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Useful plants of Bas-Congo province, DR Congo

Profile image of Paul LathamPaul Latham

Abstract

Plants and plant products are of direct importance to the rural population in most of Africa. Collected locally, they are used for building, packaging, as food and medicine, for feeding livestock and for crop protection. In addition edible insects, an important part of the diet in much of Central Africa, feed on certain plants. Bees gather nectar and pollen from selected plants to produce honey which, as well as being much appreciated, is a valuable source of income in the province. Knowledge of the uses, and even of the local names, of many of these plants is being lost. This publication provides information gathered locally, as well as from the literature, for over 270 plants growing in Bas-Congo province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Plants are illustrated and a brief description is given, together with details of where they are found, how important species can be propagated and their uses.

Figures (621)
Bas-Congo Province (previously Bas-Zaire), in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Bas-Congo Province (previously Bas-Zaire), in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Propagation Seed is normally used and is best stored in the fruits until required. Soak seeds for 24 hours before planting, discarding any that float. Sow in deeply cultivated land and, if grown commercially, plant rows 60 - 80 cm apart allowing 15 - 20 cm between plants. Ecology A few plants are generally grown near the home, often along with other vegetables. The plants prefer soils which are well drained, fertile, with adequate organic matter but can also grow on soils of moderate fertility.
Propagation Seed is normally used and is best stored in the fruits until required. Soak seeds for 24 hours before planting, discarding any that float. Sow in deeply cultivated land and, if grown commercially, plant rows 60 - 80 cm apart allowing 15 - 20 cm between plants. Ecology A few plants are generally grown near the home, often along with other vegetables. The plants prefer soils which are well drained, fertile, with adequate organic matter but can also grow on soils of moderate fertility.
Description An herbaceous, sub-woody creeper with stems up to 3 m long and 1.5 cm thick. Small white or purple flowers are borne in dense racemes and are very conspicuous. Seeds are bright scarlet with a black spot at one end. Ecology Frequently found in the savanna in Bas-Congo but it often grows in the villages or around homes. It grows throughout the tropics and sub-tropics in thickets, clearings and secondary forest, often in slightly damp places.
Description An herbaceous, sub-woody creeper with stems up to 3 m long and 1.5 cm thick. Small white or purple flowers are borne in dense racemes and are very conspicuous. Seeds are bright scarlet with a black spot at one end. Ecology Frequently found in the savanna in Bas-Congo but it often grows in the villages or around homes. It grows throughout the tropics and sub-tropics in thickets, clearings and secondary forest, often in slightly damp places.
Ecology The tree grows on a wide range of deep and shallow acid soils low in nitrogen and organic Description Usually a low to medium sized tree 8 - 20 m high, heavily branched with a short, crooked stem. The yellow flowers are followed by twisted pods containing small black seeds. material and is particularly useful for poor sterile sandy soils with a moderate rainfall. Branches break in high winds and the tree is not fire resistant. It also does not withstand drought as well as Eucalypts and will not grow in waterlogged soils.
Ecology The tree grows on a wide range of deep and shallow acid soils low in nitrogen and organic Description Usually a low to medium sized tree 8 - 20 m high, heavily branched with a short, crooked stem. The yellow flowers are followed by twisted pods containing small black seeds. material and is particularly useful for poor sterile sandy soils with a moderate rainfall. Branches break in high winds and the tree is not fire resistant. It also does not withstand drought as well as Eucalypts and will not grow in waterlogged soils.
Traditional forest fallow near Mayenga village (see page 5)
Traditional forest fallow near Mayenga village (see page 5)
be obtained from the bark. It is useful for smothering coarse grasses including Jmperata but Chromolaena odorata thrives beneath it. Because of its densely matted root system it is useful for stabilizing soils on steep sterile slopes. The fallen leaves produce a useful amount of litter, which is not eaten by stock, is nitrogen rich and builds up both fertility and tilth. Bees collect some pollen from the flowers. Edible fungi grow on the wood. Lobobunaea phaedusa, Imbrasia obscura, Imbrasia eblis and Imbrasia epimethea edible caterpillars feed on this plant in Bas-Congo. Often people transfer caterpillars found in the bush/forest to an Acacia tree in the village to rear the caterpillars and sometimes will allow them to pupate, in which case they are likely to return the following season.
be obtained from the bark. It is useful for smothering coarse grasses including Jmperata but Chromolaena odorata thrives beneath it. Because of its densely matted root system it is useful for stabilizing soils on steep sterile slopes. The fallen leaves produce a useful amount of litter, which is not eaten by stock, is nitrogen rich and builds up both fertility and tilth. Bees collect some pollen from the flowers. Edible fungi grow on the wood. Lobobunaea phaedusa, Imbrasia obscura, Imbrasia eblis and Imbrasia epimethea edible caterpillars feed on this plant in Bas-Congo. Often people transfer caterpillars found in the bush/forest to an Acacia tree in the village to rear the caterpillars and sometimes will allow them to pupate, in which case they are likely to return the following season.
Acosmium panamense in secondary forest at Lembulu Description A tree which can grow to 40 m high. The trees at Lembulu were 8 - 10 m high and were seen in flower in January and February.
Acosmium panamense in secondary forest at Lembulu Description A tree which can grow to 40 m high. The trees at Lembulu were 8 - 10 m high and were seen in flower in January and February.
Uses The tree makes a good fire break and is recommended for use in re-afforestation. It has a bitte: bark, which is used for the treatment of scrofula and malaria. Wood is strong and durable and can be used for tool handles and heavy construction work. The tree is reported locally as a good bee fodder with abundant flowering.
Uses The tree makes a good fire break and is recommended for use in re-afforestation. It has a bitte: bark, which is used for the treatment of scrofula and malaria. Wood is strong and durable and can be used for tool handles and heavy construction work. The tree is reported locally as a good bee fodder with abundant flowering.
Propagation Can be grown from seed. Immerse in hot water, allow to cool and then soak for 24 hours. Seed can be stored for a long time if kept cool and dry. Germination takes place over a period of 3 - 6 months but good seed can germinate after 30 - 50 days. Seedlings are fragile during the early stages. Common names Nkondo, baobab Management The tree is fire and termite resistant and coppices well.
Propagation Can be grown from seed. Immerse in hot water, allow to cool and then soak for 24 hours. Seed can be stored for a long time if kept cool and dry. Germination takes place over a period of 3 - 6 months but good seed can germinate after 30 - 50 days. Seedlings are fragile during the early stages. Common names Nkondo, baobab Management The tree is fire and termite resistant and coppices well.
Preparing land for planting in Manianga district. Grass is piled up in heaps, covered over with soil and then set on fire. Cassava cuttings are planted in the mounds. References De Wildeman 1934, Wickens 1982, Vibuya et al. 1994, HDRA 2000
Preparing land for planting in Manianga district. Grass is piled up in heaps, covered over with soil and then set on fire. Cassava cuttings are planted in the mounds. References De Wildeman 1934, Wickens 1982, Vibuya et al. 1994, HDRA 2000
Adenia lobata growing on a pergola near Kisantu Description A large semi-woody to woody creeper from 5 - 45 m long. The stem may be round ot! angled up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves 3.5 - 25 cm long by 2 - 20 cm wide. Male and female flower: are separate.
Adenia lobata growing on a pergola near Kisantu Description A large semi-woody to woody creeper from 5 - 45 m long. The stem may be round ot! angled up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves 3.5 - 25 cm long by 2 - 20 cm wide. Male and female flower: are separate.
Ecology Found in dense, swamp and riverine forest which may be flooded. Also in secondary or open forest, and sometimes associated with termite mounds in wooded savanna up to 1770 m. The creeper is also present in Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Angola, Mozambique and from Senegal to Sudan.
Ecology Found in dense, swamp and riverine forest which may be flooded. Also in secondary or open forest, and sometimes associated with termite mounds in wooded savanna up to 1770 m. The creeper is also present in Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Angola, Mozambique and from Senegal to Sudan.
Common name Kitundibila, ntundulu References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Malaisse 1997, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Ruffo et al. 2002 Aframomum alboviolaceum
Common name Kitundibila, ntundulu References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Malaisse 1997, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Ruffo et al. 2002 Aframomum alboviolaceum
Aframomum melegueta growing in a garden at Kisantu Description A bushy perennial plant growing from a short, scaly rhizome with surface roots. Stems grow from 90 cm to 1.2 m tall and are covered with leaf sheaths up to 2 m long. Flowers are up to 13 cm long, trumpet shaped, pale mauve, pink or white, growing from the base of the stem. Fruits are oval in shape, red, 5 - 10 cm long, with white flesh and contain dark-brown seeds. The whole plant is aromatic, especially the seeds. Ecology Grows in shaded forest from Guinea and into central Africa. Widely cultivated with other crops in Africa and elsewhere. Prefers well drained soils, even if rocky, but the plant is not drought tolerant. It requires some, but not excessive shade.
Aframomum melegueta growing in a garden at Kisantu Description A bushy perennial plant growing from a short, scaly rhizome with surface roots. Stems grow from 90 cm to 1.2 m tall and are covered with leaf sheaths up to 2 m long. Flowers are up to 13 cm long, trumpet shaped, pale mauve, pink or white, growing from the base of the stem. Fruits are oval in shape, red, 5 - 10 cm long, with white flesh and contain dark-brown seeds. The whole plant is aromatic, especially the seeds. Ecology Grows in shaded forest from Guinea and into central Africa. Widely cultivated with other crops in Africa and elsewhere. Prefers well drained soils, even if rocky, but the plant is not drought tolerant. It requires some, but not excessive shade.
Description A tree 5 - 10 m high in the savanna but it may reach 35 m in forest areas. It has a few wide spreading branches and a flat crown. Common names Mulu
Description A tree 5 - 10 m high in the savanna but it may reach 35 m in forest areas. It has a few wide spreading branches and a flat crown. Common names Mulu
Description A tree from 5 to 15 m high, but it can grow up to 20 m tall. The compound leaves have from 4 to 14 pairs of leaflets each with 20-30 pairs of pinnae. The white flowers are 8-12 mm long, in heads 20-25 mm in diameter, usually borne in wide terminal panicles. The corolla is white with stamens up to 30 mm long. Pods are flat, 10-17 cm long. Seeds are laterally flattened, 7 mm long. Ecology The tree was introduced from Australia where it grows in mixed, deciduous forests up to a height of 1,300 m. It is also present in tropical rain forests in south-eastern Asia which have an annual rainfall of 1,000 - 5,000 mm. It is particularly suited to poor soils.
Description A tree from 5 to 15 m high, but it can grow up to 20 m tall. The compound leaves have from 4 to 14 pairs of leaflets each with 20-30 pairs of pinnae. The white flowers are 8-12 mm long, in heads 20-25 mm in diameter, usually borne in wide terminal panicles. The corolla is white with stamens up to 30 mm long. Pods are flat, 10-17 cm long. Seeds are laterally flattened, 7 mm long. Ecology The tree was introduced from Australia where it grows in mixed, deciduous forests up to a height of 1,300 m. It is also present in tropical rain forests in south-eastern Asia which have an annual rainfall of 1,000 - 5,000 mm. It is particularly suited to poor soils.
Albizia ferruginea near Gombe Matadi Description A forest tree growing to 45 m high with spreading flat branches and a domed crown. Flowers are greenish-white, up to 12 mm long, and are borne in small clusters on hairy stalks. They have long protruding stamens.
Albizia ferruginea near Gombe Matadi Description A forest tree growing to 45 m high with spreading flat branches and a domed crown. Flowers are greenish-white, up to 12 mm long, and are borne in small clusters on hairy stalks. They have long protruding stamens.
Propagation The tree produces large quantities of seed which germinate easily after being put in boiling water. This is then left to cool for 24 hours. Seed can be stored but must be quite dry. It can be sown in a nursery or planted direct into the field. The tree can also be grown from stem or root cuttings. It sprouts root suckers when its roots are injured. Shade inhibits germination and seedling growth. Ecology Occasionally planted in villages in Bas-Congo. Tolerant of grass fires. The tree is not wind-firm because of its shallow root system.
Propagation The tree produces large quantities of seed which germinate easily after being put in boiling water. This is then left to cool for 24 hours. Seed can be stored but must be quite dry. It can be sown in a nursery or planted direct into the field. The tree can also be grown from stem or root cuttings. It sprouts root suckers when its roots are injured. Shade inhibits germination and seedling growth. Ecology Occasionally planted in villages in Bas-Congo. Tolerant of grass fires. The tree is not wind-firm because of its shallow root system.
Description Often a scrambling, perennial shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. The stem is woody, much branched and bushy when young. Leaves are simple and alternate, 10 - 28 cm long and 6.5 - 16.5 cm wide. The leaf blade is heart shaped at the base, pointed at the apex, and borne on a long petiole. Male flowers are borne on long spikes while the female flowers are produced on short stalks.
Description Often a scrambling, perennial shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. The stem is woody, much branched and bushy when young. Leaves are simple and alternate, 10 - 28 cm long and 6.5 - 16.5 cm wide. The leaf blade is heart shaped at the base, pointed at the apex, and borne on a long petiole. Male flowers are borne on long spikes while the female flowers are produced on short stalks.
Description A perennial herb which grows in clumps up to 50 cm high. The welsh onion produces a relatively indistinct bulb up to 10 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves are hollow and 15 - 50 cm long. White flowers are borne in an umbel on a hollow stalk 40 - 50 cm tall.
Description A perennial herb which grows in clumps up to 50 cm high. The welsh onion produces a relatively indistinct bulb up to 10 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves are hollow and 15 - 50 cm long. White flowers are borne in an umbel on a hollow stalk 40 - 50 cm tall.
Propagation Stem cuttings, offsets or leaf cuttings may be used. Cuttings root easily. Allow them to dry for several days before planting. The plant can also be grown from seed.
Propagation Stem cuttings, offsets or leaf cuttings may be used. Cuttings root easily. Allow them to dry for several days before planting. The plant can also be grown from seed.
Ecology Grows in the savanna in Bas- Congo and is fairly common. Uses The leaf sap is applied to sores, wounds and especially burns. It is also used to treat skin eruptions, pain in the joints, inflammation of the breast and as a laxative.
Ecology Grows in the savanna in Bas- Congo and is fairly common. Uses The leaf sap is applied to sores, wounds and especially burns. It is also used to treat skin eruptions, pain in the joints, inflammation of the breast and as a laxative.
Right : Chopped leaves of Aloe ferox at the ANAMEL centre in Kinshasa.
Right : Chopped leaves of Aloe ferox at the ANAMEL centre in Kinshasa.
Left and above : A/oe congolensis in flower near Ipene village. Description A low growing succulent plant with spines along the leaf edges.
Left and above : A/oe congolensis in flower near Ipene village. Description A low growing succulent plant with spines along the leaf edges.
Common names Mbwembo, ngwengo, biteku teku (Lingala), amarante (Fr.), amaranth
Common names Mbwembo, ngwengo, biteku teku (Lingala), amarante (Fr.), amaranth
Propagation By seed, but germination is irregular. Planting can be done at any time and the seedlings can be either left in the planting bed and harvested whole or transplanted 20 x 20 cm apart once they are 5 - 8 cm high. The side shoots are then harvested as required. Tender plants need some protection from heavy rain.
Propagation By seed, but germination is irregular. Planting can be done at any time and the seedlings can be either left in the planting bed and harvested whole or transplanted 20 x 20 cm apart once they are 5 - 8 cm high. The side shoots are then harvested as required. Tender plants need some protection from heavy rain.
Description A low sprawling evergreen tree to 15 m. Trees with sparse foliage indicate poor conditions. Shoot growth occurs throughout the year where rainfall is well distributed. Both tap and lateral roots are very extensive. Flowering takes place after the growth flush at the end of the rainy season. Flowering period may extend over 4 months, though is mainly within 4 to 6 weeks. Insects especially ants and bees are known to be important for pollination.
Description A low sprawling evergreen tree to 15 m. Trees with sparse foliage indicate poor conditions. Shoot growth occurs throughout the year where rainfall is well distributed. Both tap and lateral roots are very extensive. Flowering takes place after the growth flush at the end of the rainy season. Flowering period may extend over 4 months, though is mainly within 4 to 6 weeks. Insects especially ants and bees are known to be important for pollination.
Photo : Frieda Billiet
Photo : Frieda Billiet
Left :- Bunaea alcinoe collected from Cananga odorata on the school compound at Kavwaya
Left :- Bunaea alcinoe collected from Cananga odorata on the school compound at Kavwaya
Right : Kungu nsudi grasshoppers feed in groups, so can be caught in greater numbers
Right : Kungu nsudi grasshoppers feed in groups, so can be caught in greater numbers
Ecology Low altitudes produce very sweet fruit while altitudes above 2000 m produce acid fruit. The plant is frequently found growing in the forest but is also often planted. Good drainage is important and the soil should be deeply cultivated. Cloudy days reduce growth and result in small fruits but intense sun during fruit ripening can cause sun-scald. Propagation can be grown from crowns, slips or suckers. Crowns are commonly used. They should be stored upside down in the shade until the butt is dried. Plant out at 50 x 40 cm.
Ecology Low altitudes produce very sweet fruit while altitudes above 2000 m produce acid fruit. The plant is frequently found growing in the forest but is also often planted. Good drainage is important and the soil should be deeply cultivated. Cloudy days reduce growth and result in small fruits but intense sun during fruit ripening can cause sun-scald. Propagation can be grown from crowns, slips or suckers. Crowns are commonly used. They should be stored upside down in the shade until the butt is dried. Plant out at 50 x 40 cm.
water treated with ashes and prolonged cooking, others report that it can be prepared just as for cassava. It can also be sun-dried and stored. The rhizome is used medicinally elsewhere in Africa. Ecology Occurs in forested areas up to 1200 m, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon and south to the Congo. Also present in Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia.
water treated with ashes and prolonged cooking, others report that it can be prepared just as for cassava. It can also be sun-dried and stored. The rhizome is used medicinally elsewhere in Africa. Ecology Occurs in forested areas up to 1200 m, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon and south to the Congo. Also present in Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia.
Common names Mpansa makunsi, nzete ki simbi, dioko di kisimbi, kikwa ki bankita, forest anchomanes Uses In Bas-Congo both the leaves and the underground tuber are used medicinally to treat increased heartbeat, hernias and rheumatism. The tuber is boiled with palm oil and used to treat infertility in women. It is also used to treat hernias in men, being mixed with the fruit of Oncoba_ welwitschii and Rhipsalis baccifera and boiled up in palm oil. The rhizome is eaten in times of scarcity. Some people say it requires repeated washing in Anchomanes difformis
Common names Mpansa makunsi, nzete ki simbi, dioko di kisimbi, kikwa ki bankita, forest anchomanes Uses In Bas-Congo both the leaves and the underground tuber are used medicinally to treat increased heartbeat, hernias and rheumatism. The tuber is boiled with palm oil and used to treat infertility in women. It is also used to treat hernias in men, being mixed with the fruit of Oncoba_ welwitschii and Rhipsalis baccifera and boiled up in palm oil. The rhizome is eaten in times of scarcity. Some people say it requires repeated washing in Anchomanes difformis
Description A shrub 20 — 60 cm high growing from a fibrous rhizome more than 1 cm in diameter. Leaves have petioles 1 - 3 mm long and are 2.5 - 8 long and 1 - 3 cm wide. The red fruits, 25 - 35 x 13 - 20 mm, are produced in both wet and dry seasons. Common names Mfungu mfungu, mfungu, mbila esobe (Lingala)
Description A shrub 20 — 60 cm high growing from a fibrous rhizome more than 1 cm in diameter. Leaves have petioles 1 - 3 mm long and are 2.5 - 8 long and 1 - 3 cm wide. The red fruits, 25 - 35 x 13 - 20 mm, are produced in both wet and dry seasons. Common names Mfungu mfungu, mfungu, mbila esobe (Lingala)
References Adriaens 1951, FAC 1987, Nsimundele 2004
References Adriaens 1951, FAC 1987, Nsimundele 2004
Management Generally planted out after 4 months at a spacing of 5 - 7 m. Apply some manure in the early stages and add mulch to keep the soil moist and control weeds. Encourage the tree to branch once it reaches 1 m tall. Hand pollination improves fruiting. Fruits must not be picked until ripe. Trees are sometimes attacked by mealy bugs and scale insects. The latter can be controlled with a spray made from hot chillies and sugar-cane alcohol, but preventing the ants, which carry the scale insects, from climbing the trees, is a et, covered with a layer of grease, around the
Management Generally planted out after 4 months at a spacing of 5 - 7 m. Apply some manure in the early stages and add mulch to keep the soil moist and control weeds. Encourage the tree to branch once it reaches 1 m tall. Hand pollination improves fruiting. Fruits must not be picked until ripe. Trees are sometimes attacked by mealy bugs and scale insects. The latter can be controlled with a spray made from hot chillies and sugar-cane alcohol, but preventing the ants, which carry the scale insects, from climbing the trees, is a et, covered with a layer of grease, around the
Ecology The tree is grown in much of tropical Africa and requires an annual rainfall of 1000 mm or more. It grows well in sunlight or partial shade and prefers fairly rich, deep, well drained soils.
Ecology The tree is grown in much of tropical Africa and requires an annual rainfall of 1000 mm or more. It grows well in sunlight or partial shade and prefers fairly rich, deep, well drained soils.
Annona senegalensis bearing fruit in January near Kinsadi
Annona senegalensis bearing fruit in January near Kinsadi
Propagation Use seed, root suckers or wild seedlings. Seeds may be sown without treatment, though scarification may improve germination. Seeds germinate well on recently cultivated or burnt land. They are susceptible to insect damage and lose viability after 6 months. Root suckers are produced after fire or by mechanical damage.
Propagation Use seed, root suckers or wild seedlings. Seeds may be sown without treatment, though scarification may improve germination. Seeds germinate well on recently cultivated or burnt land. They are susceptible to insect damage and lose viability after 6 months. Root suckers are produced after fire or by mechanical damage.
Description Woody, semi-deciduous shrub or small tree growing 3 - 6 m high. Fruits are sweet anc slightly acid.
Description Woody, semi-deciduous shrub or small tree growing 3 - 6 m high. Fruits are sweet anc slightly acid.
Propagation Normally grown from seed, which can be kept for up to 3 years, but grafting is used to improve production. The seeds germinate better if left for a week after removal from the fruit. Germination may take 30 days or more but can be hastened by soaking for 3 days, though the number germinating is said to be better using unsoaked seeds.
Propagation Normally grown from seed, which can be kept for up to 3 years, but grafting is used to improve production. The seeds germinate better if left for a week after removal from the fruit. Germination may take 30 days or more but can be hastened by soaking for 3 days, though the number germinating is said to be better using unsoaked seeds.
Anonidium mannii tree at Kisantu botanic garden
Anonidium mannii tree at Kisantu botanic garden
Description A tree 15 - 30 m high with a girth of up to 2 m. Trunk is short, dark grey to dark green, the outer bark is thick and spongy, the inner bark dark brown, fibrous and aromatic. The tree has a dense crown with branches arching down. Leaves have petioles 0.3 — 1 cm long and are 20 — 40 cm long by 7 — 17 cm broad. The tree is easily recognized by its large leaves and the flowers and fruits borne on leafless branches below the foliage. Fruits are 20 — 30 cm long, green at first then turning yellow and finally black. Fruit is produced in January at the botanic garden in Kisantu.
Description A tree 15 - 30 m high with a girth of up to 2 m. Trunk is short, dark grey to dark green, the outer bark is thick and spongy, the inner bark dark brown, fibrous and aromatic. The tree has a dense crown with branches arching down. Leaves have petioles 0.3 — 1 cm long and are 20 — 40 cm long by 7 — 17 cm broad. The tree is easily recognized by its large leaves and the flowers and fruits borne on leafless branches below the foliage. Fruits are 20 — 30 cm long, green at first then turning yellow and finally black. Fruit is produced in January at the botanic garden in Kisantu.
Uses A root decoction is taken to prevent malaria, to expel worms and to treat hard abscesses in Bas- Congo. Elsewhere in Africa a decoction of leaves is used to treat pain in the side. The leaves are eaten by Mimpemba edible caterpillars. Bees are reported to visit the flowers for nectar. Anthocleista schweinfurthii
Uses A root decoction is taken to prevent malaria, to expel worms and to treat hard abscesses in Bas- Congo. Elsewhere in Africa a decoction of leaves is used to treat pain in the side. The leaves are eaten by Mimpemba edible caterpillars. Bees are reported to visit the flowers for nectar. Anthocleista schweinfurthii
Mimpemba edible caterpillar Ecology Found both in the bush and savanna, generally in dry sites up to 1800 m. It is present from south-western Nigeria to Sudan and south to Zambia and Angola and is common in Bas-Congo. Photo : L. Lemaire
Mimpemba edible caterpillar Ecology Found both in the bush and savanna, generally in dry sites up to 1800 m. It is present from south-western Nigeria to Sudan and south to Zambia and Angola and is common in Bas-Congo. Photo : L. Lemaire
Common names Zaladinkanka, kifitidi, pink tassle-berry Ecology Widespread in tropical Africa from Senegal to Ivory Coast, and from Angola to Mozambique where it is mainly found in —————— Antidesma membranaceum (Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Zaladinkanka, kifitidi, pink tassle-berry Ecology Widespread in tropical Africa from Senegal to Ivory Coast, and from Angola to Mozambique where it is mainly found in —————— Antidesma membranaceum (Euphorbiaceae)
Description A small tree with a straight, grey trunk growing to 2 - 8 m high. Bark is fibrous, grey or grey-brown, and pinkish-brown when cut. Leaves are alternate with short petioles, oval to elliptic and often rounded at both ends, 3 - 20 cm long by 2 - 9 cm wide, sometimes densely hairy on the under surface. Flowers pale yellow. The male and female flowers hang down in spikes and are on different trees. Fruit is white when young but turns red and then black in long pendulous spikes. Common names Fitidi di nseke
Description A small tree with a straight, grey trunk growing to 2 - 8 m high. Bark is fibrous, grey or grey-brown, and pinkish-brown when cut. Leaves are alternate with short petioles, oval to elliptic and often rounded at both ends, 3 - 20 cm long by 2 - 9 cm wide, sometimes densely hairy on the under surface. Flowers pale yellow. The male and female flowers hang down in spikes and are on different trees. Fruit is white when young but turns red and then black in long pendulous spikes. Common names Fitidi di nseke
References Wild et al. 1972, Pauwels 1993, Venter & Venter 1996, Ruffo et al. 2002 Propagation Can be grown from seed and by dividing the roots. Collect the fruits, dry in the shade and sow in a mixture of half river sand and half loam soil. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of sand and keep moist and warm. Seeds usually germinate after 10 - 20 days. Germination rate is normally 70 - 80%.
References Wild et al. 1972, Pauwels 1993, Venter & Venter 1996, Ruffo et al. 2002 Propagation Can be grown from seed and by dividing the roots. Collect the fruits, dry in the shade and sow in a mixture of half river sand and half loam soil. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of sand and keep moist and warm. Seeds usually germinate after 10 - 20 days. Germination rate is normally 70 - 80%.
Description A low growing annual plant, 30 - 60 cm high. Bush types, as opposed to runner types, are grown in Bas-Congo.
Description A low growing annual plant, 30 - 60 cm high. Bush types, as opposed to runner types, are grown in Bas-Congo.
References Purseglove 1968, Godin and Spensley 1971, FAO 1986 photo : Luc Pauwels Propagation Seed should be shelled just before planting. Plant 2 seeds per hole, 5 - 7 cm deep. Space 15 - 25 cm apart. Close spacing and early planting helps to reduce ‘rosette’ disease.
References Purseglove 1968, Godin and Spensley 1971, FAO 1986 photo : Luc Pauwels Propagation Seed should be shelled just before planting. Plant 2 seeds per hole, 5 - 7 cm deep. Space 15 - 25 cm apart. Close spacing and early planting helps to reduce ‘rosette’ disease.
Common names Armoise Chinoise (Fr.), sweet Annie, sweet wormwooc
Common names Armoise Chinoise (Fr.), sweet Annie, sweet wormwooc
Common names Kikwa ki santu Petelo, arbre a pain (Fr.), breadfruit Description Tree from 15 to 20 m tall. All parts of the tree produce a white, bitter latex. Fruits are nearly spherical 15 - 20 cm diameter, and either contain large seeds (breadnut) or are rough, but not spiny, and seedless (breadfruit). The fruiting season extends for up to 5 months.
Common names Kikwa ki santu Petelo, arbre a pain (Fr.), breadfruit Description Tree from 15 to 20 m tall. All parts of the tree produce a white, bitter latex. Fruits are nearly spherical 15 - 20 cm diameter, and either contain large seeds (breadnut) or are rough, but not spiny, and seedless (breadfruit). The fruiting season extends for up to 5 months.
Ecology The tree is sometimes found in villages in Bas-Congo. It thrives in a humid climate at low altitudes. The young plants require some shade, but for fruiting full sun is needed. It dislikes shallow or waterlogged soils. Best growth is obtained in deep moist soils with high humus content and high fertility. Good drainage is essential. ee
Ecology The tree is sometimes found in villages in Bas-Congo. It thrives in a humid climate at low altitudes. The young plants require some shade, but for fruiting full sun is needed. It dislikes shallow or waterlogged soils. Best growth is obtained in deep moist soils with high humus content and high fertility. Good drainage is essential. ee
A young charcoal maker learns his father’s trade
A young charcoal maker learns his father’s trade
Common names Jacquier (Fr.), jackfruit rather than small fruit along the branches. Cuts or gashes can also be made in the trunk to encourage fruiting. Trees may fruit after 3 years, once they have reached 10 m high.
Common names Jacquier (Fr.), jackfruit rather than small fruit along the branches. Cuts or gashes can also be made in the trunk to encourage fruiting. Trees may fruit after 3 years, once they have reached 10 m high.
Management Cut back fruiting twigs after harvest. Pruning low branches encourages the production of large fruit on the trunk
Management Cut back fruiting twigs after harvest. Pruning low branches encourages the production of large fruit on the trunk
Common names Paka paka, carambolier (Fr.), carambola, star fruit
Common names Paka paka, carambolier (Fr.), carambola, star fruit
Ecology Grows best in the hot humid tropics. The tree will thrive on poor sandy soils in sheltered situations up to 1200 m. Soil drainage must be good. Requires a fairly even distribution of rainfall and tolerates light shade.
Ecology Grows best in the hot humid tropics. The tree will thrive on poor sandy soils in sheltered situations up to 1200 m. Soil drainage must be good. Requires a fairly even distribution of rainfall and tolerates light shade.
References FAO 1982, Garner & Chaudhri 1988, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Macmillan 1991, Verheij & Coronel 1991, Nakasone & Paull 1998, Katende et al. 2000.
References FAO 1982, Garner & Chaudhri 1988, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Macmillan 1991, Verheij & Coronel 1991, Nakasone & Paull 1998, Katende et al. 2000.
A rat trap maker on his way to Buba market to sell a trap. The small basket at the end is made from Mbamba = Eremospatha sp.
A rat trap maker on his way to Buba market to sell a trap. The small basket at the end is made from Mbamba = Eremospatha sp.
Common names Nim (Fr.), neem Management The tree coppices freely and young shoots grow fast. Azadirachta indica
Common names Nim (Fr.), neem Management The tree coppices freely and young shoots grow fast. Azadirachta indica
tree seedlings. Stem sheaths can be used as covers for beehives. Goats browse the leaves. The plant is especially useful for erosion control e.g. around water sources. It can also be used for making paper, plywood, charcoal etc. The young shoots are edible. Common names Tutu, bambou (Fr.), bamboo Bambusa vulgaris
tree seedlings. Stem sheaths can be used as covers for beehives. Goats browse the leaves. The plant is especially useful for erosion control e.g. around water sources. It can also be used for making paper, plywood, charcoal etc. The young shoots are edible. Common names Tutu, bambou (Fr.), bamboo Bambusa vulgaris
Reference Tindall 1983, Abukutsa-Onyango 2004 Propagation Can be grown from seed or 20 cm long cuttings. For seed the whole fruit is planted i nurseries and then transplanted when 10 - 12 cm high.
Reference Tindall 1983, Abukutsa-Onyango 2004 Propagation Can be grown from seed or 20 cm long cuttings. For seed the whole fruit is planted i nurseries and then transplanted when 10 - 12 cm high.
Description A short-lived creeper with fleshy, green or purplish, twining stems. It usually grows up to approximately 4 m long. Ecology Native to tropical Asia but now grown in many tropical regions. The plant tolerates a wide range of soil conditions and grows best in fertile soils well supplied with organic material. Additional nitrogen assists early growth. It is also well adapted to high temperatures and high rainfall though some varieties can withstand drought better than others. Lack of adequate water causes early flowering. Light shading will encourage the plant to produce larger leaves.
Description A short-lived creeper with fleshy, green or purplish, twining stems. It usually grows up to approximately 4 m long. Ecology Native to tropical Asia but now grown in many tropical regions. The plant tolerates a wide range of soil conditions and grows best in fertile soils well supplied with organic material. Additional nitrogen assists early growth. It is also well adapted to high temperatures and high rainfall though some varieties can withstand drought better than others. Lack of adequate water causes early flowering. Light shading will encourage the plant to produce larger leaves.
