Water and wastewater treatment

Innovations in teaching and learning through interactive video in laboratory modules have revolutionized the educational landscape, offering dynamic and engaging approach to practical skill development. Interactive videos provide a visual representation of laboratory experiments, equipment handling, and procedures. This visualization enhances comprehension by allowing students to see real-time demonstrations and stimulations, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. The integration of interactive videos in laboratory modules enhances accessibility, allowing students to engage remotely or at their convenience. This flexibility accommodates different learning environments and schedules, promoting a more inclusive educational experience. The use of technology in laboratory modules enhances key skills and essential knowledge, contributing to improve learning outcomes. Scenario-based virtual laboratory simulations have been found to stimulate both cognitive and non-cognitive skills. By engaging students in practical, hands-on activities through interactive videos, these simulations promote critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
In summary, the incorporation of interactive videos in laboratory modules not only enhances student engagement and skill development, but also improves memory retention, self-assessment, and cognitive skill stimulation.

Ce projet vise à optimiser l'utilisation de l'eau dans une brasserie en réutilisant les eaux usées. Le procédé étudié étant discontinu, la méthode graphique décrite par Majozi et al. (2006), qui considère le temps comme contrainte principale, a été utilisée. L'étude démontre qu'il est possible d'optimiser la consommation d'eau dans la brasserie en intégrant des systèmes de réutilisation des eaux usées, ce qui entraînerait des économies significatives et une réduction des coûts liés à la gestion des eaux. Les résultats indiquent une amélioration notable de l'efficacité des ressources, avec un retour sur investissement rapide. Cette approche durable non seulement repondérait aux exigences environnementales, mais renforcerait également la viabilité économique de l'entreprise.

This work describes the adsorption process of one of the most dominant pharmaceuticals detected in water sources, carbamazepine (CBZ), from aqueous solutions with commercially available activated carbon (AC). Adsorption studies were performed on powdered activated carbon Norit SA2, in ambient temperature, on pH value between 2 – 10, with different masses of adsorbent (6 – 20 mg), time intervals (5 – 60 min). The CBZ adsorption is explained by chemisorption which involves chemical reaction between surface and adsorbate. The results show that commercial activated carbon Norit SA2 can be applied in the process of adsorption for the purpose of removing carbamazepine from aqueous solution.

Background: Many municipal solid wastes (MSWs) produced worldwide can be used as an alternative to fossil energy. Synthetic gas produced from gasification of MSW can be used as fuel gas in various applications. Methods: It deals with the performance assessment of a modified downdraft gasifier using MSW RDF pellets as feedstock under different equivalence ratios (ERs), air ratios (ARs), and preheated air temperatures (PATs). The effect of distinct values of ER, AR, and PAT on the cold gas efficiency (CGE), carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), and the concentrations of the syngas components were determined. Results: The optimum values of ER and AR for unheated air were 0.4 and 0.66, respectively, which have been tested for the effect of PAT (from 100 to 210 °C). It was found that air preheating improved the performance of the gasification process, in which the percentage of the flammable gases increased CO (from 17.3% to 26.2%), H 2 (from 14.6% to 22.2%), and CH 4 (from 1.75% to 1.85%) compared to nonpreheating air. Preheating of air also increased the value of LHV (from 4600 to 6053 kJ/kg). The CGE and CCE were increased from 68 to 69% and 85 to 93%, respectively, at the preheating temperature of 210 °C. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to optimize the performance of multistage gasifiers using air preheating and multistage air inlets.

This study examines the trend of meat imports from Romania using monthly data from January 2011 to May 2024. The analysis aims to project the values of meat imports until May 2025 by using various forecasting algorithms to understand import trends and seasonality. The study used the TempoOnline database for data analysis, and the forecast used two methods: a seasonally adjusted regression model and the Holt-Winters methodology. The regression model integrated seasonal indices to forecast future imports, while the Holt-Winters method, which adjusts for trends and seasonality with smoothing constants, provided a more advanced prediction. The forecast results indicate that meat imports have increased significantly, especially after 2022, influenced by factors such as the pandemic and geopolitical instability. The regression model (Model 1) predicted a decrease in imports for 2024 compared to 2023, while the Holt-Winters model (Model 2) projected a substantial increase. The Holt-Winters model showed higher accuracy with lower RMSE and MAPE values than the regression model. In conclusion, both forecasting models provided valuable information on the trends in Romanian meat imports. The Holt-Winters model proved more accurate, predicting higher future imports with more appropriate values. The findings suggest that meat imports from Romania will continue to grow, with significant fluctuations due to seasonal effects. We recommend the Holt-Winters approach for more accurate future planning due to its superior forecasting performance.

The urban waste services in Portugal have been, historically, provided together with other services, such as water services. Despite the lack of discussion on this subject in the literature, some questions have been raised about the gains, in terms of efficiency, of this policy. Following a recent and robust partial nonparametric frontier model, based on order-α, we intend to evaluate the presence of economies of scope and scale in the Portuguese waste sector. The results show the absence of economies of scope between waste and water (and wastewater) services. In addition, we identify the presence of economies of scale in smaller municipalities, suggesting that cooperation (or amalgamation) between these municipalities could lead to cost savings. These outcomes might be useful for policy and decisionmakers in further reforms.

