusion, then local economic development; import substitution is only in the third position, followed by consumers' welfare. Lastly, and in contrast to a long line of authors, it is shown that the production of luxury goods was not a significant or valued objective.

A new journal offers a chance to name its object of study. There are social scientists and social sciences, but is there such a thing as social science? History of Social Science may seem puzzling given cogent challenges to the history of science set in the singular. Surely complaints that the word science implies a unity that does not exist can be extended to the term social science as well. We concede this point but have something else in mind. By History of Social Science we mean to signal that it is worth considering as a collective various approaches to the study of society that took form in the late nineteenth century, even if they continue to be identified with separate social sciences. Until recently, most accounts have centered on the pasts of individual disciplines and their specific concerns. Relatively little attention has been paid to parallels, connections, and differences among these pasts. For many decades the "history of the social sciences" was a hollow label, an umbrella term for a bundle of otherwise isolated disciplinary histories.

Сборник научни трудове  от пътуващ семинар РИМ – ПЕРУДЖА – АСИЗИ
13.03.2024 – 16.03.2024, „40 ГОДИНИ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ“ , Шуменски университет „Епископ Константин Преславски“ , Педагогически факултет , Университетско издателство „Епископ Константин Преславски“, Шумен, 2024, с. 108 – 125, ISBN 978-619-201-760-6.

Non c'è dubbio che gli anni che vanno dall'ingresso in guerra dell'Italia all'estate del 1943 segnino una svolta fondamentale nella vicenda di Giuseppe Dossetti, perché sono quelli in cui questo giovane studioso di diritto canonico subisce, in parte suo malgrado e in parte per una scelta deliberata e accompagnata da alcune opzioni ben precise, una mutazione, che ne segnerà la vicenda umana per i decenni a seguire.

Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia. Compartir -copiar, distribuir, ejecutar y comunicar públicamente la obra Bajo las condiciones siguientes: • Atribución -Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera especificada por el autor o el licenciante. Si utiliza parte o la totalidad de esta investigación tiene que especificar la fuente. • No Comercial -No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales. • Sin Obras Derivadas -No se puede alterar, transformar o generar una obra derivada a partir de esta obra. Los derechos derivados de usos legítimos u otras limitaciones reconocidas por la ley no se ven afectados por lo anterior. El contenido de los artículos y reseñas publicadas es responsabilidad de los autores y no refleja el punto

This chapter develops an explanation for why growth and development is uneven among the nations of the world. This 'A paradigm can, for that matter, even insulate the community from those socially important problems that are not reducible to the puzzle form, because they cannot be stated in terms of the conceptual and instrumental tools the paradigm supplies.' (Kuhn 1970: 37) Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, standard textbook economics, never before applied so undiluted anywhere, was

This article consists in outlining the Polanyi's project. He supports humanistic socialism and critizes strongly those who advocates the idea of centrally planned economy. Against popular marxism and mainstream economics, he tries also to clarify the place of economic determinations in history by using "substantive economy" concept : this is exemplified by the case of ancient Greece. Finaly, Polanyi criticisms has consequences for present time : as soon as for the 1940's, he warns against American capital hegemony that aims at taking up again the Big Market utopia.

Na história do Brasil tem sido recorrente a inviabilização do regime familiar autônomo de produção rural. E a reprodução da pobreza, do subemprego e do subdesenvolvimento está intimamente conectada com isso. Entre as circunstâncias particulares que marcaram (e ainda marcam) o desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro, poucas foram tão centrais e decisivas quanto aquelas que sistematicamente inviabilizaram a agricultura familiar. Nosso objetivo, neste artigo, é expor essas circunstâncias, que tornaram economicamente inviável a agricultura familiar, e analisar como essa inviabilidade contribuiu para a reprodução do subemprego estrutural e, consequentemente, do subdesenvolvimento no século XX.