References Renner 1989, Verheij & Coronel 1991, Pauwels 1993 Ecology An introduced tree from Central America where it is found up to 1650 m. It now grows alongside streams and rivers in several places in Bas-Congo where it has become an invasive weed.
References Renner 1989, Verheij & Coronel 1991, Pauwels 1993 Ecology An introduced tree from Central America where it is found up to 1650 m. It now grows alongside streams and rivers in several places in Bas-Congo where it has become an invasive weed.
Common names Ekoti ya monseigneur (Lingala), Neflier de Costa Rica, chapeau de Monseigneur (Fr.) Propagation The tree can be grown from seed. Uses Sometimes cultivated for its fruit in Indonesia. The fruits are pleasant but not particularly tasty.
Common names Ekoti ya monseigneur (Lingala), Neflier de Costa Rica, chapeau de Monseigneur (Fr.) Propagation The tree can be grown from seed. Uses Sometimes cultivated for its fruit in Indonesia. The fruits are pleasant but not particularly tasty.
Description An erect, aromatic, annual herb up to 1.5 m high, reproducing by seeds. Seed is about | cm long, tipped with 2 - 4 barbed bristles which catch on animal fur and clothing.
Description An erect, aromatic, annual herb up to 1.5 m high, reproducing by seeds. Seed is about | cm long, tipped with 2 - 4 barbed bristles which catch on animal fur and clothing.
Common names Nteke, rocouyer (Fr.), anatto tree the West Indies, but now widely introduced in the tropics, becoming naturalized in some areas. It prefers a deep loamy soil. The tree is fairly drought resistant and is sometimes grown in village compounds. Bixa orellana
Common names Nteke, rocouyer (Fr.), anatto tree the West Indies, but now widely introduced in the tropics, becoming naturalized in some areas. It prefers a deep loamy soil. The tree is fairly drought resistant and is sometimes grown in village compounds. Bixa orellana
Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Macmillan 1991, Pauwels 1993, Pousset 2004
Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Macmillan 1991, Pauwels 1993, Pousset 2004
Common names Dibata bata, hogweed Description A semi-prostrate annual herb with ascending or erect stems up to 60 cm tall, arising from a fleshy tuberous root. It reproduces from seed. Flowers are deep purple or crimson. The fruit is a one seeded capsule about 3 mm long. Boerhavia diffusa
Common names Dibata bata, hogweed Description A semi-prostrate annual herb with ascending or erect stems up to 60 cm tall, arising from a fleshy tuberous root. It reproduces from seed. Flowers are deep purple or crimson. The fruit is a one seeded capsule about 3 mm long. Boerhavia diffusa
Ecology A tropical weed of cultivated fields, waste ground and roadsides.
Ecology A tropical weed of cultivated fields, waste ground and roadsides.
a a FA SIV fe cae | pera thy Lim tus stem does not appear above ground for 6 - 8 years. It then grows from 30 to 40 cm a year reaching its final size after 25 years. Common names Ba di madibu, ba di ndingi, rénier (Fr.), African fan palm
a a FA SIV fe cae | pera thy Lim tus stem does not appear above ground for 6 - 8 years. It then grows from 30 to 40 cm a year reaching its final size after 25 years. Common names Ba di madibu, ba di ndingi, rénier (Fr.), African fan palm
Description A hairless herb usually growing to 50 cm tall but may reach 120 cm. The main features differentiating this plant from 8. juncea are blue-green coloured leaves which have no hairs, pale yellow flowers and seed pods which are flat when the pods are quite dry. In warm climates seed is produced readily. Common names Nkofi, épinard (Fr.), Ethiopian mustard
Description A hairless herb usually growing to 50 cm tall but may reach 120 cm. The main features differentiating this plant from 8. juncea are blue-green coloured leaves which have no hairs, pale yellow flowers and seed pods which are flat when the pods are quite dry. In warm climates seed is produced readily. Common names Nkofi, épinard (Fr.), Ethiopian mustard
a aaa aia aa a aaa boiling twice, to reduce the risk of goitre. However as they contain anti-carcinogenic properties they are of medicinal value. It is an important oil crop in India, as the seed contains 35% oil. This is used in cooking and as a substitute for olive oil. Description An erect, much branched, strong smelling, annual herb which grows up to 1 m high. Leaves are light green and have small hairs. Some varieties bear bright yellow flowers. The seed-pods are rounded (when compared with 8. carinata). The plant flowers in its first year but early flowering plants should be discarded for seed production. The vegetative stage is shorter than for B. carinata and B. oleracea.
a aaa aia aa a aaa boiling twice, to reduce the risk of goitre. However as they contain anti-carcinogenic properties they are of medicinal value. It is an important oil crop in India, as the seed contains 35% oil. This is used in cooking and as a substitute for olive oil. Description An erect, much branched, strong smelling, annual herb which grows up to 1 m high. Leaves are light green and have small hairs. Some varieties bear bright yellow flowers. The seed-pods are rounded (when compared with 8. carinata). The plant flowers in its first year but early flowering plants should be discarded for seed production. The vegetative stage is shorter than for B. carinata and B. oleracea.
Description A perennial, stalk-forming cabbage growing up to 1 m high. Stems, up to 3 cm diameter, are sturdy and bear blue-green leaves on long stalks. Usually seed is not produced in the tropics because flowering requires a cool resting period. Ecology The plant requires a well drained and manured soil, preferably a sandy loam. It grows best at higher altitudes.
Description A perennial, stalk-forming cabbage growing up to 1 m high. Stems, up to 3 cm diameter, are sturdy and bear blue-green leaves on long stalks. Usually seed is not produced in the tropics because flowering requires a cool resting period. Ecology The plant requires a well drained and manured soil, preferably a sandy loam. It grows best at higher altitudes.
Description Annual or biennial herb with a stout taproot. Basal leaves are broad, shining, bright green, 20 - 50 cm long, with thickened white petioles. It does not form a compact head. Flowers are pale yellow 1 cm long. The fruits are slender 3 - 6 cm long. Stem erect, branched, up to 1.5 m high. Ecology Widely grown in Bas-Congo, often on raised beds. Tolerant to a wide variety of soils, though fertile soils, which retain moisture, are best. Add compost if possible and mulch the soil. Requires full sun and withstands heavy rainfall.
Description Annual or biennial herb with a stout taproot. Basal leaves are broad, shining, bright green, 20 - 50 cm long, with thickened white petioles. It does not form a compact head. Flowers are pale yellow 1 cm long. The fruits are slender 3 - 6 cm long. Stem erect, branched, up to 1.5 m high. Ecology Widely grown in Bas-Congo, often on raised beds. Tolerant to a wide variety of soils, though fertile soils, which retain moisture, are best. Add compost if possible and mulch the soil. Requires full sun and withstands heavy rainfall.
Management Description The petiole is much thicker and longer than for Chinese cabbage and the leaves ar fleshy, more rounded and dark-green. PEGG were Harvesting can take place, for the non- headed variety, from 40 - 60 days after sowing. Yields can reach 15 tons per ha. Brassica rapa
Management Description The petiole is much thicker and longer than for Chinese cabbage and the leaves ar fleshy, more rounded and dark-green. PEGG were Harvesting can take place, for the non- headed variety, from 40 - 60 days after sowing. Yields can reach 15 tons per ha. Brassica rapa
Common names Kimwindu, kimzindu, fibweza, muindu, kimuindu ki mfinda Description A shrub or tree growing to 16 m but of rather crooked growth. It has a dense, widely spreading crown. The trunk and branches, occasionally spiny when young, become fibrous and hairless later. Bark is light grey - brown. The tree branches low down. It sometimes has stilt roots.
Common names Kimwindu, kimzindu, fibweza, muindu, kimuindu ki mfinda Description A shrub or tree growing to 16 m but of rather crooked growth. It has a dense, widely spreading crown. The trunk and branches, occasionally spiny when young, become fibrous and hairless later. Bark is light grey - brown. The tree branches low down. It sometimes has stilt roots.
MIE eee Sa Me Se a a a a a Le oe is edible and the leaves can be used as a fodder. The tree makes a good shade for coffee and cocoa. In the inner bark and outer sapwood Nkankiti caterpillars inside the sack there is a sticky substance which is adhesive. The inner bark with that of the Baobab is used to produce a glue for repairing boots and shoes in the Gambia. Bark can also be pounded to a paste for filling in door cracks and caulking boats. The flower: are reported to be visited by bees in Bas-Congo. The twigs and young leaves give a black dye used tc colour pottery. The pounded bark yields a red dye. References Irvine 1961, Busson 1965, Kokwaro 1976, Palgrave 1977, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Burkill 1994, Katende et al. 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Venter & Venter 1996, Msanga 1998, SEPASAL 1999, Nsimundele 2004, Pousset 2004
MIE eee Sa Me Se a a a a a Le oe is edible and the leaves can be used as a fodder. The tree makes a good shade for coffee and cocoa. In the inner bark and outer sapwood Nkankiti caterpillars inside the sack there is a sticky substance which is adhesive. The inner bark with that of the Baobab is used to produce a glue for repairing boots and shoes in the Gambia. Bark can also be pounded to a paste for filling in door cracks and caulking boats. The flower: are reported to be visited by bees in Bas-Congo. The twigs and young leaves give a black dye used tc colour pottery. The pounded bark yields a red dye. References Irvine 1961, Busson 1965, Kokwaro 1976, Palgrave 1977, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Burkill 1994, Katende et al. 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Venter & Venter 1996, Msanga 1998, SEPASAL 1999, Nsimundele 2004, Pousset 2004
Common names Lemba lemba = "calm the nerves" Description A robust shrub growing up to 2 m high. Leaves are pointed, toothed, 25 - 30 cm long and 11 - 13 cm wide with a winged petiole, included in the length. Flowers are terminal, violet or pink. Fruit is a capsule 25 mm long, bearing about 20 seeds.
Common names Lemba lemba = "calm the nerves" Description A robust shrub growing up to 2 m high. Leaves are pointed, toothed, 25 - 30 cm long and 11 - 13 cm wide with a winged petiole, included in the length. Flowers are terminal, violet or pink. Fruit is a capsule 25 mm long, bearing about 20 seeds.
Ecology Gallery forest or commonly cultivated in villages. Often planted at the entrance to a village or in home gardens in Bas-Congo. Found from Togo to Congo and in Angola and Uganda.
Ecology Gallery forest or commonly cultivated in villages. Often planted at the entrance to a village or in home gardens in Bas-Congo. Found from Togo to Congo and in Angola and Uganda.
Common names Luyuki, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, air plant Description An erect succulent perennial shrub about 1.5 m high. The flowers are borne in a loose drooping panicle arising from the top of the plant and have corolla tubes which are reddish-purple at the top.
Common names Luyuki, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, air plant Description An erect succulent perennial shrub about 1.5 m high. The flowers are borne in a loose drooping panicle arising from the top of the plant and have corolla tubes which are reddish-purple at the top.
Ecology Grows in secondary forest usually on firm (clay) soils. Found in Cameroon, Gabon and the Central African Republic and in Lukaya, Cataractes and Mayombe districts of Bas-Congo. The tree is sometimes planted. Synonym 8. macrophylla
Ecology Grows in secondary forest usually on firm (clay) soils. Found in Cameroon, Gabon and the Central African Republic and in Lukaya, Cataractes and Mayombe districts of Bas-Congo. The tree is sometimes planted. Synonym 8. macrophylla
crop for tree seedlings. Leaves are the food plants for silk worm insects in India. A decoction of the leaves is used medicinally to treat dysentery and an extract from the root is used to treat stomach-ache elsewhere in Africa. The stems make good firewood. Bees visit the flowers producing a honey with a omb. It is a major nectar source in India and Mozambique. References Arkinstall 1979, Allen & Allen 1981, Crane et al. 1984, Van den Belt 1988, Katende et al. 2000, Pousset 2004
crop for tree seedlings. Leaves are the food plants for silk worm insects in India. A decoction of the leaves is used medicinally to treat dysentery and an extract from the root is used to treat stomach-ache elsewhere in Africa. The stems make good firewood. Bees visit the flowers producing a honey with a omb. It is a major nectar source in India and Mozambique. References Arkinstall 1979, Allen & Allen 1981, Crane et al. 1984, Van den Belt 1988, Katende et al. 2000, Pousset 2004
Common names Wandu, pois-cajan (Fr.), pigeon pea opagation Seed is sown direct after d cool, but is very susceptible to ect attack, so is often mixed with od =ash as a _ precaution. rmination is usually 85 - 95%. Cajanus cajan
Common names Wandu, pois-cajan (Fr.), pigeon pea opagation Seed is sown direct after d cool, but is very susceptible to ect attack, so is often mixed with od =ash as a _ precaution. rmination is usually 85 - 95%. Cajanus cajan
Common name Mbidi, elémier d'Afrique, African elemi Uses [Ne Diack fruits are eadlbdie, particularily after Deing Dolled. Even softening the fruits in hot water makes them more palatable. In Bas-Congo an edible caterpillar (Mbidi) is sometimes found in large numbers on this tree. The wood is used for construction. The resin, derived from cuts in the bark, Ripe fruits fall to the ground is used for preparing ointments, incense, ink and varnishes. Powdered resin is used to treat haemorrhoids. The bark, after soaking in water, is used to ¢ coughing. In Angola it is used for the treatment of ulcers and also as an insecticide. Flowers reported to be visited by bees in Gabon.
Common name Mbidi, elémier d'Afrique, African elemi Uses [Ne Diack fruits are eadlbdie, particularily after Deing Dolled. Even softening the fruits in hot water makes them more palatable. In Bas-Congo an edible caterpillar (Mbidi) is sometimes found in large numbers on this tree. The wood is used for construction. The resin, derived from cuts in the bark, Ripe fruits fall to the ground is used for preparing ointments, incense, ink and varnishes. Powdered resin is used to treat haemorrhoids. The bark, after soaking in water, is used to ¢ coughing. In Angola it is used for the treatment of ulcers and also as an insecticide. Flowers reported to be visited by bees in Gabon.
Management The tree grows slowly and does not compete with crops.
Management The tree grows slowly and does not compete with crops.
Canavalia gladiata growing on the edge of a plot of Capsicum peppers Common names C. ens/formis = Nkasa zi madeso, pois sabre (Fr.), Jack bean. C. gladiata = Sword bean Description The Jack bean is usually an erect shrubby annual up to 1 m tall while the sword bean is a high climbing, twining perennial with runners up to 10 m long. Jack beans produce pods up to 30 cm long and 3.5 cm wide while sword beans can be up to 40 cm long and 5 cm wide. Jack bean seeds are white, sword bean seeds red. Roots are deep penetrating and help to aerate the soil.
Canavalia gladiata growing on the edge of a plot of Capsicum peppers Common names C. ens/formis = Nkasa zi madeso, pois sabre (Fr.), Jack bean. C. gladiata = Sword bean Description The Jack bean is usually an erect shrubby annual up to 1 m tall while the sword bean is a high climbing, twining perennial with runners up to 10 m long. Jack beans produce pods up to 30 cm long and 3.5 cm wide while sword beans can be up to 40 cm long and 5 cm wide. Jack bean seeds are white, sword bean seeds red. Roots are deep penetrating and help to aerate the soil.
Uses The young pods and very young seeds of both species can be eaten as a vegetable. However the seeds have a strong flavour and a tough seed coat. The plant is sometimes grown as a cover crop. In Bas-Congo seeds are occasionally planted at the edge of a food farm in the belief that it will prevent people stealing the crop (see also Burkill 1995). Leaves and young pods of Jack bean are used as a tasty green vegetable in South Africa. The seeds are also used there as a coffee substitute.
Uses The young pods and very young seeds of both species can be eaten as a vegetable. However the seeds have a strong flavour and a tough seed coat. The plant is sometimes grown as a cover crop. In Bas-Congo seeds are occasionally planted at the edge of a food farm in the belief that it will prevent people stealing the crop (see also Burkill 1995). Leaves and young pods of Jack bean are used as a tasty green vegetable in South Africa. The seeds are also used there as a coffee substitute.
fall. Mulching is beneficial in both dry and wet seasons. Common names Ndungu zi mafofolo, Piment (Fr.), capsicum, bell pepper, sweet pepper
fall. Mulching is beneficial in both dry and wet seasons. Common names Ndungu zi mafofolo, Piment (Fr.), capsicum, bell pepper, sweet pepper
Description A perennial sub-shrub, usually living for 2 - 3 years, 1.25 m tall. Fruits are small, 1 - 2 cm long, green to start with but turning red on maturity. Common name Ndungu, ndungu zi ntendi, ntendi, ndungu za fioti (with elongated fruits), ndungu z makutulu or matubulu (with round fruits), pili-pili (Sw.), piment capsique (Fr.), hot pepper
Description A perennial sub-shrub, usually living for 2 - 3 years, 1.25 m tall. Fruits are small, 1 - 2 cm long, green to start with but turning red on maturity. Common name Ndungu, ndungu zi ntendi, ntendi, ndungu za fioti (with elongated fruits), ndungu z makutulu or matubulu (with round fruits), pili-pili (Sw.), piment capsique (Fr.), hot pepper
Uses Ripe fruits are highly pungent and widely used as a condiment with most meals. In reasonable quantities they stimulate the appetite and aid digestion. They may be eaten fresh or dried and powdered. The leaves are sometimes eaten as a seasoning or even as a vegetable. The fruits and leaves are used medicinally to treat rheumatoid arthritis, sprains, muscle pain, lumbago and sciatica. They are also used for flatulence and haemorrhoids, skin diseases and shingles and to relieve labour pains. Remarks The fruits must be handled carefully to avoid contact with the eyes, nose, anus or open wounds. Wash your hands well after touching the fruit.
Uses Ripe fruits are highly pungent and widely used as a condiment with most meals. In reasonable quantities they stimulate the appetite and aid digestion. They may be eaten fresh or dried and powdered. The leaves are sometimes eaten as a seasoning or even as a vegetable. The fruits and leaves are used medicinally to treat rheumatoid arthritis, sprains, muscle pain, lumbago and sciatica. They are also used for flatulence and haemorrhoids, skin diseases and shingles and to relieve labour pains. Remarks The fruits must be handled carefully to avoid contact with the eyes, nose, anus or open wounds. Wash your hands well after touching the fruit.
WHICTE SMOUIG De Wadsilea to remove the flesh and air-dried in the shade. Seeds may be sown direct or in a nursery bed and germinate after 12 - 20 days. Seedlings can then be transplanted into pots at the two-leaf stage. As it is not possible to tell male and female plants at this stage, 3 - 5 seedlings are planted together in the field with the groups spaced at 3 x 2 m. These are then allowed to grow on until they flower. Once flowering commences thin out the plants to leave one male to 15 to 20 females.
WHICTE SMOUIG De Wadsilea to remove the flesh and air-dried in the shade. Seeds may be sown direct or in a nursery bed and germinate after 12 - 20 days. Seedlings can then be transplanted into pots at the two-leaf stage. As it is not possible to tell male and female plants at this stage, 3 - 5 seedlings are planted together in the field with the groups spaced at 3 x 2 m. These are then allowed to grow on until they flower. Once flowering commences thin out the plants to leave one male to 15 to 20 females.
Common names Payi payi, dipapayi, papayer (Fr.), pawpaw
Common names Payi payi, dipapayi, papayer (Fr.), pawpaw
Common names Bwalu, bawubawu, dartrier (Fr.), ring-worm bush Description A bold and striking shrub, 2 to 5 m high, with large compound leaves, having 7 - 14 pairs of leaflets each 7 - 14 cm long and 3 - 13.5 cm wide. The yellow flowers are borne in dense erect spikes up to 60 cm long and 3 cm across.
Common names Bwalu, bawubawu, dartrier (Fr.), ring-worm bush Description A bold and striking shrub, 2 to 5 m high, with large compound leaves, having 7 - 14 pairs of leaflets each 7 - 14 cm long and 3 - 13.5 cm wide. The yellow flowers are borne in dense erect spikes up to 60 cm long and 3 cm across.
Common names Pervenche de Madagascar (Fr.), Madagascar periwinkle Description A perennial shrub with bright pink flowers which are produced throughout the year. Stems grow to 60 cm. Leaves are 2.5 - 5 cm, oblong and shiny green. Flowers are 3 cm across, generally pink but sometimes white with a red eye.
Common names Pervenche de Madagascar (Fr.), Madagascar periwinkle Description A perennial shrub with bright pink flowers which are produced throughout the year. Stems grow to 60 cm. Leaves are 2.5 - 5 cm, oblong and shiny green. Flowers are 3 cm across, generally pink but sometimes white with a red eye.
ACKEUS, Tails dailG TdaVdal CQUIDITICHIt. Lt an also be used as a substitute for cotton wool. Wood is of poor quality but ‘asy to work and used for chairs, dishes, yoxes and drums when seasoned. Wood ish is used as a Salt substitute and for naking soap. Young leaves can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable or used is a stock feed. The flowers are also dible and are sold in Kinshasa. Seeds field an edible oil which can also be used n the manufacture of soap. The bark is Ised aS a purgative and to cause fomiting in the event of poisoning. In 3as-Congo the dried leaves, together vith plantain, are used to treat haemorrhoids. Flowers provide a valuak 1\oneybees. Though opening at night they remain open for a short time ‘isit.
ACKEUS, Tails dailG TdaVdal CQUIDITICHIt. Lt an also be used as a substitute for cotton wool. Wood is of poor quality but ‘asy to work and used for chairs, dishes, yoxes and drums when seasoned. Wood ish is used as a Salt substitute and for naking soap. Young leaves can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable or used is a stock feed. The flowers are also dible and are sold in Kinshasa. Seeds field an edible oil which can also be used n the manufacture of soap. The bark is Ised aS a purgative and to cause fomiting in the event of poisoning. In 3as-Congo the dried leaves, together vith plantain, are used to treat haemorrhoids. Flowers provide a valuak 1\oneybees. Though opening at night they remain open for a short time ‘isit.
Uses The floss has the advantage of being resistant to vermin. Hospital mattresses, using the floss, can be sterilized without losing their original quality. Because of its buoyancy and resistance to wetting it is used in life Remarks The tree roots are shallow and the tree is liable to be blown over in high winds. The roots may damage buildings if planted nearby.
Uses The floss has the advantage of being resistant to vermin. Hospital mattresses, using the floss, can be sterilized without losing their original quality. Because of its buoyancy and resistance to wetting it is used in life Remarks The tree roots are shallow and the tree is liable to be blown over in high winds. The roots may damage buildings if planted nearby.
nfuma tree, meaning that a person may wander wherever he wants but one day he will die and ret 0 God. References Burkill 1985, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, ICRAF 1998, Nsimundele 2004
nfuma tree, meaning that a person may wander wherever he wants but one day he will die and ret 0 God. References Burkill 1985, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, ICRAF 1998, Nsimundele 2004
Ecology Originally from West Africa. It grows well in marshy soils in Bas-Congo. A high level of organic matter and adequate water is required for good yields. Long dry periods result in early flowering. It will also grow well in partial shade.
Ecology Originally from West Africa. It grows well in marshy soils in Bas-Congo. A high level of organic matter and adequate water is required for good yields. Long dry periods result in early flowering. It will also grow well in partial shade.
Ecology This bush is commonly found in secondary forest in Gabon, both Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo (Brazzaville), Angola and Zambia.
Ecology This bush is commonly found in secondary forest in Gabon, both Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo (Brazzaville), Angola and Zambia.
Common names Nkungu nteke, nkungulu teke, sesa (= brush) Description A shrub or small tree 2 - 7 m high. Leaves 2.5 - 19 cm long and 1.5 - 7 cm wide. Flowers are white and small and are followed by almost round red fruits 7 — 10 mm in diameter. Flowers anc fruit may be present on the plant together.
Common names Nkungu nteke, nkungulu teke, sesa (= brush) Description A shrub or small tree 2 - 7 m high. Leaves 2.5 - 19 cm long and 1.5 - 7 cm wide. Flowers are white and small and are followed by almost round red fruits 7 — 10 mm in diameter. Flowers anc fruit may be present on the plant together.
Description An annual herb of varying form, occasionally a perennial herb, growing to over 1 m high, covered with aromatic glandular hairs and with a strong rank smell when bruised. Common name Nkasa kindongo, kula nioka (= intestinal worm or snake), chénopode vermifuge (Fr.), Indian wormseed
Description An annual herb of varying form, occasionally a perennial herb, growing to over 1 m high, covered with aromatic glandular hairs and with a strong rank smell when bruised. Common name Nkasa kindongo, kula nioka (= intestinal worm or snake), chénopode vermifuge (Fr.), Indian wormseed
Propagation Can be sown from seed. References Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Wild 1972, Williamson 1975, Burkill 1985, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
Propagation Can be sown from seed. References Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Wild 1972, Williamson 1975, Burkill 1985, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
Common names Cannellier de Ceylon, arbre de bonheur (Fr.), Ceylon cinnamor Ecology Cultivated throughout the tropics. Best grown under light shade at low altitudes on poor white sands. Pollination is by insects, especially flies. Birds are fond of the fruits so the trees may need to be netted if seeds are wanted for planting.
Common names Cannellier de Ceylon, arbre de bonheur (Fr.), Ceylon cinnamor Ecology Cultivated throughout the tropics. Best grown under light shade at low altitudes on poor white sands. Pollination is by insects, especially flies. Birds are fond of the fruits so the trees may need to be netted if seeds are wanted for planting.
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 2000, Latham 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003 Common names Kibwa mpimpidi, kindamina
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 2000, Latham 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003 Common names Kibwa mpimpidi, kindamina
References Terra 1966, Tindall 1983, Burkill 1985, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Robinson & Decker-Walters 1997 Propagation Watermelons are usually planted on mounds 2 m apart, 6 - 8 seeds per mound are thinned to 1 - 3. The crop matures in 75 - 95 days. Freshly harvested seed may be dormant but can be pre-soaked to speed germination. Raised beds improve drainage, modify temperature and increase depth of rooting.
References Terra 1966, Tindall 1983, Burkill 1985, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Robinson & Decker-Walters 1997 Propagation Watermelons are usually planted on mounds 2 m apart, 6 - 8 seeds per mound are thinned to 1 - 3. The crop matures in 75 - 95 days. Freshly harvested seed may be dormant but can be pre-soaked to speed germination. Raised beds improve drainage, modify temperature and increase depth of rooting.
It is fairly drought resistant and flourishes on fertile, sandy soils, preferably with a high organic matte content. Common names Mbika ntetu. Mbika is the name given to pumpkins with edible seed in Bas-Congo. Pastéque (Fr), watermelon (Cucurbitaceae)
It is fairly drought resistant and flourishes on fertile, sandy soils, preferably with a high organic matte content. Common names Mbika ntetu. Mbika is the name given to pumpkins with edible seed in Bas-Congo. Pastéque (Fr), watermelon (Cucurbitaceae)
Description A small tree 3 — 6 m high. Rough lemon rootstocks produce large, vigorous, and very productive lemon trees, particularly in deep sandy soils. The root system is extensive making trees drought tolerant. Ecology In the humid tropics the tree tends to produce excessive vegetative growth and is susceptible to fungal and algal diseases. However yields are generally high. Excessive temperatures reduce yields. Poorly drained and nutrient deficient soils should be avoided.
Description A small tree 3 — 6 m high. Rough lemon rootstocks produce large, vigorous, and very productive lemon trees, particularly in deep sandy soils. The root system is extensive making trees drought tolerant. Ecology In the humid tropics the tree tends to produce excessive vegetative growth and is susceptible to fungal and algal diseases. However yields are generally high. Excessive temperatures reduce yields. Poorly drained and nutrient deficient soils should be avoided.
stored for up to 2 years. Plant seeds after pre-soaking in w and 15 — 30 cm between rows. Germination takes place afte - 8 mm in diameter, to a second nursery allowing 50 — 60 rows. Bud using T or inverted T method. (Inverted T is u: shield). Bud-wood for the scion is collected when buds are long and then the horizontal cut once bark slipping has tak bud is cut from the bud-wood and inserted and then bound | - 3 weeks. Bud at 30 cm above soil level to avoid soil-borne diseases, if done higher growth of tree will be affected. Generally buds taken from the top section of the bud stick take more readily. Afterwards the new shoots are forced by cutting off the rootstock plant above the graft. Transplant to final site at 6 - 7 x 6 — 7 m Spacing. Do not allow bare rooted trees to dry out and plant at the same depth to avoid collar and root rot. Nitrogen (and P, K, Mg, Ca and S) are vital for adequate growth of young trees and for later fruit production. If commercial fertilizers are not available, only a few trees should be grown, preferably near the home where they will receive as much household waste, ash and compost or manure as possible. Citrus sinensis
stored for up to 2 years. Plant seeds after pre-soaking in w and 15 — 30 cm between rows. Germination takes place afte - 8 mm in diameter, to a second nursery allowing 50 — 60 rows. Bud using T or inverted T method. (Inverted T is u: shield). Bud-wood for the scion is collected when buds are long and then the horizontal cut once bark slipping has tak bud is cut from the bud-wood and inserted and then bound | - 3 weeks. Bud at 30 cm above soil level to avoid soil-borne diseases, if done higher growth of tree will be affected. Generally buds taken from the top section of the bud stick take more readily. Afterwards the new shoots are forced by cutting off the rootstock plant above the graft. Transplant to final site at 6 - 7 x 6 — 7 m Spacing. Do not allow bare rooted trees to dry out and plant at the same depth to avoid collar and root rot. Nitrogen (and P, K, Mg, Ca and S) are vital for adequate growth of young trees and for later fruit production. If commercial fertilizers are not available, only a few trees should be grown, preferably near the home where they will receive as much household waste, ash and compost or manure as possible. Citrus sinensis
Uses The fruit is eaten fresh and is widely marketed in Bas-Congo. A decoction of the leaves is taken for diabetes. The roots, crushed and soaked in water, are used to treat venereal disease. Bees are the primary pollinators for citrus. The flowers attract bees, often yielding good quantities of nectar and
Uses The fruit is eaten fresh and is widely marketed in Bas-Congo. A decoction of the leaves is taken for diabetes. The roots, crushed and soaked in water, are used to treat venereal disease. Bees are the primary pollinators for citrus. The flowers attract bees, often yielding good quantities of nectar and
Sign at the entrance to the botanic garden at Kisantu commemorating Justin Gillet, the founder
Sign at the entrance to the botanic garden at Kisantu commemorating Justin Gillet, the founder
Description Annual herb up to 1 m tall. Vegetative growth declines rapidly as soon as flowering starts. Farmers often remove flowers to prevent this.
Description Annual herb up to 1 m tall. Vegetative growth declines rapidly as soon as flowering starts. Farmers often remove flowers to prevent this.
(Verbenaceae)
(Verbenaceae)
Ecology Found in the forest and on forest edges on sandy soils in the Congo basin. Also present from Guinea to northern Nigeria, and in Angola, Uganda and Tanzania. Description A strong creeper sometimes reaching a length of 100 m and a girth of 1.25 m. White latex is present in all parts. Leaves are opposite, 4.3 — 20 cm long and 1.8 — 8 cm wide. The small, creamy- white, scented flowers are produced in the leaf axils. Fruits are round, 6 — 8 cm in diameter.
Ecology Found in the forest and on forest edges on sandy soils in the Congo basin. Also present from Guinea to northern Nigeria, and in Angola, Uganda and Tanzania. Description A strong creeper sometimes reaching a length of 100 m and a girth of 1.25 m. White latex is present in all parts. Leaves are opposite, 4.3 — 20 cm long and 1.8 — 8 cm wide. The small, creamy- white, scented flowers are produced in the leaf axils. Fruits are round, 6 — 8 cm in diameter.