The urgent shift to a sustainable bio-based economy underscores the importance of multi-product biorefineries, which transform biomass into biofuels, biochemicals, and materials. Despite progress, challenges like high costs, technical barriers in biomass processing, and market uncertainties limit their widespread adoption. While prior studies have explored single-product biorefineries, a comprehensive analysis of integrated multi-product systems—focusing on efficiency, product diversity, and sustainability—remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining advancements in lignocellulosic biomass, algal resources, agricultural residues, and municipal solid waste utilization, alongside innovations in biochemical, thermochemical, and hybrid conversion technologies. Objectives include assessing feedstock versatility, conversion efficiencies, economic viability, and environmental impacts. Key findings reveal enhanced yields through enzyme and microbial engineering, catalytic upgrades, and AI-driven optimization, with life cycle assessments showing significant greenhouse gas reductions. Economically, product diversification lowers costs, yet capital investment and market volatility persist as hurdles. This study concludes that multi-product biorefineries are vital for energy security and climate goals, integrating well with renewable energy and circular economy principles. Future research should prioritize scalable, modular designs adaptable to regional contexts, supported by robust policies to ensure economic and environmental success.

In recent years, the tiny aquatic plant duckweed has gained prominence as a source of protein-rich animal feed, organic fertilizer, and biofuel. It has great applicability in wastewater treatment, toxicity testing, basic research, and evolutionary model systems. With that in mind, this paper briefly reviews general characteristics, distribution, environmental requirements, aquaculture, and some uses of duckweed.

A projektben az Európai Unió irányelvei közül a következő főbb témakörök köré csoportosíthatók a hibrid eljárások alkalmzásán alapuló eredményeink: 1.) használt természeti erőforrások, anyag és energia, újrahasznosítása 2.) elkerülhetetlen emissziók káros hatásának csökkentése, esetleges anyag visszanyeréssel, 3.) tiszta technológiák alkalmazhatósága a fenti célok megvalósításában. Ezek az eredményeink: 1.) Új hibrid desztillációs technikát, az extraktív heteroazeotrop desztillációt fejlesztettünk ki, mellyel a használt oldószerelegyekből az értékes anyagok gazdaságosan és környezetkímélően visszanyerhetők. Integrált desztillációkat vizsgáltunk, és javasoltuk azok környezetközpontú használatát. Életciklus elemzéssel igazoltuk a hibrid eljárások hatékonyságát. 2.) A levegőbe és vízbe kerülő emissziók csökkentését vizsgálva rámutattunk a környezetileg leghatékonyabb füstgáz kénmentesítő megoldásra, valamint a szennyvizek ill. hulladékvizek fiziko-kémiai kezeléssel történő ártalmatlaní...

Irrespective if of temporary or permanent nature, the phenomenon of youths' migration is more and more an integral part of contemporary life. Globalisation, together with market liberalisation and global economic integration encourages a mobile workforce but, also, underpins the increase of the standard of living gap between the developed and the developing world. Even if youths migration has a positive impact both for the country receiving the human capital (diminishment of the labour force deficit, production increase, slowing down the process of active population ageing, etc.), and for the country of origin (free jobs, diminishment of the unemployment rate, consistent remittances, improvement of the living standard for the families of those who migrate), still if not properly managed this phenomenon can generate unfavourable effects in particular in the area of countries supplying human capital to the other countries. The negative effects of this phenomenon are diverse from the ones regarding their demographic nature, to the ones of human capital value and competences' nature that can contribute to economic growth, or fiscal losses because of the state investment in training the human capital that migrates subsequently, thus no longer contributing to the payment of any taxes and duties to the state of origin. The present paper presents a brief analysis of the developments of the youths' labour market at the European Union level and in Romania and of the youths' migration for jobs.

The Gulf of Skikda is subject to a large influx of effluent discharges from the industrial zone "Sonatrach" and wastewater from the city, resulting in heavy pollution of the sea by metallic trace elements (MTE).This study aims to determine the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the muscle of salema Sarpa salpa from gulf of Skikda in the eastern part of the Algerian coast. Elements such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The distribution of TME in sediments and fish shows a significant spatiotemporal fluctuation. In muscle, the seasonal variation is related to the physiological state of the fish. Cd and Pb concentrations were above the prescribed levels. The analyzes carried out made it possible to identify the samples of the Mollo station as the most contaminated ones. Indeed, the contamination of S. salpa tissues reflects the contamination of the site. Mean concentrations in sediments followed the sequence Zn > Pb > Cu >...