Propagation Can be grown from seed which germinates easily
Propagation Can be grown from seed which germinates easily
Common names Ba di nkandi, nkandi mputu, cocotier (Fr.), coconut pleasant drink. Coconut milk is used to counter dehydration and to treat cholera. The dried flesh, copra, is sold commercially. Coconut oil is used for making margarine and soap. The coconut husk provides fibre for mats, floor coverings and sacks. The shells make good charcoal, especially liked by blacksmiths. The trunk can be used for construction or bridge building. The leaves are used for thatching, matting, screens and baskets. Smoke from burning the husk is a good mosquito repellent. The flowers are an important bee forage throughout the year. During flowering palm wine can be collected whic! ———e —ee NN NE NE NE re EEE counter dehydration and to treat cholera. The dried flesh, copra, is sold commercially. Coconut oil is used for making margarine and soap. The coconut husk provides fibre for mats, floor coverings and sacks. The shells make good charcoal, especially liked by blacksmiths. The trunk can be used for construction or bridge building. The leaves are used for thatching, matting, screens and baskets. Smoke from burning the husk is a good mosquito repellent. The flowers are an important bee forage throughout the year. During flowering palm wine can be collected which may be used as a source of yeast for bread mi
Common names Ba di nkandi, nkandi mputu, cocotier (Fr.), coconut pleasant drink. Coconut milk is used to counter dehydration and to treat cholera. The dried flesh, copra, is sold commercially. Coconut oil is used for making margarine and soap. The coconut husk provides fibre for mats, floor coverings and sacks. The shells make good charcoal, especially liked by blacksmiths. The trunk can be used for construction or bridge building. The leaves are used for thatching, matting, screens and baskets. Smoke from burning the husk is a good mosquito repellent. The flowers are an important bee forage throughout the year. During flowering palm wine can be collected whic! ———e —ee NN NE NE NE re EEE counter dehydration and to treat cholera. The dried flesh, copra, is sold commercially. Coconut oil is used for making margarine and soap. The coconut husk provides fibre for mats, floor coverings and sacks. The shells make good charcoal, especially liked by blacksmiths. The trunk can be used for construction or bridge building. The leaves are used for thatching, matting, screens and baskets. Smoke from burning the husk is a good mosquito repellent. The flowers are an important bee forage throughout the year. During flowering palm wine can be collected which may be used as a source of yeast for bread mi
Uses The flesh from the nut is eaten and the liquid inside the kernel makes a
Uses The flesh from the nut is eaten and the liquid inside the kernel makes a
Description A very variable tree growing to 10 m high. The trees are hardy and vigorous. There are two main forms but the ‘robusta’ form is the more important. Coffea /iberica is also grown in Bas-Congo. Management Plant out seedlings after 6 - 10 months at 3 m spacing for erect varieties and 4.5 m fol spreading varieties. Shade should be provided, particularly in the early years. Grow erect varieties on < multiple stem system, allowing a succession of stems to be produced. For the shrubby, spreading, Nganda types, seedlings 1 - 2 m high are bent over rand the shoots which grow from these are in turr bent over to produce more shoots. —————— ee
Description A very variable tree growing to 10 m high. The trees are hardy and vigorous. There are two main forms but the ‘robusta’ form is the more important. Coffea /iberica is also grown in Bas-Congo. Management Plant out seedlings after 6 - 10 months at 3 m spacing for erect varieties and 4.5 m fol spreading varieties. Shade should be provided, particularly in the early years. Grow erect varieties on < multiple stem system, allowing a succession of stems to be produced. For the shrubby, spreading, Nganda types, seedlings 1 - 2 m high are bent over rand the shoots which grow from these are in turr bent over to produce more shoots. —————— ee
children, interruption of periods without pregnancy and skin problems. In Bas-Congo the rhizome is also used as a purgative and to ease delivery. The plant is used medicinally elsewhere in Africa. The leaves are reported to be edible. In Gabon the dried fruit is used as a sponge and the dried leaves are used to treat burns. Bees are reported to visit the flowers. Nsanzungu edible caterpillars are reported to feed on the leaves.
children, interruption of periods without pregnancy and skin problems. In Bas-Congo the rhizome is also used as a purgative and to ease delivery. The plant is used medicinally elsewhere in Africa. The leaves are reported to be edible. In Gabon the dried fruit is used as a sponge and the dried leaves are used to treat burns. Bees are reported to visit the flowers. Nsanzungu edible caterpillars are reported to feed on the leaves.
Uses Both rhizomes and leaves are used medicinally for the treatment of epilepsy, constipation in young
Uses Both rhizomes and leaves are used medicinally for the treatment of epilepsy, constipation in young
Common names Nkasu, kolatier (Fr.), commercial cola or kola Description A shade loving tree, 10 — 20 m high, branching low down. Branches are ascending, forming a spreading crown and the foliage is often one sided almost reaching the ground. Bark is dark green and rough and old bark splits into squares. Leaves are borne mostly at the end of branches and are curved and twisted, with a long pointed apex. The fruits are russet coloured, rough to touch, up to 20 cm long by 6 cm wide, containing up to 14 seeds covered with white skin. The seeds are generally red or pink but sometimes may be white and have more than 2 cotyledons. The kola nut of commerce is the seed after removal of the thin white covering, which is done by soaking or fermentation between broad leaves. The nuts can be stored by being buried, often in ant-hills. For transport the nuts are packed in baskets with fresh leaves of Anthocleista spp. or Alchornea cordifolia and occasionally sprinkled with water.
Common names Nkasu, kolatier (Fr.), commercial cola or kola Description A shade loving tree, 10 — 20 m high, branching low down. Branches are ascending, forming a spreading crown and the foliage is often one sided almost reaching the ground. Bark is dark green and rough and old bark splits into squares. Leaves are borne mostly at the end of branches and are curved and twisted, with a long pointed apex. The fruits are russet coloured, rough to touch, up to 20 cm long by 6 cm wide, containing up to 14 seeds covered with white skin. The seeds are generally red or pink but sometimes may be white and have more than 2 cotyledons. The kola nut of commerce is the seed after removal of the thin white covering, which is done by soaking or fermentation between broad leaves. The nuts can be stored by being buried, often in ant-hills. For transport the nuts are packed in baskets with fresh leaves of Anthocleista spp. or Alchornea cordifolia and occasionally sprinkled with water.
Management Growth is slow in the early stages and the trees reach about 2 m after 4 years. The trees are often grown with other field crops and fruiting commences after 7 years. Full production is reached after 20 years and can continue for 70 - 100 years.
Management Growth is slow in the early stages and the trees reach about 2 m after 4 years. The trees are often grown with other field crops and fruiting commences after 7 years. Full production is reached after 20 years and can continue for 70 - 100 years.
Colletoecema dewevrei in secondary forest near Loa in February Common names Mbendi mbendi, mbuma makaku (Lingala)
Colletoecema dewevrei in secondary forest near Loa in February Common names Mbendi mbendi, mbuma makaku (Lingala)
Description A perennial herb growing from 1 - 2 m high from a large corm. The latter may be up to 3( cm long and 15 cm. in diameter. Leaf stalks are not attached at the leaf margin but inside, in contras to Xanthosoma saggitifolia. Ecology Mainly grown in hot, humid conditions. Best results are from deep, friable loam soils with a high water table.
Description A perennial herb growing from 1 - 2 m high from a large corm. The latter may be up to 3( cm long and 15 cm. in diameter. Leaf stalks are not attached at the leaf margin but inside, in contras to Xanthosoma saggitifolia. Ecology Mainly grown in hot, humid conditions. Best results are from deep, friable loam soils with a high water table.
Uses The leaves are used medicinally in Bas-Congo to treat snake bites, leprosy and breast pain. Elsewhere in the Congo the plant is used to treat opthalmia, fever and stiffness. It is also used to treat fever in young children in the Ivory Coast. Common names Fumu di kiula, fumu di matebo, fumu di bakuyu, fleabane
Uses The leaves are used medicinally in Bas-Congo to treat snake bites, leprosy and breast pain. Elsewhere in the Congo the plant is used to treat opthalmia, fever and stiffness. It is also used to treat fever in young children in the Ivory Coast. Common names Fumu di kiula, fumu di matebo, fumu di bakuyu, fleabane
Ecology A common weed of cultivated fields, open waste places and roadsides and widely found in the tropics.
Ecology A common weed of cultivated fields, open waste places and roadsides and widely found in the tropics.
Common names Mulembo, dongo dongo (Lingala), Jew's mallow Corchorus olitorius Uses Leaves and fruits are eaten in Bas-Congo. Widely cultivated as a vegetable in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in Egypt and the Middle East. It is normally cooked with other coarse vegetables. Soup made from the leaves makes foods like yam and cassava more palatable.
Common names Mulembo, dongo dongo (Lingala), Jew's mallow Corchorus olitorius Uses Leaves and fruits are eaten in Bas-Congo. Widely cultivated as a vegetable in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in Egypt and the Middle East. It is normally cooked with other coarse vegetables. Soup made from the leaves makes foods like yam and cassava more palatable.
Pests and diseases Susceptible to nematode attack and leaf eating grasshoppers. Nematodes can cause total crop failure. References Denton 1997, Mbemba & Remacle 1992, Maundu et al. 1999, Schippers 2002, Nsimundele 2004
Pests and diseases Susceptible to nematode attack and leaf eating grasshoppers. Nematodes can cause total crop failure. References Denton 1997, Mbemba & Remacle 1992, Maundu et al. 1999, Schippers 2002, Nsimundele 2004
Description A semi-woody herb with stems up to 3 m high bearing a terminal inflorescence. Ecology Found in forests from Guinea to western Cameroon and in Fernando Po and Gabon.
Description A semi-woody herb with stems up to 3 m high bearing a terminal inflorescence. Ecology Found in forests from Guinea to western Cameroon and in Fernando Po and Gabon.
are eaten raw as a Salad in Bas-Congo. They have a pleasant, refreshing and slightly acid taste, similar to sorrel. The leaves of C afer, also called Munkeni, are eaten. C. phyllocephalus is used to coagulate wild rubber. It also has medicinal use in the treatment of insomnia, migraine, joint pain, nervous disorders, bed-wetting and loss of voice. Host plant of Nkoombo nseke and Minsongo (Jmbrasia alopia) edible caterpillars.
are eaten raw as a Salad in Bas-Congo. They have a pleasant, refreshing and slightly acid taste, similar to sorrel. The leaves of C afer, also called Munkeni, are eaten. C. phyllocephalus is used to coagulate wild rubber. It also has medicinal use in the treatment of insomnia, migraine, joint pain, nervous disorders, bed-wetting and loss of voice. Host plant of Nkoombo nseke and Minsongo (Jmbrasia alopia) edible caterpillars.
Common names Munkeni, munkuiza
Common names Munkeni, munkuiza
Description A shrub or small tree growing to 15 m high. Bark greyish white with swollen nodes Leaves 7 — 17 cm long and 2 — 7.3 cm wide. Flower buds are sometimes tinged with pink and are swee smelling. Fruits green or black, round, 5 — 6 mm in diameter.
Description A shrub or small tree growing to 15 m high. Bark greyish white with swollen nodes Leaves 7 — 17 cm long and 2 — 7.3 cm wide. Flower buds are sometimes tinged with pink and are swee smelling. Fruits green or black, round, 5 — 6 mm in diameter.
Ecology Found in forests in both Congos. Grows in fringing forest, beside water and in woodland and in drier evergreen forest and thickets in the savanna from northern Nigeria across east and central tropical Africa to Mozambique.
Ecology Found in forests in both Congos. Grows in fringing forest, beside water and in woodland and in drier evergreen forest and thickets in the savanna from northern Nigeria across east and central tropical Africa to Mozambique.
a cough medicine. The young fruits can also be pickled. In Central America bees often collect nectar from the fallen flowers. Blocks of wood made from Crescentia cujete are used for growing orchids in the West Indies. The plant has various medicinal uses in West Africa. Common names Arbre a calebasses (Fr.), calabash tree. Synonyms C. acuminata, C. arborea
a cough medicine. The young fruits can also be pickled. In Central America bees often collect nectar from the fallen flowers. Blocks of wood made from Crescentia cujete are used for growing orchids in the West Indies. The plant has various medicinal uses in West Africa. Common names Arbre a calebasses (Fr.), calabash tree. Synonyms C. acuminata, C. arborea
Common names Kigala, kighala, ordeal tree Description A small twisted tree or bush to 5 m with conspicuous flowers and persistent fruits.
Common names Kigala, kighala, ordeal tree Description A small twisted tree or bush to 5 m with conspicuous flowers and persistent fruits.
Description A bush or small tree from 3 to 15 m high. Ecology Found in secondary forest, but sometimes planted in villages. Occurs in R.D. Congo and Angola.
Description A bush or small tree from 3 to 15 m high. Ecology Found in secondary forest, but sometimes planted in villages. Occurs in R.D. Congo and Angola.
Common names Kidianga, forest fever - berry, woodland croton Transplant when two leaves appear, either direct to the site or into plastic bags filled with a rive sand/compost mix (1:1). Prefers to be planted in light to deep shade but will survive in full sun. Croton sylvaticus (Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Kidianga, forest fever - berry, woodland croton Transplant when two leaves appear, either direct to the site or into plastic bags filled with a rive sand/compost mix (1:1). Prefers to be planted in light to deep shade but will survive in full sun. Croton sylvaticus (Euphorbiaceae)
Propagation Collect the fruits and le them on a plastic sheet. Put in the su and collect the seed after the capsule have split open. Sow them in containe! filled with a mixture of river sand an compost (1:2). Cover the seeds light with compost and keep moist. Eve germination occurs after 2 - 3 week vo leaves appear, either direct to the site or into plastic bags filled with a rive 1:1). Prefers to be planted in light to deep shade but will survive in full sun.
Propagation Collect the fruits and le them on a plastic sheet. Put in the su and collect the seed after the capsule have split open. Sow them in containe! filled with a mixture of river sand an compost (1:2). Cover the seeds light with compost and keep moist. Eve germination occurs after 2 - 3 week vo leaves appear, either direct to the site or into plastic bags filled with a rive 1:1). Prefers to be planted in light to deep shade but will survive in full sun.
Description A herbaceous climber up to 4 m long. Ecology Grows or is planted in the forest zone from Guinea-Bissau to Cameroon, south to Angola and east into Uganda. The plant thrives on soils rich in barely decomposed organic waste. This is why it is cultivated as a first crop plant after clearing the forest. Synonym Includes Cucumeropsis edulis
Description A herbaceous climber up to 4 m long. Ecology Grows or is planted in the forest zone from Guinea-Bissau to Cameroon, south to Angola and east into Uganda. The plant thrives on soils rich in barely decomposed organic waste. This is why it is cultivated as a first crop plant after clearing the forest. Synonym Includes Cucumeropsis edulis
Photo : Rudy Schippers
Photo : Rudy Schippers
Description A trailing herbaceous annual, which can sometimes form a bush. 3 - 6 fruits are producec per plant with fruits weighing from 2 - 5 kg. Ecology Originally from South America but now grown throughout Africa. The plant grows well in soils enriched with organic matter and ashes or where burning has taken place. Some varieties tolerate slightly acid soils. Dry periods favour growth and squashes grow best in full sunlight.
Description A trailing herbaceous annual, which can sometimes form a bush. 3 - 6 fruits are producec per plant with fruits weighing from 2 - 5 kg. Ecology Originally from South America but now grown throughout Africa. The plant grows well in soils enriched with organic matter and ashes or where burning has taken place. Some varieties tolerate slightly acid soils. Dry periods favour growth and squashes grow best in full sunlight.
References Tindall 1983, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Pousset 2004
References Tindall 1983, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Pousset 2004
Common names Kingondi, bola dimputu, safran des Indes (Fr.), turmeric Uses The rhizome is pounded and added to pumpkin and squash or beans to improve the taste and Jses The rhizome is pounded and added to pumpkin and : ippearance of the food. To develop the yellow colour and roma, the rhizomes are cleaned and then boiled for an our before being dried in the sun for 6 - 8 days. They ire then ground, since this spice is usually marketed as a yowder. Turmeric is mainly used in curry powders and as 1 colouring agent and condiment in mixed spice powders, nustard etc. In Bas-Congo the rhizome is used nedicinally to treat mental illness, hernias and anaemia. Mixed with warm milk the rhizomes can be used to cure ‘olds. Juice from fresh rhizomes is applied to skin nfections and a decoction of rhizomes is effective against 2ye disorders. Research has shown the plant to be useful n the treatment of cancer, dermatitis, AIDS, nflammation, high cholesterol and digestive problems. It s used for liver complaints, bilious disorders, jaundice ind to treat intestinal worms and parasites. It is also used or dyeing cotton, silk and wool. It has potential for use 1ematodes.
Common names Kingondi, bola dimputu, safran des Indes (Fr.), turmeric Uses The rhizome is pounded and added to pumpkin and squash or beans to improve the taste and Jses The rhizome is pounded and added to pumpkin and : ippearance of the food. To develop the yellow colour and roma, the rhizomes are cleaned and then boiled for an our before being dried in the sun for 6 - 8 days. They ire then ground, since this spice is usually marketed as a yowder. Turmeric is mainly used in curry powders and as 1 colouring agent and condiment in mixed spice powders, nustard etc. In Bas-Congo the rhizome is used nedicinally to treat mental illness, hernias and anaemia. Mixed with warm milk the rhizomes can be used to cure ‘olds. Juice from fresh rhizomes is applied to skin nfections and a decoction of rhizomes is effective against 2ye disorders. Research has shown the plant to be useful n the treatment of cancer, dermatitis, AIDS, nflammation, high cholesterol and digestive problems. It s used for liver complaints, bilious disorders, jaundice ind to treat intestinal worms and parasites. It is also used or dyeing cotton, silk and wool. It has potential for use 1ematodes.
Management Normally only one or two plants are grown, but the crop benefits from mulching, and where soils are either wet or excessively dry it is best to grow the plants on ridges. The rhizomes are harvested 7 - 10 months after planting and care should be taken that tubers are not damaged.
Management Normally only one or two plants are grown, but the crop benefits from mulching, and where soils are either wet or excessively dry it is best to grow the plants on ridges. The rhizomes are harvested 7 - 10 months after planting and care should be taken that tubers are not damaged.
Common names Sinda, sinda dimputu, citronelle (Fr.), lemon grass
Common names Sinda, sinda dimputu, citronelle (Fr.), lemon grass
Dry season vegetable garden near Kasangulu References Macmillan 1991, Burkill 1994, Hirt & M’Pia 2001, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
Dry season vegetable garden near Kasangulu References Macmillan 1991, Burkill 1994, Hirt & M’Pia 2001, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
Photo : Luc Pauwels Description A tufted perennial grass up to 1.8 m high. Leaves are rounded at the base, up to 30 cr long and 2.5 cm wide. The flowering panicle is dense, 15 - 20 cm long and 10 cm wide. Common names Lusangusangu, kyangu
Photo : Luc Pauwels Description A tufted perennial grass up to 1.8 m high. Leaves are rounded at the base, up to 30 cr long and 2.5 cm wide. The flowering panicle is dense, 15 - 20 cm long and 10 cm wide. Common names Lusangusangu, kyangu
References Adriaens 1951, FG 1962, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Burkill 1994, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
References Adriaens 1951, FG 1962, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Burkill 1994, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Propagation The plant can be grown from seed or by dividing the rootstock.
Propagation The plant can be grown from seed or by dividing the rootstock.
Uses The bark from the root, seeds and shoots is used medicinally to treat sciatica, painful joints, fatigue, wounds, asthma, bed wetting, fear of noise and haemorrhoids. Roots are used for perfuming clothes. The stems are made into mats.
Uses The bark from the root, seeds and shoots is used medicinally to treat sciatica, painful joints, fatigue, wounds, asthma, bed wetting, fear of noise and haemorrhoids. Roots are used for perfuming clothes. The stems are made into mats.
Common names _Lusaku-saku, nsaku- nsaku, jonc vulgaire (Fr.)
Common names _Lusaku-saku, nsaku- nsaku, jonc vulgaire (Fr.)
Common names Nsafu, safoutier (Fr.), African pear Description A fruit bearing tree growing up to 18 m. Dacryodes edulis
Common names Nsafu, safoutier (Fr.), African pear Description A fruit bearing tree growing up to 18 m. Dacryodes edulis
Ecology Commonly planted in villages in Bas-Congo. It can be grown in a wider variety of conditions than oil palms. Uses The tree is planted for shade and for its edible fruit, which is either boiled in water for 2 - 3 minutes, roasted in hot ashes or fried. Fruit pulp is rich in oil (30 - 60% dry matter basis). Production of fruit from 20-year-old trees can reach 110 kg per tree. Yields decline after that. The wood is heavy and used for tool handles and furniture. The flowers are an important forage for bees. A decoction of the bark is used to treat dysentery in Bas-Congo. The resin and leaf juices are used medicinally in Gabon. Food plant for Minsongo (Jmbrasia alopia), Makedi kedi (Bunaeae alcinoeé) and Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) edible caterpillars.
Ecology Commonly planted in villages in Bas-Congo. It can be grown in a wider variety of conditions than oil palms. Uses The tree is planted for shade and for its edible fruit, which is either boiled in water for 2 - 3 minutes, roasted in hot ashes or fried. Fruit pulp is rich in oil (30 - 60% dry matter basis). Production of fruit from 20-year-old trees can reach 110 kg per tree. Yields decline after that. The wood is heavy and used for tool handles and furniture. The flowers are an important forage for bees. A decoction of the bark is used to treat dysentery in Bas-Congo. The resin and leaf juices are used medicinally in Gabon. Food plant for Minsongo (Jmbrasia alopia), Makedi kedi (Bunaeae alcinoeé) and Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) edible caterpillars.
Synonym D. /asiocarpum
Synonym D. /asiocarpum
References Skerman 1977, Burkill 1! Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
References Skerman 1977, Burkill 1! Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Propagation By seed, best by direct sowing so as to avoid damaging the long tap-root. It can also be grown from 10 cm long root suckers and cuttings. The tree produces large amounts of seed when growing in open sites. Seed can be stored but only in a cold room. When planting immerse in hot water and allow to cool overnight. Take care not to damage the tap-root once the seedlings emerge. References Bein et al. 1996, Venter & Venter 1996, Kihwele 2001, Kibungu Kembelo 200:
Propagation By seed, best by direct sowing so as to avoid damaging the long tap-root. It can also be grown from 10 cm long root suckers and cuttings. The tree produces large amounts of seed when growing in open sites. Seed can be stored but only in a cold room. When planting immerse in hot water and allow to cool overnight. Take care not to damage the tap-root once the seedlings emerge. References Bein et al. 1996, Venter & Venter 1996, Kihwele 2001, Kibungu Kembelo 200:
Common names Nsendi-mwanga, nsendi-mpanga, sickle bush Description A small tree or shrub growing to 8 m high, branching low down and often forming thickets. The single thorns are short. Fruits are formed in a cluster of twisted, flattened pods.
Common names Nsendi-mwanga, nsendi-mpanga, sickle bush Description A small tree or shrub growing to 8 m high, branching low down and often forming thickets. The single thorns are short. Fruits are formed in a cluster of twisted, flattened pods.
Propagation Yams are grown vegetatively from pieces of tuber weighing from 0.1 to 2 kg. These setts are best taken from the top of the yam tuber and usually sprout more quickly and give higher yields than those taken from other parts. Yams and "chikwangue” being cooked together. Remarks Other species grown include D. baya = Mpundi and D. bulbifera = Soko, but there are numerous other named species and_ varieties present in Bas-Congo. Ecology Originally from South-east Asia. Requires at least 1,500 mm of rain and fertile deep soils for maximum production.
Propagation Yams are grown vegetatively from pieces of tuber weighing from 0.1 to 2 kg. These setts are best taken from the top of the yam tuber and usually sprout more quickly and give higher yields than those taken from other parts. Yams and "chikwangue” being cooked together. Remarks Other species grown include D. baya = Mpundi and D. bulbifera = Soko, but there are numerous other named species and_ varieties present in Bas-Congo. Ecology Originally from South-east Asia. Requires at least 1,500 mm of rain and fertile deep soils for maximum production.
Uses Yams are widely but not extensively grown in Bas-Congo. The tubers are eaten after being peeled and boiled or baked. They contain nearly 90% carbohydrate and 7% protein. Eating the tubers helps prevent scurvy.
Uses Yams are widely but not extensively grown in Bas-Congo. The tubers are eaten after being peeled and boiled or baked. They contain nearly 90% carbohydrate and 7% protein. Eating the tubers helps prevent scurvy.
Common names Mansungu, greater yam, winged yam, water yam
Common names Mansungu, greater yam, winged yam, water yam
Uses The aerial bulbils are edible, particularly those of improved varieties which are less bitter and also less poisonous. Some of these can even be eaten raw. The aerial tubers of improved varieties normally weigh about 0.5kg but can weigh up to 2 kg. The flesh is slimy, containing up to 80% carbohydrate. Bulbils from wild varieties are used as a famine food. Long soaking and boiling is required to make them safe to eat. Protein content is 10.5% (dry matter basis). The bulbils, leaves and roots are used medicinally elsewhere in Africa to treat abscesses, skin parasites, rheumatism and eye infections. Common names Soko, to, mpenga or ngembo, potato yam, aerial yam Dioscorea bulbifera
Uses The aerial bulbils are edible, particularly those of improved varieties which are less bitter and also less poisonous. Some of these can even be eaten raw. The aerial tubers of improved varieties normally weigh about 0.5kg but can weigh up to 2 kg. The flesh is slimy, containing up to 80% carbohydrate. Bulbils from wild varieties are used as a famine food. Long soaking and boiling is required to make them safe to eat. Protein content is 10.5% (dry matter basis). The bulbils, leaves and roots are used medicinally elsewhere in Africa to treat abscesses, skin parasites, rheumatism and eye infections. Common names Soko, to, mpenga or ngembo, potato yam, aerial yam Dioscorea bulbifera
References Kay 1973, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Malaisse 1997, Katende et al. 1999 Neuwinger 2000. Management Bulbils are ready for harvest after 2 years when the plant dries up and the bulbils fall off when touched.
References Kay 1973, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Malaisse 1997, Katende et al. 1999 Neuwinger 2000. Management Bulbils are ready for harvest after 2 years when the plant dries up and the bulbils fall off when touched.
PEMwiit Gm eae Eee Pim uve iW armed with curving protective spiny roots. Stems are hairless, purplish-green and lightly ribbed longitudinally. Tangled spines form a protective crown at the top of the tuber. The tuber has white flesh tinged yellow and may be either oblong or round.
PEMwiit Gm eae Eee Pim uve iW armed with curving protective spiny roots. Stems are hairless, purplish-green and lightly ribbed longitudinally. Tangled spines form a protective crown at the top of the tuber. The tuber has white flesh tinged yellow and may be either oblong or round.
Synonym D. cayenensis var. praehensilis
Synonym D. cayenensis var. praehensilis
Uses The young shoots growing from the vine are eaten like asparagus in Bas-Congo. The older stems are cut up and an infusion is used for stomach complaints, urethral discharge and oedemas in the Congo. Tuber flesh is bitter and only eaten after careful preparation and usually as a famine food.
Uses The young shoots growing from the vine are eaten like asparagus in Bas-Congo. The older stems are cut up and an infusion is used for stomach complaints, urethral discharge and oedemas in the Congo. Tuber flesh is bitter and only eaten after careful preparation and usually as a famine food.
Preparing "chikwangue” from cassava flour
Preparing "chikwangue” from cassava flour
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon with flowers and fruit at Kikonda Ecology Found in rocky places, wooded grassland and on forest margins. Also present in Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and in southern Africa.
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon with flowers and fruit at Kikonda Ecology Found in rocky places, wooded grassland and on forest margins. Also present in Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and in southern Africa.
Uses A latex is obtained from cuts in the bark which is used to repair bicycle tyres and for trapping birds in Bas-Congo and in Zimbabwe. The latex is smeared over cuts in the body to heal them in Malawi. The plant is also used as a snake-bite remedy. The heart-wood produces a long-lasting timber. A food plant for Makedi kedi (Bunaea a/cinoe) edible caterpillar.
Uses A latex is obtained from cuts in the bark which is used to repair bicycle tyres and for trapping birds in Bas-Congo and in Zimbabwe. The latex is smeared over cuts in the body to heal them in Malawi. The plant is also used as a snake-bite remedy. The heart-wood produces a long-lasting timber. A food plant for Makedi kedi (Bunaea a/cinoe) edible caterpillar.
Common names Kintamba, kinkama sturey VInUul MV Vi forests and in damp sites but also present in the savanna and often associated with termite hills. Grows up to 1760 m. Sometimes planted in villages in Bas-Congo. Dorstenia psilurus
Common names Kintamba, kinkama sturey VInUul MV Vi forests and in damp sites but also present in the savanna and often associated with termite hills. Grows up to 1760 m. Sometimes planted in villages in Bas-Congo. Dorstenia psilurus
References FAC 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
References FAC 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Uses The young shoots are sometimes eaten. In Bas- Lye is made from the burnt leaves in Liberia which is used in making soap. The male flowers are an important source of pollen for honey bees and other species of Dracaena are reported to yield nectar and pollen.
Uses The young shoots are sometimes eaten. In Bas- Lye is made from the burnt leaves in Liberia which is used in making soap. The male flowers are an important source of pollen for honey bees and other species of Dracaena are reported to yield nectar and pollen.
Congo the decomposing tree provides a base for two varieties of edible mushroom - Bunkanga and Bukutukutu = Awricularia polytricha or A. auricula- judae. The tree is occasionally used to mark boundaries. Foliage can be used as a livestock feed. It is the source of a light-coloured dye. The rotting leaves form a good mulch and improve soil fertility.
Congo the decomposing tree provides a base for two varieties of edible mushroom - Bunkanga and Bukutukutu = Awricularia polytricha or A. auricula- judae. The tree is occasionally used to mark boundaries. Foliage can be used as a livestock feed. It is the source of a light-coloured dye. The rotting leaves form a good mulch and improve soil fertility.
Right : 7he core of young leaves is taken from the growing tip of a branch and used as a vegetable.
Right : 7he core of young leaves is taken from the growing tip of a branch and used as a vegetable.
Description A shrub or small tree, sometimes thorny, growing to 5 - 6 m high. Flowers are blue or white followed by bright orange-yellow berries about 1 cm long, containing many white seeds.
Description A shrub or small tree, sometimes thorny, growing to 5 - 6 m high. Flowers are blue or white followed by bright orange-yellow berries about 1 cm long, containing many white seeds.
Papa Nsimba constructing a house in Bas-Congo. It required a variety of products — poles, laths made from the mid-rib of palm-leaves, tying material and palm leaves for roofing — all extracted from the forest. Uses The vine makes good tying material for fastening horizontal laths and roof beams when house building. It is also used for making fish traps etc.
Papa Nsimba constructing a house in Bas-Congo. It required a variety of products — poles, laths made from the mid-rib of palm-leaves, tying material and palm leaves for roofing — all extracted from the forest. Uses The vine makes good tying material for fastening horizontal laths and roof beams when house building. It is also used for making fish traps etc.
Propagation Seed requires heat treatment before it will germinate and even then is slow and variable.
Propagation Seed requires heat treatment before it will germinate and even then is slow and variable.
Ecology Scattered trees are left in the bush fallow throughout the humid tropics in Africa.
Ecology Scattered trees are left in the bush fallow throughout the humid tropics in Africa.
Edible mushrooms (Lumiengi = Psathyrella cf. tuberculata) are grown on the dead flowers which are heaped together and covered with palm leaves. Palm wine is then poured over the heap and the mushrooms are produced after 2 - 3 days. Ash obtained from both male and female flowers is used as salt. Papa Alphonse with a fish trap made from oil palm leaf stalks
Edible mushrooms (Lumiengi = Psathyrella cf. tuberculata) are grown on the dead flowers which are heaped together and covered with palm leaves. Palm wine is then poured over the heap and the mushrooms are produced after 2 - 3 days. Ash obtained from both male and female flowers is used as salt. Papa Alphonse with a fish trap made from oil palm leaf stalks
Common names Nsiesa, nsiensie, nsiesi mfinda Description A shrub or small tree from 3 to 8 m high. It flowers during the rain season.
Common names Nsiesa, nsiensie, nsiesi mfinda Description A shrub or small tree from 3 to 8 m high. It flowers during the rain season.
Young regowth in a plot of maize Propagation Grow from seed. Pre-treatment is sometimes necessary because of the hardness of the seed coat. Put the seed in boiling water and allow this to cool immediately. Germination rate is very high, between 70 and 100%. The seed can be stored.
Young regowth in a plot of maize Propagation Grow from seed. Pre-treatment is sometimes necessary because of the hardness of the seed coat. Put the seed in boiling water and allow this to cool immediately. Germination rate is very high, between 70 and 100%. The seed can be stored.
Uses The plant yields a good fibre for tying. In some areas it has become uncommon due to over collection. Seeds were traditionally scattered with those of Pentaclethra macrophylla and P. eetveldeana to enrich the forest fallow after cultivation in Bas-Congo. The inner bark yields a fibre with long strands which makes a good fishing line. The plant has a number of medicinal uses and is also used to make a fish poison in Katanga.
Uses The plant yields a good fibre for tying. In some areas it has become uncommon due to over collection. Seeds were traditionally scattered with those of Pentaclethra macrophylla and P. eetveldeana to enrich the forest fallow after cultivation in Bas-Congo. The inner bark yields a fibre with long strands which makes a good fishing line. The plant has a number of medicinal uses and is also used to make a fish poison in Katanga.
Ecology Widely dispersed across central tropical Africa and in tropical America, Australia and Asia, in forests, often along water courses.
Ecology Widely dispersed across central tropical Africa and in tropical America, Australia and Asia, in forests, often along water courses.
“Lubamba wo lu monekesi n'tu kuna nseki, zayo vo kuna mfiinda lu sala nkata”. = If the lubamba rears its head above the forest it is a sign that the forest has been there for many years. Meaning : When a normally peaceful person is annoyed and decides to act, there must have been sufficient reason which pushed him to do it.
“Lubamba wo lu monekesi n'tu kuna nseki, zayo vo kuna mfiinda lu sala nkata”. = If the lubamba rears its head above the forest it is a sign that the forest has been there for many years. Meaning : When a normally peaceful person is annoyed and decides to act, there must have been sufficient reason which pushed him to do it.
Ecology Grows in riverine and swamp forest from Gabon to Uganda. Common names Muka, mbamba, lubamba, rattan Eremospatha haullevilleana Management Remove foliage and cut stems from the stump immediately after harvesting. This will enable the stump to start growing again. The plants can then be harvested every 3 - 5 years.
Ecology Grows in riverine and swamp forest from Gabon to Uganda. Common names Muka, mbamba, lubamba, rattan Eremospatha haullevilleana Management Remove foliage and cut stems from the stump immediately after harvesting. This will enable the stump to start growing again. The plants can then be harvested every 3 - 5 years.