Матеріали Міжнародної науково-технічної конференції. Фундаментальні та прикладні проблеми сучасних технологій-Тернопіль 19-21 травня 2015. 28 УДК 628.31 1 Володимир Челядин, к.х.н., 2 Вікторія Григорчук, 2 Любомир Челядин, д.т.н., доц., 2 Валерій Журавель 1 Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України, Україна 2 Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, Україна

©2020 -Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) / STEINBEIS-SIBE do Brasil / Os textos contidos nesta publicação poderão ser reproduzidos, armazenados ou transmitidos, desde que citada a fonte. Uso e Divulgação dos Dados: As informações e as opiniões expressas nesta publicação são de inteira responsabilidade de seus autores e não refletem, necessariamente, a visão do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, e nem do Governo Brasileiro e da STEINBEIS-SIBE do Brasil.

Leachate is an extremely contaminated liquid generated as rainwater permeates through the open dumps and contains significantly high concentrations of heavy metals, organic pollutants and hazardous compounds. This study focused on assessing the concentration of heavy metals in leachate and their potential to contaminate soil near the Lohsar dumpsite in Rawalpindi. The leachate samples were collected from inside the dumpsite and the soil samples were collected at varying distances (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 m) from the dumpsite, and a control was selected 1 km away. The samples were also collected vertically at depths of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 m from each of the sampling points. The leachate analysis from Lohsar dumpsite revealed elevated levels of organic and inorganic constituents surpassing acceptable limits. Except for Zinc (Zn) (2.26 mg L-1), Chromium (Cr) (0.52 mg L-1), and Nickel (Ni) (0.83 mg L-1), the concentrations of other heavy metals including Cadmium (Cd) (0.43 mg L-1), Copper (Cu) (1.73 mg L-1), Lead (Pb) (1.38 mg L-1) and Iron (Fe) (69.1 mg L-1), exceeded the appreciable limits as prescribed by Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) for municipal and industrial effluent discharge. Soil analysis indicated silty clay to silty clay loam composition, with pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), and organic contents decreasing with distance from the dumpsite, while bulk density increased. Concentrations of heavy metals, including Fe (18,330-54,320 mg Kg-1), Pb (69.4-909 mg Kg-1 .), Cu (93.8-447.4 mg Kg-1), Ni (31-248.9 mg Kg-1), Cr (61-436.6 mg Kg-1), Zn (171-1283.2 mg Kg-1), and Cd (0.2-45.1 mg Kg-1), exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) appreciable limits for agricultural soils, with higher levels near the dumpsite. The geoaccumulation index (I geo) suggested moderate contamination, while contamination factor (CF) indicated high levels for Cd and Pb. Pollution load index (PLI) depicted severe pollution, affirming anthropogenic contamination and a significant contribution from leachate. Pearson correlation analysis corroborated leachateassociated contamination. Mitigating measures are recommended, including efficient waste disposal and landfill practices, leachate treatment, continuous monitoring and adherence to pollution control standards.

This paper describes an experimental method used to evaluate the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) decay coefficient by means of a batch test. The test was carried out using an experimental procedure based on manometric measurements of the dinitrogen gas that is produced by the Anammox process. The accuracy of the procedure had previously been assessed, and the method was used to determine the specific Anammox activity (SAA mg N2‐N g VSS−1 d−1,) and the maximum nitrogen production rate (MNPR, NmL N2 L−1 d−1) under several different conditions. A specific batch test, which lasted for 148 days, was performed to assess the decay coefficient. The activity decrease was monitored and the estimated value of the decay coefficient was found to be 0.0048 d−1 at 35 °C, for which the corresponding half‐life time of the Anammox biomass was 145 days. This value is higher than other values reported in the literature, but in accordance with the slow growth rate of the Anammox bacteria. Copyrig...

Handmade paper utilizes direct dyes for imparting it bright colors to be used in wedding cards, fancy, decorative arts, etc. The effluent of handmade paper industry faces problem of highly colored effluent. The present study aims at decolorization of direct red and direct blue dyes, used abundantly in the industry, with the help of ozonation treatment. The batch studies have been conducted on decolourization of synthetic samples of these dyes at various initial concentrations, temperature, and pH. The effect of these parameters has been studied on decolorization efficiency. The maximum decolorization is achieved at pH of 10 and temperature of 313 K. The equilibrium time of decolorization with ozonation treatment for direct red and direct blue dye for 50 ppm initial concentration was 6 and 4 min, respectively. The kinetics of decolorization was found to be pseudo-first-order type.

Investigations are reviewed on development of energy efficient technology for SO2 removal from flue gases of combustion systems by using the method of Wellman-Lord. This method is characterized by absorption of sulfur dioxide with sodium sulfite solution, which reacts to form sodium bisulfite. The absorber is typically a packed column with multiple stages. After evaporation of the solution, SO2 and sodium sulfite are obtained. The latter is dissolved in water from condensation of the steam carrying SO2 from the evaporator. The regenerated solution returns in the absorber. The SO2 removed from the flue gases is obtained as a pure product for use in chemical, food or wine production. Technical and economical assessment of this regenerative method is presented in comparison to the non-regenerative gypsum method, using data from the existing research papers and own experience from investigations on improvement of the Wellman-Lord method and development of innovative gypsum technology. K...