Rattan from the stem
Rattan from the stem
Uses The leaves, mixed with other leaves and pulped, are used as a fish poison in the Congo. The leaf has insecticidal properties being rubbed on to dogs to keep lice away. The whole plant is used, together with Dichrostachys cinerea to trap cane rats. The plant, finely powdered is taken with water in Tanzaniez to treat tuberculosis. The pounded roots, leaf sap, juice from the fruits are used in various ways to treat abdominal pain, blood in the urine, Synonym F. cajanoides Eriosema psoraleoides abdominal pain, blood in the urine, stomach pain, asthma, conjunctivitis, haemorrhoids, jaundice and injuries to the foot. The plant is only eaten by stock at the end of the dry season. Host plant for N'sindi and Minsendi edible caterpillars. The yellow seeds are cooked and eaten in South Africa. The tubers of some_ species of Friosem are eaten in Katanaa.
Uses The leaves, mixed with other leaves and pulped, are used as a fish poison in the Congo. The leaf has insecticidal properties being rubbed on to dogs to keep lice away. The whole plant is used, together with Dichrostachys cinerea to trap cane rats. The plant, finely powdered is taken with water in Tanzaniez to treat tuberculosis. The pounded roots, leaf sap, juice from the fruits are used in various ways to treat abdominal pain, blood in the urine, Synonym F. cajanoides Eriosema psoraleoides abdominal pain, blood in the urine, stomach pain, asthma, conjunctivitis, haemorrhoids, jaundice and injuries to the foot. The plant is only eaten by stock at the end of the dry season. Host plant for N'sindi and Minsendi edible caterpillars. The yellow seeds are cooked and eaten in South Africa. The tubers of some_ species of Friosem are eaten in Katanaa.
Nsindi edible caterpillar Photo : L . Lemaire
Nsindi edible caterpillar Photo : L . Lemaire
Description A shrub or small deciduous tree with deeply grooved bark from 6 to 12 m high. Flowe appear before the leaves during the dry season. Seeds are shiny red. Uses Wood is used for carved items bark and leaves are used medicinally disorders, still births or frequent abortions, rheumatism, heart palpitations, eating without feeling satisfied, asthma, anaemia and gastritis. In South Africa the main use for a related species containing Erythraline and Erysovine, (which is present in E. abyssinica), is to treat sores, wounds and_ abscesses. Powdered, burnt bark is applied to the area. The leaves provide fodder for sheep and goats, and also make good mulching. The tree is nitrogen fixing and therefore useful for soil improvement. Bees forage for nectar and pollen at the end of the dry season. Cut branches are used for making live fences. A brown dye is extracted from the bark.
Description A shrub or small deciduous tree with deeply grooved bark from 6 to 12 m high. Flowe appear before the leaves during the dry season. Seeds are shiny red. Uses Wood is used for carved items bark and leaves are used medicinally disorders, still births or frequent abortions, rheumatism, heart palpitations, eating without feeling satisfied, asthma, anaemia and gastritis. In South Africa the main use for a related species containing Erythraline and Erysovine, (which is present in E. abyssinica), is to treat sores, wounds and_ abscesses. Powdered, burnt bark is applied to the area. The leaves provide fodder for sheep and goats, and also make good mulching. The tree is nitrogen fixing and therefore useful for soil improvement. Bees forage for nectar and pollen at the end of the dry season. Cut branches are used for making live fences. A brown dye is extracted from the bark.
References Egli & Kalinganire 1988, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, Van Wyk et al. 1997, ICRAF 1998, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
References Egli & Kalinganire 1988, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, Van Wyk et al. 1997, ICRAF 1998, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Common names Nsusa, nzekenzeke Erythrococca oleracea
Common names Nsusa, nzekenzeke Erythrococca oleracea
Description Large trees. The most common species in Bas-Congo are E&. citriodora, E. deglupta, E. robusta and E. saligna. Ecology The tree will grow on a wide range of soils, including waterlogged places and on saline and poor, gravel soils. £. saligna, E. deglupta and E. citriodora prefer a well drained soil and a well distributed rainfall. £. robusta can withstand waterlogging. Altitude range 0 — 1100 m.
Description Large trees. The most common species in Bas-Congo are E&. citriodora, E. deglupta, E. robusta and E. saligna. Ecology The tree will grow on a wide range of soils, including waterlogged places and on saline and poor, gravel soils. £. saligna, E. deglupta and E. citriodora prefer a well drained soil and a well distributed rainfall. £. robusta can withstand waterlogging. Altitude range 0 — 1100 m.
Common names Kikula ntedi, kula ntedi, kula ntese, malnommeée (Fr.), asthma weed
Common names Kikula ntedi, kula ntedi, kula ntese, malnommeée (Fr.), asthma weed
Uses The whole plant is cut just above ground and is used especially in the treatment of amoebic and bacillary dysentery and asthma. It is also used for interrupted milk supply, mastitis, rheumatism, urinary tract infections, kidney infections, intestinal cramp and worms, diarrhoea, (particularly for babies), haemorrhoids and for treating warts.
Uses The whole plant is cut just above ground and is used especially in the treatment of amoebic and bacillary dysentery and asthma. It is also used for interrupted milk supply, mastitis, rheumatism, urinary tract infections, kidney infections, intestinal cramp and worms, diarrhoea, (particularly for babies), haemorrhoids and for treating warts.
Ficus bubu
Ficus bubu
A beekeeper with a hive made from unburnt bricks
A beekeeper with a hive made from unburnt bricks
Synonyms F. /ochstetteri, F. persicifolia few at the top. Larger cuttings, 2 m long, can also be planted for hedges, but should be left in the shade for a few days before planting. Root cuttings can also be used.
Synonyms F. /ochstetteri, F. persicifolia few at the top. Larger cuttings, 2 m long, can also be planted for hedges, but should be left in the shade for a few days before planting. Root cuttings can also be used.
Management Protect from browsing when young. The tree should not be planted near buildings as the ee ee a: | a
Management Protect from browsing when young. The tree should not be planted near buildings as the ee ee a: | a
Flacourtia jangomas growing in a garden in Kinshasa Description A shrub or small deciduous tree, up to 14 m high, spiny when young. Leaves 5 - 11 cn long by 2 - 5 cm wide. The fruits are about 2 cm in diameter and turn red or blackish as they ripen. Ecology Cultivated in tropical Africa, and Asia. The shrub can be grown up to an altitude of 600 m. It prefers sandy soil and a high water table. It will also grow on red clay, sand and poor rocky soils.
Flacourtia jangomas growing in a garden in Kinshasa Description A shrub or small deciduous tree, up to 14 m high, spiny when young. Leaves 5 - 11 cn long by 2 - 5 cm wide. The fruits are about 2 cm in diameter and turn red or blackish as they ripen. Ecology Cultivated in tropical Africa, and Asia. The shrub can be grown up to an altitude of 600 m. It prefers sandy soil and a high water table. It will also grow on red clay, sand and poor rocky soils.
Floss from around the seeds is of good quality and used for pillows. The leaves, stem bark and latex are used medicinally to treat coughs, burns, incontinence, haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, chest pain, constipation and to aid conception. Mvinsu (Jmbrasia epimethea), Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) and Mbambi edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Propagation Can be grown from seed or wild seedlings. Fruit is collected when mature and left to split open in a dry place. It should be sown as soon as possible. No treatment is necessary.
Floss from around the seeds is of good quality and used for pillows. The leaves, stem bark and latex are used medicinally to treat coughs, burns, incontinence, haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, chest pain, constipation and to aid conception. Mvinsu (Jmbrasia epimethea), Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) and Mbambi edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Propagation Can be grown from seed or wild seedlings. Fruit is collected when mature and left to split open in a dry place. It should be sown as soon as possible. No treatment is necessary.
Uses Poles are used for house construction in Bas-Congo. The wood is white, soft and even- textured and fine-grained. Used for carving, stools, bowls, doors, paddles etc. Said to be durable enough for sawing into planks and house timbers but subject to stain and attack by beetles. Cheap furniture has been made from it. The wood burns well. The latex coagulates with difficulty and produces a poor rubber. It is sometimes used as a bird-lime.
Uses Poles are used for house construction in Bas-Congo. The wood is white, soft and even- textured and fine-grained. Used for carving, stools, bowls, doors, paddles etc. Said to be durable enough for sawing into planks and house timbers but subject to stain and attack by beetles. Cheap furniture has been made from it. The wood burns well. The latex coagulates with difficulty and produces a poor rubber. It is sometimes used as a bird-lime.
Too bar for a beehive
Too bar for a beehive
Ecology Grows in moist deciduous forest particularly forest edges and beside rivers. Found from Guinea to Cameroon and across the Congo basin to Zambia.
Ecology Grows in moist deciduous forest particularly forest edges and beside rivers. Found from Guinea to Cameroon and across the Congo basin to Zambia.
Uses Edible fruit. The juicy flesh ar and the bark from the trunk for haemorrhaging or inflammation of the uterus and inflammation of the vagina. A steam bath, using a decoction of the bark, is used for treating rheumatism, kidney pain and feverish stiffness of the joints. Powdered bark is used as a wound dressing. Common names Mubamfu, mamba or mukulumu
Uses Edible fruit. The juicy flesh ar and the bark from the trunk for haemorrhaging or inflammation of the uterus and inflammation of the vagina. A steam bath, using a decoction of the bark, is used for treating rheumatism, kidney pain and feverish stiffness of the joints. Powdered bark is used as a wound dressing. Common names Mubamfu, mamba or mukulumu
Common names Kisima Elsewhere in Africa an infusion of the bark is used as a lotion to treat sores. Sticks are used as tooth-brushes and the flowers are reported to be visited by bees. Synonyms G. buchananii
Common names Kisima Elsewhere in Africa an infusion of the bark is used as a lotion to treat sores. Sticks are used as tooth-brushes and the flowers are reported to be visited by bees. Synonyms G. buchananii
Uses The sweet, edible fruit is eaten raw. It contains ascorbic acid. Small pieces of root are sold as an aphrodisiac in Bas-Congo and the roots and bark are widely used to treat painful joints, haemorrhoids, painful and _ frequent periods, interruption in milk production, tuberculosis, male impotence, constipation and throat infections.
Uses The sweet, edible fruit is eaten raw. It contains ascorbic acid. Small pieces of root are sold as an aphrodisiac in Bas-Congo and the roots and bark are widely used to treat painful joints, haemorrhoids, painful and _ frequent periods, interruption in milk production, tuberculosis, male impotence, constipation and throat infections.
Description An evergreen tree 35 - 40 m high. The flowers are finely hairy and large orange-like fruits are produced. Ecology Found in dense forests and beside water in Bas-Congo. Occurs up to 1200 m. and is cultivated in Nigeria.
Description An evergreen tree 35 - 40 m high. The flowers are finely hairy and large orange-like fruits are produced. Ecology Found in dense forests and beside water in Bas-Congo. Occurs up to 1200 m. and is cultivated in Nigeria.
Uses The flesh surrounding the seeds, though sour, is eaten in Bas-Congo. The pounded seeds are used to control intestinal worms and to ease stomach pain. The bark and seeds are used to treat excessive crying in babies, heart palpitations, epilepsy, diarrhoea and as a tonic. The main use throughout West Africa is as chew sticks for which young trees are felled and split into pencil sized piec teeth. The roots are also used as chew sticks. A useful timber is darkening to brown at the centre, hard and close grained.
Uses The flesh surrounding the seeds, though sour, is eaten in Bas-Congo. The pounded seeds are used to control intestinal worms and to ease stomach pain. The bark and seeds are used to treat excessive crying in babies, heart palpitations, epilepsy, diarrhoea and as a tonic. The main use throughout West Africa is as chew sticks for which young trees are felled and split into pencil sized piec teeth. The roots are also used as chew sticks. A useful timber is darkening to brown at the centre, hard and close grained.
Ecology The tree grows where there is a short dry season in the humid tropics, up to an altitude of 1000 m. It grows on a wide variety of soils, but not on sands low in humus. It can withstand some waterlogging. Shade is essential during the first 2 - 4 years. Management Transplant seedlings once they have reached 60 cm. Planting holes 1.2 x 1.3 m are dug and organic matter is added one month before planting out. Plants are spaced at 8 - 10 m apart and must be shaded. It is important that the last pair of leaves are not allowed to wither, as this will result in a severe growth check or death. Maintain a good mulch around the plants at all times. Pruning should be carried out when there are no flowers, fruit or new leaves and should be light and limited to removing inside shoots and suckers. The tree is slow growing and starts to bear fruit after 10 to 15 years. Trees tend to bear every other year and especially after dry weather.
Ecology The tree grows where there is a short dry season in the humid tropics, up to an altitude of 1000 m. It grows on a wide variety of soils, but not on sands low in humus. It can withstand some waterlogging. Shade is essential during the first 2 - 4 years. Management Transplant seedlings once they have reached 60 cm. Planting holes 1.2 x 1.3 m are dug and organic matter is added one month before planting out. Plants are spaced at 8 - 10 m apart and must be shaded. It is important that the last pair of leaves are not allowed to wither, as this will result in a severe growth check or death. Maintain a good mulch around the plants at all times. Pruning should be carried out when there are no flowers, fruit or new leaves and should be light and limited to removing inside shoots and suckers. The tree is slow growing and starts to bear fruit after 10 to 15 years. Trees tend to bear every other year and especially after dry weather.
Uses An important medicinal plant. The ground up bark, soaked in water, is used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery, and a decoction of the bark is used to treat headaches. A decoction, made from the roots, is used for rheumatism. The plant is also used to treat dental caries and as a tonic in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere an infusion of the roots is administered after snake-bite. This causes the patient to vomit, counteracting the effects of the poison. A decoction of the fruits is taken for malaria and also acts as a purgative. When branches are placed on house- roofs, or the tree grows near houses, they are believed to prevent lightning damage. Branches are used for fencing and to support beehives. The wood is pale yellow to pale red, very hard, fine-grained and compact, probably insect proof and used for carving and tool-handles. The twigs are used as chew-sticks. Ash from the wood is used in making soap and for dyeing. Suitable as an ornamental Common names Lemba nzau, kilemba nzau, laurier d'Afrique, gardenia male (Fr.)
Uses An important medicinal plant. The ground up bark, soaked in water, is used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery, and a decoction of the bark is used to treat headaches. A decoction, made from the roots, is used for rheumatism. The plant is also used to treat dental caries and as a tonic in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere an infusion of the roots is administered after snake-bite. This causes the patient to vomit, counteracting the effects of the poison. A decoction of the fruits is taken for malaria and also acts as a purgative. When branches are placed on house- roofs, or the tree grows near houses, they are believed to prevent lightning damage. Branches are used for fencing and to support beehives. The wood is pale yellow to pale red, very hard, fine-grained and compact, probably insect proof and used for carving and tool-handles. The twigs are used as chew-sticks. Ash from the wood is used in making soap and for dyeing. Suitable as an ornamental Common names Lemba nzau, kilemba nzau, laurier d'Afrique, gardenia male (Fr.)
but slow growing. Dry branches burn slowly with a bright flame and can be used as candles. Seeds yield a black dye. There are numerous medicinal uses for this plant in Africa. The ripe fruits are eaten in Uganda. Propagation The tree can be grown from cuttings, which should preferably be dipped in rooting hormone first. Choose branches up to 8 cm diameter and plant in coarse sand. It may also be possible to grow the plant from seed. Transplant at the three-leaf stage.
but slow growing. Dry branches burn slowly with a bright flame and can be used as candles. Seeds yield a black dye. There are numerous medicinal uses for this plant in Africa. The ripe fruits are eaten in Uganda. Propagation The tree can be grown from cuttings, which should preferably be dipped in rooting hormone first. Choose branches up to 8 cm diameter and plant in coarse sand. It may also be possible to grow the plant from seed. Transplant at the three-leaf stage.
Management Inoculation with the correct rhizobium (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) is important on land where the crop has not been grown before. However locally selected varieties nodulate well with native rhizobia present in the soil. Soya beans are one of the most efficient legumes for fixing nitrogen. Can be grown with maize. The seeds can be stored for 2 to 3 years. Drying plants under the eaves of a house References Purseglove 1968, IITA 1990, Burkill 1995, Raemaekers 2001
Management Inoculation with the correct rhizobium (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) is important on land where the crop has not been grown before. However locally selected varieties nodulate well with native rhizobia present in the soil. Soya beans are one of the most efficient legumes for fixing nitrogen. Can be grown with maize. The seeds can be stored for 2 to 3 years. Drying plants under the eaves of a house References Purseglove 1968, IITA 1990, Burkill 1995, Raemaekers 2001
Glycine max
Glycine max
Description A deciduous tree, which grows 18 - 21 m high, but is often smaller. Bark is smooth, light brown. Leaves 5 — 15 x 10 — 18 cm, have petioles 12 cm long, heart shaped, pointed at the end. Flowers are orange-yellow with dark brown streaks, 2.5 cm long, in terminal panicles. The black fruits are oval and 4 mm long. Ecology Originally from India and Malaysia. The tree tolerates dry conditions, though growth rate is reduced. It requires a dry season resting period. Altitude range up to 1200 m.
Description A deciduous tree, which grows 18 - 21 m high, but is often smaller. Bark is smooth, light brown. Leaves 5 — 15 x 10 — 18 cm, have petioles 12 cm long, heart shaped, pointed at the end. Flowers are orange-yellow with dark brown streaks, 2.5 cm long, in terminal panicles. The black fruits are oval and 4 mm long. Ecology Originally from India and Malaysia. The tree tolerates dry conditions, though growth rate is reduced. It requires a dry season resting period. Altitude range up to 1200 m.
Management The plant requires a certain amount of shade and a strong support and is therefore best grown at the forest edge to scramble up trees. However it appears to have certain host plant preferences. Only the leaves should be collected, allowing the stems to sprout again. 3 to 4 harvests can probably be taken each year, the first being taken 6 — 9 months after planting out. Most collection has been done from the wild during the dry season and because of over collection the plant has virtually disappeared from many forests. Common names Mfumbwa, koko (Fr.)
Management The plant requires a certain amount of shade and a strong support and is therefore best grown at the forest edge to scramble up trees. However it appears to have certain host plant preferences. Only the leaves should be collected, allowing the stems to sprout again. 3 to 4 harvests can probably be taken each year, the first being taken 6 — 9 months after planting out. Most collection has been done from the wild during the dry season and because of over collection the plant has virtually disappeared from many forests. Common names Mfumbwa, koko (Fr.)
Uses Valued as a tasty vegetable, the leaves are eaten finely shredded in a peanut butter sauce, added to soup, made into condiments or even eaten raw. They contain about 10% protein. They can be stored for up to a week, for example when being taken to distant markets. On arrival they are soaked in water to freshen them. Mfumbwa as sold in the market Propagation In Bas-Congo plants are sometimes grown from wild seedlings. They do not grow easily from seed. Plants can also be grown from cuttings rooted in decomposed sawdust or fine river sand. The leaves, however, should be reduced by half and must be kept moist. Reduce evaporation by growing them under shade. Select vines which have broad, thick, dark green leaves. Rooting normally takes place in three weeks. Plant out in tubes filled with 25% sand, some compost and forest soil and allow adequate space between plants once the side shoots start to develop.
Uses Valued as a tasty vegetable, the leaves are eaten finely shredded in a peanut butter sauce, added to soup, made into condiments or even eaten raw. They contain about 10% protein. They can be stored for up to a week, for example when being taken to distant markets. On arrival they are soaked in water to freshen them. Mfumbwa as sold in the market Propagation In Bas-Congo plants are sometimes grown from wild seedlings. They do not grow easily from seed. Plants can also be grown from cuttings rooted in decomposed sawdust or fine river sand. The leaves, however, should be reduced by half and must be kept moist. Reduce evaporation by growing them under shade. Select vines which have broad, thick, dark green leaves. Rooting normally takes place in three weeks. Plant out in tubes filled with 25% sand, some compost and forest soil and allow adequate space between plants once the side shoots start to develop.
(Proteaceae)
(Proteaceae)
Remarks The tree is being grown in some areas in Manianga district and could be planted more widely in the province.
Remarks The tree is being grown in some areas in Manianga district and could be planted more widely in the province.
References Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Keay 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997, Katende et al. 2000, Nsimundele 2004
References Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Keay 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997, Katende et al. 2000, Nsimundele 2004
Uses The wood is soft and fine-grained. Though subject to borer attack and decay it is used for drums, barrels, canoes, mortars and pestles etc. but does not last long in damp places. It is also suitable for making paper. In Bas-Congo all parts, but especially the bark, are used as a medicine to reduce fever. A decoction of the bark is used to treat diabetes, rheumatism, river blindness and abscesses. A wash, made from pounded bark, is used for haemorrhoids. Bees visit the flowers in Bas-Congo during March and April. The tree is a useful species for the afforestation of swamps.
Uses The wood is soft and fine-grained. Though subject to borer attack and decay it is used for drums, barrels, canoes, mortars and pestles etc. but does not last long in damp places. It is also suitable for making paper. In Bas-Congo all parts, but especially the bark, are used as a medicine to reduce fever. A decoction of the bark is used to treat diabetes, rheumatism, river blindness and abscesses. A wash, made from pounded bark, is used for haemorrhoids. Bees visit the flowers in Bas-Congo during March and April. The tree is a useful species for the afforestation of swamps.
Propagation The tree can be grown from stumps, wild seedlings or transplants. It also grows from large cuttings and root suckers. Seeds germinate easily after 5 - 8 days and should be planted in a nursery using soil from a swamp.
Propagation The tree can be grown from stumps, wild seedlings or transplants. It also grows from large cuttings and root suckers. Seeds germinate easily after 5 - 8 days and should be planted in a nursery using soil from a swamp.
Harungana madagascariensis in flower in January Ecology Widespread in tropical Africa. Most common in damp areas in Bas-Congo. Grows in clearings in forest regions and fringing forest in savanna regions. Common even on very poor soils.
Harungana madagascariensis in flower in January Ecology Widespread in tropical Africa. Most common in damp areas in Bas-Congo. Grows in clearings in forest regions and fringing forest in savanna regions. Common even on very poor soils.
Common names Nsiamuna, kinkete, kibwa Description A scrambling shrub with attractive white jasmine-like, fragrant flowers.
Common names Nsiamuna, kinkete, kibwa Description A scrambling shrub with attractive white jasmine-like, fragrant flowers.
Ecology Grows in secondary forest from Guinea to Angola. Also found in East Africa and South Africa.
Ecology Grows in secondary forest from Guinea to Angola. Also found in East Africa and South Africa.
Ecology An extremely adaptable plant. It thrives in the tropics at medium and high elevations and grows on soils of moderate fertility. Dwarf varieties are hardier than the taller types and give reasonable yields under less than 25 cm rain per annum, but rainfall should be evenly distributed during the growing season. A dry period is necessary during the later stages of ripening.
Ecology An extremely adaptable plant. It thrives in the tropics at medium and high elevations and grows on soils of moderate fertility. Dwarf varieties are hardier than the taller types and give reasonable yields under less than 25 cm rain per annum, but rainfall should be evenly distributed during the growing season. A dry period is necessary during the later stages of ripening.
Description A perennial herb, with long hairy leaves, growing up to 20 cm high. Flowers are borne in heads. Ecology Grows in the savanna and in mountain grassland areas which are subject to burning. It is also present in Togo, Cameroon and across Africa to Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Angola.
Description A perennial herb, with long hairy leaves, growing up to 20 cm high. Flowers are borne in heads. Ecology Grows in the savanna and in mountain grassland areas which are subject to burning. It is also present in Togo, Cameroon and across Africa to Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Angola.
Propagation Use seed or rhizomes. References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Van Wyk et al. 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Propagation Use seed or rhizomes. References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Van Wyk et al. 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Management Can be grown as a hedge plant, because of its branching habit, and can thus produce quite large amounts of leaves from a limited space.
Management Can be grown as a hedge plant, because of its branching habit, and can thus produce quite large amounts of leaves from a limited space.
Ecology Origin is probably Angola and southern Congo. The plant tolerates shade, cloud cover and frequent rain better than kenaf and roselle.
Ecology Origin is probably Angola and southern Congo. The plant tolerates shade, cloud cover and frequent rain better than kenaf and roselle.
Description An annual or short-lived perennial. The plant has small red leaves and dark pink flowers. The leaves vary in shape. Sometimes the lower leaves are three- or five-fingered and the middle ones three-fingered. Some varieties have green leaves and yellow flowers.
Description An annual or short-lived perennial. The plant has small red leaves and dark pink flowers. The leaves vary in shape. Sometimes the lower leaves are three- or five-fingered and the middle ones three-fingered. Some varieties have green leaves and yellow flowers.
References De Wildeman 1934, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Raemaekers 2001, Neuwinger 2000, Schippers 2002 Description An erect, sparsely branched annual herb. Some forms grow to 3 m tall and are practically unbranched. The stem contains long fibres. The alternate leaves have long petioles and are normally simple, but can occasionally be 3 lobed. The calyx is covered with bristly spines.
References De Wildeman 1934, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Raemaekers 2001, Neuwinger 2000, Schippers 2002 Description An erect, sparsely branched annual herb. Some forms grow to 3 m tall and are practically unbranched. The stem contains long fibres. The alternate leaves have long petioles and are normally simple, but can occasionally be 3 lobed. The calyx is covered with bristly spines.
Common names Ngai ngai sometimes be found growing wild. H. sabdariffa does not grow well in acid, or poorly aerated soi preferring sandy loams. Oe i OC Se
Common names Ngai ngai sometimes be found growing wild. H. sabdariffa does not grow well in acid, or poorly aerated soi preferring sandy loams. Oe i OC Se
Ecology Extends from Senegal to Central African Republic and Angola. Widespread and abundant in drier forest areas and fringing savanna forests. Uses Used for house construction, timber and charcoal making in Bas-Congo. The latex is used as glue. Wood is soft and white and used for carvings, spoons, stirers, packing cases etc. A decoction of the bark from the trunk is used to treat amoebic dysentery and trichomonas. The plant is a source of = oo steroidal hormones. Mvinsu (Jmbrasia a ee ee, ee a) ee ert en ty i ee
Ecology Extends from Senegal to Central African Republic and Angola. Widespread and abundant in drier forest areas and fringing savanna forests. Uses Used for house construction, timber and charcoal making in Bas-Congo. The latex is used as glue. Wood is soft and white and used for carvings, spoons, stirers, packing cases etc. A decoction of the bark from the trunk is used to treat amoebic dysentery and trichomonas. The plant is a source of = oo steroidal hormones. Mvinsu (Jmbrasia a ee ee, ee a) ee ert en ty i ee
Common names Bombardier (Fr.), sand box tree, monkey's dinner bell Description Tree to 25 m. high with a spiny trunk and branches. Leaves are heart shaped. Male flowers are deep red and borne in terminal spikes. Female flowers are solitary. Fruits are depressed in the centre, becoming woody and exploding with a loud report, hence its name 'monkey's dinner bell’ in the West Indies.
Common names Bombardier (Fr.), sand box tree, monkey's dinner bell Description Tree to 25 m. high with a spiny trunk and branches. Leaves are heart shaped. Male flowers are deep red and borne in terminal spikes. Female flowers are solitary. Fruits are depressed in the centre, becoming woody and exploding with a loud report, hence its name 'monkey's dinner bell’ in the West Indies.
Uses Used as a shade tree in Bas-Congo. The seeds or seed oil is used as a strong purgative. They contain a semi-drying oil. The caustic latex contains very poisonous substances, Hurin and Crepitin, which are reported to cause blindness. It has been used as a fish poison. The wood is yellowish with a silky lustre, light in weight but of good strength.
Uses Used as a shade tree in Bas-Congo. The seeds or seed oil is used as a strong purgative. They contain a semi-drying oil. The caustic latex contains very poisonous substances, Hurin and Crepitin, which are reported to cause blindness. It has been used as a fish poison. The wood is yellowish with a silky lustre, light in weight but of good strength.
Male flower cone Left: Tree with fruit near Sona Bata
Male flower cone Left: Tree with fruit near Sona Bata
is used to treat colds and muscular pain. TI roots are boiled and the liquid drunk to relieve stomach-ache and _ constipation. Bark is also used as an antidote for poisoning. A decoction of the roots is excellent for treating anaemia. The sap from the bark is put in the eyes to treat epilepsy. Bees forage for nectar and pollen. Host plant for Kaba (Lobobunaea Phaedusa) edible caterpillars in Bas-Congo. The bark is used for tanning leather. Common names Kigete, mugete, mvete, ngete, mpete, pete pete, luhete
is used to treat colds and muscular pain. TI roots are boiled and the liquid drunk to relieve stomach-ache and _ constipation. Bark is also used as an antidote for poisoning. A decoction of the roots is excellent for treating anaemia. The sap from the bark is put in the eyes to treat epilepsy. Bees forage for nectar and pollen. Host plant for Kaba (Lobobunaea Phaedusa) edible caterpillars in Bas-Congo. The bark is used for tanning leather. Common names Kigete, mugete, mvete, ngete, mpete, pete pete, luhete
Uses The close-grained wood is pale brown to pink, becoming orange. It is hard, dense and durable, and resistant to termites. The main use is for making charcoal. The tree is also widely used for medicine in Bas-Congo. Young fruits and shoots are acid in taste and occasionally eaten to relieve coughing, especially by children. A decoction of the young leaves or bark ywwdered root is used to treat diarrhoea. The bark and
Uses The close-grained wood is pale brown to pink, becoming orange. It is hard, dense and durable, and resistant to termites. The main use is for making charcoal. The tree is also widely used for medicine in Bas-Congo. Young fruits and shoots are acid in taste and occasionally eaten to relieve coughing, especially by children. A decoction of the young leaves or bark ywwdered root is used to treat diarrhoea. The bark and
Ecology A common savanna shrub. Found from Senegal to Angola and from Ethiopia to Mozambique.
Ecology A common savanna shrub. Found from Senegal to Angola and from Ethiopia to Mozambique.
Management The tree grows back well after being cut down. Shoots cut for goat forage
Management The tree grows back well after being cut down. Shoots cut for goat forage
Uses The red shoots and leaves are edible and taste like sorrel. They are also frequently used as a stock fodder for sheep and goats. The wood is strong, straight and flexible and very resistant to insect attack. Poles are used for house construction and fencing posts and smaller stems for fish traps. The wood is also suitable for making charcoal. In Bas- Congo, a decoction of young leaves is used as a stimulant and to treat stomach-ache, cramp and coughs and a decoction of the roots is used for anaemia. A decoction of the bark is taken for headaches and coughs. The bark from the roots is used to treat anaemia.
Uses The red shoots and leaves are edible and taste like sorrel. They are also frequently used as a stock fodder for sheep and goats. The wood is strong, straight and flexible and very resistant to insect attack. Poles are used for house construction and fencing posts and smaller stems for fish traps. The wood is also suitable for making charcoal. In Bas- Congo, a decoction of young leaves is used as a stimulant and to treat stomach-ache, cramp and coughs and a decoction of the roots is used for anaemia. A decoction of the bark is taken for headaches and coughs. The bark from the roots is used to treat anaemia.
worms, throat problems, oral diseases, feverish stiffness of the limbs, rheumatism, abscesses, ar threatened abortion.
worms, throat problems, oral diseases, feverish stiffness of the limbs, rheumatism, abscesses, ar threatened abortion.
References Crane et al. 1984, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, de Guzman & Siemonsma 1999, Amponsah et al. 2002, Pousset 2004
References Crane et al. 1984, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, de Guzman & Siemonsma 1999, Amponsah et al. 2002, Pousset 2004
Common names Gros baume (Fr.), bush tea bush
Common names Gros baume (Fr.), bush tea bush
Common names Inga, pois sucré (Fr.), ice-cream bean tree
Common names Inga, pois sucré (Fr.), ice-cream bean tree
Management An area of 1 m diameter should be kept clear of weeds around the tree during the first 6 months, until they become established. The tree grows back well if a few branches are left uncut. Cut carefully at least 3 cm above a node.
Management An area of 1 m diameter should be kept clear of weeds around the tree during the first 6 months, until they become established. The tree grows back well if a few branches are left uncut. Cut carefully at least 3 cm above a node.
Description A perennial creeping plant, usually grown as an annual Ecology Cultivated throughout the tropics. Growth is restricted by cool weather. Low humidity is needed as the crop nears maturity. Though the plant is drought tolerant there must be sufficient moisture 50 - 60 days after planting for tuber development. Sweet potatoes grow best in sandy loams, reasonably high in organic matter.
Description A perennial creeping plant, usually grown as an annual Ecology Cultivated throughout the tropics. Growth is restricted by cool weather. Low humidity is needed as the crop nears maturity. Though the plant is drought tolerant there must be sufficient moisture 50 - 60 days after planting for tuber development. Sweet potatoes grow best in sandy loams, reasonably high in organic matter.
Propagation Cuttings taken from the tip are best as they grow faster and give a higher yield than cuttings taken from the base or middle of the vines. Cuttings should be 20 - 45 cm long and have 7 nodes. They should be left to wilt for 24 - 48 hours and then 10 - 20 cm of the cutting should be planted below the soil level at an angle. Space at 23 - 30 cm in the rows, which should be 60 - 75 cm apart.
Propagation Cuttings taken from the tip are best as they grow faster and give a higher yield than cuttings taken from the base or middle of the vines. Cuttings should be 20 - 45 cm long and have 7 nodes. They should be left to wilt for 24 - 48 hours and then 10 - 20 cm of the cutting should be planted below the soil level at an angle. Space at 23 - 30 cm in the rows, which should be 60 - 75 cm apart.
(Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha curcas Ecology In Bas-Congo the plant is often grown as a hedge plant. It is deep-rooted and can survive lon dry periods by simply shedding its leaves. It will grow on arid and stony soils.
(Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha curcas Ecology In Bas-Congo the plant is often grown as a hedge plant. It is deep-rooted and can survive lon dry periods by simply shedding its leaves. It will grow on arid and stony soils.
Jatropha curcas in flower
Jatropha curcas in flower
Propagation Usually grown from cuttings but seed can also be used. For cuttings select 1.5 - 2.5 cm diameter pieces from the central trunk which should have short nodes. Cuttings should be 45 - 100 cm long. Cut stem with a sharp knife. Dip the end in ashes. Store with the cut end upright until planting. Cuttings are buried in the soil and soon develop roots. Propagation using cuttings is more rapid than by seed. If seed is used plant 2.5 cm deep and space at 25 cm to form a hedge. Germination normally takes 4 weeks but is improved if seeds are placed between wet sacks before planting.
Propagation Usually grown from cuttings but seed can also be used. For cuttings select 1.5 - 2.5 cm diameter pieces from the central trunk which should have short nodes. Cuttings should be 45 - 100 cm long. Cut stem with a sharp knife. Dip the end in ashes. Store with the cut end upright until planting. Cuttings are buried in the soil and soon develop roots. Propagation using cuttings is more rapid than by seed. If seed is used plant 2.5 cm deep and space at 25 cm to form a hedge. Germination normally takes 4 weeks but is improved if seeds are placed between wet sacks before planting.
Common names Mbika nkalu, calebasse (Fr.), bottle gourd, calabash Description An annual, climber or trailer to 10 m long. Flowers are large and white. Fruits vary in shape, size, colour and patterns.
Common names Mbika nkalu, calebasse (Fr.), bottle gourd, calabash Description An annual, climber or trailer to 10 m long. Flowers are large and white. Fruits vary in shape, size, colour and patterns.
- 50% oil. This is suitable for cooking. The hard-shelled fruit is used as a container or a ladle after the pulp and seeds have been removed and the bitterness leached out by soaking. The young fruits are sometime: placed upright to ensure they form a flat bottom. Dried gourds are often used as musical instruments They are light and strong and suitable for carrying or storing liquids. In some forms the bitterness of the pulp has been selected out and the fruits can be eaten, though normally only when young. Younc shoots and tender leaves may be eaten as a vegetable. A dressing of crushed leaves and palm oil i: used to relieve pain caused by stinging caterpillars in the Congo.
- 50% oil. This is suitable for cooking. The hard-shelled fruit is used as a container or a ladle after the pulp and seeds have been removed and the bitterness leached out by soaking. The young fruits are sometime: placed upright to ensure they form a flat bottom. Dried gourds are often used as musical instruments They are light and strong and suitable for carrying or storing liquids. In some forms the bitterness of the pulp has been selected out and the fruits can be eaten, though normally only when young. Younc shoots and tender leaves may be eaten as a vegetable. A dressing of crushed leaves and palm oil i: used to relieve pain caused by stinging caterpillars in the Congo.
References De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Persoon et al. 1992, Neuwinger 2000
References De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Persoon et al. 1992, Neuwinger 2000
Common names Dimbulu, mabulu Description A low, erect shrub or herb, 15 - 70 cm high. Leaves often in whorls of 3 or 4. Flowers fragrant, white, yellow or cream. Mature fruits may also be found throughout the year. Landolphia lanceolata
Common names Dimbulu, mabulu Description A low, erect shrub or herb, 15 - 70 cm high. Leaves often in whorls of 3 or 4. Flowers fragrant, white, yellow or cream. Mature fruits may also be found throughout the year. Landolphia lanceolata
Ecology Grows in the savanna and woodland in southern and western D.R. Congo and in adjacent parts of Angola, often on sandy soils. Altitude range 0 - 1500 m.
Ecology Grows in the savanna and woodland in southern and western D.R. Congo and in adjacent parts of Angola, often on sandy soils. Altitude range 0 - 1500 m.
Common names Goki. The name magoki is used for all Lando/phia species with edible fruit. Also called mawumuna. White rubber vine. Uses The fruit is edible with an acid-tasting pulp. The plant used to be an important source of vine rubber. The latex is used as a bird lime and to expel intestinal worms. Landolphia owariensis
Common names Goki. The name magoki is used for all Lando/phia species with edible fruit. Also called mawumuna. White rubber vine. Uses The fruit is edible with an acid-tasting pulp. The plant used to be an important source of vine rubber. The latex is used as a bird lime and to expel intestinal worms. Landolphia owariensis
Below : Another Landolphia sp. growing near Kasangulu with fruit opened (below right). References Uphof 1968, Burkill 1985, Persoon et al. 1992
Below : Another Landolphia sp. growing near Kasangulu with fruit opened (below right). References Uphof 1968, Burkill 1985, Persoon et al. 1992
Ecology Grows in wooded savanna and forest in Bas-Congo. Altitude range 0 - 1700 m. Found in tropical Africa, especially from Senegal to Angola and from Sudan to Zambia. It can survive bush fires and puts up new shoots after burning.
Ecology Grows in wooded savanna and forest in Bas-Congo. Altitude range 0 - 1700 m. Found in tropical Africa, especially from Senegal to Angola and from Sudan to Zambia. It can survive bush fires and puts up new shoots after burning.
Uses Poles are used for fencing and construction work. The timber is white and hard and used for making two types of drum — Mondo, which is used to call villagers from the fields and Kwiti, a musical instrument with a bicycle pump action. Traditionally a short plank made from this tree was used to restrain a violent person suffering from mental illness. A hole, large enough to put the man's foot through, was cut in the plank. It was then fastened to his lower leg - rather like a single mobile stock. The tree has a numbe bark from the twigs is used to cure heart palpitations and to t reported to be a good bee forage from June to August in Bas-Cc i ra. a <a nectar sour
Uses Poles are used for fencing and construction work. The timber is white and hard and used for making two types of drum — Mondo, which is used to call villagers from the fields and Kwiti, a musical instrument with a bicycle pump action. Traditionally a short plank made from this tree was used to restrain a violent person suffering from mental illness. A hole, large enough to put the man's foot through, was cut in the plank. It was then fastened to his lower leg - rather like a single mobile stock. The tree has a numbe bark from the twigs is used to cure heart palpitations and to t reported to be a good bee forage from June to August in Bas-Cc i ra. a <a nectar sour
Branch with immature fruit
Branch with immature fruit
Description A shrub or climbing bush from 1 to 5 m high, but it can grow to a length of 12 m forming a dense impenetrable bush. Stems may be covered with curved spines. Leaves are 2 — 12 cm long and 2 — 7 cm wide with petioles up to 2 cm long. Flowers may vary in colour from red, purple to pink with the central florets being of a different colour e.g. orange, yellow and red. Fruits are fleshy, purple or black, 3 — 5 mm in diameter.
Description A shrub or climbing bush from 1 to 5 m high, but it can grow to a length of 12 m forming a dense impenetrable bush. Stems may be covered with curved spines. Leaves are 2 — 12 cm long and 2 — 7 cm wide with petioles up to 2 cm long. Flowers may vary in colour from red, purple to pink with the central florets being of a different colour e.g. orange, yellow and red. Fruits are fleshy, purple or black, 3 — 5 mm in diameter.
Uses In Bas-Congo the plant is used to treat coughs and fevers. Children sometimes eat the fruits, though the immature fruits are known to be poisonous. Powdered plant material has been found effective in killing and repelling maize weevil in stored maize. The stems are used to construct maize ee a ee ee ee plone: fee “Viewers Lease cmevlcs
Uses In Bas-Congo the plant is used to treat coughs and fevers. Children sometimes eat the fruits, though the immature fruits are known to be poisonous. Powdered plant material has been found effective in killing and repelling maize weevil in stored maize. The stems are used to construct maize ee a ee ee ee plone: fee “Viewers Lease cmevlcs
They eventually lead to loss of the forest on which soil fertility depends.
They eventually lead to loss of the forest on which soil fertility depends.
Synonym Cyrtosperma senegalense Ecology Found on forest margins, damp sites and in shallow water in savanna throughout west Africa and the Congo basin.
Synonym Cyrtosperma senegalense Ecology Found on forest margins, damp sites and in shallow water in savanna throughout west Africa and the Congo basin.
Left : Kibungu, Kembelo, director of the Kisantu botanic garden with a plant from the garden
Left : Kibungu, Kembelo, director of the Kisantu botanic garden with a plant from the garden
Propagation Can be grown from seed.
Propagation Can be grown from seed.
Uses Leaves, which may be dried and stored, are used as a tea substitute. The tea is relaxing and is reported to relieve coughing, irritability, nervousness or madness, and is also used to treat rheumatism and diabetes. Lippia spp. contain the chemical Carvacrol which has been shown to have antiseptic, antifungal and
Uses Leaves, which may be dried and stored, are used as a tea substitute. The tea is relaxing and is reported to relieve coughing, irritability, nervousness or madness, and is also used to treat rheumatism and diabetes. Lippia spp. contain the chemical Carvacrol which has been shown to have antiseptic, antifungal and
larvicidal properties. The oil obtained from distillation, together with paraffin, can be used to treat scabies. The plant is also used to lower blood pressure and has possible uses as an insecticide. Other species L. nodiflora and WN. triphylla are known to be good bee forage plants in the Americas. Beehives are sometimes smoked with this fragrant herb to attract bees in Gambia. The ashes from burning the roots are sometimes used as a substitute for salt. Ecology Found in savanna, waste ground and old farm land in R.D. Congo and throughout tropical West Africa. It is sometimes grown for home use in Bas-Congo.
larvicidal properties. The oil obtained from distillation, together with paraffin, can be used to treat scabies. The plant is also used to lower blood pressure and has possible uses as an insecticide. Other species L. nodiflora and WN. triphylla are known to be good bee forage plants in the Americas. Beehives are sometimes smoked with this fragrant herb to attract bees in Gambia. The ashes from burning the roots are sometimes used as a substitute for salt. Ecology Found in savanna, waste ground and old farm land in R.D. Congo and throughout tropical West Africa. It is sometimes grown for home use in Bas-Congo.
Common names Kinsundi Description A creeper with smooth, hairless stems, up to 20 cm in diameter, which grows to a length of 40 — 100 m. Leaf petioles are 7 — 15 mm long; and the leaves are oval shaped, rounded to acute at the base, 4.5 - 13 cm long and 2.5 - 7.5 cm wide. Flowers are pale-green becoming yellowish-brown with a white central column. Loeseneriella clematoides
Common names Kinsundi Description A creeper with smooth, hairless stems, up to 20 cm in diameter, which grows to a length of 40 — 100 m. Leaf petioles are 7 — 15 mm long; and the leaves are oval shaped, rounded to acute at the base, 4.5 - 13 cm long and 2.5 - 7.5 cm wide. Flowers are pale-green becoming yellowish-brown with a white central column. Loeseneriella clematoides
Ecology Commonly cultivated but also naturalized in the humid tropics. Loofah grows best on fertile mildly acidic to neutral, well-drained soil. Sunny, hot, humid conditions favour growth. The plant is bes' grown in the dry season as heavy rainfall during flowering and fruiting leads to poor fruit production. Description A herbaceous annual climber 6 - 10 m long. The slightly hairy stem is 5 lobed. Loofal species have glands that secrete nectar.
Ecology Commonly cultivated but also naturalized in the humid tropics. Loofah grows best on fertile mildly acidic to neutral, well-drained soil. Sunny, hot, humid conditions favour growth. The plant is bes' grown in the dry season as heavy rainfall during flowering and fruiting leads to poor fruit production. Description A herbaceous annual climber 6 - 10 m long. The slightly hairy stem is 5 lobed. Loofal species have glands that secrete nectar.
Management The plant is best grown over a trellis. Side branches should be pruned to encourage growth of the main stem and 20 - 25 fruits only should be allowed per vine. Harvest when fully mature, indicated by the yellowing of the base and apex 4 - 5 months after planting. Immerse fruits in running water until outer wall disintegrates. Seeds are then washed out.
Management The plant is best grown over a trellis. Side branches should be pruned to encourage growth of the main stem and 20 - 25 fruits only should be allowed per vine. Harvest when fully mature, indicated by the yellowing of the base and apex 4 - 5 months after planting. Immerse fruits in running water until outer wall disintegrates. Seeds are then washed out.
Ecology Requires a fertile, well drained soil able to hold water well. Adequate manure should be added to get a good crop. Tomatoes will grow in slightly acid soils. Commonly grown in dry season vegetable gardens in valleys as it is susceptible to blight and other leaf diseases during the rain season. As far as possible avoid soils where tomatoes have been grown before. Description A variable herb growing up to 2 m. The tap-root is vigorous with extensive fibrous roots. The most common variety cultivated in Bas-Congo has small, acid fruits.
Ecology Requires a fertile, well drained soil able to hold water well. Adequate manure should be added to get a good crop. Tomatoes will grow in slightly acid soils. Commonly grown in dry season vegetable gardens in valleys as it is susceptible to blight and other leaf diseases during the rain season. As far as possible avoid soils where tomatoes have been grown before. Description A variable herb growing up to 2 m. The tap-root is vigorous with extensive fibrous roots. The most common variety cultivated in Bas-Congo has small, acid fruits.
Description A shrub or tree growing to 25 m. The trunk has spines up to 7.5 cm long. Leaf margins are usually coarsely toothed. The pith of the branches exudes a sticky jelly when cut. Ecology A forest tree of southern Nigeria and western Cameroon extending to Tanzania and Angola.
Description A shrub or tree growing to 25 m. The trunk has spines up to 7.5 cm long. Leaf margins are usually coarsely toothed. The pith of the branches exudes a sticky jelly when cut. Ecology A forest tree of southern Nigeria and western Cameroon extending to Tanzania and Angola.
Uses Food plant of Minsendi (probably Imbrasia —__melanops), Miengeti, Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa), Nziemo and Nkulu edible caterpillars. In Congo (Brazzaville) a decoction of bark, together with that of Pentaclethra eetveldeana is given to women to treat sterility. Tannins, steroids and terpenes are f are known to be bee plants in Gabon.
Uses Food plant of Minsendi (probably Imbrasia —__melanops), Miengeti, Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa), Nziemo and Nkulu edible caterpillars. In Congo (Brazzaville) a decoction of bark, together with that of Pentaclethra eetveldeana is given to women to treat sterility. Tannins, steroids and terpenes are f are known to be bee plants in Gabon.
Ecology An under-storey shrub of the rain-forest often found in humid sites, and particularly in Mayombe district of Bas-Congo, associated with Gi/bertiodendron dewevrei, Scorodophleus zenkeri and Cynometra alexandri. Also present in southern Nigeria and Cameroon.
Ecology An under-storey shrub of the rain-forest often found in humid sites, and particularly in Mayombe district of Bas-Congo, associated with Gi/bertiodendron dewevrei, Scorodophleus zenkeri and Cynometra alexandri. Also present in southern Nigeria and Cameroon.
with stiff hairs. Leaf stalk is 1 — 10 cm long. Flowers are produced on the trunk, the male inflorescer being 3 — 11 cm long and the female 1 — 5 cm long. Fruits are round, 10 mm in diameter. Synonym Baccaurea staudtii
with stiff hairs. Leaf stalk is 1 — 10 cm long. Flowers are produced on the trunk, the male inflorescer being 3 — 11 cm long and the female 1 — 5 cm long. Fruits are round, 10 mm in diameter. Synonym Baccaurea staudtii
Propagation The tree regenerates from seedlings over a wide area around planted trees. It can be grown from seed or collected wild seedlings. Collect the fruits from the ground. Either cut the flesh off or rub the fruits on wire mesh to remove the flesh. Wash and dry the seeds. When planting soak them for 3 days changing the water every 12 hours. 7
Propagation The tree regenerates from seedlings over a wide area around planted trees. It can be grown from seed or collected wild seedlings. Collect the fruits from the ground. Either cut the flesh off or rub the fruits on wire mesh to remove the flesh. Wash and dry the seeds. When planting soak them for 3 days changing the water every 12 hours. 7
Common names Kingembu, kingembwa, munsambi nsambi, hornbill's calabash Ecology A large tree indigenous to East, Central and West Africa. It grows well in deep fertile sandy soils in wet tropical and wet mountain climates.
Common names Kingembu, kingembwa, munsambi nsambi, hornbill's calabash Ecology A large tree indigenous to East, Central and West Africa. It grows well in deep fertile sandy soils in wet tropical and wet mountain climates.
Lobobunaea phaedusa
Lobobunaea phaedusa
Common names Nmanga, manguier (Fr.), mango
Common names Nmanga, manguier (Fr.), mango
Ecology Thrives in the tropics and subtropics. A dry cool season of at least 3 months is required for good _ fruit production. Night temperatures of 10 - 20° C and dry conditions promote flower initiation. Soil should be at least 1 m deep and
Ecology Thrives in the tropics and subtropics. A dry cool season of at least 3 months is required for good _ fruit production. Night temperatures of 10 - 20° C and dry conditions promote flower initiation. Soil should be at least 1 m deep and
References Crane et al. 1984, Burkill 1985 & 2000, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Nakasone & Paull 1998, ICRAF 1998, Pousset 2004
References Crane et al. 1984, Burkill 1985 & 2000, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Nakasone & Paull 1998, ICRAF 1998, Pousset 2004
Description A perennial shrub with enlarged tuberous roots. There are many varieties, some of whic! are bitter and others sweet. Sweet varieties are short season crops being harvested after 6 - 9 months Some of these can be eaten raw. IITA has been responsible for breeding high-yielding, disease-resistan varieties for specific areas of the humid tropics. Cassava leaves en route to Kasangulu market after a refreshing dip in the river. Ecology Grown throughout the humid tropics in pure or mixed stands. Rainfall should be well distributed but the plant can withstand periods of drought. Light sandy loams of medium fertility give the best results, but it will grow in infertile soils if they are deeply cultivated to allow roots to penetrate.
Description A perennial shrub with enlarged tuberous roots. There are many varieties, some of whic! are bitter and others sweet. Sweet varieties are short season crops being harvested after 6 - 9 months Some of these can be eaten raw. IITA has been responsible for breeding high-yielding, disease-resistan varieties for specific areas of the humid tropics. Cassava leaves en route to Kasangulu market after a refreshing dip in the river. Ecology Grown throughout the humid tropics in pure or mixed stands. Rainfall should be well distributed but the plant can withstand periods of drought. Light sandy loams of medium fertility give the best results, but it will grow in infertile soils if they are deeply cultivated to allow roots to penetrate.
Travel during the rain season is a slow business even with a 4 wheel drive truck
Travel during the rain season is a slow business even with a 4 wheel drive truck
Common names Nkweso, nsaki kausu, céara (Fr.), ceara rubber, tree cassavi Uses There appear to be two varieties in Bas-Congo. The latex of one is used to repair bicycle tyres and various utensils and is a source of Ceara rubber. Leaves of the other are eaten as a vegetable. The flowers are a useful source of nectar during the rain season, but produce a bitter honey. The tree is sometimes grown as an ornamental and as a hedge-barrier plant. The root is rich in starch but hard and woody. It is used medicinally. The plant can be crossed with ™. esculenta for pest and disease resistance but the resulting tubers are often Manihot glaziovii
Common names Nkweso, nsaki kausu, céara (Fr.), ceara rubber, tree cassavi Uses There appear to be two varieties in Bas-Congo. The latex of one is used to repair bicycle tyres and various utensils and is a source of Ceara rubber. Leaves of the other are eaten as a vegetable. The flowers are a useful source of nectar during the rain season, but produce a bitter honey. The tree is sometimes grown as an ornamental and as a hedge-barrier plant. The root is rich in starch but hard and woody. It is used medicinally. The plant can be crossed with ™. esculenta for pest and disease resistance but the resulting tubers are often Manihot glaziovii
more palatable tubers are produced which are also resistant to mosaic and brown streak viruses. Stems and roots are used as famine foods. Ecology Single trees are often grown in villages in Bas-Congo. Native to north-east Brazil but now widely planted throughout the tropics.
more palatable tubers are produced which are also resistant to mosaic and brown streak viruses. Stems and roots are used as famine foods. Ecology Single trees are often grown in villages in Bas-Congo. Native to north-east Brazil but now widely planted throughout the tropics.
Pit mu vay HEUTE ry! macu shoots is drunk for diarrhoea, dysentery or anaemia etc., dropped into the eyes for conjunctivitis or headaches or put into the ear t treat inflammation. It is also taken in Manianga district to increase milk flow in nursing mothers. Le paste is applied to burns. Cut stems yield a liquid that is sometimes drunk in the Congo. Kwes (Imbrasia eblis) and Ndienga edible caterpillars eat the leaves. The stems are used for making fishir nets in Sierra Leone. The plant flowers during the rain season and bees collect nectar and pollen | Fabriiarv in Rac-Condo.
Pit mu vay HEUTE ry! macu shoots is drunk for diarrhoea, dysentery or anaemia etc., dropped into the eyes for conjunctivitis or headaches or put into the ear t treat inflammation. It is also taken in Manianga district to increase milk flow in nursing mothers. Le paste is applied to burns. Cut stems yield a liquid that is sometimes drunk in the Congo. Kwes (Imbrasia eblis) and Ndienga edible caterpillars eat the leaves. The stems are used for making fishir nets in Sierra Leone. The plant flowers during the rain season and bees collect nectar and pollen | Fabriiarv in Rac-Condo.
secondary forest on sandy soils in Bas-Congo. Also found in rain forests from Guinea to Liberia. Manotes expansa Management The plant coppices well and is frequently found growing after cultivation in Bas-Congo.
secondary forest on sandy soils in Bas-Congo. Also found in rain forests from Guinea to Liberia. Manotes expansa Management The plant coppices well and is frequently found growing after cultivation in Bas-Congo.
soil, in holes 8 - 15 cm deep and spaced at 75 x 38 cm. Description An erect perennial herb 60 - 180 cm tall with fleshy cylindrical rhizomes and leaves 22 x § cm. The flowers rise 1 m high in twin clusters but only rarely produce seeds.
soil, in holes 8 - 15 cm deep and spaced at 75 x 38 cm. Description An erect perennial herb 60 - 180 cm tall with fleshy cylindrical rhizomes and leaves 22 x § cm. The flowers rise 1 m high in twin clusters but only rarely produce seeds.
added to food, and is particularly eaten with chicken. Flour from the roots yields a very smooth paste or jelly making it suitable for foods for small children and invalids. It is highly digestible and especially useful for the treatment of digestive problems. Preparation requires thorough cleanliness. The root is peeled to remove the bitter, sticky substance in the skin. It is then pulped, mixed with clean water and the starch is obtained by washing through fine sieves and allowing it to settle. The rhizome can also be eaten after boiling or roasting. It has special value in being able to absorb harmful substances from the body and can <tracting the starch can be used instead of pepper. Propagation The plant is usually grown from small pieces of rhizome with buds, 4 - 7 cm long. Plant the pieces in well prepared
added to food, and is particularly eaten with chicken. Flour from the roots yields a very smooth paste or jelly making it suitable for foods for small children and invalids. It is highly digestible and especially useful for the treatment of digestive problems. Preparation requires thorough cleanliness. The root is peeled to remove the bitter, sticky substance in the skin. It is then pulped, mixed with clean water and the starch is obtained by washing through fine sieves and allowing it to settle. The rhizome can also be eaten after boiling or roasting. It has special value in being able to absorb harmful substances from the body and can <tracting the starch can be used instead of pepper. Propagation The plant is usually grown from small pieces of rhizome with buds, 4 - 7 cm long. Plant the pieces in well prepared
Synonym Sarcophrynium arnoldianum Megaphrynium macrostachyum
Synonym Sarcophrynium arnoldianum Megaphrynium macrostachyum
Ecology Found in wet places in primary or secondary forest from Sierra Leone to western Cameroon and in all countries around the Congo basin.
Ecology Found in wet places in primary or secondary forest from Sierra Leone to western Cameroon and in all countries around the Congo basin.
Common names Leka mbwa (= dog's bed), fwetete
Common names Leka mbwa (= dog's bed), fwetete
Charcoal making is a popular way of earning money. It has however led to a serious loss of forest cover in the province.
Charcoal making is a popular way of earning money. It has however led to a serious loss of forest cover in the province.
Common names Ndamba, menthe (Fr.), corn, field mint or applemint Mentha arvensis or suaveolens
Common names Ndamba, menthe (Fr.), corn, field mint or applemint Mentha arvensis or suaveolens
Uses Wood makes an excellent timber, hard and durable yet easy to work, and taking a good polish. The heart-wood is ant proof and resistant to water and fungal diseases. It is much used in cabinet making and for canoes. It is also used for charcoal making and boundary marking in Bas-Congo. Host plant for Bisu (Jmbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillar. It is possible to see whether caterpillars are present by looking for the droppings below the tree, but to get to the caterpillars means climbing the tree - not an easy job when it is 30 m tall ! Propagation Collect the fruits after they fal naturally and soak them for 6 hours in water. Squeeze the seeds out and allow them to sink to the bottom. Pour off the debris and dry the seeds. Seed germinates easily when fresh. If dried it can be stored for up to one year before but must be at least 3 cm in diameter at the base
Uses Wood makes an excellent timber, hard and durable yet easy to work, and taking a good polish. The heart-wood is ant proof and resistant to water and fungal diseases. It is much used in cabinet making and for canoes. It is also used for charcoal making and boundary marking in Bas-Congo. Host plant for Bisu (Jmbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillar. It is possible to see whether caterpillars are present by looking for the droppings below the tree, but to get to the caterpillars means climbing the tree - not an easy job when it is 30 m tall ! Propagation Collect the fruits after they fal naturally and soak them for 6 hours in water. Squeeze the seeds out and allow them to sink to the bottom. Pour off the debris and dry the seeds. Seed germinates easily when fresh. If dried it can be stored for up to one year before but must be at least 3 cm in diameter at the base
germination falls to 50%. Young trees transplar of the stem and 25 cm long, preferably even greater. This usually needs two years from sowing. Young trees should be planted as part of a mixed forest rather than in pure stands. They do not like grass competition but may be suited to planting under bananas. Traditionally the tree was often planted near the village in Bas-Congo for timber and to attract Bisu (Imbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillars.
germination falls to 50%. Young trees transplar of the stem and 25 cm long, preferably even greater. This usually needs two years from sowing. Young trees should be planted as part of a mixed forest rather than in pure stands. They do not like grass competition but may be suited to planting under bananas. Traditionally the tree was often planted near the village in Bas-Congo for timber and to attract Bisu (Imbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillars.
Nkonko drum for calling villagers from fields
Nkonko drum for calling villagers from fields
References Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Watt & Breyer Brandwijk 1962, Williamson 1975, Okigbo 1978, Keay 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Iwu 1993, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Msanga 1998
References Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Watt & Breyer Brandwijk 1962, Williamson 1975, Okigbo 1978, Keay 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Iwu 1993, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Msanga 1998
Remarks Seedlings are often attacked by the gall bug Phytolyma lata (see right). Young trees finally outgrow this pest but if transplanted into an existing woodland providing some shade, e.g. Acacia auriculiformis, may not be so severely attacked. Resistant plants can be raised from stem or root cuttings. Imbrasia petiveri edible caterpillar
Remarks Seedlings are often attacked by the gall bug Phytolyma lata (see right). Young trees finally outgrow this pest but if transplanted into an existing woodland providing some shade, e.g. Acacia auriculiformis, may not be so severely attacked. Resistant plants can be raised from stem or root cuttings. Imbrasia petiveri edible caterpillar
Propagation Cuttings grow well, sprouting after one week. Millettia seeds germinate without prior treatment. Uses Commonly used to make live fences and in hut construction. Although Rotenone and other chemicals with insecticidal properties are present in Millettias, several edible caterpillars, probably all Notodontids (Miengeti, Mfundi and Malombaloka), feed on the leaves. Bees collect both pollen and nectar from the flowers. The plant is used medicinally in Bas- Congo.
Propagation Cuttings grow well, sprouting after one week. Millettia seeds germinate without prior treatment. Uses Commonly used to make live fences and in hut construction. Although Rotenone and other chemicals with insecticidal properties are present in Millettias, several edible caterpillars, probably all Notodontids (Miengeti, Mfundi and Malombaloka), feed on the leaves. Bees collect both pollen and nectar from the flowers. The plant is used medicinally in Bas- Congo.
Malomba loka (Antheua sp.) feeding on Millettia eetveldeana Ecology Tree of primary and secondary forests, forest borders, gallery forests, dry forests, woody savanna and fallows in D. R. Congo, Angola, Zambia and Mozambique.
Malomba loka (Antheua sp.) feeding on Millettia eetveldeana Ecology Tree of primary and secondary forests, forest borders, gallery forests, dry forests, woody savanna and fallows in D. R. Congo, Angola, Zambia and Mozambique.
Description A large tree reaching a height of 30 m. The trunk is pale grey with slight, rounded buttresses at the base. The compound leaves are made up of 4 - 9 pairs of opposite leaflets with one terminal leaflet. Flowers are borne above the canopy between March and December. The fruit is a pod containing 2 - 4 seeds.
Description A large tree reaching a height of 30 m. The trunk is pale grey with slight, rounded buttresses at the base. The compound leaves are made up of 4 - 9 pairs of opposite leaflets with one terminal leaflet. Flowers are borne above the canopy between March and December. The fruit is a pod containing 2 - 4 seeds.
liver problems and diabetes. Poison is extracted from the tissues for arrows, for catching fish and making insecticides, but also for expelling intestinal worms and as a medicine for reducing fever. Bees collect nectar in December in Bas-Congo. N'boto, Ntesi and Munsona (the latter a Platysphinx species) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Though caterpillars eating this plant are edible they can cause illness if not well cooked or are eaten in large quantities.
liver problems and diabetes. Poison is extracted from the tissues for arrows, for catching fish and making insecticides, but also for expelling intestinal worms and as a medicine for reducing fever. Bees collect nectar in December in Bas-Congo. N'boto, Ntesi and Munsona (the latter a Platysphinx species) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Though caterpillars eating this plant are edible they can cause illness if not well cooked or are eaten in large quantities.
Uses The dark-brown marbled wood is of excellent quality, very hard, dense and strong. It is used for house construction, making bowls, furniture and carving. It is also exported for cabinet-making, panelling, parquet floors etc. The wood is hard, and resistant to fungus and _ insect attack. It takes a good polish. The tree is ornamental and was extensively planted along avenues in Kinshasa. In Bas- Congo the plant is used medicinally. A decoction of the bark is used to treat pimples, for liver infections, diabetes and rheumatism. A decoction of the leaves is also used to treat
Uses The dark-brown marbled wood is of excellent quality, very hard, dense and strong. It is used for house construction, making bowls, furniture and carving. It is also exported for cabinet-making, panelling, parquet floors etc. The wood is hard, and resistant to fungus and _ insect attack. It takes a good polish. The tree is ornamental and was extensively planted along avenues in Kinshasa. In Bas- Congo the plant is used medicinally. A decoction of the bark is used to treat pimples, for liver infections, diabetes and rheumatism. A decoction of the leaves is also used to treat
Common names Mbota, lubota, bois d'or (Fr.) Description Tree 20 - 30 m high but often found as a shrub 3 - 4 m high. Leaves comprise 5 pairs of leaflets with a terminal one. The underside of the leaf is covered with fine silky hairs. The flat pods split suddenly throwing seeds up to 15 m away.
Common names Mbota, lubota, bois d'or (Fr.) Description Tree 20 - 30 m high but often found as a shrub 3 - 4 m high. Leaves comprise 5 pairs of leaflets with a terminal one. The underside of the leaf is covered with fine silky hairs. The flat pods split suddenly throwing seeds up to 15 m away.
Ecology Often found in savanna in the process of reforestation and in secondary forests, where it is common at the forest edge. The tree grows back well after fire. Also present in Gabon, Central African Republic and Angola. References Drachoussoff 1947, FAC 1948, Aumeeruddy & Pinglo 1988, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, White & Abernethy 1997, Nsimundele 2004
Ecology Often found in savanna in the process of reforestation and in secondary forests, where it is common at the forest edge. The tree grows back well after fire. Also present in Gabon, Central African Republic and Angola. References Drachoussoff 1947, FAC 1948, Aumeeruddy & Pinglo 1988, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, White & Abernethy 1997, Nsimundele 2004
References Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
References Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Common names Banda nzazi, bana ba nzazi, button grass Uses The whole plant, and particularly the leaves are used to treat fungal skin infections and eruptions, epilepsy and children's colds in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere the sap from crushed leaves is considered to be fungicidal and is widely used to treat herpes, skin mycosis and ringworm. The plant, or a water extract rubbed on the face, is said to cure eczema and stubborn ulcers.
Common names Banda nzazi, bana ba nzazi, button grass Uses The whole plant, and particularly the leaves are used to treat fungal skin infections and eruptions, epilepsy and children's colds in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere the sap from crushed leaves is considered to be fungicidal and is widely used to treat herpes, skin mycosis and ringworm. The plant, or a water extract rubbed on the face, is said to cure eczema and stubborn ulcers.