Ozonation has strong oxidation potential and is mostly preferred for oxidation processes. Due to its oxidation potential, environment-friendly nature, and process flexibility, ozonation was used for the removal of azo dyes. Different process parameters including the rate of ozone generation, pH, the flow rate of ozone, and initial dye concentrations were optimized for efficient removal of coloring potential of C.B-10X Blue and C.B.M-10X Blue dyes which are mostly used in the textile industry. Under optimized process parameters, the high removal efficiency of 75% for C.B-10X Blue and 72% for C.B.M-10X Blue was achieved at 100 mg concentration. However, removal efficiency strongly decreased with an increase in dye concentrations. Therefore, ozonation can only be used for the treatment of effluents having up to 100 mg/L concentrations of azo dyes.

Biomass energy has emerged as a vital renewable energy source in the global transition towards sustainable development, aligning with the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (climate action). This study evaluates biomass energy’s contributions by integrating real SI-unit-based data on energy usage in China, India, Denmark, Germany, Brazil, Namibia, and Ghana. An interpretative review was employed, incorporating primarily qualitative analysis and supplemented by the quantitative analysis of biomass energy deployment, cost assessments, and policy evaluations. The findings reveal that biomass contributes 8% to China’s renewable energy mix (500 TWh), 12% in India (370 TWh), 20% in Denmark (43 TWh), and 27% in Brazil (160 TWh), yet its expansion faces economic, technological, and policy challenges. This study integrates cuttingedge catalysts (e.g., ZnO, TiO2, Ni) and nanotechnology applications (e.g., nanocatalysts, nanomembranes) to enhance biomass energy efficiency. A comparative technical analysis of combustion, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification highlights gasification as the most efficient process (70–85%), with the lowest carbon emissions (30–50 kg CO2/GJ) but requiring higher capital investment (USD 0.07–0.14/kWh). This study concludes with policy recommendations, emphasizing targeted subsidies, international collaboration, and infrastructure investments to improve biomass energy adoption globally.

Water, the driver of nature, has always been polluted by the blind hurling of highly toxic contaminants, but human-friendly science has continuously been presenting better avenues to help solve these challenging issues. In this connection, the present study introduces novel nanocomposites composed of emulsion-templated hierarchically porous poly(1-vinylimidazole) beads loaded with the silver nanoparticles generated via an in situ approach. These nanocomposites have been thoroughly characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The appropriate surface chemistry, good thermal stability, swelling behavior, porosity, and nanodimensions contributed to achieve very good performance in water treatment. Owing to their easier handling and separation, these novel nanocomposites are highly efficient to remove arsenic and eriochrome black T with decent adsorption capacities in additio...

Nepal has climate variability in which temperature has slow and gradual growth over time period and the pattern, intensity and distribution of rainfall and precipitation have instable and fluctuation. Its distribution and impact all over the country is different in accordance with altitude, geography and resilience of the community. Climate vulnerability and its effects have heterogeneous pattern across altitude, geography and resilience of the community. This paper estimated climate vulnerability in the different parts of Nepal through Index Method for finding its rank and distribution by using the secondary data sets of indicators. The estimation result of climate vulnerability of Nepal rank was 0.43. It shows the variation of temperature and rainfall. In its distribution, Kathmandu had 0.61. It was the highest vulnerable district categorized into the Ist Rank. However, Dolpa had 0.18. It was the lowest vulnerable district categorized into 27th Rank. Lamjung District had 0.43. Its...

A study on the technological innovations in the development of ceramic membranes for water treatment is provided. These membranes have proven to be effective in removing contaminants in the water, such as heavy metals and pathogens. It discusses the different materials based on oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 , and ZrO 2 , used in manufacturing, as well as fabrication techniques and surface modifications that have improved their properties. In addition, the environmental and economic impact on water treatment plants is addressed. From a financial point of view, implementing membranes can be an investment, both in acquiring the membranes and in the infrastructure. Membrane maintenance and operating costs are often high, which can affect the economic viability of the treatment plant. The results suggest ceramic membranes are a viable and efficient option for treating polluted water.

Organic farming uses sustainable production systems, diversified and balanced to prevent environmental and harvest pollution. In this paper I wish to highlight the opportunities arising from the practice of sustainable agriculture and the efficient management of natural resources in Romania. Sustainable rural development can be achieved with the transition from subsistence agriculture to organic agriculture by building and strengthening competitive small and medium enterprises in rural areas. For this we analyzed empirical data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Developmen and the National Institute of Statistics.The analyzed period covers the years 2006-2011. The organic food market in Romania is contoured by statistical methods and the opportunities and limitations incurred by those who choose this form of exploitation.

Rubber development in South Kalimantan is growing rapidly. In 2011, rubber plantations have reached anarea of 226.706 ha. Rubber plantation produces waste in  the form of unprocessed fruit shells. One of the ways to increase the value of rubber fruit shells waste wasby pyrolysis processing. Pyrolysis produced products such as liquid smoke, tar, and charcoal. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of pyrolysis temperature and time to the yield and quality of rubber fruit shellliquid smoke and determine the best treatment of the pyrolysis liquid smoke processing. Pyrolysis process of rubber fruit shell was processed at 200°C, 300°C, 400°C for 1 and 2 hours. Pyrolysis reactor that used was 10 kg capacity. The pyrolysis at 200 °C for 2 hour was the optimum process condition to produce the best liquid smoke with 36.05±0.90 % (w/w) of liquid smoke yield, 3.48 ±0.22 % (w/w) of tar yield, 15,35±1,16 % (w/w) of weight lo ss, and 45.13±0.38 % (w/w) of charcoal yield, and t he qua...