Ecology A common weed of cultivated fields and fallows throughout the tropics. It grows well in hot humid conditions up to 500 m altitude on rich soils with good water-holding capacity. Description A hairy, herbaceous creeper bearing tendrils which enable it to climb. It may reach 4 m long. When the old stems die new shoots are produced from the base. The stem is hollow and angled. The alternate leaves are lobed, up to 5 cm long, and roughly toothed. Petioles produce an unpleasant smell when crushed. Flowers are yellow, spindly, up to 8 cm long, arising from the leaf axils. Fruit is yellow when ripe, warty, oblong with longitudinal ridges. The fruit splits to expose red seeds.
Ecology A common weed of cultivated fields and fallows throughout the tropics. It grows well in hot humid conditions up to 500 m altitude on rich soils with good water-holding capacity. Description A hairy, herbaceous creeper bearing tendrils which enable it to climb. It may reach 4 m long. When the old stems die new shoots are produced from the base. The stem is hollow and angled. The alternate leaves are lobed, up to 5 cm long, and roughly toothed. Petioles produce an unpleasant smell when crushed. Flowers are yellow, spindly, up to 8 cm long, arising from the leaf axils. Fruit is yellow when ripe, warty, oblong with longitudinal ridges. The fruit splits to expose red seeds.
trellis or pergola in Bas-Congo. Common names Kimbyolongo, ntubungu, mundiondia Propagation The plant can be grown from seed or from cuttings taken from roots or shoots.
trellis or pergola in Bas-Congo. Common names Kimbyolongo, ntubungu, mundiondia Propagation The plant can be grown from seed or from cuttings taken from roots or shoots.
Description A tree to 20 m high with a diameter of up to 40 cm. Leaves have short petioles 2 - 8 mm long and are 4.5 — 20 cm long and 2.8 — 5 cm wide. Flowers are fragrant with petals 3 — 6 cm long and 1.5 — 3 cm wide. Fruits are round to conical 5.5 — 8 cm long and 5 — 7 cm wide at the base. Ecology Grows in humid forests in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Uganda, Tanzania, Gabon and Congo.
Description A tree to 20 m high with a diameter of up to 40 cm. Leaves have short petioles 2 - 8 mm long and are 4.5 — 20 cm long and 2.8 — 5 cm wide. Flowers are fragrant with petals 3 — 6 cm long and 1.5 — 3 cm wide. Fruits are round to conical 5.5 — 8 cm long and 5 — 7 cm wide at the base. Ecology Grows in humid forests in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Uganda, Tanzania, Gabon and Congo.
used to treat yellow fever. The yellow, hard wood is used for house-building, posts and planking. It is also used as firewood. Roots are used as chewsticks. Propagation The tree can be grown from seed. Remarks “Nkunku n’siki vwaangi” (Kikongo proverb) = At first the bush is protected, then the Nsiki tree appears until at last the forest is created.
used to treat yellow fever. The yellow, hard wood is used for house-building, posts and planking. It is also used as firewood. Roots are used as chewsticks. Propagation The tree can be grown from seed. Remarks “Nkunku n’siki vwaangi” (Kikongo proverb) = At first the bush is protected, then the Nsiki tree appears until at last the forest is created.
Ecology Found in high forest, dry deciduous forest and coastal scrub from Senegal to west Cameroon and Fernando Po and in Sudan and the Congo basin. Description A climbing, hairless shrub to 10 m high with attractive, scented, white flowers.
Ecology Found in high forest, dry deciduous forest and coastal scrub from Senegal to west Cameroon and Fernando Po and in Sudan and the Congo basin. Description A climbing, hairless shrub to 10 m high with attractive, scented, white flowers.
Common names Ben ailé (Fr.), drumstick, horse-radish tree Description A small, fast growing tree, often forked near the base, and up to 8 m high, with sparse foliage. The white, sweet smelling flowers, which are borne throughout the year, provide bees with nectar.
Common names Ben ailé (Fr.), drumstick, horse-radish tree Description A small, fast growing tree, often forked near the base, and up to 8 m high, with sparse foliage. The white, sweet smelling flowers, which are borne throughout the year, provide bees with nectar.
Propagation Seed germinates easily and grows rapidly. Cuttings also grow easily even when grown in poor soil.
Propagation Seed germinates easily and grows rapidly. Cuttings also grow easily even when grown in poor soil.
Common names Musa (dessert bananas) = ngala; Musa (plantains) = ngyoka Musa spp. Right : Banana flowers are visited by bees throughout the day for nectar and pollen
Common names Musa (dessert bananas) = ngala; Musa (plantains) = ngyoka Musa spp. Right : Banana flowers are visited by bees throughout the day for nectar and pollen
Management Remove all dead leaves. There should be 6 to 8 healthy leaves remaining on the plant for adequate fruit development. Remove excess suckers. Cut out old stems below ground level after harvest and cover the base with soil to reduce borer/weevil infestation. Chop up the stem to encourage it to dry out or rot down quickly. Propagation By sucker. Remove old roots and diseased parts and, if possible, put in water at 52°C for 20 minutes to control nematodes and borers. For planting the best method is to dig out a hole 60 x 60 x 60 cm. Add about 5 buckets of compost and mix with top soil in the base of the hole. Plant the sucker in the pit at the beginning of the rains and add household waste material and manure from time to time.
Management Remove all dead leaves. There should be 6 to 8 healthy leaves remaining on the plant for adequate fruit development. Remove excess suckers. Cut out old stems below ground level after harvest and cover the base with soil to reduce borer/weevil infestation. Chop up the stem to encourage it to dry out or rot down quickly. Propagation By sucker. Remove old roots and diseased parts and, if possible, put in water at 52°C for 20 minutes to control nematodes and borers. For planting the best method is to dig out a hole 60 x 60 x 60 cm. Add about 5 buckets of compost and mix with top soil in the base of the hole. Plant the sucker in the pit at the beginning of the rains and add household waste material and manure from time to time.
Ecology Found in secondary forests, often a pioneer species on fertile soils after clearing. It will not grow in shade. The tree’s range is from Guinez to Angola.
Ecology Found in secondary forests, often a pioneer species on fertile soils after clearing. It will not grow in shade. The tree’s range is from Guinez to Angola.
(Cecropiaceae) Propagation Usually direct sown on site. Seed can be broadcast. The soft yellow fruit falls to the ground when ripe. Mash the fruit in water. Seeds sink and can then be dried. Seed can only be stored for 2 months in a cool place.
(Cecropiaceae) Propagation Usually direct sown on site. Seed can be broadcast. The soft yellow fruit falls to the ground when ripe. Mash the fruit in water. Seeds sink and can then be dried. Seed can only be stored for 2 months in a cool place.
Uses The fruit pulp is edible and slightly acid. Ripe fruits are picked and eaten or green mature fruits can be picked and stored. If fruits are left until they fall they are generally rotten. The wood is used for making household utensils but is difficult to work. It is also suitable for firewood. In the Congo the seeds are eaten after cooking. The kernel is rich in oil and amino acids. Young leaves are sometimes eaten in Bas-Congo. They are very much appreciated for making soup in Nigeria. Lye can be extr
Uses The fruit pulp is edible and slightly acid. Ripe fruits are picked and eaten or green mature fruits can be picked and stored. If fruits are left until they fall they are generally rotten. The wood is used for making household utensils but is difficult to work. It is also suitable for firewood. In the Congo the seeds are eaten after cooking. The kernel is rich in oil and amino acids. Young leaves are sometimes eaten in Bas-Congo. They are very much appreciated for making soup in Nigeria. Lye can be extr
Common names Muntusu, dintusu, dintusi, mbuba, arbre a pain indigéne (Fr.), giant yellow mulberry Ecology Found in primary and secondary forests, often in damp places, from Sierra Leone to Angola, and in Uganda and Tanzania. (Cecropiaceae) Myrianthus arboreus
Common names Muntusu, dintusu, dintusi, mbuba, arbre a pain indigéne (Fr.), giant yellow mulberry Ecology Found in primary and secondary forests, often in damp places, from Sierra Leone to Angola, and in Uganda and Tanzania. (Cecropiaceae) Myrianthus arboreus
Common names Poilus, ramboutan (Fr.), rambutan
Common names Poilus, ramboutan (Fr.), rambutan
Propagation Seedling trees fruit in 5 - 6 years, but wherever possible trees should be propagated Ecology A moist, hot climate with well distributed rainfall is required. A dry period of at least one month is needed to start flowering but thereafter, during fruit set and growth, adequate moisture is required. The tree tolerates many soil types, including poorly drained ones, but a deep, well drained loam is preferred.
Propagation Seedling trees fruit in 5 - 6 years, but wherever possible trees should be propagated Ecology A moist, hot climate with well distributed rainfall is required. A dry period of at least one month is needed to start flowering but thereafter, during fruit set and growth, adequate moisture is required. The tree tolerates many soil types, including poorly drained ones, but a deep, well drained loam is preferred.
Choose good fruit-bearing trees for the bud-wood. However these should not have borne fruit in the present season. Shoots should have plenty of dormant buds and be taken 3 - 4 months after harvesting the fruit. Best buds come from one-year-old wood of finger thickness. It may be necessary to cut off the leaflet blades on the shoots beforehand to encourage buds to form. Put the bud-wood in shade with the lower end in water. Keep the bud-wood moist while transporting and bud on a dull, cloudy day. Shade the budded seedlings. seedlings must be transplanted when they are about 15 cm tall with minimum disturbance to the roots. They should be transplanted into well manured, shaded beds and spaced at 30 cm. They are ready for budding when the seedlings are 12 - 18 mm in diameter and producing new growth.
Choose good fruit-bearing trees for the bud-wood. However these should not have borne fruit in the present season. Shoots should have plenty of dormant buds and be taken 3 - 4 months after harvesting the fruit. Best buds come from one-year-old wood of finger thickness. It may be necessary to cut off the leaflet blades on the shoots beforehand to encourage buds to form. Put the bud-wood in shade with the lower end in water. Keep the bud-wood moist while transporting and bud on a dull, cloudy day. Shade the budded seedlings. seedlings must be transplanted when they are about 15 cm tall with minimum disturbance to the roots. They should be transplanted into well manured, shaded beds and spaced at 30 cm. They are ready for budding when the seedlings are 12 - 18 mm in diameter and producing new growth.
Common names Mumpese pese, boundary tree Description A shrub or small tree from 3 to 8 m high with branches that grow vertically and having attractive flowers.
Common names Mumpese pese, boundary tree Description A shrub or small tree from 3 to 8 m high with branches that grow vertically and having attractive flowers.
Ecology Tobacco does not grow well on water-logged soils or soils with a high salt content. It thrives ir a warm climate and needs sufficient rainfall while the plants are young.
Ecology Tobacco does not grow well on water-logged soils or soils with a high salt content. It thrives ir a warm climate and needs sufficient rainfall while the plants are young.
unpalatable by itself it is normally brought in with nectar from other plants which mask the unpleasai taste.
unpalatable by itself it is normally brought in with nectar from other plants which mask the unpleasai taste.
Description A perennial aquatic herb with a long tuberous rhizome and long white roots anchored ir wet mud. The floating leaves are round, up to 30 cm in diameter, shiny green above and pale, ofter tinged dark purple, below. They are sharply toothed at the margins. Flowers are solitary, white and ur to 20 cm in diameter. Stamens are yellow. Common names Longa-longa (This name is also used for . maculata and N. nouchalii), nénuphar (Fr.). water-lilv
Description A perennial aquatic herb with a long tuberous rhizome and long white roots anchored ir wet mud. The floating leaves are round, up to 30 cm in diameter, shiny green above and pale, ofter tinged dark purple, below. They are sharply toothed at the margins. Flowers are solitary, white and ur to 20 cm in diameter. Stamens are yellow. Common names Longa-longa (This name is also used for . maculata and N. nouchalii), nénuphar (Fr.). water-lilv
Ochna afzelii
Ochna afzelii
Jses The wood is light-brown, hard and heavy, and used = or tool handles and furniture. In Bas-Congo, the inner bark 5 used to treat anaemia. It is dried then put in boiling water and a mi. .... 1992, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997
Jses The wood is light-brown, hard and heavy, and used = or tool handles and furniture. In Bas-Congo, the inner bark 5 used to treat anaemia. It is dried then put in boiling water and a mi. .... 1992, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997
and a small amount is given to the patient. Elsewhere in Africa the root and stem bark is used medicinally to treat coughs, dysentery, parasitic skin diseases and inflammation of the gums. Fruits and leaves are reported to be edible. Kwesu (Imbrasia eblis) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves.
and a small amount is given to the patient. Elsewhere in Africa the root and stem bark is used medicinally to treat coughs, dysentery, parasitic skin diseases and inflammation of the gums. Fruits and leaves are reported to be edible. Kwesu (Imbrasia eblis) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves.
References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tindall 1983, Fichtl & Adi 1994, de Guzman & Siemonsma 1999, Stoll 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tindall 1983, Fichtl & Adi 1994, de Guzman & Siemonsma 1999, Stoll 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
Common names Dizulu, basilic commun (Fr.), sweet basil adequate drainage and high light intensity, up to 1000 m altitude. Propagation Sow seeds in containers or seed-beds and transplant when 5 - 8 cm high. Space 30 - 45 cm apart. It can also be grown from cuttings. Ocimum basilicum
Common names Dizulu, basilic commun (Fr.), sweet basil adequate drainage and high light intensity, up to 1000 m altitude. Propagation Sow seeds in containers or seed-beds and transplant when 5 - 8 cm high. Space 30 - 45 cm apart. It can also be grown from cuttings. Ocimum basilicum
Common names Dinsusu-nsusu, baumier (Fr.), tree basil, fever plant and shoots, together with other plants, are us rheumatism, dental caries, coughing, asthma, eye problems and colds. The leaves are also rubbed between the palms and snuffed as a treatment for blocked nostrils. The oil, obtained from distilling the plant, can be used in an ointment to treat acne. The plant is burnt as a mosquito repellent in southern Africa. Other species are known to be important bee forage plants which flower over long periods in Ethiopia. This and other species of Ocimum are frequently rubbed onto hives, especially around the entrance, to attract bees (Paterson - unpublished). Ocimum gratissimum
Common names Dinsusu-nsusu, baumier (Fr.), tree basil, fever plant and shoots, together with other plants, are us rheumatism, dental caries, coughing, asthma, eye problems and colds. The leaves are also rubbed between the palms and snuffed as a treatment for blocked nostrils. The oil, obtained from distilling the plant, can be used in an ointment to treat acne. The plant is burnt as a mosquito repellent in southern Africa. Other species are known to be important bee forage plants which flower over long periods in Ethiopia. This and other species of Ocimum are frequently rubbed onto hives, especially around the entrance, to attract bees (Paterson - unpublished). Ocimum gratissimum
Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Malawi and Mozambique. Common names Kisani, kisania
Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Malawi and Mozambique. Common names Kisani, kisania
Uses Poles are used for house construction and charcoal making and the fruit pulp is eaten in Bas-Congo. The leaves are eaten by Nsani (Cymothoe caenis), Mimpemba and Matambungu edible caterpillars. Though the former is not one of the tastiest species it is available in large quantities in January and again at the end of the rain season. The flowers are frequently visited by bees, though some people report that the nectar produces a bitter honey. The plant has a number of medicinal uses. In Bas-Congo the flowers and fruits are used to treat mental illness, asthma, gall bladder infections and worms. The leaves are also used to treat fleas in poultry. In Congo (Brazzaville) the leaves and bark are made into poult for bronchial infections and rheumatism. Leaf sap is instill leaves are applied to reduce swellings in bone fractures b
Uses Poles are used for house construction and charcoal making and the fruit pulp is eaten in Bas-Congo. The leaves are eaten by Nsani (Cymothoe caenis), Mimpemba and Matambungu edible caterpillars. Though the former is not one of the tastiest species it is available in large quantities in January and again at the end of the rain season. The flowers are frequently visited by bees, though some people report that the nectar produces a bitter honey. The plant has a number of medicinal uses. In Bas-Congo the flowers and fruits are used to treat mental illness, asthma, gall bladder infections and worms. The leaves are also used to treat fleas in poultry. In Congo (Brazzaville) the leaves and bark are made into poult for bronchial infections and rheumatism. Leaf sap is instill leaves are applied to reduce swellings in bone fractures b
Propagation and management The tree can be grown from seed and coppices well.
Propagation and management The tree can be grown from seed and coppices well.
Management Upland rice cultivation is the usual method used in Bas-Congo, especially in Manianga district. This is normally done on burnt forest land on hillsides where it is planted in a shifting cultivation system. The system can be improved by planting 3 m wide strips of leguminous cover crop (e.g. Canavalia ensiformis or Desmodium gangeticurm) across the slope to control erosion and rotating with maize and groundnuts in the first year followed by cassava in the second.
Management Upland rice cultivation is the usual method used in Bas-Congo, especially in Manianga district. This is normally done on burnt forest land on hillsides where it is planted in a shifting cultivation system. The system can be improved by planting 3 m wide strips of leguminous cover crop (e.g. Canavalia ensiformis or Desmodium gangeticurm) across the slope to control erosion and rotating with maize and groundnuts in the first year followed by cassava in the second.
Propagation Use seed that has been stored for 3 - 6 months. Sow in lines across the contour to facilitate weeding. Plant to ensure that flowering takes place during the rain season and harvest in the dry season. Above and left . 7ata Masola, Pamba harvesting his rice crop near Nkondi
Propagation Use seed that has been stored for 3 - 6 months. Sow in lines across the contour to facilitate weeding. Plant to ensure that flowering takes place during the rain season and harvest in the dry season. Above and left . 7ata Masola, Pamba harvesting his rice crop near Nkondi
Management Often grown as a hedge around village compounds. In Zambia trees commenced to beat in their third year and reached maximum production in the seventh year. Yields of 4.5 kg per tree were obtained.
Management Often grown as a hedge around village compounds. In Zambia trees commenced to beat in their third year and reached maximum production in the seventh year. Yields of 4.5 kg per tree were obtained.
Ecology Often planted around compounds in Bas-Congo. It is a hardy tree growing well on sandy soils. It is also grown in the Sudan and in Zambia. Pachira glabra Propagation Grown from cuttings but seed germinates readily and seedlings can be transplanted easily.
Ecology Often planted around compounds in Bas-Congo. It is a hardy tree growing well on sandy soils. It is also grown in the Sudan and in Zambia. Pachira glabra Propagation Grown from cuttings but seed germinates readily and seedlings can be transplanted easily.
Uses In Bas-Congo, the seeds are eaten after roasting. They have a high oil content (45%) and can be used in making soap. The young leaves are eaten in Equatorial Africa.
Uses In Bas-Congo, the seeds are eaten after roasting. They have a high oil content (45%) and can be used in making soap. The young leaves are eaten in Equatorial Africa.
Propagation Seed or aerial stilts grow easily in moist soil.
Propagation Seed or aerial stilts grow easily in moist soil.
Uses The leaves are tough and strong. Once the spines and midrib have been removed, they may be dried entire or cut into strips. In Bas- Congo, they are used for making mats and
Uses The leaves are tough and strong. Once the spines and midrib have been removed, they may be dried entire or cut into strips. In Bas- Congo, they are used for making mats and
Ecology Grows on river banks and in river beds. Sometimes planted in villages. Pandanus spp. are found throughout tropical Africa.
Ecology Grows on river banks and in river beds. Sometimes planted in villages. Pandanus spp. are found throughout tropical Africa.
Tata Mansita with a granadille plant growing over an arbour Common names Goki dimputu, maracuja, granadille (Fr.)
Tata Mansita with a granadille plant growing over an arbour Common names Goki dimputu, maracuja, granadille (Fr.)
Ecology Grows at lower elevations than P. edulis, from sea level to 600 m. Passion fruits require a well drained soil and a well distributed rainfall. Rainfall however should be minimal during flowering as it causes the pollen to burst open and hinders the activity of pollinating insects.
Ecology Grows at lower elevations than P. edulis, from sea level to 600 m. Passion fruits require a well drained soil and a well distributed rainfall. Rainfall however should be minimal during flowering as it causes the pollen to burst open and hinders the activity of pollinating insects.
Propagation The plant is grown from seed. Wash the seeds from the pulp, dry and sow them within 3 months. Germination rate can be up to 85%. Transplant the seedlings into tubes when they have from 2 to 4 leaves and place them in the shade for 1 - 2 months. Gradually provide more sunlight and transplant into the field when they have reached 25 - 50 cm high and have been hardened off in full sunlight for 1 - 2 months.
Propagation The plant is grown from seed. Wash the seeds from the pulp, dry and sow them within 3 months. Germination rate can be up to 85%. Transplant the seedlings into tubes when they have from 2 to 4 leaves and place them in the shade for 1 - 2 months. Gradually provide more sunlight and transplant into the field when they have reached 25 - 50 cm high and have been hardened off in full sunlight for 1 - 2 months.
shoots back after the fruit has been harvested, retaining only the stem and main branches. The plant has a useful life of 5 - 6 years. Common names Barbadine
shoots back after the fruit has been harvested, retaining only the stem and main branches. The plant has a useful life of 5 - 6 years. Common names Barbadine
Management Outside the area of origin poor fruit set is often reported. Hand pollination is recommended to ensure a reasonable crop. It may be necessary to cover the fruit to protect it from birds, bats or rats. Cut the
Management Outside the area of origin poor fruit set is often reported. Hand pollination is recommended to ensure a reasonable crop. It may be necessary to cover the fruit to protect it from birds, bats or rats. Cut the
Uses The seeds, which contain oil of similar quality to that of P. macrophylla, are sometimes eaten in R.D. Congo. The tree is an important source of fuel-wood and charcoal in Bas- Congo. The white wood is hard, strong, durable and
Uses The seeds, which contain oil of similar quality to that of P. macrophylla, are sometimes eaten in R.D. Congo. The tree is an important source of fuel-wood and charcoal in Bas- Congo. The white wood is hard, strong, durable and
Common names Nseka, kiseka, nsombo nseka, nseka mfusila, nsambu
Common names Nseka, kiseka, nsombo nseka, nseka mfusila, nsambu
attractive, but is not resistant to insect attack. It makes a good construction timber and is also used for pestles and mortars. A decoction of the leaves is taken for colds and stomach-ache. Minsangula edible caterpillars feed on the leaves and bees forage for nectar in March. In Gabon there are reports that it produces a toxic honey causing nausea and colic, however this does not appear to be the case in Bas- Congo.
attractive, but is not resistant to insect attack. It makes a good construction timber and is also used for pestles and mortars. A decoction of the leaves is taken for colds and stomach-ache. Minsangula edible caterpillars feed on the leaves and bees forage for nectar in March. In Gabon there are reports that it produces a toxic honey causing nausea and colic, however this does not appear to be the case in Bas- Congo.
Common names Ngansi, oil bean tree utensils. It makes good charcoal and __ firewood, though the latter gives off an unpleasant smell. Seed pods can be used for fuel and, when burnt to ash, yield a lye used for making soap. The flowers are an important source of nectar for honey bees which collect throughout the day. The leaves are shed during the dry season and in Bas-Congo it is believed that the mulch improves soil fertility. Minsendi (Jmbrasia obscura) and Minsangula edible caterpillars feed on the
Common names Ngansi, oil bean tree utensils. It makes good charcoal and __ firewood, though the latter gives off an unpleasant smell. Seed pods can be used for fuel and, when burnt to ash, yield a lye used for making soap. The flowers are an important source of nectar for honey bees which collect throughout the day. The leaves are shed during the dry season and in Bas-Congo it is believed that the mulch improves soil fertility. Minsendi (Jmbrasia obscura) and Minsangula edible caterpillars feed on the
leaves. Elsewhere the tree is planted on the fringes of farmland for its edible seeds. The seeds are eaten after roasting or boiling for 12 hours. Flour from seeds can be used for making bread. A decoction of the leaves is drunk to treat diarrhoea. Uses The timber is difficult to work but used for making mortars and _ other
leaves. Elsewhere the tree is planted on the fringes of farmland for its edible seeds. The seeds are eaten after roasting or boiling for 12 hours. Flour from seeds can be used for making bread. A decoction of the leaves is drunk to treat diarrhoea. Uses The timber is difficult to work but used for making mortars and _ other
Common names Nkenge-kyasa, nke-kyasa, kiasa Description A climbing shrub with vine-like branches. Leaves measure 12 cm long and 5 cm wide. Flower heads grow from leaf axils and individual flowers are white with red and blue spots near the top. Fruits are mottled grey, 4 cm long having a short stipule.
Common names Nkenge-kyasa, nke-kyasa, kiasa Description A climbing shrub with vine-like branches. Leaves measure 12 cm long and 5 cm wide. Flower heads grow from leaf axils and individual flowers are white with red and blue spots near the top. Fruits are mottled grey, 4 cm long having a short stipule.
Description An evergreen tree growing from 6 - 15 m tall. Ecology Avocados can be grown on sandy-loam soils, but are sensitive to poor drainage and waterlogging. A rainfall of between 1,250 — 1,750 mm should be evenly distributed. Dry conditions are preferred during flowering. Mexican races are more tolerant to water stress and low humidity and also to a humid, warm climate with optimum temperatures around 25 - 28 °C.
Description An evergreen tree growing from 6 - 15 m tall. Ecology Avocados can be grown on sandy-loam soils, but are sensitive to poor drainage and waterlogging. A rainfall of between 1,250 — 1,750 mm should be evenly distributed. Dry conditions are preferred during flowering. Mexican races are more tolerant to water stress and low humidity and also to a humid, warm climate with optimum temperatures around 25 - 28 °C.
Mvinsu_ caterpillars are very much sought after and when a young colony are found the tree is often marked to signify the colony has been claimed and must not be removed. The root, stem and particularly the bark are used
Mvinsu_ caterpillars are very much sought after and when a young colony are found the tree is often marked to signify the colony has been claimed and must not be removed. The root, stem and particularly the bark are used
medicinally as a laxative, purgative and abortive. Elsewhere the plant is used to cure malaria. Reported as a bee forage in Gabon. Uses The timber is resistant to termites and used for heavy-duty carpentry, mortars, house-building and for canoes and paddles but it has a foul smell when freshly cut. It makes a good fuel wood. Mvinsu (Jmbrasia epimethea), Munsongo (Jmbrasia_ alopia), Nsila and Mbambi edible caterpillars feed on the leaves.
medicinally as a laxative, purgative and abortive. Elsewhere the plant is used to cure malaria. Reported as a bee forage in Gabon. Uses The timber is resistant to termites and used for heavy-duty carpentry, mortars, house-building and for canoes and paddles but it has a foul smell when freshly cut. It makes a good fuel wood. Mvinsu (Jmbrasia epimethea), Munsongo (Jmbrasia_ alopia), Nsila and Mbambi edible caterpillars feed on the leaves.
Petersianthus macrocarpus
Petersianthus macrocarpus
Phaseolus lunatus Plants growing on a trellis at Kimbarnbu
Phaseolus lunatus Plants growing on a trellis at Kimbarnbu
Management Plants are grown on a trellis and are replanted after 3 years. Rotate crops with cereals to reduce eelworm infection as they can affect yields very badly. The plants produce mature seeds
Management Plants are grown on a trellis and are replanted after 3 years. Rotate crops with cereals to reduce eelworm infection as they can affect yields very badly. The plants produce mature seeds
DIGHGWereiitl VVOCOCUINTY Io THHIPUPLGIIG UNI UI VICIIl PUOVVET Se The crop is grown on wigwams or trellises up to 2.5 m high. Sticks or bamboo poles should be in place soon after the seed germinates. Beans can be harvested from 70 - 90 days after planting and should be picked before the pods split open. Ecology Pole beans are frequently grown as a dry season crop in the valley gardens in Bas-Congo. The plant has a wide range of tolerance. Most varieties are adapted to growing up to 1,000 m in soils with a pH range between 5.5 and
DIGHGWereiitl VVOCOCUINTY Io THHIPUPLGIIG UNI UI VICIIl PUOVVET Se The crop is grown on wigwams or trellises up to 2.5 m high. Sticks or bamboo poles should be in place soon after the seed germinates. Beans can be harvested from 70 - 90 days after planting and should be picked before the pods split open. Ecology Pole beans are frequently grown as a dry season crop in the valley gardens in Bas-Congo. The plant has a wide range of tolerance. Most varieties are adapted to growing up to 1,000 m in soils with a pH range between 5.5 and
Common names Deso, madeso, haricot vert (Fr.), French bean, pole bean 6.5. Acid soils should be avoided as they reduce the activity of the RA/zobium nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Moderately heavy loam soils are suitable. Pole beans give better results than dwarf varieties in the rain season. Phaseolus vulgaris
Common names Deso, madeso, haricot vert (Fr.), French bean, pole bean 6.5. Acid soils should be avoided as they reduce the activity of the RA/zobium nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Moderately heavy loam soils are suitable. Pole beans give better results than dwarf varieties in the rain season. Phaseolus vulgaris
Ecology Found in closed forest, wooded savanna and on cultivated land up to an altitude of 2,000 m Originally from tropical America but now widespread from Guinea to west Cameroon and in Madagasca' and South Africa. Sometimes cultivated in Bas-Congo. Description A fast growing shrubby or woody climber to 7 m high and 15 m long. Nodes are up to 10 cm apart and stems can be 9 mm in diameter. Leaves are usually hairless, 4 — 15 cm long and 2 — 10 cm wide, oval to elliptic and have slender petioles, 1 — 5 cm long. The central flower stalk may grow 40 cm long with the scented flowers being red, white, yellow or green.
Ecology Found in closed forest, wooded savanna and on cultivated land up to an altitude of 2,000 m Originally from tropical America but now widespread from Guinea to west Cameroon and in Madagasca' and South Africa. Sometimes cultivated in Bas-Congo. Description A fast growing shrubby or woody climber to 7 m high and 15 m long. Nodes are up to 10 cm apart and stems can be 9 mm in diameter. Leaves are usually hairless, 4 — 15 cm long and 2 — 10 cm wide, oval to elliptic and have slender petioles, 1 — 5 cm long. The central flower stalk may grow 40 cm long with the scented flowers being red, white, yellow or green.
rate is normally good. The seed can be stored for several years if kept cool, dry and insect free. Common names Pied de boeuf (Fr.), camel's foot Management The tree grows fairly fast and can be coppiced or pollarded. Piliostigma thonninglii
rate is normally good. The seed can be stored for several years if kept cool, dry and insect free. Common names Pied de boeuf (Fr.), camel's foot Management The tree grows fairly fast and can be coppiced or pollarded. Piliostigma thonninglii
References Peters et al 1992, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1995, Katende et al. 2000, Pousset 2004
References Peters et al 1992, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1995, Katende et al. 2000, Pousset 2004
Common names Kapidi, poivre (Fr.), pepper
Common names Kapidi, poivre (Fr.), pepper
Propagation Normally grown from cuttings taken from young stems or stem shoots about 50 cm long. These are grown in moist soil under shade and produce roots after about 2 months. The plant can also be grown from seed.
Propagation Normally grown from cuttings taken from young stems or stem shoots about 50 cm long. These are grown in moist soil under shade and produce roots after about 2 months. The plant can also be grown from seed.
Common names Singa singa, African greenheart Description The tree grows to 45 m high and has large thin buttresses reaching from 3 to 5 m up the trunk. Young branches are covered with dense brown hairs. Leaves are composed of 10 - 19 pairs of pinnae borne on red leaf stalks. Flowers are yellow-white on branched spikes each one 4 - 11 cm with a hairy brown stalk. Fruits are flat, dark-brown 17 - 36 cm long.
Common names Singa singa, African greenheart Description The tree grows to 45 m high and has large thin buttresses reaching from 3 to 5 m up the trunk. Young branches are covered with dense brown hairs. Leaves are composed of 10 - 19 pairs of pinnae borne on red leaf stalks. Flowers are yellow-white on branched spikes each one 4 - 11 cm with a hairy brown stalk. Fruits are flat, dark-brown 17 - 36 cm long.
Description Tree 6 — 20 m high with a usually short trunk, 3 - 18 m tall, twisted and strongly buttressed. Bark falls off in large flakes. Leaves are compound and have 5 - 17 leaflets, each 5 - 20 cm long and 3 - 8 cm wide. Male and female flowers produced separately. Fruits ellipsoid 1.5 - 2.5 cm long, blue-black when ripe.
Description Tree 6 — 20 m high with a usually short trunk, 3 - 18 m tall, twisted and strongly buttressed. Bark falls off in large flakes. Leaves are compound and have 5 - 17 leaflets, each 5 - 20 cm long and 3 - 8 cm wide. Male and female flowers produced separately. Fruits ellipsoid 1.5 - 2.5 cm long, blue-black when ripe.
References FAC 1960, Burkill 1985, FTEA 1986, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Ambougou 1991, Peters et al. 1992, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 2000, Latham 2002, Nsimundele 2004 Propagation The tree can be grown from seed which should be soaked for 12 hours in water before planting. Seed can be stored for up to 5 months, but is best kept in the dried whole fruit. Wild seedlings or cuttings can also be used. The young trees can be planted out in damp areas.
References FAC 1960, Burkill 1985, FTEA 1986, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Ambougou 1991, Peters et al. 1992, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 2000, Latham 2002, Nsimundele 2004 Propagation The tree can be grown from seed which should be soaked for 12 hours in water before planting. Seed can be stored for up to 5 months, but is best kept in the dried whole fruit. Wild seedlings or cuttings can also be used. The young trees can be planted out in damp areas.
Description A shrub growing from 1.5 to 4 m high. Management Trees come into bearing two years after transplanting and are in full bearing after 8 years. Uses Ihe edible fruits are variabie In size and flavour, ranging from sweet eaten fresh, or the flesh can be stewed. Guavas contain 2 - 5 times the vitamin content of fresh orange juice and are an important source of vitamin C. Guavas are also a fair source of vitamin A, iron, calcium and _ phosphorus. The wood is hard and used for making tool handles. A tea, made from the leaves, is used to control intestinal worms and to treat colic and fever in Bas-Congo. Eating unripe guava fruits or drinking a tea made with the leaves can be effective in treating ordinary diarrhoea. Eating ripe fruit guards against scurvy. It is also useful for treating coughs, Psidium guineense, another intr is now frequently found gr diabetes, bleeding wounds, open abscesses and following childbirth. The fl by honey bees and provide heavy yields of pollen and moderate amot produced is light yellow, has a thin viscosity and pleasant flavour. In some c for dyeing and tanning. Psidium guajava
Description A shrub growing from 1.5 to 4 m high. Management Trees come into bearing two years after transplanting and are in full bearing after 8 years. Uses Ihe edible fruits are variabie In size and flavour, ranging from sweet eaten fresh, or the flesh can be stewed. Guavas contain 2 - 5 times the vitamin content of fresh orange juice and are an important source of vitamin C. Guavas are also a fair source of vitamin A, iron, calcium and _ phosphorus. The wood is hard and used for making tool handles. A tea, made from the leaves, is used to control intestinal worms and to treat colic and fever in Bas-Congo. Eating unripe guava fruits or drinking a tea made with the leaves can be effective in treating ordinary diarrhoea. Eating ripe fruit guards against scurvy. It is also useful for treating coughs, Psidium guineense, another intr is now frequently found gr diabetes, bleeding wounds, open abscesses and following childbirth. The fl by honey bees and provide heavy yields of pollen and moderate amot produced is light yellow, has a thin viscosity and pleasant flavour. In some c for dyeing and tanning. Psidium guajava
ropagation Select a good ariety and propagate by narcot (air layering). The ree may also be grown rom suckers, which can be iduced by cutting the root 0 - 90 cm from the trunk.
ropagation Select a good ariety and propagate by narcot (air layering). The ree may also be grown rom suckers, which can be iduced by cutting the root 0 - 90 cm from the trunk.
Uses A valuable vegetable. Leaves, pods, sprouts, beans and tubers are all edible. Fresh leaves contain F70/. wenatain nr 2OOL sarhan Arians Photo : Rudy Schippers
Uses A valuable vegetable. Leaves, pods, sprouts, beans and tubers are all edible. Fresh leaves contain F70/. wenatain nr 2OOL sarhan Arians Photo : Rudy Schippers
Common names Kikalakasa, African winged bean Ecology Occurs in the savanna, and in riverine and gallery forests, or waste ground and around swamps throughout Central Africa frorr Cameroon, to Angola and in Tanzania, Mozambique and Mauritius.
Common names Kikalakasa, African winged bean Ecology Occurs in the savanna, and in riverine and gallery forests, or waste ground and around swamps throughout Central Africa frorr Cameroon, to Angola and in Tanzania, Mozambique and Mauritius.
Ecology A common and widespread shrub of the savanna found from Guinea to Ethiopia and south to Mozambique.
Ecology A common and widespread shrub of the savanna found from Guinea to Ethiopia and south to Mozambique.
Common names Kisokosoko (Kikongo), mchakwe (Swahili), Christmas berry
Common names Kisokosoko (Kikongo), mchakwe (Swahili), Christmas berry
Ecology Grows beside streams, on the edge of closed forest or in savanna woodland. Found from Senegal to western Cameroon. Psychotria calva growing at the edge of woodland near Madimba
Ecology Grows beside streams, on the edge of closed forest or in savanna woodland. Found from Senegal to western Cameroon. Psychotria calva growing at the edge of woodland near Madimba
BREE EGEE Pw PIU OUING CER Ee anthina) and N'teku edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Pteridium aquilinum subsp. centrali - africanum is the food plant of Wyodes prasinodes edible caterpillar in Katanga. Description An erect fern, from 1 to 3 m high, growing from long subterranean rhizomes. The plant reproduces from rhizomes as well as from spores. The stem is thick, rounded and hairy. The compound leaf is up to 45 cm long, triangular in outline and lobed. Each leaf is about 12 cm long, with approximately 21 pairs of leaflets.
BREE EGEE Pw PIU OUING CER Ee anthina) and N'teku edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Pteridium aquilinum subsp. centrali - africanum is the food plant of Wyodes prasinodes edible caterpillar in Katanga. Description An erect fern, from 1 to 3 m high, growing from long subterranean rhizomes. The plant reproduces from rhizomes as well as from spores. The stem is thick, rounded and hairy. The compound leaf is up to 45 cm long, triangular in outline and lobed. Each leaf is about 12 cm long, with approximately 21 pairs of leaflets.
Uses Timber is uniform, greyish white to dull pink, soft and light. It is easy to saw and plane and cut into planks. It polishes and glues well. Widely used in hut construction, for walls, doors and window frames. It can be split into shingles but they only last for about 4 years. The timber is liable to be attacked by fungi, borer and termites. The
Uses Timber is uniform, greyish white to dull pink, soft and light. It is easy to saw and plane and cut into planks. It polishes and glues well. Widely used in hut construction, for walls, doors and window frames. It can be split into shingles but they only last for about 4 years. The timber is liable to be attacked by fungi, borer and termites. The
Common names Kilomba, kunda mavondu, faux muscadier (Fr.), false nutmeg, African nutmeg. Pycnanthus angolensis (Myristicaceae)
Common names Kilomba, kunda mavondu, faux muscadier (Fr.), false nutmeg, African nutmeg. Pycnanthus angolensis (Myristicaceae)
wood makes good firewood. In Bas-Congo, the sap from the bark is used to heal wounds and to stimulate lactation. The twigs, roots, seeds and leaves are also used medicinally. The seeds are an important source of fat and are extensively used for illumination and soap making. N'lombela edible caterpillars, which feed on the leaves, are a special food reserved for elders.
wood makes good firewood. In Bas-Congo, the sap from the bark is used to heal wounds and to stimulate lactation. The twigs, roots, seeds and leaves are also used medicinally. The seeds are an important source of fat and are extensively used for illumination and soap making. N'lombela edible caterpillars, which feed on the leaves, are a special food reserved for elders.
Propagation Fruits are collected when ripe and dried. The seed is then sown direct into the field fairly soon afterwards as it only retains its viability for about a month. The tree can also be grown from cuttings. Ecology Grows in moist lowland forest, tropical savanna and secondary forest. Found from Senegal tc Sudan and Angola to Tanzania.
Propagation Fruits are collected when ripe and dried. The seed is then sown direct into the field fairly soon afterwards as it only retains its viability for about a month. The tree can also be grown from cuttings. Ecology Grows in moist lowland forest, tropical savanna and secondary forest. Found from Senegal tc Sudan and Angola to Tanzania.
Ricinodendron heudelotii Management The tree can be pollarded or coppiced and can be grown with other orchard plants (bananas, palms and seasonal crops). Uses Used for making drums and mortars and planted to attract Mvinsu (Imbrasia epimethea) caterpillars in Bas-Congo. The’ kernels’ are sometimes eaten after boiling in water or in a sauce in a similar way to groundnuts. The nut contains 15 - 45% oil and the tree could become a major source of cooking oil. Wood is white and soft, light, buoyant and perishable and is used for coffins, rough planks and drums. The wood ash is used as a cooking salt, for soap making and in the _ indigo industry. The bark sap is used to treat diarrhoea, and an infusion of the bark is used as an enema. Leaves and shoots produce a high quality sheep and goat fodder with
Ricinodendron heudelotii Management The tree can be pollarded or coppiced and can be grown with other orchard plants (bananas, palms and seasonal crops). Uses Used for making drums and mortars and planted to attract Mvinsu (Imbrasia epimethea) caterpillars in Bas-Congo. The’ kernels’ are sometimes eaten after boiling in water or in a sauce in a similar way to groundnuts. The nut contains 15 - 45% oil and the tree could become a major source of cooking oil. Wood is white and soft, light, buoyant and perishable and is used for coffins, rough planks and drums. The wood ash is used as a cooking salt, for soap making and in the _ indigo industry. The bark sap is used to treat diarrhoea, and an infusion of the bark is used as an enema. Leaves and shoots produce a high quality sheep and goat fodder with
Flowering branch
Flowering branch
an average of 16% protein. It has no known toxicity. Minsendi, Mvinsu (Jmbrasia epimethea), Mimpemba, Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) and Bisu (Jmbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. If Imbrasia epimethea caterpillars are found on a tree planted in a village, they belong to its owner. It used to be a custom to plant these trees on or near graves in Bas-Congo. Leaves are used as wrapping material and for mulching. Being deep rooting it is useful for erosion control and soil mprovement. Edible mushrooms are commonly produced at the base of the trees. Bees work the — flowers in the early morning, probably for nectar.
an average of 16% protein. It has no known toxicity. Minsendi, Mvinsu (Jmbrasia epimethea), Mimpemba, Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) and Bisu (Jmbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. If Imbrasia epimethea caterpillars are found on a tree planted in a village, they belong to its owner. It used to be a custom to plant these trees on or near graves in Bas-Congo. Leaves are used as wrapping material and for mulching. Being deep rooting it is useful for erosion control and soil mprovement. Edible mushrooms are commonly produced at the base of the trees. Bees work the — flowers in the early morning, probably for nectar.
Irvine 1961, Busson 1965, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Anigbogu 1996, Mapongmetsem 1996, Shiembo et al. 1997, Sunderland et al. 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Latham 2002, Latham 2003, Nsimundele 2004
Irvine 1961, Busson 1965, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Anigbogu 1996, Mapongmetsem 1996, Shiembo et al. 1997, Sunderland et al. 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Latham 2002, Latham 2003, Nsimundele 2004
Ecology Indigenous to the tropics and often cultivated. It can be grown in areas with both high and low rainfall. Description A shrub to 3 m high often branching at the base. Leaves are alternate, dark green or red on long leaf stalks. Male and female flowers are borne separately. The fruit is a spiny capsule containing 3 seeds.
Ecology Indigenous to the tropics and often cultivated. It can be grown in areas with both high and low rainfall. Description A shrub to 3 m high often branching at the base. Leaves are alternate, dark green or red on long leaf stalks. Male and female flowers are borne separately. The fruit is a spiny capsule containing 3 seeds.
Ecology Common in_ grassland and woodlands between 900 and 2400 m in East Africa. It is sometimes cultivated and grows best in soils rich in humus. Found in Central and southern Africa and introduced into D. R. Congo.
Ecology Common in_ grassland and woodlands between 900 and 2400 m in East Africa. It is sometimes cultivated and grows best in soils rich in humus. Found in Central and southern Africa and introduced into D. R. Congo.
Uses The leaves are eaten raw or as a vegetable in Bas-Congo. Raw stems are chewed for their sour and salty taste. The stems are roasted and eaten with sugar or salt in Kenya. They should be peeled or cleaned before eating. In Kenya, the roots are used to treat scabies and in Uganda are a source of dye. The fresh leaves, sap and roots are used medicinally in Africa to treat diabetes, conjunctivitis, pain, colds, coughs, diarrhoea, bilharzia and asthma and to aid digestion. References Goode 1974, Blundell 1994, Katende et al. 1999, Maundu 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Nsimundele 2004
Uses The leaves are eaten raw or as a vegetable in Bas-Congo. Raw stems are chewed for their sour and salty taste. The stems are roasted and eaten with sugar or salt in Kenya. They should be peeled or cleaned before eating. In Kenya, the roots are used to treat scabies and in Uganda are a source of dye. The fresh leaves, sap and roots are used medicinally in Africa to treat diabetes, conjunctivitis, pain, colds, coughs, diarrhoea, bilharzia and asthma and to aid digestion. References Goode 1974, Blundell 1994, Katende et al. 1999, Maundu 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Nsimundele 2004
Description A small creeping, herbaceous plant growing to 20 cm tall and 30 cm long. Leaves have petioles 1-3 cm long, and are opposite, hairless and wedge shaped at the base.
Description A small creeping, herbaceous plant growing to 20 cm tall and 30 cm long. Leaves have petioles 1-3 cm long, and are opposite, hairless and wedge shaped at the base.
Uses Mainly grown for chewing which promotes salivation with a cleansing action as with a chew-stick. The juice is mainly extracted to prepare ma/afu, an alcoholic drink.
Uses Mainly grown for chewing which promotes salivation with a cleansing action as with a chew-stick. The juice is mainly extracted to prepare ma/afu, an alcoholic drink.
Common names Munse, mukuku, canne a sucre (Fr.), Sugar cane Sucrose is extracted for sugar and molasses for local use or commercial sale. Industrial alcohol is made from molasses and can be used as a motor fuel. Molasses is also used to make yeast and as a stock food. Under certain conditions the treatment of molasses with urea converts sugars into a protein substitute which can be eaten by ruminants. The fibrous residue, bagasse, is used as a stock feed, often with molasses, but can also be used to make paper, cardboard and fibre board. Bees forage for sap exuding from cut stems and burnt canes.
Common names Munse, mukuku, canne a sucre (Fr.), Sugar cane Sucrose is extracted for sugar and molasses for local use or commercial sale. Industrial alcohol is made from molasses and can be used as a motor fuel. Molasses is also used to make yeast and as a stock food. Under certain conditions the treatment of molasses with urea converts sugars into a protein substitute which can be eaten by ruminants. The fibrous residue, bagasse, is used as a stock feed, often with molasses, but can also be used to make paper, cardboard and fibre board. Bees forage for sap exuding from cut stems and burnt canes.
Salacia pynaertii in cleared forest near Kintudi village
Salacia pynaertii in cleared forest near Kintudi village
Common names Kititi, ntiti, tinti, titi mbwela Description Shrub or small tree from 1.5 to 12 m high. Leaves 10 — 13 x 4.5 - 6 cm. Male flowers are catkin like, 3 — 16 cm long, several in each bract. Female flowers are 1 mm. The ribbed fruits turn yellow then red on ripening. Sapium cornutum
Common names Kititi, ntiti, tinti, titi mbwela Description Shrub or small tree from 1.5 to 12 m high. Leaves 10 — 13 x 4.5 - 6 cm. Male flowers are catkin like, 3 — 16 cm long, several in each bract. Female flowers are 1 mm. The ribbed fruits turn yellow then red on ripening. Sapium cornutum
Ecology Commonly found in secondary forest and wooded savanna, especially on sandy soils, in Bas- Congo. Present in closed forest from Sierra Leone to Liberia and from Cameroon to Angola. Sap/um sp. prefer well drained soils.
Ecology Commonly found in secondary forest and wooded savanna, especially on sandy soils, in Bas- Congo. Present in closed forest from Sierra Leone to Liberia and from Cameroon to Angola. Sap/um sp. prefer well drained soils.
1d in hot water, allow it to cool and soak for 24 hours. Wild seedlings can also be transplanted. References Katende et al. 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Burkill 1997, ICRAF 1998, Latham 2002, Nsimundele 2004 Right : A rooted cutting at the Kavwaya nursery.
1d in hot water, allow it to cool and soak for 24 hours. Wild seedlings can also be transplanted. References Katende et al. 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Burkill 1997, ICRAF 1998, Latham 2002, Nsimundele 2004 Right : A rooted cutting at the Kavwaya nursery.
Uses The wood is suitable for furniture- making and veneers. It is used for making charcoal, for firewood and for live stakes for fencing. The bark is an effective worm remedy. The roots are widely used for the treatment of fevers elsewhere in Africa. The fruits are edible but not particularly liked. Bees visit the flowers from October to December in Bas-Congo. Makedi_ kedi (Bunaea alcinoé) and Munsona (Platysphinx
Uses The wood is suitable for furniture- making and veneers. It is used for making charcoal, for firewood and for live stakes for fencing. The bark is an effective worm remedy. The roots are widely used for the treatment of fevers elsewhere in Africa. The fruits are edible but not particularly liked. Bees visit the flowers from October to December in Bas-Congo. Makedi_ kedi (Bunaea alcinoé) and Munsona (Platysphinx
(Rubiaceae)
(Rubiaceae)
Description A slender, erect, annual herb, woody at the base, much branched and growing from 30 tc 60 cm tall. Leaves are alternate, the lower leaves being larger with distinct petioles up to 1 cm long. Leaf blades ovate, 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide with a blunt apex. Upper leaves are small and without stalks. The white flowers are borne at the top of the stems.
Description A slender, erect, annual herb, woody at the base, much branched and growing from 30 tc 60 cm tall. Leaves are alternate, the lower leaves being larger with distinct petioles up to 1 cm long. Leaf blades ovate, 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide with a blunt apex. Upper leaves are small and without stalks. The white flowers are borne at the top of the stems.
Propagation Can be grown from suckers split from the parent plant.
Propagation Can be grown from suckers split from the parent plant.
Ecology The plant grows beside rivers and in damp places. Found from Ghana to Cameroon and in Gabon and Angola. References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tereshima et al. 1992, Burkill 1997
Ecology The plant grows beside rivers and in damp places. Found from Ghana to Cameroon and in Gabon and Angola. References Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tereshima et al. 1992, Burkill 1997
House roofed with Sclerosperma mannii leaves
House roofed with Sclerosperma mannii leaves
Uses A medicinal plant used to treat tooth-ache and dental caries. When the plant is chewed the leaf is at first bitter but then becomes sweet. It is used when taking other unpleasant tasting medicines. There are numerous other medicinal uses for this plant in Africa (e.g. a decoction of the leaves is taken to treat stomach ulcers, or dropped into the ears to treat inflammation). The plant is sometimes used as a broom. Common names Kyese kyese, balai doux (Fr.), sweet broom weed
Uses A medicinal plant used to treat tooth-ache and dental caries. When the plant is chewed the leaf is at first bitter but then becomes sweet. It is used when taking other unpleasant tasting medicines. There are numerous other medicinal uses for this plant in Africa (e.g. a decoction of the leaves is taken to treat stomach ulcers, or dropped into the ears to treat inflammation). The plant is sometimes used as a broom. Common names Kyese kyese, balai doux (Fr.), sweet broom weed
combination with several other plants. The seeds are used to treat hookworm infection, heavy and prolonged periods. The Mongo people use the bark, stems, twigs and trunk medicinally. In Gabon an infusion of the bark is used to treat constipation and powdered bark is used to treat headache. Common names Kiwaya, arbre a ail (Fr.). Kiwaya is also used for Olax gambecola and Hua gabonii
combination with several other plants. The seeds are used to treat hookworm infection, heavy and prolonged periods. The Mongo people use the bark, stems, twigs and trunk medicinally. In Gabon an infusion of the bark is used to treat constipation and powdered bark is used to treat headache. Common names Kiwaya, arbre a ail (Fr.). Kiwaya is also used for Olax gambecola and Hua gabonii
Uses The bark is used as a condiment. The leaves are also edible. In Bas-Congo the bark is used, together with Aframomum melegueta, in the treatment of haemorrhoids. The bark is also used to treat weight loss and diabetes in References De Wildeman 1934, Hulstaert 1966, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, White & Abernethy 1997, Kouokam et al. 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Uses The bark is used as a condiment. The leaves are also edible. In Bas-Congo the bark is used, together with Aframomum melegueta, in the treatment of haemorrhoids. The bark is also used to treat weight loss and diabetes in References De Wildeman 1934, Hulstaert 1966, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, White & Abernethy 1997, Kouokam et al. 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Ecology Originally from Southern Mexico and Central America but now grown throughout the tropics, though not very popular in Africa. It does best in rich well-drained soils and is not tolerant of waterlogging. It is susceptible to drought and high wind. Tolerant to high temperatures, though relatively cool nights appear to promote fruit development. It produces well in light shade. Description A vigorous, climbing, perennial herb with a large tuberous root. The plant may grow 10 - 15 m long in one season. Fruit is a one-seeded, fleshy berry, commonly pear-shaped, furrowed, yellow- green and 7 - 20 cm long. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same plant. Fruits exposed to sun are light yellow but in the shade are dark green. A single, white seed is produced.
Ecology Originally from Southern Mexico and Central America but now grown throughout the tropics, though not very popular in Africa. It does best in rich well-drained soils and is not tolerant of waterlogging. It is susceptible to drought and high wind. Tolerant to high temperatures, though relatively cool nights appear to promote fruit development. It produces well in light shade. Description A vigorous, climbing, perennial herb with a large tuberous root. The plant may grow 10 - 15 m long in one season. Fruit is a one-seeded, fleshy berry, commonly pear-shaped, furrowed, yellow- green and 7 - 20 cm long. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same plant. Fruits exposed to sun are light yellow but in the shade are dark green. A single, white seed is produced.
Common names Nsunda, nkama nsunda, violet tree Description An attractive tree from 4 to 5 m tall. Fruits are more or less a round nut, usually veined, occasionally smooth, bearing a single, oblong, rather curved, wing up to 4 cm long. The wing is purplish-green when young becoming pale, straw-coloured when mature. Securidaca longepedunculata
Common names Nsunda, nkama nsunda, violet tree Description An attractive tree from 4 to 5 m tall. Fruits are more or less a round nut, usually veined, occasionally smooth, bearing a single, oblong, rather curved, wing up to 4 cm long. The wing is purplish-green when young becoming pale, straw-coloured when mature. Securidaca longepedunculata
Propagation Seed should be soaked in cold water for 24 hours. Sow direct. The seed can be stored for long periods at room temperature if kept dry. Seedlings do not transplant easily. The tree can also be grown from cuttings.
Propagation Seed should be soaked in cold water for 24 hours. Sow direct. The seed can be stored for long periods at room temperature if kept dry. Seedlings do not transplant easily. The tree can also be grown from cuttings.
Remarks There are two varieties in the region var. /ongepedunculata and var. parvifolia is suitable for firewood and charcoal. The flowers are an important source of nectar and pollen in Ethiopia.
Remarks There are two varieties in the region var. /ongepedunculata and var. parvifolia is suitable for firewood and charcoal. The flowers are an important source of nectar and pollen in Ethiopia.
boiling water and allowed to cool. Seedlings grow slowly but are ready for planting out after 5 months. Often seedlings are grown until well established and then cut back to stumps before planting. Younc plants are fire sensitive. Description A tree to 18 m high. It commences to flower after 2 - 3 years and flowers throughout th year.
boiling water and allowed to cool. Seedlings grow slowly but are ready for planting out after 5 months. Often seedlings are grown until well established and then cut back to stumps before planting. Younc plants are fire sensitive. Description A tree to 18 m high. It commences to flower after 2 - 3 years and flowers throughout th year.
Senna spectabilis in flower at Mbanza Nzundu in January Ecology Native to tropical America. Often associated with villages or old village sites in Bas-Congo, covering an extensive area and excluding almost everything else. Grows well on deep, moist, sandy loam but will even grow on black cotton soil if not too dry. Recommended for acid soils. It will grow uf to an altitude of 2,000 m. Propagation Use seedlings or sow direct into the field. Pour boiling water over seed and soak for 24 hours before planting. Seed can be stored for up to 2 years. Can also be grown easily from cuttings.
Senna spectabilis in flower at Mbanza Nzundu in January Ecology Native to tropical America. Often associated with villages or old village sites in Bas-Congo, covering an extensive area and excluding almost everything else. Grows well on deep, moist, sandy loam but will even grow on black cotton soil if not too dry. Recommended for acid soils. It will grow uf to an altitude of 2,000 m. Propagation Use seedlings or sow direct into the field. Pour boiling water over seed and soak for 24 hours before planting. Seed can be stored for up to 2 years. Can also be grown easily from cuttings.
Description An annual herb to 1.5 m high. Some varieties have pods which do not shatter on ripening. substance known to have insecticidal properties. Flowers provide bees with nectar and pollen. Th nectar secretion is higher the day after rain has fallen. The plant is an important honey source anc worth cultivating for this purpose.
Description An annual herb to 1.5 m high. Some varieties have pods which do not shatter on ripening. substance known to have insecticidal properties. Flowers provide bees with nectar and pollen. Th nectar secretion is higher the day after rain has fallen. The plant is an important honey source anc worth cultivating for this purpose.
Ecology A common plant in the tropics, especially in disturbed land around villages and on roadsides Description A variable, erect, short-lived, perennial shrub up to 1.5 m high. Leaves are much larger than in S. acuta, up to 6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, with petioles 4 - 5 mm long. Flowers white to pale yellow arising from the axils of the leaves. Fruit is a capsule with 8 - 12 carpels and the beak of each capsule is rather shortly bent, not straight and pointed.
Ecology A common plant in the tropics, especially in disturbed land around villages and on roadsides Description A variable, erect, short-lived, perennial shrub up to 1.5 m high. Leaves are much larger than in S. acuta, up to 6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, with petioles 4 - 5 mm long. Flowers white to pale yellow arising from the axils of the leaves. Fruit is a capsule with 8 - 12 carpels and the beak of each capsule is rather shortly bent, not straight and pointed.
References Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Blundell 1987, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Burkill 1997, Latham 2002 Kibungu Kembelo 2003
References Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Blundell 1987, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Burkill 1997, Latham 2002 Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Common names Lulaka lu ngombi, ngondi longo, kimandi susu Synonym Crassocephalum bojeri
Common names Lulaka lu ngombi, ngondi longo, kimandi susu Synonym Crassocephalum bojeri
Uses Leaves of S. angulatus, C. bumbense and C. vitellinum are coarsely cut and cooked as a vegetable in R.D. Congo. Whole young plants and the semi-succulent leaves of C. crepidoides are slimy and are eaten as a vegetable and in soups and sauces, as is C. rubens elsewhere. Bees collect pollen and nectar from this and other species
Uses Leaves of S. angulatus, C. bumbense and C. vitellinum are coarsely cut and cooked as a vegetable in R.D. Congo. Whole young plants and the semi-succulent leaves of C. crepidoides are slimy and are eaten as a vegetable and in soups and sauces, as is C. rubens elsewhere. Bees collect pollen and nectar from this and other species
Management The crop should be mulched if grown during the dry season. Bees are important for pollination.
Management The crop should be mulched if grown during the dry season. Bees are important for pollination.
Propagation Sow seeds in a nursery and transplant after about 5 weeks. Plant out at 90 x 90 cm.
Propagation Sow seeds in a nursery and transplant after about 5 weeks. Plant out at 90 x 90 cm.
harvesting keeps the plants low growing. Choose varieties which shoot again quickly for best yields. Uses Both leaf and fruit are eaten. Fruit is used as a meat substitute in Bas-Congo. It is an important market vegetable in West Africa. The fruits are sold in the Ivory Coast and Ghana, but the young leaves, particularly from dark varieties, are much appreciated and more widely used in other areas. They can be harvested over a long period. Fruits can be eaten raw but are more frequently cooked o1 fried. The leaves are added to soups and sauces; the flowers are also edible. The leaves are rich ir calcium. However leaves should not be eaten too often, especially the bitter varieties, and should be cooked well. The water in which the leaves are cooked should be discarded. Host plant of Munsone sona (Acherontia atropus) Death’s Head hawkmoth, which, though the caterpillar is edible, is a pest tc beekeepers. re Lz a == A
harvesting keeps the plants low growing. Choose varieties which shoot again quickly for best yields. Uses Both leaf and fruit are eaten. Fruit is used as a meat substitute in Bas-Congo. It is an important market vegetable in West Africa. The fruits are sold in the Ivory Coast and Ghana, but the young leaves, particularly from dark varieties, are much appreciated and more widely used in other areas. They can be harvested over a long period. Fruits can be eaten raw but are more frequently cooked o1 fried. The leaves are added to soups and sauces; the flowers are also edible. The leaves are rich ir calcium. However leaves should not be eaten too often, especially the bitter varieties, and should be cooked well. The water in which the leaves are cooked should be discarded. Host plant of Munsone sona (Acherontia atropus) Death’s Head hawkmoth, which, though the caterpillar is edible, is a pest tc beekeepers. re Lz a == A
Aubergine growing in a valley garden Description A short lived perennial herb with a branching habit, 0.5 - 1.5 m high. It has a deep- growing, vigorous tap-root. The plant is normally grown as an annual.
Aubergine growing in a valley garden Description A short lived perennial herb with a branching habit, 0.5 - 1.5 m high. It has a deep- growing, vigorous tap-root. The plant is normally grown as an annual.
Ecology Occasionally grown in Bas-Congo. It is by far the most common species in West Africa and many different varieties can be seen, often of local importance only. It is cultivated in several locations in Africa’s humid highlands and somewhat less in its lowlands. It is mainly found in the high rainfall areas and especially at medium and higher altitudes. Description A woody herb with strong green or purple stems and more-or-less toothed wings. Plants are usually about 60 cm high but can grow to 120 cm or more. There are both small and large leaved cultivars with different leaf shapes and the leaf colour can be either green or dark-purple. It is also the only species whose berries remain on the plant at maturity. The dark purple fruits have a distinct bloom when young and become glossy when they get older.
Ecology Occasionally grown in Bas-Congo. It is by far the most common species in West Africa and many different varieties can be seen, often of local importance only. It is cultivated in several locations in Africa’s humid highlands and somewhat less in its lowlands. It is mainly found in the high rainfall areas and especially at medium and higher altitudes. Description A woody herb with strong green or purple stems and more-or-less toothed wings. Plants are usually about 60 cm high but can grow to 120 cm or more. There are both small and large leaved cultivars with different leaf shapes and the leaf colour can be either green or dark-purple. It is also the only species whose berries remain on the plant at maturity. The dark purple fruits have a distinct bloom when young and become glossy when they get older.
previous season or earlier. Plant to a depth of 30 cm in their final position. Best varieties are multiplied by budding. When grown as a_ hedge 1.5 — 2 m long stakes can be used for planting.
previous season or earlier. Plant to a depth of 30 cm in their final position. Best varieties are multiplied by budding. When grown as a_ hedge 1.5 — 2 m long stakes can be used for planting.
Propagation Ripe fruits are collected from the ground, but this must be done as soon as they fall before they rot or are eaten by animals. Seed normally germinates well after 35 - 75 days. Cuttings, 50 - 70 cm long, grow more easily and produce fruit earlier. They should be taken from wood of the 2 an acid taste, though the , however becomes less acid if kept overnight. The fruit is high in vitamins A and C. The seeds are also edible. The leaves can be used as a fodder for cattle and the fallen fruits are eaten by pigs. The tree makes a good shade tree. It can be grown as a fence and the stakes are used for yam poles. The flowers are a honey source in. Gabon and _ Central America. Wood is white to grey and mainly used for firewood. It is attacked by termites. Poles are used for house posts and branches for tool handles. Wood ash is used in the indigo industry. Plant extracts have
Propagation Ripe fruits are collected from the ground, but this must be done as soon as they fall before they rot or are eaten by animals. Seed normally germinates well after 35 - 75 days. Cuttings, 50 - 70 cm long, grow more easily and produce fruit earlier. They should be taken from wood of the 2 an acid taste, though the , however becomes less acid if kept overnight. The fruit is high in vitamins A and C. The seeds are also edible. The leaves can be used as a fodder for cattle and the fallen fruits are eaten by pigs. The tree makes a good shade tree. It can be grown as a fence and the stakes are used for yam poles. The flowers are a honey source in. Gabon and _ Central America. Wood is white to grey and mainly used for firewood. It is attacked by termites. Poles are used for house posts and branches for tool handles. Wood ash is used in the indigo industry. Plant extracts have
Spondias cytherea bearing fruit in January
Spondias cytherea bearing fruit in January
pollarded. Common names Mvumbi mvumbi, lumvumbi vumbi, pop-gun tree, carrot tree
pollarded. Common names Mvumbi mvumbi, lumvumbi vumbi, pop-gun tree, carrot tree
Shoot from a stake planted in a hedge in Manianga district. Description A shrub 5 - 6 m high or a tree to 25 m high. The trunk is sometimes buttressed and has a long cylindrical bole, unbranched until near the top.
Shoot from a stake planted in a hedge in Manianga district. Description A shrub 5 - 6 m high or a tree to 25 m high. The trunk is sometimes buttressed and has a long cylindrical bole, unbranched until near the top.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed or root suckers. Seeds are squeezed out of the pulp and then put in water. The empty seeds and pulp float and can be skimmed off. The seeds should be dried and remain viable for 6 months. Soak in cold water for 24 hours to hasten germination. Germination of seed is good but slow, reaching 75% after 8 weeks. Root suckers are produced when the root is damaged.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed or root suckers. Seeds are squeezed out of the pulp and then put in water. The empty seeds and pulp float and can be skimmed off. The seeds should be dried and remain viable for 6 months. Soak in cold water for 24 hours to hasten germination. Germination of seed is good but slow, reaching 75% after 8 weeks. Root suckers are produced when the root is damaged.