Flood routing is of special importance from different aspects of river engineering such as flood zoning, flood forecasting, etc. There are two methods employed in river flood routing, hydraulic and hydrological. Hydrological methods are used when the river is at ...

The "Supporting Local Authorities in Improving Access to Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Stung Sen Basin Region" project, implemented by Rain Water Cambodia from November 2022 to December 2024, aimed to enhance community health through improved water supply and hygiene practices across 23 villages in Kampong Thom and Preah Vihear Provinces. This end-of-project evaluation assesses the project's effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, impact, and sustainability based on OECD/DAC criteria. Key achievements include the establishment of a reliable water supply system benefiting 141 households, the formation of Water Management Committees, and significant increases in community knowledge regarding safe water and hygiene practices. Despite reaching many targets, challenges remain, particularly in sustaining improvements and addressing socio-economic disparities. Recommendations for future projects emphasize the need for targeted training, enhanced government collaboration, and sustainable financing mechanisms to support ongoing WASH initiatives.

Background and Aim: The development of zinc-based antimicrobials has progressed from conventional to nanoparticle (NP) formulations due to their enhanced biological properties. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of green-synthesized zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs) derived from Garcinia mangostana leaf extract against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria relevant to poultry health.

Materials and Methods: Using a completely randomized design, six treatment groups were tested: Positive control (PC) (tetracycline, 2.5 mg/mL), negative control (NC) (HCl 0.1 N + distilled water), and ZnO-NPs at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, measuring inhibition zones against Escherichia coli, S. Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus plantarum.

Results: The positive control demonstrated the most significant inhibition zones across all bacterial strains. ZnO-NPs exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with maximum inhibition zones recorded as 18.58 mm for E. coli, 17.09 mm for S. Typhimurium, and 17.41 mm for S. aureus at the highest concentration (10 mg/mL). However, the antibacterial activity against L. plantarum was less pronounced, with a maximum inhibition zone of 9.93 mm. These findings indicate selective toxicity of ZnO-NPs, favoring pathogenic over non-pathogenic strains.

Conclusion: Green-synthesized ZnO-NPs using G. mangostana leaf extract demonstrate promising antibacterial properties against poultry pathogens. Their selective action highlights potential applications as eco-friendly feed additives to improve poultry health and mitigate pathogenic risks.

Keywords: antibacterial, green synthesis, nanotechnology, poultry health, zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Improvement of electro-Fenton (EF) process with granulated activated carbon (GAC) for the treatment of brewery effluent obtained from Ota, South-West Nigeria was investigated. The GAC was obtained by crushing, carbonising, sieving, and activating cow bones. Duplicate samples of the raw effluent and 10 treated brewery effluent samples were analysed for conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), copper, manganese, cadmium, lead, and zinc. The average readings were taken as final values. Results showed that the combined use of EF and GAC treatment of the effluent yielded better result than use of EF alone. The removal efficiency was 1181, 50, 565, 4375, 160, and 840% for turbidity, COD, copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc respectively. EF and GAC treatment were, however, found to be inefficient for the treatment of conductivity, TDS, and manganese. It was also found that pH had a direct impact on the treatment media. Turbidity and cadmium, which had the highest removal rates were achieved at pH 2, while COD, copper, and zinc had optimum treatment at pH 6. It was concluded that the combined advantage of electrolytic separation from EF and adsorption from GAC yielded better treatment result for the brewery effluent samples.

Coordinated and congruent phosphates boiler water treatment has been used for more than forty years. They are very effective scale inhibitors for low and high pressure boilers. However, many steam generation units experienced such massive failures that many had to be replaced, this is mainly due to uncontrolled boiler water alkalinity. This paper describes different phosphate water treatment systems and evaluates using of congruent phosphate as equilibrium phosphate treatment. Inspection of boiler water side shows a clean surface covered with thin red powder of iron.

Conventional drinking water treatments are often inappropriate in developing countries, due to its high cost of its treatment, lack of appropriate infrastructures or chemicals as well as environmental factors. The present research deals with the evaluation of the treatment efficiency of natural coagulant obtained from okra seed (okra seed extract). The coagulation ability of the coagulant was assessed by the use of standard jar test experiment involving two water samples (obtained from River Rima and Goronyo Dam of Sokoto) with various coagulant doses. The coagulation capacity of the okra seed extract was measured on the basis of turbidity removal. It was found from the results obtained that okra seed coagulant was effective in removing the turbidity of surface water because the turbidities of the water samples considered were removed effectively at an optimum dose of 300 mg/L of the seed extract with optimum pH of about 7.0 from 745 NTU to 11 NTU for sample 1 and from 580 NTU to 5 ...

Worldwide, there have been longstanding issues of heavy metal pollution of both ground and surface waters from industrial effluents. In this research, Daniella oliveri leaves were investigated as a precursor for the development of low-cost adsorbent for removing Pb(II) from aqueous media. The adsorbents (biosorbent and ash) were characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Branueur-Emmet-Teller analysis (BET). The biosorbent (DO-B) and ash (DO-A) from Daniella oliveri leaves had a specific surface area of 574.5 m 2 /g and 723.0 m 2 /g respectively. Both adsorbents were mesoporous with pore diameter >2 nm. The ash was a better adsorbent for Pb(II) than the biosorbent powder, however, both adsorbents have over 99% removal of Pb(II) at optimal conditions. Best-fit isotherm for DO-B was Freundlich isotherm while no best fit for DO-A was observed. The adsorption for both adsorbents was best fit pseudo-second order kinetic model. Adsorbents from Daniella oliveri leaves could be used as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous media and can play an important role in mitigating the potential impact of the release of industrial effluent into the environment.

Se esmdió la adsorción de cadmio, níquel y zinc, en solución acuosa a 25 "C, sobre una bentonita procedente del Valle del Cauca, tanto en su estado natural como en su forma homoiónica de sodio. La isoterma de Langmuir describe adecuadamente la adsorción de estos metales sobre las dos bentonitas y permite calcular la constante termodinámica de reparto, Kdm, parámetro que cuantifica adecuadamente el grado de la adsorción. El modelo Baeyens-Bradbury correlaciona bien los datos de adsorción de cadmio, m'quel y zinc sobre ambos adsorbentes, pero no permite calcular el valor de Kdm. El ajuste de los datos de adsorción a las isotermas de Freundlich y B.E.T. es inferior al encontrado con los modelos de Langmuir y Baeyens-Bradbury. La bentonita homoiónica de sodio presenta una adsorción mayor de níquel y zinc que la bentonita natural. En la adsorción de cadmio no se observa una diferencia significativa entre los dos adsorbentes. El orden de adsorción: cadmio > zinc > m'quel, sobre las dos bentonitas sigue el principio HSAB.

Background & objectives: In present study modification of carbon nanotube in order to increase its absorption capacity to remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions in a batch system was investigated. Methods: Carbon nanotube was modified by linear aliphatic polymers with amino groups. Its chemical properties were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and Acid blue 1 (AB 1) dye was selected as a model. The effects of parameters on the adsorption process such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and the effect of inorganic salts were also studied. In order to understand the adsorption process, Longmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and pseudo first order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied for data evaluation. Results: Result showed that the adsorption equilibrium for AB 1 was best described by Langmuir (R=0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetic (R=0.99) models. Results also showed that modified nanotube for dye concentration of 100 mg/l has a maximum adsorption ...

Dans cette étude, des essais de lixiviation à l’acide chlorhydrique ont été réalisés, sur des échantillons des boues
d’épuration industrielle, afin des déterminer les paramètres optimaux (pH, granulométrie et temps) qui minimise les
rendements d’extraction des fertilisants et qui maximise ceux des Métaux lourds (ETMs). La méthodologie des plans
d’expérience a été utiliser en vue d’optimisation et une comparaison entre plan factoriel complet et fractionnaire a été
faite.

The Consolidated Recycling Co., Inc. (CRCI) reclaims between 5 and 6 million gallons of previously used ethylene glycol from spent antifreeze every year. The distillation process generates ethylene glycol contaminated wastewater which must be treated prior to discharge to the municipal wastewater treatment plant. CRCI upgraded the existing facility in 2005 with a biofilm carrier treatment system, an aerobic process employing fluidized carriers. Laboratory testing was first conducted to evaluate the treatability of the CRCI wastewater and to determine full-scale design parameters. Laboratory-scale testing indicated that removal rates greater than 16-18 gCOD/m 2 /d were achievable using biofilm carriers and the results of the testing provided the design basis for the full-scale installation. The full-scale biofilm carrier system was seeded with sludge from an onsite aeration pond, and the effluent SCOD concentration was reduced to below 400 mg/L almost immediately following initiation of flow. The influent flow to the bioreactor was increased to 80% of the design flowrate, while maintaining effluent targets, within 40 days of start-up. The system has been operating for over one year and has reliably produced effluent COD concentrations below the required levels of 550 mg/L. Effluent concentrations of phenol have consistently been maintained below 0.6 mg/L. The results from this study demonstrated that an aerobic biofilm carrier process provided a robust treatment solution for wastewater generated from an ethylene glycol reclamation facility. The system required minimal operator intervention and has produced high quality effluent since initiation of flow. The finding suggested that biofilm carrier processes provide an economically viable alternative to discharging glycols to municipal wastewater treatment plants.