Uses The fruit pulp is edible and is also used to prepare a non-alcoholic sweet-sour drink. Bees collect nectar from the flowers of this and other species of Strychnos in Bas-Congo. Timber is used for firewood and_ building poles. The wood is white, pliable and tough and is suitable for tool handles. The fruit is used to make a dye, which also provides protection from insects. The tree is sometimes planted to form a boundary around home References Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Wild 1972, Kokwaro 1976, FAO 1983, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Malaisse 1997, ICRAF 1998, Msanga 1998, Nsimundele 2004
Uses The fruit pulp is edible and is also used to prepare a non-alcoholic sweet-sour drink. Bees collect nectar from the flowers of this and other species of Strychnos in Bas-Congo. Timber is used for firewood and_ building poles. The wood is white, pliable and tough and is suitable for tool handles. The fruit is used to make a dye, which also provides protection from insects. The tree is sometimes planted to form a boundary around home References Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Wild 1972, Kokwaro 1976, FAO 1983, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Malaisse 1997, ICRAF 1998, Msanga 1998, Nsimundele 2004
Description Shrub or small tree to 6 m, branching low down. Twigs and branches have curved spines. Bark is pale grey-brown, thick, corky with deep vertical fissures. Flowers are small and greenish-white. The round fruits, 5 — 12 cm in diameter, are edible (resembling an orange in shape and size), brown or orange, with a tough skin and sweet-tasting pulp. Management Slow growing. The tree coppices well. Trees are often left in cultivated land for their fruit.
Description Shrub or small tree to 6 m, branching low down. Twigs and branches have curved spines. Bark is pale grey-brown, thick, corky with deep vertical fissures. Flowers are small and greenish-white. The round fruits, 5 — 12 cm in diameter, are edible (resembling an orange in shape and size), brown or orange, with a tough skin and sweet-tasting pulp. Management Slow growing. The tree coppices well. Trees are often left in cultivated land for their fruit.
Common names Stylo, Brazilian lucerne Description A perennial, erect or sub-erect branching herb from 30 - 120 cm high which becomes woody with age. Leaves have 3 hairless or slightly hairy oval leaflets, 0.5 to 4 cm long and 0.2 - 1.5 cm wide. Flowers are reddish to orange-yellow in compact groups of up to 40 flowers each. The one- seeded pods are flat, light brown, ending in a tiny spiral beak. The seeds are yellowish brown. The tap- root is vigorous extending to 1 m.
Common names Stylo, Brazilian lucerne Description A perennial, erect or sub-erect branching herb from 30 - 120 cm high which becomes woody with age. Leaves have 3 hairless or slightly hairy oval leaflets, 0.5 to 4 cm long and 0.2 - 1.5 cm wide. Flowers are reddish to orange-yellow in compact groups of up to 40 flowers each. The one- seeded pods are flat, light brown, ending in a tiny spiral beak. The seeds are yellowish brown. The tap- root is vigorous extending to 1 m.
Ecology Originally from South and Central America and introduced into Central Africa around 1947. The plant withstands drought and temporary waterlogging and should be grown in full sunlight. It prefers coarse-textured soils and will grow in highly acid conditions.
Ecology Originally from South and Central America and introduced into Central Africa around 1947. The plant withstands drought and temporary waterlogging and should be grown in full sunlight. It prefers coarse-textured soils and will grow in highly acid conditions.
Ecology Grows beside rivers and in swampy locations in the rain forest from Guinea-Bissau and Sierré Leone to western Cameroon and south to Tanzania and Angola. Also widely dispersed in south anc central tropical America.
Ecology Grows beside rivers and in swampy locations in the rain forest from Guinea-Bissau and Sierré Leone to western Cameroon and south to Tanzania and Angola. Also widely dispersed in south anc central tropical America.
References Abbiw 1980, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Akobundu & 1987, Neuwinger 2000, Konda ku Mbuta (personal communication)
References Abbiw 1980, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Akobundu & 1987, Neuwinger 2000, Konda ku Mbuta (personal communication)
Description A straggling semi-woody annual herb normally growing to 50 cm high, but may reach 1 m, from a fibrous rootstock. Not aromatic when crushed.
Description A straggling semi-woody annual herb normally growing to 50 cm high, but may reach 1 m, from a fibrous rootstock. Not aromatic when crushed.
Description A tree or shrub growing to 20 m high. The bark is smooth when young but becomes black and rough with age. A red watery sap is produced when cut. Young leaves are reddish-purple but mature leaves are green. The white flowers have a honey-sweet smell attracting many insects. Fruits are 8 - 12 mm in diameter.
Description A tree or shrub growing to 20 m high. The bark is smooth when young but becomes black and rough with age. A red watery sap is produced when cut. Young leaves are reddish-purple but mature leaves are green. The white flowers have a honey-sweet smell attracting many insects. Fruits are 8 - 12 mm in diameter.
Ecology The tree is widespread in tropical Africa, preferring water courses and swampy areas, but it also grows in well drained soils. ae References Irvine 1961, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Portugal- N Araujo 1974, FAO 1983, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Katende et al. 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, ICRAF 1998
Ecology The tree is widespread in tropical Africa, preferring water courses and swampy areas, but it also grows in well drained soils. ae References Irvine 1961, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Portugal- N Araujo 1974, FAO 1983, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Katende et al. 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, ICRAF 1998
Syzygium guineense flowering in August
Syzygium guineense flowering in August
Common names Nkisu Uses The fruit is edible and has a good taste. The flowers are reported to be visited by bees and the tree is known as a bee forage in Gabon and the central highlands of Angola. Host plant of Bubuta and Nkulu (Nseke) edible caterpillars in Bas-Congo and of Lobobunaea_ saturnus and Gonimbrasia —richelmanni edible caterpillars in Katanga. In Bas-Congo the ffruits are sometimes fed to edible fruit bats when transporting them to market. Syzygium guineense subsp. macrocarpum
Common names Nkisu Uses The fruit is edible and has a good taste. The flowers are reported to be visited by bees and the tree is known as a bee forage in Gabon and the central highlands of Angola. Host plant of Bubuta and Nkulu (Nseke) edible caterpillars in Bas-Congo and of Lobobunaea_ saturnus and Gonimbrasia —richelmanni edible caterpillars in Katanga. In Bas-Congo the ffruits are sometimes fed to edible fruit bats when transporting them to market. Syzygium guineense subsp. macrocarpum
Propagation The tree grows easily from seed, providing these are fresh. It can also be grown from layers or cuttings. Roots appear after 6 months on layered trees and these come into bearing after 3 - 5 years compared with 3 - 7 years for trees grown from seed.
Propagation The tree grows easily from seed, providing these are fresh. It can also be grown from layers or cuttings. Roots appear after 6 months on layered trees and these come into bearing after 3 - 5 years compared with 3 - 7 years for trees grown from seed.
Description A shrub or small tree from 7.5 to 10 m tall. The white juicy, aromatic flesh is low in acid sweet and crisp when ripe.
Description A shrub or small tree from 7.5 to 10 m tall. The white juicy, aromatic flesh is low in acid sweet and crisp when ripe.
Uses The tree is mainly grown for its fruit, but it also makes a good shade and ornamental tree. The fruit can be eaten raw, cooked or made into preserves. Heartwood is hard, heavy and difficult to work but is used for furniture. It makes a good charcoal. Bees are very much attracted to the flowers.
Uses The tree is mainly grown for its fruit, but it also makes a good shade and ornamental tree. The fruit can be eaten raw, cooked or made into preserves. Heartwood is hard, heavy and difficult to work but is used for furniture. It makes a good charcoal. Bees are very much attracted to the flowers.
Remarks Trees are often attacked by termites. Propagation Easily grown from seed. Best results are obtained by budding on to seedling stock. Space at 8 - 10 m.
Remarks Trees are often attacked by termites. Propagation Easily grown from seed. Best results are obtained by budding on to seedling stock. Space at 8 - 10 m.
Description A perennial herb, 30 - 60 cm. tall, erect or semi-prostrate. Common names Sansa banzenza, guele guele, lipopi (Lingala), grassé (Fr.), waterleaf Management The plant takes 21 - 45 days from sowing to harvest. Harvesting can continue at 1 - 2 week intervals for 2 months. Cut the stem just above ground level. Flowers need not be pinched out. The plant has little problem from pests or diseases, though it is an eelworm host.
Description A perennial herb, 30 - 60 cm. tall, erect or semi-prostrate. Common names Sansa banzenza, guele guele, lipopi (Lingala), grassé (Fr.), waterleaf Management The plant takes 21 - 45 days from sowing to harvest. Harvesting can continue at 1 - 2 week intervals for 2 months. Cut the stem just above ground level. Flowers need not be pinched out. The plant has little problem from pests or diseases, though it is an eelworm host.
Common names Bwalu, mbaka, fish poison bean
Common names Bwalu, mbaka, fish poison bean
Description A fast growing deciduous tree, up to 30 m high, having horizontal branches produced in definite layers. Leaves are large and fall at the end of the rain season. The extensive root system binds and stabilizes poor, loose soils.
Description A fast growing deciduous tree, up to 30 m high, having horizontal branches produced in definite layers. Leaves are large and fall at the end of the rain season. The extensive root system binds and stabilizes poor, loose soils.
fast-growing conifers. The tree coppices well.
fast-growing conifers. The tree coppices well.
References Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Uphof 1968, Burkill 1985, Keay 1989, Pauwels 1993, Kibungu Kembelo 1995 Management Trees can grow to 5 m in the second year on good soil and compare well with
References Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Uphof 1968, Burkill 1985, Keay 1989, Pauwels 1993, Kibungu Kembelo 1995 Management Trees can grow to 5 m in the second year on good soil and compare well with
Common names Nsusa, arbre a savon du Gabon Description Tree or shrub from 4 to 25 m high with zig-zag branchlets and yellowish-green, glossy, hairless leaves. The slender yellow male flowers are distinctive. Each has 3 conspicuous yellow stamens having very characteristic anthers each with 4 lobes giving the effect of 12 minute beads packed in a shallow cup 1 mm across. Abundant white latex is produced when the bark is cut.
Common names Nsusa, arbre a savon du Gabon Description Tree or shrub from 4 to 25 m high with zig-zag branchlets and yellowish-green, glossy, hairless leaves. The slender yellow male flowers are distinctive. Each has 3 conspicuous yellow stamens having very characteristic anthers each with 4 lobes giving the effect of 12 minute beads packed in a shallow cup 1 mm across. Abundant white latex is produced when the bark is cut.
Ecology Common in secondary forests from Senegal to Tanzania, and south to Angola
Ecology Common in secondary forests from Senegal to Tanzania, and south to Angola
The whole family help with the peanut harvest at Boko Buansa Uses The fruit pulp is eaten fresh before the fruit becomes completely ripe. Some people like it quite hard but others prefer it soft. Commercially the fruit is processed to make a drink and confectionery.
The whole family help with the peanut harvest at Boko Buansa Uses The fruit pulp is eaten fresh before the fruit becomes completely ripe. Some people like it quite hard but others prefer it soft. Commercially the fruit is processed to make a drink and confectionery.
Description A tree growing from 5 - 10 m high. Common names Cacaoyer (Fr.), cocoa
Description A tree growing from 5 - 10 m high. Common names Cacaoyer (Fr.), cocoa
Common names Chapeau de Napolean, exile tree, yellow oleander Description A multi-stemmed shrub or small tree growing to 6 m high. Leaves are narrow, 12 - 15 long x 0.7 - 1 cm wide, and produced alternately in a spiral. The flowers, 6 cm long, are normally yellow but may also be white or pink.
Common names Chapeau de Napolean, exile tree, yellow oleander Description A multi-stemmed shrub or small tree growing to 6 m high. Leaves are narrow, 12 - 15 long x 0.7 - 1 cm wide, and produced alternately in a spiral. The flowers, 6 cm long, are normally yellow but may also be white or pink.
Management The tree is fast-growing. For a good display of flowers it should be pruned one month before flowering. Remarks Every part of the plant is very poisonous. Children should not play with the fruits.
Management The tree is fast-growing. For a good display of flowers it should be pruned one month before flowering. Remarks Every part of the plant is very poisonous. Children should not play with the fruits.
Propagation Seeds should be planted shallowly under a grass mulch. Cuttings 20 — 30 cm can also be used or clumps can be divided. Ecology The plant is sometimes abundant along roadsides in Bas-Congo. It is also used as a hedge to surround village plots. It is able to spread from gardens to cropland, waste places and roadsides.
Propagation Seeds should be planted shallowly under a grass mulch. Cuttings 20 — 30 cm can also be used or clumps can be divided. Ecology The plant is sometimes abundant along roadsides in Bas-Congo. It is also used as a hedge to surround village plots. It is able to spread from gardens to cropland, waste places and roadsides.
Uses The seeds are eaten raw or roasted and are much appreciated. The timber, known’ as_ African boxwood, is white to yellow-white, Left : Seeds extracted trom a fallen fruit
Uses The seeds are eaten raw or roasted and are much appreciated. The timber, known’ as_ African boxwood, is white to yellow-white, Left : Seeds extracted trom a fallen fruit
Description Tree to 35 m high. Fruits may reach 35 cm diameter and weigh between 10 and 15 kg. fine-grained and used for furniture, carving, turnery and inlay work. It can also be used for paper-making. It is suitable for firewood and for charcoal-making. The tree protects the soil by attracting dew, causing the soil to remain moist throughout the dry season. The fruit is allowed to rot, or is soaked in water, so that the seeds can be extracted. They taste like groundnuts and can be eaten raw, roasted, boiled or fried. They can also be ground and added to stews or made into soup. Seeds contain 73% carbohydrate, 16% protein and 6% oil. Leaves are used to treat tooth decay.
Description Tree to 35 m high. Fruits may reach 35 cm diameter and weigh between 10 and 15 kg. fine-grained and used for furniture, carving, turnery and inlay work. It can also be used for paper-making. It is suitable for firewood and for charcoal-making. The tree protects the soil by attracting dew, causing the soil to remain moist throughout the dry season. The fruit is allowed to rot, or is soaked in water, so that the seeds can be extracted. They taste like groundnuts and can be eaten raw, roasted, boiled or fried. They can also be ground and added to stews or made into soup. Seeds contain 73% carbohydrate, 16% protein and 6% oil. Leaves are used to treat tooth decay.
Description A short-lived shrub with slender branches, 4 - 5 m high. The asymetric leaves, up to 14 cm long, alternate evenly along the branches, the edges being finely toothed all round. Small clusters of white flowers are borne throughout the year in each axil. Fruit is small, fleshy and black when ripe, containing a single black seed. Common names Mundia nuni, kidia nuni, kiwandu kimfinda, charcoal tree
Description A short-lived shrub with slender branches, 4 - 5 m high. The asymetric leaves, up to 14 cm long, alternate evenly along the branches, the edges being finely toothed all round. Small clusters of white flowers are borne throughout the year in each axil. Fruit is small, fleshy and black when ripe, containing a single black seed. Common names Mundia nuni, kidia nuni, kiwandu kimfinda, charcoal tree
Management The tree is fast-growing, competing well with weeds. It can be coppiced.
Management The tree is fast-growing, competing well with weeds. It can be coppiced.
Description Tree to 35 m. high. Bole is short and twisted with smooth grey bark. Cuts in the trunk produce abundant white latex which later turns red to violet in contact with the air. Leaves have a short stalk and are simple, alternate, tough and leathery, dark shiny-green above, 6 - 14 x 3 - 6 cm, witha narrow tip, 1 - 1.5 cm long. Male and female flowers develop in a bell-shaped receptacle about 1.5 cm long from which the stamens hang out. Fruit is about 2 cm long turning purple-black when ripe.
Description Tree to 35 m. high. Bole is short and twisted with smooth grey bark. Cuts in the trunk produce abundant white latex which later turns red to violet in contact with the air. Leaves have a short stalk and are simple, alternate, tough and leathery, dark shiny-green above, 6 - 14 x 3 - 6 cm, witha narrow tip, 1 - 1.5 cm long. Male and female flowers develop in a bell-shaped receptacle about 1.5 cm long from which the stamens hang out. Fruit is about 2 cm long turning purple-black when ripe.
Right : 7ree with immature fruit a Kisantu botanic garden in January.
Right : 7ree with immature fruit a Kisantu botanic garden in January.
Ecology Common in damp places in Bas-Congo. Found in marshy clearings in lowland rain-forest, beside water and in swamp forest in Uganda, Cameroon, D.R. Congo and Sudan usually from 1140 to 1320 m altitude.
Ecology Common in damp places in Bas-Congo. Found in marshy clearings in lowland rain-forest, beside water and in swamp forest in Uganda, Cameroon, D.R. Congo and Sudan usually from 1140 to 1320 m altitude.
Description A small tree with a crown of composite leaves at the top of the main stem. Flowers are born on the trunk. The fruits are red when ripe.
Description A small tree with a crown of composite leaves at the top of the main stem. Flowers are born on the trunk. The fruits are red when ripe.
Extracting fibre from the stem Management — Earthing up, mulching and = shade are beneficial. The stems are cut at harvest leaving one or two buds at the base. Plants can be harvested for many years. The bark may be stored after peeling from the stems.
Extracting fibre from the stem Management — Earthing up, mulching and = shade are beneficial. The stems are cut at harvest leaving one or two buds at the base. Plants can be harvested for many years. The bark may be stored after peeling from the stems.
Description An erect, perennial shrub to 3 m high, with hairy or sometimes smooth stems. Uses Stem fibres (lupungala) were at one time an important item of commerce in Bas-Congo, being used for rope, sacking or packaging. The leaves are edible. The bark of the leafy stems contain substances that give stews a typically sticky consistency. These substances are extracted in some countries by softening the bark in hot water, and then kneading it in a little clean water. During the kneading process the sticky agents are released into the water which is then added to the stew. Reported to be a good bee forage providing nectar and pollen in Bas-Congo. Bees forage during December, July, August and October in Gabon.
Description An erect, perennial shrub to 3 m high, with hairy or sometimes smooth stems. Uses Stem fibres (lupungala) were at one time an important item of commerce in Bas-Congo, being used for rope, sacking or packaging. The leaves are edible. The bark of the leafy stems contain substances that give stews a typically sticky consistency. These substances are extracted in some countries by softening the bark in hot water, and then kneading it in a little clean water. During the kneading process the sticky agents are released into the water which is then added to the stew. Reported to be a good bee forage providing nectar and pollen in Bas-Congo. Bees forage during December, July, August and October in Gabon.
Ecology A weed of cultivated crops, usually near settlements. It grows in full sunlight usually on fertil well drained soils and is found throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Propagation Grown from seed.
Ecology A weed of cultivated crops, usually near settlements. It grows in full sunlight usually on fertil well drained soils and is found throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Propagation Grown from seed.
which are often very bitter, are eaten as a vegetable in some countries, though not in Bas- Congo. The bitterness can be lessened by pounding and boiling or, with young leaves, by soaking in several changes of water. They are added in small amounts to soup or eaten as spinach. The shoots can be used to clean the teeth. Bees collect nectar in August in Bas-Congo. It is an important honey source in Ethiopia producing a _ dark aromatic honey. The wood can be used as fuel. It is not attacked by termites. Common names Nlulu niulu, mundudindudi, mukarikari, bitterleaf
which are often very bitter, are eaten as a vegetable in some countries, though not in Bas- Congo. The bitterness can be lessened by pounding and boiling or, with young leaves, by soaking in several changes of water. They are added in small amounts to soup or eaten as spinach. The shoots can be used to clean the teeth. Bees collect nectar in August in Bas-Congo. It is an important honey source in Ethiopia producing a _ dark aromatic honey. The wood can be used as fuel. It is not attacked by termites. Common names Nlulu niulu, mundudindudi, mukarikari, bitterleaf
Brandwijk 1962, Martin & Ruberté 1975, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Maundu 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Latham 2002, Schippers 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004 Uses In Bas-Congo, the leaves are pounded, soaked in water and taken to treat liver infections and for intestinal worms. Crushed leaves are also applied to skin infections (e.g. scabies). The pith of the stems is known to be an effective medicine against worms. The leaves,
Brandwijk 1962, Martin & Ruberté 1975, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Maundu 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Latham 2002, Schippers 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004 Uses In Bas-Congo, the leaves are pounded, soaked in water and taken to treat liver infections and for intestinal worms. Crushed leaves are also applied to skin infections (e.g. scabies). The pith of the stems is known to be an effective medicine against worms. The leaves,
Synonym Voandzeia subterranea Uses The seeds are cooked with maize (sometimes after soaking overnight) or alone, mashed, fried and used in a stew. Dried seeds can be roasted and ground into flour. Unripe seeds can be eaten fresh, fried or grilled. Nuts have high nutritional value with no toxicity. Ripe seeds can contain from 16 - 21% protein, 4.5 - 6.5 % fat and 50 - 60% carbohydrate forming a balanced diet. Eating large amounts however tends to give stomach discomfort. Careful preparation is needed as the seeds can be bitter. The plant nodulates and fixes nitrogen.
Synonym Voandzeia subterranea Uses The seeds are cooked with maize (sometimes after soaking overnight) or alone, mashed, fried and used in a stew. Dried seeds can be roasted and ground into flour. Unripe seeds can be eaten fresh, fried or grilled. Nuts have high nutritional value with no toxicity. Ripe seeds can contain from 16 - 21% protein, 4.5 - 6.5 % fat and 50 - 60% carbohydrate forming a balanced diet. Eating large amounts however tends to give stomach discomfort. Careful preparation is needed as the seeds can be bitter. The plant nodulates and fixes nitrogen.
Ecology A hot weather crop suited to semi-arid regions. It requires a well drained soil, but is badly affected by nematodes in sandy soils. Often grown together with cereals.
Ecology A hot weather crop suited to semi-arid regions. It requires a well drained soil, but is badly affected by nematodes in sandy soils. Often grown together with cereals.
Common names nkasa, mbwenge, niébé (Fr.), cowpea
Common names nkasa, mbwenge, niébé (Fr.), cowpea
Common names Fiolongo, mfiolongo, prune noire (Fr.), black plum, West African plum. hours, changing the water after 12 hours. Germination is good but sporadic. It can also be grown fror cuttings.
Common names Fiolongo, mfiolongo, prune noire (Fr.), black plum, West African plum. hours, changing the water after 12 hours. Germination is good but sporadic. It can also be grown fror cuttings.
Propagation Collect the fruit when soft and ripe, dry in the sun and remove the dry pulp. Sow direct into the field or transplant wild or nursery grown seedlings.
Propagation Collect the fruit when soft and ripe, dry in the sun and remove the dry pulp. Sow direct into the field or transplant wild or nursery grown seedlings.
Ecology A common tree of the savanna _ from Guinea to Uganda and south to Mozambique. for quenching thirst. A decoction made from the young 1 dysentery. The boiled roots are used to treat diabetes and anaemia in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere in Africa the leaves and shoots, fruit, stem and root bark, are used to treat conjunctivitis, dysentery, diarrhoea, fatigue, headaches, mental illness, respiratory disease, back pain in women, leprosy, fever and jaundice. Bisu (Jmbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillar feed on the leaves.
Ecology A common tree of the savanna _ from Guinea to Uganda and south to Mozambique. for quenching thirst. A decoction made from the young 1 dysentery. The boiled roots are used to treat diabetes and anaemia in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere in Africa the leaves and shoots, fruit, stem and root bark, are used to treat conjunctivitis, dysentery, diarrhoea, fatigue, headaches, mental illness, respiratory disease, back pain in women, leprosy, fever and jaundice. Bisu (Jmbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillar feed on the leaves.
Description A shrub or small tree 2 — 6 m in height, branching low down and with a low spreading crown. Leaves are opposite, dark green and glossy above, 7 - 40 x 3 - 20 cm. Flowers cream or brown. Fruits are borne in pairs, slightly wider than long and approximately 5 cm in diameter.
Description A shrub or small tree 2 — 6 m in height, branching low down and with a low spreading crown. Leaves are opposite, dark green and glossy above, 7 - 40 x 3 - 20 cm. Flowers cream or brown. Fruits are borne in pairs, slightly wider than long and approximately 5 cm in diameter.
he plant is also used for treating sores, furuncles, abscesses, fungal infections, river blindness and sczema in the Congo. The bark of both V. africana and V. thouarsii can be used to treat stomach ulcers. Management The _ related species Voacanga thouarsii can be coppiced or pollarded.
he plant is also used for treating sores, furuncles, abscesses, fungal infections, river blindness and sczema in the Congo. The bark of both V. africana and V. thouarsii can be used to treat stomach ulcers. Management The _ related species Voacanga thouarsii can be coppiced or pollarded.
Ecology Originally from tropical America but now grown in Africa, Asia and Polynesia. It grows best in tropical conditions with high rainfall and deep, well drained soils which do not become waterlogged. Description A perennial herb growing from 1.3 - 2.5 m high from a large corm. The plants generally appear larger and coarser than taros. Stem is short and leaves are borne on large stalks. Leaves are arrow shaped, from 45 - 90 cm long, have sharp pointed tips and a prominent marginal vein. A corm is produced at the base of the plant and this produces 10 or more lateral cormels 10 - 25 cm long.
Ecology Originally from tropical America but now grown in Africa, Asia and Polynesia. It grows best in tropical conditions with high rainfall and deep, well drained soils which do not become waterlogged. Description A perennial herb growing from 1.3 - 2.5 m high from a large corm. The plants generally appear larger and coarser than taros. Stem is short and leaves are borne on large stalks. Leaves are arrow shaped, from 45 - 90 cm long, have sharp pointed tips and a prominent marginal vein. A corm is produced at the base of the plant and this produces 10 or more lateral cormels 10 - 25 cm long.
Common names Nsombo, poivrier de Guinée (Fr.), kimba or West African pepper can be coppiced or pollarded. Xylopia aethiopica Uses ine poles are especially used Tol termite attack. The seeds are peppery and used as a spice. They are also used in the making of ginger beer and for the treatment of rheumatism, as a relief for stomach- ache, to ease pain, and to treat malaria in Bas-Congo. In some areas they are sold in the markets. Formerly they were exported to Europe. Elsewhere in Africa a decoction of the seeds or bark is used to relieve coughing and to treat bronchitis. The wood is light yellow and fairly heavy. It is used for general carpentry and also _ for making charcoal. The ground up fruits (called nkuba nkuba or nkuya nkuya) are mixed with cayenne peppers are put, together with kola nuts, to repel weevils. The fruit is sometimes put into water to purify it. T
Common names Nsombo, poivrier de Guinée (Fr.), kimba or West African pepper can be coppiced or pollarded. Xylopia aethiopica Uses ine poles are especially used Tol termite attack. The seeds are peppery and used as a spice. They are also used in the making of ginger beer and for the treatment of rheumatism, as a relief for stomach- ache, to ease pain, and to treat malaria in Bas-Congo. In some areas they are sold in the markets. Formerly they were exported to Europe. Elsewhere in Africa a decoction of the seeds or bark is used to relieve coughing and to treat bronchitis. The wood is light yellow and fairly heavy. It is used for general carpentry and also _ for making charcoal. The ground up fruits (called nkuba nkuba or nkuya nkuya) are mixed with cayenne peppers are put, together with kola nuts, to repel weevils. The fruit is sometimes put into water to purify it. T
References Walker & Sillans 1961, Uphof 1968, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Burkill 1985, Keay 1989, Macmillan 1991, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 2000, Nsimundele 2004, Pousset 2004
References Walker & Sillans 1961, Uphof 1968, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Burkill 1985, Keay 1989, Macmillan 1991, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 2000, Nsimundele 2004, Pousset 2004
flowers are borne on different trees.
flowers are borne on different trees.
Uses A valuable timber tree though the wood is sometimes difficult to work. It takes a good polish and finishes well. It is durable except when in contact with the ground. Used to make pestles and mortars, in house construction, interior carpentry and doors etc. It bends well when steamed. Bees collect pollen and nectar from the flowers in January. The bark is chewed for the relief of toothache in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere it is swallowed for the relief of stomach pain. The leaves, finely crushed and steeped in
Uses A valuable timber tree though the wood is sometimes difficult to work. It takes a good polish and finishes well. It is durable except when in contact with the ground. Used to make pestles and mortars, in house construction, interior carpentry and doors etc. It bends well when steamed. Bees collect pollen and nectar from the flowers in January. The bark is chewed for the relief of toothache in Bas-Congo. Elsewhere it is swallowed for the relief of stomach pain. The leaves, finely crushed and steeped in
lemon juice, are said to cure snake bites. The bark is used as a pain- killer. The young terminal shoots, without the leaves, are sweet smelling and are used to flavour sauces. The oil from the seeds is reported to be edible. Description A deciduous tree growing to 35 m high with a straight trunk which bears large corky thorns. The young stems have large _ spines. Leaves are borne in terminal clusters and comprise 6 — 13 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one 14 — 30 cm long. Flowers are creamy-white in terminal clusters 20 — 30 cm long. Fruits are round and red 4 — 6 mm in size and do not split when ripe. Each fruit contains one black, shiny seed. Male and female
lemon juice, are said to cure snake bites. The bark is used as a pain- killer. The young terminal shoots, without the leaves, are sweet smelling and are used to flavour sauces. The oil from the seeds is reported to be edible. Description A deciduous tree growing to 35 m high with a straight trunk which bears large corky thorns. The young stems have large _ spines. Leaves are borne in terminal clusters and comprise 6 — 13 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one 14 — 30 cm long. Flowers are creamy-white in terminal clusters 20 — 30 cm long. Fruits are round and red 4 — 6 mm in size and do not split when ripe. Each fruit contains one black, shiny seed. Male and female
Common names Saangu, mais (Fr.), maize Uses The production of green maize and dried grain are important crops in Bas-Congo, providing food in January and February when there is little else available. Bees frequently collect pollen from the male flowers during the rains and sometimes honeydew from the leaves. The latter may be gathered in sufficient quantities to give a honey flow.
Common names Saangu, mais (Fr.), maize Uses The production of green maize and dried grain are important crops in Bas-Congo, providing food in January and February when there is little else available. Bees frequently collect pollen from the male flowers during the rains and sometimes honeydew from the leaves. The latter may be gathered in sufficient quantities to give a honey flow.
Management Stalk borers are a major pest. They can be controlled by tobacco or Tephrosia vogelii leaf solution (see pages 204 and 274) which is poured down the centre funnel into the plant.
Management Stalk borers are a major pest. They can be controlled by tobacco or Tephrosia vogelii leaf solution (see pages 204 and 274) which is poured down the centre funnel into the plant.
0 ea fresh, firm pieces of root 2.5 - 5 cm long having at least one sound bud. They can be stored until the) sprout. Normally grown in raised beds. Space 20 - 30 cm between plants and plant at a depth of 7 cm. Provide mulch after planting. At planting time the soil must be moist and must not dry out once the setts are planted. Do not plant ginger in the same land again for at least 3 - 4 years to avoid soil borne pests and diseases. Mulching is helpful. Common names Tangawusa, tangawisi, tangawisa, gingembre (Fr.), ginger
0 ea fresh, firm pieces of root 2.5 - 5 cm long having at least one sound bud. They can be stored until the) sprout. Normally grown in raised beds. Space 20 - 30 cm between plants and plant at a depth of 7 cm. Provide mulch after planting. At planting time the soil must be moist and must not dry out once the setts are planted. Do not plant ginger in the same land again for at least 3 - 4 years to avoid soil borne pests and diseases. Mulching is helpful. Common names Tangawusa, tangawisi, tangawisa, gingembre (Fr.), ginger
Kimfwila Possibly a 7y/ophora sp. (Asclepiadaceae). A wild vegetable from the forest. Prepared as for Gnetum africanum.
Kimfwila Possibly a 7y/ophora sp. (Asclepiadaceae). A wild vegetable from the forest. Prepared as for Gnetum africanum.
Kinkiadi A forest creeper also prepared as for Gnetum africanum.
Kinkiadi A forest creeper also prepared as for Gnetum africanum.
Nkaka A forest creeper which is eaten fresh with nsaki (pounded cassava leaves cooked with palm oil and peppers). It is a popular vegetable.
Nkaka A forest creeper which is eaten fresh with nsaki (pounded cassava leaves cooked with palm oil and peppers). It is a popular vegetable.
Yamuntu Possibly Syrsocarpus sp., is especially eaten fresh with salt fish.
Yamuntu Possibly Syrsocarpus sp., is especially eaten fresh with salt fish.
Nkubudi or Mukubi Possibly Microdesmis puberula. The young leaves of this tree are eaten Luamba A shrub fairly common near Madimba. The young shoots are eaten. It was found growing on hard clay soil on a steeply sloping site in secondary forest.
Nkubudi or Mukubi Possibly Microdesmis puberula. The young leaves of this tree are eaten Luamba A shrub fairly common near Madimba. The young shoots are eaten. It was found growing on hard clay soil on a steeply sloping site in secondary forest.
Bunsambi sambi (/o/yporus arcularius) grows on dead tree trunks (particularly Voacanga africana) and can be found throughout the year. It is cooked with simsim or seeds of pumpkin or squash. Bufwa ngudi growing on the end of a dead oil palm trunk in shade.
Bunsambi sambi (/o/yporus arcularius) grows on dead tree trunks (particularly Voacanga africana) and can be found throughout the year. It is cooked with simsim or seeds of pumpkin or squash. Bufwa ngudi growing on the end of a dead oil palm trunk in shade.
Bulongo appears between April and December on the stumps of Hallea stipulosa or Hymenocardia acida
Bulongo appears between April and December on the stumps of Hallea stipulosa or Hymenocardia acida
Photo : Jacques Miaglia Kaka bu bwaka bwaka The “grandfather” of Bwaka bwaka. On a dead Dacroydes edulis tree. Lutumbula is found in the savanna at the start of the rains.
Photo : Jacques Miaglia Kaka bu bwaka bwaka The “grandfather” of Bwaka bwaka. On a dead Dacroydes edulis tree. Lutumbula is found in the savanna at the start of the rains.
*The prefixes Bu and Lu are interchangeable
*The prefixes Bu and Lu are interchangeable

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