RESUMO -O tratamento de uma água residuária com alta concentração de matéria orgânica foi investigado em dois reatores de leito móvel com biofilme (MBBR 1 e MBBR 2 ). O MBBR 1 e o MBBR 2 foram preenchidos, respectivamente, com os suportes Kaldnes K1 e Mutag Biochip. A área superficial para o crescimento do biofilme foi a mesma para os dois reatores. A carga orgânica superficial foi aumentada de 3,2 a 12,8 g DQO/m 2 .d. A remoção de matéria orgânica não foi afetada e a nitrificação mostrou-se bastante estável durante todo o período de operação do reator, independentemente do suporte utilizado. À medida que a carga orgânica foi aumentada, observou-se um aumento na espessura do biofilme e na fração de biomassa em suspensão. Notavelmente, a atividade das bactérias nitrificantes em suspensão foi responsável por mais de 40% da atividade nitrificante total dos reatores. O teor de polissacarídeos e proteínas totais da biomassa aderida aumentou quando o sistema foi submetido ao aumento gradual da DQO.

Nuclear steam generators (NSGs) are key components of nuclear power plants (NPPs) since their reliability affects the overall plant performance. Corrosion control of steam generators under operation and during plant outages is attained by proper design, adequate material selection and control of water chemistry in the entire secondary cooling circuit. This article reviews the types of steam generators, the materials used for their construction (with a special focus on tubing alloys), the corrosion processes that may occur under operation and the strategies to preserve steam generators and other components of the secondary cooling system from corrosion during plant outages.

Analytical studies of some selected physicochemical parameter with metallic elements were made on the water bodies of Arpa river of Bilaspur Urban areas, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. Water samples were collected from five different selected spot in the month of May’2017 of Premonsoon season. Temperature, pH, E.C, Turbidity, TDS and D.O were analyzed instantly at the sampling spot while T.S, TSS, TH, Total Alkalinity, BOD, COD, Cl−, F−, SO42−, NO3−, PO43−, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe by the standard method as per IS procedure. The statistical parameters like mean, SD, SE, %CV and WQI were systematically calculated. Around 70% of these parameters were above the maximum permissible limit of IS: 10500 and WHO standard of drinking water. The elevated values of these parameters are of great concern to public health when the water bodies are consumed by people without treatment.

In the 19th century in Europe, two problems directly related to the use of human and animal excrement intersected. The first was the need to find more and more fertilisers for cultivated land. This problem was solved by searching for new fertilising substances, such as Pacific guano or the seeds of oil plants. Consequently, and in view of the need for abundant organic material to fertilise fields, agronomic literature began to consider
the possibility of systematically and industrially using organic residues from the cities, and thus not only the traditional organic fertiliser from animal excrement. The second problem was precisely the disposal of organic remains, especially in large urban centres.
Municipal waste raises three main problems: the collection of the material, its storage, including the identification of storage areas, and lastly, its utilisation. Each of these three phases created numerous hygienic and public health complications. This had been a focus of attention for centuries. In fact, since the Middle Ages, different solutions were experimented with in order to solve the problem of disposing of urban excreta, and thequesti on has recently become highly topical as a result of the debate on sustainability and the recovery of organic agriculture.5 As we demonstrate with this paper, the need for fertilisers and the recovery of urban and rural excreta are two intertwined and mutuallyinfluencing issues.

LOS suavizantes catiónicos son tensioactivos TEMPERATURE SUR LA que, atiadidos en el último batio de aclarado durante SORPTION D'ADOUCISSEURS el lavado de materias textiles, les wnfieren una serie CATIONIQUES MICROEMULde propiedades deseables por sus usuarios,cuyas magnitudes dependen de su proceso de sorción SIONNES SUR DU COTON sobre las mismas. Esta sorción es más efectiva si el Los adoucisseurs cationiques sont des producto se presenta microemulsionado,dada su tensio-actifs qui, ajoutés a I'ea~ du dernier rincage mayor facilidad de penetración en el sustrato textil. de matieres textiles, leur conferent toute une serie El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de de propriétés désirables pour les usagers, dont las cinéticas de sorción de varias suavizantes I'importance dépend de leur processus de sorption ca t j ó n jco s micro emuls jonado tipo de sur les dites matieres. Cette sorption estpl~s effective alquilamonio e amidoimidazolina ambos con dos si le produit est présenté microémulsionné, étant cadenas grasas) sobre un tejido de toalla de algoddn donné sa plus grande facilité de pénetration dans le en función de la temperatura del agua de substrat textile. aplicación.Se consideró también la estructura Ce travail a eu pour objectif d'étudier les química del suavizante. cinétiques de sorption de divers adoucisseurs cationiques microémulsionnés (du type Palabras clave: suavizantes catiónicos, microemulsión, algodón, alkylammonium ou amidoinidazoline tous deux ayant cinética.

LOS suavizantes catiónicos son tensioactivos TEMPERATURE SUR LA que, atiadidos en el último batio de aclarado durante SORPTION D'ADOUCISSEURS el lavado de materias textiles, les wnfieren una serie CATIONIQUES MICROEMULde propiedades deseables por sus usuarios,cuyas magnitudes dependen de su proceso de sorción SIONNES SUR DU COTON sobre las mismas. Esta sorción es más efectiva si el Los adoucisseurs cationiques sont des producto se presenta microemulsionado,dada su tensio-actifs qui, ajoutés a I'ea~ du dernier rincage mayor facilidad de penetración en el sustrato textil. de matieres textiles, leur conferent toute une serie El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de de propriétés désirables pour les usagers, dont las cinéticas de sorción de varias suavizantes I'importance dépend de leur processus de sorption ca t j ó n jco s micro emuls jonado tipo de sur les dites matieres. Cette sorption estpl~s effective alquilamonio e amidoimidazolina ambos con dos si le produit est présenté microémulsionné, étant cadenas grasas) sobre un tejido de toalla de algoddn donné sa plus grande facilité de pénetration dans le en función de la temperatura del agua de substrat textile. aplicación.Se consideró también la estructura Ce travail a eu pour objectif d'étudier les química del suavizante. cinétiques de sorption de divers adoucisseurs cationiques microémulsionnés (du type Palabras clave: suavizantes catiónicos, microemulsión, algodón, alkylammonium ou amidoinidazoline tous deux ayant cinética.

The main environmental problems of the Universidad de Oriente are associated with the emission of uncontrolled and untreated solid and liquid waste to the environment. In the university community "Antonio Maceo" 1 360 people now living, of which 70 % are students of the institution. This community poured about 23 462,7 L/d of wastewater residual liquids composed of 15 buildings and the waters of the kitchen and cafeteria. In this paper we evaluate the physico-chemical and microbiological wastewater university community Antonio Maceo, determining environmental parameters of highest incidence. The waters are neutral and proper salinity. They have gray color, odor and cloudy appearance, without the presence of floating material. The organic matter content is above discharge limits and detected total and fecal coli forms. The greatest variability (46,5 %) of wastewater depends on the turbidity, COD, BOD 5, sulfide, ammonium, oil and grease and total solids and fixed.

The aim of this study is to verify the reciprocity law in the wastewater disinfection process using UV light. The optical power UV-LEDs used were 1.6 mW and 50 mW, and the wavelengths were 265 nm and 275 nm. E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens were the three microorganisms analysed in the study. The results showed lower inactivation rates around 0.063-0.065 cm 2 /mJ for 265 nm and 0.047-0.049 cm 2 /mJ for 275 nm for the Clostridium perfringens compared with the other two bacteria. For E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis, the inactivation rate was almost identical; 0.28 and 0.21 cm 2 /mJ, respectively, using 265 nm wavelength. There was a slightly better inactivation performance using the medium-power 275 nm UV-LEDs of 0.39 cm 2 /mJ and 0.29 cm 2 /mJ for E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively, and 0.33 cm 2 /mJ and 0.26 cm 2 /mJ using the low-power 275 nm UV-LEDs. The analysed data justify the reciprocity law for UV-LEDs disinfection using 265 nm and 275 nm UV-LEDs with two optical powers of 1.6 mW and 50 mW.

The activated sludge process simply involves bringing together wastewater and a mixed culture of microorganisms under aerobic conditions. The system usually includes a secondary treatment given to the settled sewage, and requires an environment in which active microorganisms are maintained in intimate contact with wastewater in the presence of sufficient oxygen. In this study, the treatment of industrial effluents, by using laboratory activated sludge unit was investigated. The reduction of the pollution laws was determined, using the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) methods. The results indicated that the pollution laws was reduced by up to 98% in the activated sludge unit.

ABSTRACT
The Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus is pivotal in addressing the growing challenges of sustainable development, particularly in resource-constrained regions like Kenya’s coastal area cutting across six counties including Mombasa County, Kwale County, Kilifi County, Tana River County, Lamu County and Taita Taveta County. This study investigates strategic sustainability approaches to integrating the WEF nexus for community development in this region. Employing a systematic review and bibliometric analysis, the research synthesized insights from 55 peer-reviewed articles selected through the PRISMA framework. Key findings highlight increasing research trends globally, with Kenya emerging as a notable contributor in recent years. The bibliometric analysis identified thematic clusters emphasizing clean energy, resource efficiency, and climate adaptation. Despite progress, gaps persist in applying advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things to resource management within the nexus. This study calls for the integration of clean energy strategies to enhance resource efficiency, resilience, and socio-economic development. Future research should focus on localized case studies and innovative technologies to address unique regional challenges.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food nexus, sustainable community development, clean energy, bibliometric analysis, Kenya’s coastal region.

Knowledge of the effect of the P remaining in the soil (residual effect) is of great importance for fertilization recommendation. Environmental applications of nanotechnology address the development of solutions to the existing environmental problems, preventive measures for future problems resulting from the interactions of materials with the environment. For this purpose, Fe-Al-Mn ternary mixed oxide nanocomposite adsorbent with 70, 25 and 5 percentage composition of Fe, Al, Mn respectively was synthesized by impregnation method. Its crystal structure was hematite with 20.31 nm size and 69.93 m 2 /g surface area. The study of phosphate desorption was carried out on different farming practices with four types of treatments: Sole Maize conventional practice (SMCP), Sole Maize conservational agriculture (SMCA), Sole Haricot bean conservation agriculture (SHCA) and Maize-Haricot bean intercropping conservation agriculture (MHCA). The simulation of phosphate desorption from soil to pla...